Source and licence
share: publicbohairicSource: corpus/incoming/w-boh-evelyn-white-wadi-natrun-i-1926/monasteriesofwdi01evel.pdf (staged 2026-09-23 by worker W-BOH; provenance, terms as fetched and SHA-256 in corpus/incoming/w-boh-evelyn-white-wadi-natrun-i-1926/README.md); OCR by tools/batch_ocr.py (A5d, tools/run_a5d.sh), model coptic+eng; page files: L0/ocr/Incoming/monasteriesofwdi01evel/pages
Attribution: none required by the licence (public domain); please credit the source edition named above.
Licence: public domain — Hugh G. Evelyn-White (d. 1924), completed by W. Hauser (d. 1959) and W. E. Crum (d. 1944), The Monasteries of the Wâdi ’n Natrûn, Part I: New Coptic Texts from the Monastery of Saint Macarius, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition 1926; public domain in the United States by age (published before 1930) AND in Canada by the LICENCES.md §7 author-death-year rule (died ≤ 1971); scan from archive.org, identifier monasteriesofwdi01evel, fetched 2026-09-23; the item states: nothing — no licenseurl, no rights, no possible-copyright-status (Princeton Theological Seminary Library scan; the alternate copy monasteriesofwad0000evel states nothing either; the Met's own MetPublications page could not be read by script, HTTP 429)
Jurisdiction note: this text is public domain under Canadian law (the project is published from Canada; LICENCES.md §7: author died in or before 1971). It may still be in copyright elsewhere — in countries with a life + 70 term, or where a later edition claims its own rights. The licence line above says what was verified. If you are outside Canada, check your own law before re-using it.
The text
267 lines · a line number is a link to itselfA part of a container file (WORK-9): lines 17,252–17,623, pdf pp. 224-228 of New Coptic Texts from the Monastery of Saint Macarius (Evelyn-White 1926) — a witness of Life of Timothy Aelurus (ruling WORK-1: a container is read inside the compositions it holds). Only this range is shown here; the whole file holds every part. Fragment only: this is the only copy of the work served on this site, and it is a fragment of the work.
| ref | L0 witness (OCR) |
|---|---|
| 1 | XXXI. LIFE OF TIMOTHY AELURUS |
| 2 | Parchment. Two leaves (Cairo, no. 12), 34 x 24 cm., paged! -ⲅ̄ and -ⲓ︦ⲃ︦ and forming a single sheet— |
| 3 | evidently from a quire of eight leaves or sixteen pages. For the hand see Plate VIII. The only stop used is |
| 4 | = (black), occasionally inserted by the original scribe. |
| 5 | The text opens with an account of the effect on the ecclesiastical situation at Alexandria of Marcian’s |
| 6 | death, and the consequent election of Timothy (Aelurus) as Patriarch ⲇ..) After a lacuna of two leaves |
| 7 | (four pages), the return of Timothy from exile ⲇ..) and his subsequent alleged® banishment owing |
| 8 | to the intrigues of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople, are described. The appointment of Timothy |
| 9 | Salophacialos as his successor is then noticed. The fragment closes with part of an anecdote relating to a priest |
| 10 | of Caesarea who visited Timothy in his exile. |
| 11 | The greater part of the text is identical with two passages in the Syriac Life of Peter the Iberian Ⲣⲙ |
| 12 | our fragment is certainly not from a Coptic version of that work. For (1) the two leaves or four pages pre- |
| 13 | ceding our first leaf could have covered only a small fraction of the life of Peter up to the death of Marcian; |
| 14 | (2) the whole of our text is relevant to the history of Timothy, Peter being mentioned only in connection |
| 15 | with the election of that Patriarch; (3) the concluding incident in our fragment, which is found also in the |
| 16 | Syriac Plerophoriae of John Rufus,’ concerns Timothy alone and not Peter (in whose Life it is not found), |
| 17 | while the Coptic ignores a short paragraph occurring in the Syriac Life® and dealing with Peter alone. |
