Psalms 40 — Coptic · Cairene

Source and licence

share: attributionsahidic

Source: Coptic SCRIPTORIUM corpus "sahidic.ot", document 19_Psalms_040

Attribution: Psalms 40 from Coptic SCRIPTORIUM (https://copticscriptorium.org), corpus sahidic.ot, document 19_Psalms_040, version 6.1.0 (2025-06-30), annotations by Frank Feder, So Miyagawa, Elizabeth Platte, Caroline T. Schroeder, Amir Zeldes; source edition Crosswire, CoptOT. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); this derivative is released under the same licence. CoptOT / Göttingen Digital Edition of the Coptic Old Testament, via Crosswire; English translation Brenton 1851 (ebible.org). Layers L1/L2 are modified: re-spelled (Cairene) / transliterated (Kemetic) by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.

Licence: CC-BY-SA 4.0

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

Full provenance and citation

The text

14 lines · a line number is a link to itself

English: quoted translations are shown as they are, with their credit in the provenance; lines marked draft are language-model drafts made for this project (to be corrected), and alignment unchecked marks a quoted verse whose placement was not cross-checked. Check the Coptic before relying on any English line.

ref	L0 witness	L1 Cairene	L2 Kemetic	English
40:0	ⲉⲡϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲡⲉⲯⲁⲗⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲇⲁⲩⲉⲓⲇ	ⲉ̀ⲡ̀ϫⲱⲕ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲡ̀ⲯⲁⲗⲙⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲇⲁⲩⲓⲇ	èp̀gōk èvol p̀psalmos ǹdavid	draft · highFor the end. The psalm of David.
40:1	ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧϥ ⲙⲡⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲉⲧⲛⲁϯϩⲧⲏϥ ⲉⲩϩⲏⲕⲉ ⲙⲛⲟⲩⲉⲃⲓⲏⲛ ⲡϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲩϫⲟϥ ϩⲛⲟⲩϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲙⲡⲟⲛⲏⲣⲟⲛ	ⲛⲁⲓⲁⲧϥ ⲛ̀ⲡ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉⲧⲛⲁϯϩⲧⲏϥ ⲉ̀ⲟⲩϩⲏⲕⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲉⲃⲓⲏⲛ ⲡ̀ϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲩϫⲟϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲉ̀ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲡⲟⲛⲏⲣⲟⲛ	naiatf ǹp̀rōmi etnatihtyf èouhyki nem oueviyn p̀ċois natougof xen ouèhoou ǹponyron	Blessed is the man who thinks, on the poor and needy: the Lord shall deliver him in an evil day.
40:2	ϥⲛⲁϩⲁⲣⲉϩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲛϥⲧⲁⲛϩⲟϥ ⲛϥⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲍⲉ ⲙⲙⲟϥ ϩⲓϫⲙⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲛⲉϥⲧⲁⲁϥ ⲉⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ ⲙⲡⲉϥϫⲁϫⲉ	ϥⲛⲁⲁ̀ⲣⲉϩ ⲉ̀ⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉϥⲧⲁⲛϧⲟϥ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉϥⲉⲣⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟϥ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̀ⲛⲉϥⲧⲏⲓϥ ⲉⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲛ̀ⲡⲉϥϫⲁϫⲓ	fnaàreh èrof ǹteftanxof ǹtefermakarizin m̀mof hijen p̀kahi ouoh ǹneftyif etotf ǹpefgaji	May the Lord preserve him and keep him alive, and bless him on the earth, and not deliver him into the hands of his enemy.