| 18 | It is certain, then, that the two Coptic leaves belong to a Life of Timothy Aelurus and not of Peter. That |
| 19 | the Coptic writer has pillaged the Life of Peter and the Plerophoriae for his material is most probable.” He |
| 20 | may very possibly be no other than that Abba George who wrote histories of the Patriarchs from Cyril ⲓ to |
| 21 | Alexander Il “in the desert of the holy Abi Makar in Wadi Habib.” For not only was Abba George syncellus |
| 22 | of the Syrian Simon I, and so in a position to learn what Syriac writers had recorded concerning his period ;® |
| 23 | but we are expressly told that he “informed us of what happened in the time of Marcian, the unbelieving |
| 24 | prince, and the troubles that overtook our fathers. . .”? |
| 25 | (Cairo, no. 12). © |
| 26 | ⲟⲩⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲁϥⲙⲟⲩ ⲛϫⲉ ⲙⲁⲣⲕⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ ⲁ̀ⲧⲟ‐ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ é ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲧⲱⲟⲩ |
| 27 | ⲛⲉ ϣⲱⲛⲓ- ⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲙⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛⲁⲥⲕⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̄‐ |
| 28 | Ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ ⲡⲓ̄ⲃⲏⲣⲟⲥ ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲗⲟⲅⲅⲓⲛⲟⲥ ⲫⲓⲱⲧ |
| 29 | ⲉⲧⲁϥϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲙϫⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲛⲛⲓⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ ⲉϥϣⲟⲡ ⲛⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̄‐ |
| 30 | 5 ⲁϥⲧ[ⲱ]ⲛϥ ⲛⲭⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲁϥⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲉⲙϫⲉ 5 ϭ⳪ϭⲁⲩⲙⲱⲓⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁⲣⲭⲏⲅⲟⲥ ⲙ̃][ⲡⲁⲓ |
| 31 | ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲕⲟⲧϥ ⲉ ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲡⲉⲛϭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲓ︦︦ⲥ︦ ϩⲱⲃ ⲉⲑⲛⲁⲛⲉϥ ⲉϥⲧⲟⲩⲛⲟⲥ ⲙⲙⲱ‐ |
| 32 | ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲥⲱⲕ JAMO ⲁϥⲉⲛϥ € ⲙⲁⲩ ⲟⲩ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲫⲟⲩⲁϩⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲙ̄ⲫ︦ϯ︦ ⲉ w- |
| 33 | ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲟⲩⲟⲓⲕⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛ̄- ⲧⲉⲙⲉⲣⲁⲙⲉⲗⲉⲥ ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩⲓⲱⲥ |
| 34 | ⲛⲟⲙϯ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲁϫⲣⲟ ⲛ̄ⲡⲓⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉ ϫⲱⲕ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ APH ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲑⲁϣϥ = |
| 35 | ⲓⲟ ⲛⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ ‐ 10 Ⲧⲟⲧⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲟⲩⲉⲣⲇⲟⲕⲓⲙⲁⲍⲓ(ⲛ) |
| 36 | Ⲑⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ⲧⲉ ϯⲟ[ⲓ]ⲕⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ̃ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑⲣⲉ ⲡⲓ‐ ϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱⲣⲡ ⲛϩⲁⲛⲟⲩⲟⲛ |
| 37 | ϣⲓⲛⲓ ⲧⲁϩⲉ ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲫⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲟⲩⲟⲛ ϣϫⲟⲙ MMWOT ⲉ̄ ⲉⲣ ⲫⲁⲓ |
| 38 | ⲙ̃ⲙⲁⲣⲕⲓⲁⲡⲟⲥ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧⲁϥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛⲉⲧⲓⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉϥⲉⲣϩⲉⲙⲓ = |
| 39 | ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁⲣⲭⲏⲅⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛⲁⲓ ⲡ[ⲉ]ⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ Ⲁⲩϩⲱ[ⲗ]ⲉⲙ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲟⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲧⲏⲥ ⲉ̀ⲧⲧⲁⲓ‐ |
| 40 | 5 ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲙⲫ︦[ⲙ]ⲏϣ ⲛ̄ⲛⲓⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ ⲓ ⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲙⲁⲗⲗⲟⲛ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ |
| 41 | 1 That numeration is by pages is certain. The usual 5 § xxxvin (ed. Nau, P.O. vii, ⲣ. 63). Note that the |
| 42 | number of parchment sheets in the quire is four (=eight Syriac is briefer than the Coptic. |
| 43 | leaves or sixteen pages). 6 Raabe, op. cit., p. 70 (“Das war fiir den seligen Petrus |
| 44 | 2 Timothy was elected in 457 and died in 477 A.D.: see .. .erfreuen konnte”’). |
| 45 | Nau in P.O. vi, p. 20, note 1. 7 If so, he probably used Greek versions of these works. |
| 46 | 3 See below, p. 167, note 3. A fragment of a Coptic version of the Plerophoriae has been |
| 47 | 4 Raabe, Petrus der Iberer, pp. 64. ϭⲟ. (see published by Crum (Theological Texts, no. 13, pp. 62 ff.), who |
| 48 | references in the margin of my translation). Peter, son adduces evidence to show that this work was substantially |
| 49 | of the king of the Iberians, was born in 409 ⲇ... was the work of Peter, the extant Syriac being a redaction |
| 50 | delivered as a hostage to Theodosius II in 422, ordained edited only by John Rufus. ⲓ |
| 51 | priest in 447 and bishop in 454. In 455- at any rate he 8 George may himself have been a Syrian. |
| 52 | was in Egypt: he died 488 A.D. (see Nau, P.O. viii, p. 203, ⲟ Concerning George, see Hist. Patr., ed. Evetts, pp. |
| 53 | col. 3). Concerning Peter see also Synax., Kihak I (ed. 344 f. |
| 54 | Basset, p. 290) and O. von Lemm, Iberica (Mém. de ! Acad. |
| 55 | Imp. des Sciences de S. Pétersbourg, Series viii, t. vii, p. 6). |
| 56 | 164 |
| page 225 | |
| 57 | LIFE OF TIMOTHY AELURUS |
| 58 | ⲉ̃ⲧⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱ ⲁⲩⲭⲁ ϫⲟⲙ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁ‐ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡϣⲁϥⲉ ⲁⲃⲃⲁ |
| 59 | ϣⲁⲓ ⲛ̄ⲡⲓⲑⲗⲓϯ[ⲧ]ⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲁⲩⲉⲛⲟⲩ ⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ |
| 60 | ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲇⲓⲱⲅⲙⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ⲁⲩϣⲟⲡⲟⲩ ⲉⲁⲩ‐ |
| 61 | ⲧⲓⲙⲟⲑⲉⲟⲥ ⲉϥⲟⲓ ⲛⲁⲧⲉⲙⲓ ⲉ ϩⲱⲃ |
| 62 | ⲙⲡⲁⲓ ⲥⲙⲟⲧ = |
| 63 | ⲉⲣϣⲗⲁϩ ⲛϩⲏⲧ ⲉ[ⲃ]ⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲡⲓ[ⲙ]ⲕⲁϩ ⲛ[ϩ]ⲏⲧ Xe ⲁϥⲟⲩⲱ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲉ[ⲙ̃]ⲡϣⲁ ⲙⲡⲁⲝⲓⲱⲙⲁ ⲛϯ‐ |
| 64 | 20 Ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲱⲛϧ ⲛ̄ⲕ[ⲉⲥ]ⲟⲡ ϧⲉⲛ [ⲡ]ϫⲓⲛⲑ[ⲣ]ⲟⲩ‐ 20 ⲙⲉⲧⲡ[ⲣ]ⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲑⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ a- |
| 65 | ϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲙⲡⲓⲙⲧⲟⲛ ⲁ ...ϫ ]. ⲟⲡ ⲛ]ⲁ[ⲧⲱ]ⲗⲅⲟⲥ ⲡⲉϥⲥⲟⲛ ⲛⲅⲛⲏⲥⲓⲟⲥ |
| 66 | ⲉϩⲣⲏ[ⲓ] ⲙⲡⲉⲡⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ .[..].[ . . ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̅]ⲣ[ⲉ]ϣⲭⲟϩ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ⲉ ϯⲁⲥⲕⲓⲥⲓ̄ⲥ |
| 67 | ⲙ ⲉⲑⲣⲉϥϣⲉⲡ [ϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ[ⲧⲟⲧϥ ⲛⲧⲁⲓ ⲙⲁⲓⲏ |
| 68 | ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡ]|ⲓⲛⲓϣϯ ⲕⲩⲣⲓⲗⲗⲟⲥ ⲡⲓ‐ |
| 69 | ϫⲉ ⲙ̃ⲡⲉϥϫⲱⲛⲧ ⲉ̃ⲣⲱ[ⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡϫⲓⲛⲑ‐ |
| 70 | ⲁⲣⲭⲏⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕ]ⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ = |
| 71 | 2 ⲣⲉϥⲧⲏⲓⲧⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ov . . . . 25 Ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲁ̃]ⲃⲃⲁ ⲧ[]ⲙⲟⲑⲉⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩ‐ |
| 72 | ⲉ ⲛⲉ[ⲛϫⲓ]ϫ ⲙ̃ⲡ[ⲓ]ⲗⲟⲓ ⲙⲟⲥ [ . . |
| 73 | ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉϥ]ⲉⲣⲕⲟⲥ[ⲙ]ⲓⲛ ϧⲉⲛ ⲥⲙⲟⲧ |
| 74 | ⲛⲟⲩⲱⲛϣ ⲛⲟⲩⲁⲙⲥⲛⲟ[ϥ = |
| 75 | ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲙ̃]ⲡⲓϩⲙⲟⲧ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲡⲭ︦ⲥ︦ ⲙ̄ⲫ‐ |