40:3	ⲡϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲛⲁⲃⲟⲏⲑⲉⲓ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϩⲓϫⲙⲡⲉϭⲗⲟϭ ⲙⲡⲉϥⲙⲕⲁϩ ⲁⲕⲕⲧⲟ ⲙⲡⲉϥⲙⲁ ⲛⲛⲕⲟⲧⲕ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ϩⲙⲡⲉϥϣⲱⲛⲉ	ⲡ̀ϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲛⲁⲉⲣⲃⲟⲏⲑⲓⲛ ⲉ̀ⲣⲟϥ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ϭⲗⲟϫ ⲛ̀ⲡⲉϥⲙ̀ⲕⲁϩ ⲁⲕⲕⲧⲟ ⲛ̀ⲡⲉϥⲙⲁ ⲛ̀ⲛ̀ⲕⲟⲧⲕ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥϣⲱⲛⲓ	p̀ċois naerboyθin èrof hijen p̀ċlog ǹpefm̀kah akkto ǹpefma ǹǹkotk tyrf xen pefṡōni	May the Lord help him upon the bed of his pain; thou hast made all his bed in his sickness.
40:4	ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲁⲓϫⲟⲟⲥ ϫⲉⲡϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲛⲁⲛⲁⲓ ⲙⲁⲧⲁⲗϭⲉⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ϫⲉⲁⲓⲣⲛⲟⲃⲉ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ	ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲁⲓϫⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡ̀ϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲛⲁⲓⲛⲏⲓ ⲙⲁⲧⲁⲗϭⲉⲧⲁⲯⲩⲭⲏ ϫⲉ ⲁⲓⲉⲣⲛⲟⲃⲓ ⲉ̀ⲣⲟⲕ	anok aigos je p̀ċois nainyi matalċetapsiky je aiernovi èrok	I said, O Lord, have mercy upon me; heal my soul; for I have sinned against thee.
40:5	ⲁⲛⲁϫⲁϫⲉ ϫⲱ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ⲛϩⲉⲛⲡⲉⲑⲟⲟⲩ ϫⲉⲉϥⲛⲁⲙⲟⲩ ⲧⲛⲁⲩ ⲛⲧⲉⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲧⲁⲕⲟ	ⲁⲛⲁϫⲁϫⲓ ϫⲱ ⲉ̀ⲣⲟⲓ ⲛ̀ϩⲁⲛⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ϫⲉ ⲉϥⲛⲁⲙⲟⲩ ⲧ̀ⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ⲧⲁⲕⲟ	anagaji gō èroi ǹhanpet·hōou je efnamou t̀nav ǹtepefran tako	Mine enemies have spoken evil against me, saying, When shall he die, and his name perish?
40:6	ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲉϥⲃⲏⲕ ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲛⲁⲩ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲛϩⲉⲛⲡⲉⲧϣⲟⲩⲉⲓⲧ ⲁⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲥⲱⲟⲩϩ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ ⲛⲟⲩⲁⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ ⲛⲉϥⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥϣⲁϫⲉ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ	ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥⲃⲏⲕ ⲉ̀ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉⲛⲁⲩ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲛ̀ϩⲁⲛⲡⲉⲧϣⲟⲩⲓⲧ ⲁⲡⲉϥϩⲏⲧ ⲥⲱⲟⲩϩ ⲛⲁϥ ⲉ̀ϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲁ̀ⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ ⲛⲁϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϥⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲉ̀ⲣⲟⲓ	ouoh nafvyk èxoun enav efgō ǹhanpetṡouit apefhyt sōouh naf èxoun ǹouànomia nafmoṡi èvol efsaji èroi	And if he came to see me, his heart spoke vainly; he gathered iniquity to himself; he went forth and spoke in like manner.
40:7	ⲛⲉⲩⲕⲁⲥⲕⲥ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛϭⲓⲛⲁϫⲁϫⲉ ϩⲓⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲛⲉⲩⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ⲉϩⲉⲛⲡⲉⲑⲟⲟⲩ	ⲛⲉⲩⲕⲁⲥⲕⲥ ⲉ̀ⲣⲟⲓ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲛⲁϫⲁϫⲓ ϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲛⲁⲩⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲉ̀ⲣⲟⲓ ⲉ̀ϩⲁⲛⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ	nevkask·s èroi tyrou ǹje nagaji hi ousop navmevi èroi èhanpet·hōou	All my enemies whispered against me; against me they devised my hurt.