| 76 | Ⲁ[ⲟⲓⲡ]ⲟⲛ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲛⲁⲩ & ⲡⲓⲥⲏ[ⲟⲩ ⲣⲏϯ ⲛⲛⲓⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲩⲟ [ⲇⲉ ⲟⲩ‐ |
| 77 | ⲣⲉϥⲭⲟϩ ⲛ]ⲁⲕⲣⲓⲃⲏⲥ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲡⲁϩ[ϯ |
| 78 | 30 ⲛⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟ]ⲥ ‐ |
| 79 | ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲙⲓ...] Asal... Ⲥⲧⲁⲩⲉⲛϥ ⲇⲉ [ⲉ] ϯⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲩⲟ[ⲡ]ⲧϥ |
| 80 | ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ ⲟⲛ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲛⲓⲙⲏϣ ⲡ- |
| 81 | ⲧⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲧⲱⲃϩ ⲉ̀ⲑⲣ[ⲟⲩϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ |
| 82 | 30 Ⲁ[ⲅ]ⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ fixe ⲫⲙⲏϣ[ ⲛⲛⲓⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ |
| 83 | ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ] ϯⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲑⲏ ⲉ̃ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲟ‐ |
| 84 | ⲧⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲡⲉ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩϯ [ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲓϩⲉ‐ ⲩϯ ⲉⲣ]ⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲉⲥⲁⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛⲉ ⲁ ϯ‐ |
| 85 | ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲟⲕⲧⲱⲕⲉ[ⲇⲉⲕⲁⲧⲟⲛ ⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲧ]ⲏⲣⲥ ⲥⲭⲉⲇⲟ[ⲛ] ⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ ϩⲓ ⲟⲩ‐ |
| 86 | 35 mem ⲡⲕⲉⲥⲉⲡⲓ ⲛ̄[ⲛⲓϯⲙⲟⲛⲁⲥⲧ[ⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉ‐ 35 ⲥⲟⲡ ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓϩⲓⲟⲙⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲟⲩ‐ |
| 87 | ⲑ]ⲟⲩⲁⲃ [ⲛ]ⲉⲙ ⲡ[ⲓⲗ]ⲁⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲉ[ⲑⲛⲁϩϯ ϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ]ⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ |
| 88 | ⲣⲟⲓ ⲉⲑⲣⲟⲩϣⲉⲡ. |
| 89 | a |
| 90 | . . ."Marcian' died suddenly without sickness. Then the blessed Peter the Iberian, who was at Ⲣⲉ ⲉ |
| 91 | at that time, arose in haste and went forth from Pemdje and returned to Rakoti. It was our Lord Jesus the |
| 92 | Christ Who led him and brought him thither according to a dispensation, that he might become a support |
| 93 | unto the people and a strength of the orthodox faith. Now this was the dispensation. When the news reached |
| 94 | the city Rakoti concerning the death of Marcian—he who had been the author and originator of all these woes |
| 95 | of the multitude of the orthodox, who no longer had strength by reason of the increase of the afflictions which |
| 96 | were laid upon them and the persecutions which overtook them since they despaired through grief of heart— |
| 97 | they lived again because they had found a season of repose: [they gave thanks] unto our Savior that they had |
| 98 | received a favor of this sort at His hands, in that He was not wroth with them in delivering them in [anger 7] |
| 99 | into the hands of the pestilential ) and bloodthirsty wolf. Thereon, since they saw that the season was such |
| 100 | as they prayed that they might find (7), the multitude of the monks assembled, both they who were in the |
| 101 | city. ..and the others also who were there, the multitudes of the place which is called Pi-Ennaton and |
| 102 | Oktokaidekaton* and the rest of the holy monasteries, together with all the believing people *of the city of |
| 103 | Rakoti. And there was amongst them there the great ascete and prophet, Abba Longinus,® the Father of the |
| 104 | monks, who was unto them a guide and a leader in this good work, urging them at the bidding of God not |
| 105 | to be neglectful but to hasten to finish that which they purposed. |
| 106 | Then as they were deliberating together, they sent certain who had the power to do this thing with |