40:8	ⲁⲩⲥⲙⲓⲛⲉ ⲛⲟⲩϣⲁϫⲉ ⲙⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛⲟⲙⲟⲛ ⲉⲣⲟⲓ ⲙⲏ ⲡⲉⲧⲛⲕⲟⲧⲕ ⲙⲉϥⲟⲩⲱϩ ⲉⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ ⲉⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ	ⲁⲩⲥⲙⲓⲛⲉ ⲛⲟⲩⲥⲁϫⲓ ⲛ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲛⲟⲙⲟⲛ ⲉ̀ⲣⲟⲓ ⲙⲏ ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲕⲟⲧ ⲙⲡⲁϥⲟⲩⲱϩ ⲉⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲉ̀ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ	avsmine nousaji ǹparanomon èroi my petenkot mpafouōh etotf ètōoun	They denounced a wicked word against me, saying, Now that he lies, shall he not rise up again?
40:9	ⲕⲁⲓ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲧⲁⲉⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲛⲉⲓⲕⲱ ⲛϩⲧⲏⲓ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲡⲉⲧⲟⲩⲱⲙⲟⲉⲓⲕ ⲛⲙⲙⲁⲓ ⲁϥϥⲓ ⲙⲡⲉϥϯⲃⲥ ⲉϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉϫⲱⲓ	ⲕⲁⲓ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲁⲉⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ ⲛⲁⲓⲭⲱ ⲛ̀ϩⲧⲏⲓ ⲉ̀ⲣⲟϥ ⲡⲉⲧⲟⲩⲱⲙⲟⲉⲓⲕ ⲛⲉⲙⲏⲓ ⲁϥϥⲁⲓ ⲛ̀ⲡⲉϥϯⲃⲥ ⲉϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ̀ϫⲱⲓ	kai ġar p̀rōmi ǹtaeiryny naikō ǹhtyi èrof petouōmoeik nemyi affai ǹpeftivs ehrai ègōi	For even the man of my peace, in whom I trusted, who ate my bread, lifted up his heel against me.
40:10	ⲛⲧⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲡϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲛⲁⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲅⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲧ ⲧⲁⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ	ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲡ̀ϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲛⲁⲓⲛⲏⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲕⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥⲧ ⲧⲁⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ	ǹθok ḋe p̀ċois nainyi ǹtektounost tatōōve nōou	But thou, O Lord, have compassion upon me, and raise me up, and I shall requite them.
40:11	ϩⲙⲡⲁⲓ ⲁⲓⲉⲓⲙⲉ ϫⲉⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϣⲧ ϫⲉⲛⲛⲉⲡⲁϫⲁϫⲉ ⲣⲁϣⲉ ⲙⲙⲟⲓ	ϧⲉⲛ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲁⲓⲉⲙⲓ ϫⲉ ⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϣⲧ ϫⲉ ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲡⲁϫⲁϫⲓ ⲣⲁϣⲓ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟⲓ	xen fai aiemi je akouaṡt je ǹnepagaji raṡi m̀moi	By this I know that thou hast delighted in me, because mine enemy shall not rejoice over me.
40:12	ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲕϣⲟⲡⲧ ⲉⲣⲟⲕ ⲉⲧⲃⲉⲧⲁⲙⲛⲧⲃⲁⲗϩⲏⲧ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲕⲧⲁϫⲣⲟⲓ ⲙⲡⲉⲕⲙⲧⲟ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϣⲁⲉⲛⲉϩ	ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲇⲉ ⲁⲕϣⲟⲡⲧ ⲉ̀ⲣⲟⲕ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲧⲁⲙⲉⲧⲃⲁⲗϩⲏⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲕⲧⲁϫⲣⲟⲓ ⲛ̀ⲡⲉⲕⲙ̀ⲑⲟ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϣⲁ ⲉ̀ⲛⲉϩ	anok ḋe akṡopt èrok eθve tametvalhyt ouoh aktagroi ǹpekm̀θo èvol ṡa èneh
40:13	ϥⲥⲙⲁⲙⲁⲁⲧ ⲛϭⲓⲡϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲙⲡⲓ︤ⲏ︦ⲗ︥ ϫⲓⲛⲉⲛⲉϩ ϣⲁⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲉϥⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲉϥⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ	ϥ̀ⲥ̀ⲙⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡ̀ϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲫ̀ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̀ⲡⲓⲥⲣⲁⲏⲗ ϫⲓⲛⲉ̀ⲛⲉϩ ϣⲁ ⲉ̀ⲛⲉϩ ⲉϥⲉ̀ϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲉϥⲉ̀ϣⲱⲡⲓ	f̀s̀marōout ǹje p̀ċois f̀nouti ǹpisrayl jinèneh ṡa èneh efèṡōpi efèṡōpi	Blessed be the Lord God of Israel from everlasting, and to everlasting. So be it, so be it.