| 107 | authority, and they dragged the honored confessor—nay rather the very martyr—Timothy® from the |
| 108 | desert while he was unaware of anything of this kind. For he had previously been held worthy of the dignity |
| 109 | of the priesthood—he and Anatolius, his true brother and his rival in the ascetic life—at the hands of the |
| 110 | great Cyril, the Archbishop of Rakoti. For our Father Abba Timotheos was a man adorned with every form |
| 111 | of the grace of Christ like the Apostles, and moreover with a keen zeal for the orthodox faith. |
| 112 | Now when they brought him into the city, and took him into the Church which is called the Caesareum,’ |
| 113 | almost all the city was assembled together, men and women and their children together with the holy monks. |
| 114 | Two leaves (four pages) missing. |
| 115 | ⲓ Emperor, 450-457 A.D. A Sahidic Life of Longinus (and Lucius) is extant (Morgan |
| 116 | 2 =Oxyrhynchus, the modern Behnesa. MSS., xxxvi, 87° ff). Five of his sayings are found in the |
| 117 | 3 The Syriac has ‘destructive.’ Apophth. Patr. (P.G. Lxv, 266ff.). |
| 118 | 4 The Syriac adds Eikoston and explains in a note (see 6 i.e. Timothy Aelurus, Patriarch 457-477 A.D.: he is |
| 119 | Raabe’s edition, p. 64) that these monastic centres were otherwise credited with having contrived his own eleva- |
| 120 | nine, eighteen, and twenty miles distant respectively from tion by working on the credulity of the monks. |
| 121 | Alexandria. Cp. Cauwenbergh, Etude sur les Moines 7 A pagan temple or heroon dedicated to Caesar, sub- |
| 122 | d Egypte, pp. 66 ff. sequently transformed into a Christian Church (in which |
| 123 | 5 Of Cilicia, Superior of El Zajag (Pi-Ennaton). For Hypatia was murdered: Socrates, H.E. vi, 15). For its |
| 124 | his history see Synax., Amshir 2 (ed. Basset, pp. 730 ff.). site see E. Breccia, Alexandrea ad Aegyptum, p. 45. |
| 125 | 165 |
| 126 | “(p. 5) |
| 127 | =Raabe, p. 64 |
| 128 | *p.6 |
| 129 | =Raabe, p. 65 |
| page 226 | |
| 130 | NEW TEXTS FROM THE MONASTERY OF SAINT MACARIUS |
| 131 | (Cairo, no. 12). |
| 132 | I0 |
| 133 | MMIMARSPIOC ⲧⲓⲙⲟⲑⲉⲟⲥ ⲫⲏ ⲉⲧ ⲁⲩⲉⲣ‐ |
| 134 | ⲭⲓⲣⲟⲇⲟⲛⲓⲛ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲫ︦ϯ |
| 135 | ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲧϩⲉⲙⲥⲟϥ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ϫⲉ |
| 136 | ϩⲓⲛⲁ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲥⲙⲟⲧ ⲉ̀ⲣⲉ ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲙϯ |
| 137 | ⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲛϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲙ̃ⲕⲁⲩϩ |
| 138 | ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲥⲓⲛⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲧⲟⲛ |
| 139 | ⲙ̄ⲙⲱⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ |
| 140 | Ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲕⲟⲧϥ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ ϯⲃⲁⲕⲓ ⲁ ⲙⲱ‐ |
| 141 | ⲓⲧ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲙⲟϩ ⲛⲣⲁϣⲓ ϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲛⲟϥ ϩⲓ ⲑⲉ‐ |
| 142 | ⲗⲏⲗ ⲟⲩⲟϩ nape ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲉϥⲟϣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ‐ |
| 143 | pen ⲛⲓⲁⲑⲛⲁϩϯ ϩⲏⲗ ⲉⲩϭⲓⲱⲙⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ |
| 144 | ⲓⲥϫⲉ ⲥϣⲉ ⲛⲧⲉⲛϫⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩϣⲱⲧ |
| 145 | ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲁⲣⲉ ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲛ̄ⲣⲉⲙ[ⲣ]ⲁⲕⲟϯ ⲟⲓ |
| 146 | ⲙⲫⲉ ⲛ̄ⲛⲓⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ |
| 147 | 15 Ⲉϥϣⲟⲡ ⲟⲩⲛ ⲛ̄ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲓⲙⲟⲑⲉ‐ |
| 148 | ⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧⲓⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟ[ⲡ]ⲏ ⲛ︦ⲅ︦ϯ ⲛ̄ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ |
| 149 | Ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ ⲟⲛ ⲙⲡⲉϥϣϥⲁⲓ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̄ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲫⲑⲟ‐ |
| 150 | ⲛⲏⲣⲟⲥ ⲛⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ ⲉϥⲛⲁⲩ € ⲡⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ |
| 151 | ⲛⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ = |
| 152 | 20 Ⲁϥⲑⲣⲟⲩⲗⲓⲃⲓ ⲛⲧⲁⲓ ϧⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩ‐ |
| 153 | 25 |
| 154 | 30 |
| 155 | 35 |
| 156 | ⲡⲓϣϯ ⲙ̃̄ⲙⲉⲧⲙⲁⲥⲧⲉ ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̄ϫⲉ ⲛⲓⲉ- |
| 157 | ⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲙⲁ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲩⲟ |
| 158 | ⲇⲉ ⲫⲁ ⲕⲱⲛⲥⲧⲁⲛⲧⲓ [ⲛⲟⲩⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ |
| 159 | ⲫⲁ ⲣⲱⲙⲏ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ϫⲉ ⲫⲃⲓⲟⲥ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁ‐ |
| 160 | ⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲡⲙⲟⲑ]ⲉⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲕⲁⲧⲁⲥⲧⲁ‐ |
| 161 | ⲥⲓⲥ ⲛ]ⲉⲙ ⲡⲉϥϣⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲡⲁⲣ‐ |
| 162 | ⲣⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛⲁⲩϣⲟⲡ ⲛϣⲫⲓⲧ ⲛⲉⲙ ϫⲫⲓⲟ |
| 163 | ⲛ̄ⲛⲏ ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲙⲁⲩ |
| 164 | Ⲉϥⲉⲣⲁⲛⲁⲑⲉⲙⲁⲧⲓ ⲥⲛ ⲙⲙⲏⲛⲓ ⲛ̄ⲇⲏⲙⲟⲥⲓⲁ̀ |
| 165 | ⲛ̄ⲑⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲉⲧ ϧⲁⲣⲁⲧϥ |
| 166 | ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲕⲗⲏⲣⲓⲕⲟⲥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ |
| 167 | ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲓⲗⲁⲓⲕⲟⲥ ⲛϯⲥⲩⲛⲟϫⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲥⲉ‐ |
| 168 | ⲃⲏⲥ ⲉⲧⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ϧⲉⲛ ⲭⲁⲗⲕⲏⲇⲱⲛ |
| 169 | Ⲉⲁⲩⲓⲣⲓ ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲓϣϯ ⲛⲥⲡⲟⲩⲇⲏ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ |
| 170 | ⲡ]ϯ ⲛϩⲁⲛⲭⲣⲏⲙⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩⲡⲣⲟⲥⲧⲁⲥⲓⲁ |
| 171 | ⲛⲣⲱⲙ ⲛ̄ⲁⲛ[ⲟ]ⲙⲟⲥ ⲛⲉ ⲁⲩϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲅⲁⲣ |
| 172 | 1 sic apparently, for ⲛⲛⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ. |
| 173 | 166 |
| 174 | ⲓ︦ⲃ︦ |
| 175 | ⲛ̄ⲡⲓⲁⲣⲭⲱⲡ ⲉⲧⲟϩⲓ ⲙⲡⲓⲥⲏⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲉⲙ- |
| 176 | ⲙⲁⲩ ⲉⲩϯ ϩⲟⲙⲧ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ |
| 177 | ϯⲙⲉⲧⲙⲁⲓ ϩⲁⲧ ⲙⲡⲟⲩⲕⲏⲛ ⲉϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲁⲓ |
| 178 | ⲥⲟϭⲛⲓ ⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̃ⲡⲟⲛⲏⲣⲟ(ⲛ) |
| 179 | ϣⲁⲧⲟⲩⲉⲣⲉⲝⲱⲣⲓⲍⲓⲛ ⲛⲕⲉⲥⲟⲡ ⲙ̄‐ |
| 180 | ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ ⲧⲓⲙⲟⲑⲉⲟⲥ ⲉⲁⲩ‐ |
| 181 | ⲫⲱⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛϩⲁⲛⲥⲛⲟϥ ⲉⲩⲟϣ ϧⲉⲛ |
| 182 | ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲡⲁⲓ ⲣⲏϯ ⲁⲩⲟⲗϥ ⲉ ϯ‐ |
| 183 | ⲉⲝⲱⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁ̃ ⲛⲕⲉⲥⲟⲡ ⲉ ⲟⲩⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ |
| 184 | ⲓⲟ ϫⲉ ⲅⲁⲅⲅⲣⲁ ⲡⲓⲙⲁ ⲉⲧ ⲁ ⲡⲉϥϣⲫⲏⲣ |
| 185 | ⲛⲟⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅ[ⲡ]ⲧⲏⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲣⲉϥϯ [ⲉ]ϫⲉ(ⲛ) |
| 186 | ⲡⲓⲛⲁϩϯ ⲛⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ ⲇⲓⲟⲥⲕⲟⲣⲟⲥ |
| 187 | ϫⲱⲕ [ⲉ]ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛϧⲏⲧϥ ⲉ ⲁϥϭⲓ ⲙ̃ⲡ[ⲓ]ⲭ‐ |
| 188 | ⲗⲟⲙ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ ϯⲟⲙⲟⲗⲟⲅⲓⲁ- |
| 189 | 15 Ⲉⲧⲁⲩϩⲓⲟⲩⲓ ⲅ[ⲁ]ⲣ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̃ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲕⲁⲣⲓⲟⲥ |
| 190 | ⲧⲓⲙⲟⲑⲉⲟⲥ ϩⲡ]ϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲉϥⲑⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ ϩⲓ‐ |
| 191 | TEM ⲟⲩⲡⲣⲟⲥⲧⲁⲅⲙⲁ̃ ⲛⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲟⲩ‐ |
| 192 | ⲁⲩⲑⲉⲛⲧⲓⲁ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲉⲣⲉⲝⲱⲣⲓ‐ |
| 193 | TIM ⲙ̄ⲙⲟϥ = |