Provenance

title: Psalms 40
dialect: sahidic
source: Coptic SCRIPTORIUM corpus "sahidic.ot", document 19_Psalms_040
licence: CC-BY-SA 4.0
share: attribution
attribution: Psalms 40 from Coptic SCRIPTORIUM (https://copticscriptorium.org), corpus sahidic.ot, document 19_Psalms_040, version 6.1.0 (2025-06-30), annotations by Frank Feder, So Miyagawa, Elizabeth Platte, Caroline T. Schroeder, Amir Zeldes; source edition Crosswire, CoptOT. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); this derivative is released under the same licence. CoptOT / Göttingen Digital Edition of the Coptic Old Testament, via Crosswire; English translation Brenton 1851 (ebible.org). Layers L1/L2 are modified: re-spelled (Cairene) / transliterated (Kemetic) by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.
annotation: segmentation automatic · tagging automatic · parsing automatic (SCRIPTORIUM meta.json; document version 6.1.0, 2025-06-30)
file: Bible/Old Testament/Psalms/040.sahidic.scriptorium.L0.txt
title: Psalms 40 — Cairene
dialect: bohairic
source: generated from 040.sahidic.scriptorium.L0.txt (Coptic SCRIPTORIUM corpus "sahidic.ot", document 19_Psalms_040)
licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
share: attribution
attribution: Psalms 40 from Coptic SCRIPTORIUM (https://copticscriptorium.org), corpus sahidic.ot, document 19_Psalms_040, version 6.1.0 (2025-06-30), annotations by Frank Feder, So Miyagawa, Elizabeth Platte, Caroline T. Schroeder, Amir Zeldes; source edition Crosswire, CoptOT. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); this derivative is released under the same licence. CoptOT / Göttingen Digital Edition of the Coptic Old Testament, via Crosswire; English translation Brenton 1851 (ebible.org). Layers L1/L2 are modified: re-spelled (Cairene) / transliterated (Kemetic) by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.
annotation: segmentation automatic · tagging automatic · parsing automatic (SCRIPTORIUM meta.json; document version 6.1.0, 2025-06-30)
generated by: tools/sahidic_to_cairene.py (route D, C3a 2026-09-24; tier b, ROUTE-2 2026-09-26) then tools/cairene.py from_witness dialect=bohairic on the intermediate (L1 = Cairene(N_B(D(N_S(L0)))), RI-038; word division church); Sahidic N stage counts: abbrev=1 stroke_unified=3 th_resolved=2 tokens=124
file: Bible/Old Testament/Psalms/040.sahidic.scriptorium.L1.txt
title: Psalms 40 — Kemetic
dialect: bohairic
source: generated from 040.sahidic.scriptorium.L1.txt
licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
share: attribution
attribution: Psalms 40 from Coptic SCRIPTORIUM (https://copticscriptorium.org), corpus sahidic.ot, document 19_Psalms_040, version 6.1.0 (2025-06-30), annotations by Frank Feder, So Miyagawa, Elizabeth Platte, Caroline T. Schroeder, Amir Zeldes; source edition Crosswire, CoptOT. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); this derivative is released under the same licence. CoptOT / Göttingen Digital Edition of the Coptic Old Testament, via Crosswire; English translation Brenton 1851 (ebible.org). Layers L1/L2 are modified: re-spelled (Cairene) / transliterated (Kemetic) by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.
annotation: segmentation automatic · tagging automatic · parsing automatic (SCRIPTORIUM meta.json; document version 6.1.0, 2025-06-30)
generated by: tools/coptic_to_kemetic.py convert() on the L1 text (letter rules of DECISIONS.md 2026-09-08)
file: Bible/Old Testament/Psalms/040.sahidic.scriptorium.L2.txt
what it is: DRAFT English. Not a published translation: `existing` rows quote an aligned translation named in `basis`; `llm` rows are a language-model best guess from the dictionary gloss and context (Yousef asked for them, 2026-09-27; to be corrected later); check the source text before relying on any of it.
lines: 12 quoted · 0 quoted with the alignment not cross-checked · 1 model drafts (marked “draft”)
quoted from: Brenton's Septuagint (1851), Psalms 40:1 — Coptic SCRIPTORIUM sahidic.ot, 19_Psalms_040, verse 40:2, re-aligned by content (PSALTER): SCRIPTORIUM attaches its Psalter English by verse number, where its Coptic divides the verses otherwise (translation/psalter_alignment.tsv: aligned · both releases) (1 lines)
quoted from: Brenton's Septuagint (1851), Psalms 40:2 — Coptic SCRIPTORIUM sahidic.ot, 19_Psalms_040, verse 40:3, re-aligned by content (PSALTER): SCRIPTORIUM attaches its Psalter English by verse number, where its Coptic divides the verses otherwise (translation/psalter_alignment.tsv: aligned · both releases) (1 lines)
quoted from: Brenton's Septuagint (1851), Psalms 40:3 — Coptic SCRIPTORIUM sahidic.ot, 19_Psalms_040, verse 40:4, re-aligned by content (PSALTER): SCRIPTORIUM attaches its Psalter English by verse number, where its Coptic divides the verses otherwise (translation/psalter_alignment.tsv: aligned · both releases) (1 lines)
quoted from: Brenton's Septuagint (1851), Psalms 40:4 — Coptic SCRIPTORIUM sahidic.ot, 19_Psalms_040, verse 40:5, re-aligned by content (PSALTER): SCRIPTORIUM attaches its Psalter English by verse number, where its Coptic divides the verses otherwise (translation/psalter_alignment.tsv: aligned · both releases) (1 lines)
quoted from: Brenton's Septuagint (1851), Psalms 40:5 — Coptic SCRIPTORIUM sahidic.ot, 19_Psalms_040, verse 40:6, re-aligned by content (PSALTER): SCRIPTORIUM attaches its Psalter English by verse number, where its Coptic divides the verses otherwise (translation/psalter_alignment.tsv: aligned · both releases) (1 lines)
quoted from: Brenton's Septuagint (1851), Psalms 40:6 — Coptic SCRIPTORIUM sahidic.ot, 19_Psalms_040, verse 40:7, re-aligned by content (PSALTER): SCRIPTORIUM attaches its Psalter English by verse number, where its Coptic divides the verses otherwise (translation/psalter_alignment.tsv: aligned · both releases) (1 lines)
quoted from: and 6 further credits