| 194 | 20 Ⲟⲩⲟϩ [ⲛ]ⲥⲉⲉⲛ ⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁⲓ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̄ ⲡⲉϥ‐ |
| 195 | ⲙⲁ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ ⲧ(ⲕ)ⲉ[ⲕ]ⲑⲉⲥⲓⲥ ⲛⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲉ̄‐ |
| 196 | ⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲡ[ⲉ] ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ |
| 197 | ⲟⲩⲟϩ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟ[ⲩⲡ]ⲣⲟⲥⲏ̄ⲅⲟⲣⲓⲁ ⲙⲉⲛ |
| 198 | ϫⲉ ⲧⲓⲙⲟⲑⲉⲟⲥ ⲉⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲧⲉϥⲕⲉⲣⲁ(ⲛ) |
| 199 | 2 ⲇ[ⲉ] ϫⲉ ⲥⲁⲥⲁⲗⲟⲫⲁⲕⲓⲁ[ⲗⲟⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲟⲛ |
| 200 | ⲉϥⲁⲙⲟⲛⲓ ⲙⲫⲛⲁϩϯ ⲉⲧⲧⲁⲕ[ⲏⲟⲩ]ⲧ |
| 201 | ⲡⲛⲓ ⲭⲁⲗⲕⲏⲇⲱⲛⲓⲧⲏⲥ |
| 202 | Ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩ[ⲟ]ⲛ ⲟⲩⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ ⲇⲉ ϧⲉ (ⲛ) |
| 203 | ⲕⲉⲥⲁⲣⲓⲁ ⲉ ⲡⲉϥⲣⲁⲛ ϫⲉ ⲁⲫⲟⲗⲓⲟⲥ |
| 204 | 3ⲟ ⲉϥϯⲥⲙⲟⲩ ϧⲉⲛ ϯⲉ|ⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲓ‐ |
| 205 | ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ ⲉ ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲡⲉ |
| 206 | ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲥⲉⲙⲛⲟⲥ ⲉⲙⲁϣⲱ ⲉϥⲧⲁⲓ‐ |
| 207 | ⲏⲟⲩⲧ ⲛⲁϩⲣⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ϩⲱⲥ |
| 208 | ⲥⲱⲧⲡ ⲉϥϥⲁⲓ ϧⲁ ⲟⲩⲙⲏϣ ⲛ̄ⲣⲓⲥⲓ |
| 209 | 35 ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲙⲉⲧϫⲱⲣⲓ ⲉⲑⲃⲉ ⲡⲓⲛⲁϩϯ |
| 210 | ⲛⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ ϩⲓⲧ[ⲉⲛ] ⲡⲉϥ[ⲛ]ⲓϣϯ |
| 211 | 1 sic. |
| page 227 | |
| 212 | LIFE OF TIMOTHY AELURUS |
| 213 | [The Emperor! commanded that they should restore] “the blessed Timothy, who was elected by God, |
| 214 | and seat him upon his throne, that in this way the city might regain strength after the troubles which were |
| 215 | past and that the people might rest in peace. And when he returned into the city, every street was filled |
| 216 | with joy and delight and gladness; and a great multitude of the unbelievers was coming to receive baptism. |
| 217 | And if we may speak briefly, the city of the people of Rakoti was Heaven in all those days. |
| 218 | Now when the blessed Timothy had occupied the Bishopric for three? years, once more the envious demon |
| 219 | could not endure to behold the salvation of men. He caused the Bishops who were in every place, especially |
| 220 | they of Constantinople and Rome,® to rage in this manner with a great hatred, because the life of the blessed |
| 221 | Timothy, his disposition, his renown, and his outspokenness were a shame and rebuke unto them, since he |
| 222 | daily anathematized publicly—he, and the Bishops who were under him, and the clergy, and the monks, |
| 223 | and the laity—the unholy Council which was held at Chalcedon. They made a great to-do by means of bribe- |
| 224 | giving and the advocacy of lawless men—for they found ⲉ rulers who were in power at that time amenable |
| 225 | to them through covetousness—and did not cease from their wicked and evil design until they had caused |
| 226 | the blessed Timothy to be exiled again, and had shed much blood among the people. And so he was removed |
| 227 | into exile again, to a city, Gangra, the place wherein his fellow-confessor and champion of the orthodox |
| 228 | faith, *Dioscoros, ended his days when he had won the crown of Confessorship.* |
| 229 | For when they had cast out the blessed Timothy from his throne by means of the King’s decree and of |
| 230 | violence, and had caused him to be exiled, they set another in his place by the King’s edict, namely, one of |
| 231 | the priests who was styled, indeed, Timothy, though his other name was Salophacialos®, and who also |
| 232 | had adopted the corrupt faith of the Chalcedonians. |
| 233 | Now there was a priest in Caesarea named Apholios® who celebrated in the Church of the orthodox: he |
| 234 | was a holy man and very reverend, honored in the sight of all as a chosen one, who had endured a multitude |