Cite as:

Psalms 40. Coptic SCRIPTORIUM corpus "sahidic.ot", document 19_Psalms_040. Layers as published by the Kemetic project (Yousef Hanna), 2026: Coptic · Cairene · Kemetic, /doc/bible/old-testament/psalms/040.sahidic.scriptorium/. Psalms 40 from Coptic SCRIPTORIUM (https://copticscriptorium.org), corpus sahidic.ot, document 19_Psalms_040, version 6.1.0 (2025-06-30), annotations by Frank Feder, So Miyagawa, Elizabeth Platte, Caroline T. Schroeder, Amir Zeldes; source edition Crosswire, CoptOT. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); this derivative is released under the same licence. CoptOT / Göttingen Digital Edition of the Coptic Old Testament, via Crosswire; English translation Brenton 1851 (ebible.org). Layers L1/L2 are modified: re-spelled (Cairene) / transliterated (Kemetic) by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.

What the layers are

L0 witness
The text as its witness or edition has it, original spelling; its dialect is a description and is never standardized.

L0.5 transliteration
For Egyptian texts: the transliteration with the editors' marks turned into the symbols ° * < > _ ^ (ruled 2026-09-10). For papyri: the edition's Leiden marks as the same symbols, and the editors' readings beside the scribe's as ‹scribe→editors› (ruled PAP-3).

L1 Cairene
Standardized Greco-Bohairic spelling and grammar, generated by code from the layer above under the rulings of the project.

L2 Kemetic
The Kemetic alphabet, generated by code from L1.

English
Quoted translations where they exist, credited; otherwise model drafts, marked as drafts.