| 235 | of afflictions steadfastly for the orthodox faith by reason of his great. . . |
| 236 | 1 6. Basiliscus, who had driven Zeno from the throne: |
| 237 | see Evagrius, H.E. 111, 4. This restoration of Timothy was |
| 238 | In 475 A.D. |
| 239 | 2 The Syriac (Raabe, ⲣ. 69) reads “seven.” Timothy |
| 240 | occupied the throne after restoration from 475-477; but |
| 241 | there is evidently some confusion here between the first |
| 242 | and second exile of Timothy. According to Evagrius, H.E. |
| 243 | Ⲡⲓ. 11, Zeno purposed to banish Timothy, but spared |
| 244 | him because of his advanced age; and the exile to Gangra |
| 245 | and substitution of Salophacialos (narrated below) followed |
| 246 | Timothy's banishment in 460 ⲇ... when he had actually |
| 247 | held the Archbishopric for three years. |
| 248 | 3 sc. Anatolius and Leo I. |
| 249 | 4 The absence of the short paragraph which follows in |
| 250 | the Syriac (Raabe, p. 70) relating to Peter the Iberian is |
| 251 | significant and goes to show that our fragment is from a |
| 252 | Life of Timothy rather than of Peter (see Introductory |
| 253 | Note). |
| 254 | 5 In Evagrius, A.E. 11, 11, the second name is given as |
| 255 | Salophacialos: the duplication of the first syllable in the |
| 256 | Coptic may be a mere error. |
| 257 | 6 In the Syriac Mss. of the Plerophoriae (see Nau’s note, |
| 258 | P.O. vii, 63) the name is variously given Apolonos and |
| 259 | Apios; but in § xxix, where the same priest is mentioned, |
| 260 | the mss. give Altds and Apoldos, of which the last most |
| 261 | nearly approximates to the Coptic. |
| 262 | ⲣ. 11) |
| 263 | = Raabe, ⲣ. 69 |
| 264 | =Raabe, p. 70 |
| 265 | = Plerophoriae |
| 266 | § xxvin |
| page 228 | |
| 267 | NEW TEXTS FROM THE MONASTERY OF SAINT MACARIUS |
Provenance
- title
- Evelyn-White, The Monasteries of the Wâdi ’n Natrûn, Part I: New Coptic Texts from the Monastery of Saint Macarius (1926) — OCR
- dialect
- mixed
- source
- corpus/incoming/w-boh-evelyn-white-wadi-natrun-i-1926/monasteriesofwdi01evel.pdf (staged 2026-09-23 by worker W-BOH; provenance, terms as fetched and SHA-256 in corpus/incoming/w-boh-evelyn-white-wadi-natrun-i-1926/README.md); OCR by tools/batch_ocr.py (A5d, tools/run_a5d.sh), model coptic+eng; page files: L0/ocr/Incoming/monasteriesofwdi01evel/pages
- licence
- public domain — Hugh G. Evelyn-White (d. 1924), completed by W. Hauser (d. 1959) and W. E. Crum (d. 1944), The Monasteries of the Wâdi ’n Natrûn, Part I: New Coptic Texts from the Monastery of Saint Macarius, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition 1926; public domain in the United States by age (published before 1930) AND in Canada by the LICENCES.md §7 author-death-year rule (died ≤ 1971); scan from archive.org, identifier monasteriesofwdi01evel, fetched 2026-09-23; the item states: nothing — no licenseurl, no rights, no possible-copyright-status (Princeton Theological Seminary Library scan; the alternate copy monasteriesofwad0000evel states nothing either; the Met's own MetPublications page could not be read by script, HTTP 429)
- share
- public
- OCR
- tesseract coptic+eng (models/coptic.traineddata v3c), 300 dpi, psm 3, 476 of 476 pages, mean word confidence 80.8 (Tesseract's own figure — NOT a CER, CLAUDE.md §1.3); apparatus language eng (genre_map). Raw page text: the edition's apparatus, translation and running heads are interleaved with the Coptic, and a Greek or Latin word can come out as Coptic letters. `=== page N ===` markers are PDF pages
- file
- Hagiography/New Coptic Texts from the Monastery of Saint Macarius (Evelyn-White 1926)/Evelyn-White, The Monasteries of the Wâdi ’n Natrûn, Part I- New Coptic Texts from the Monastery of Saint Macarius (1926.ocr.L0.txt
L0 witness (OCR)
Cite as:
XXXI. Life of Timothy Aelurus — lines 17252–17623, pdf pp. 224-228 (Evelyn-White, The Monasteries of the Wâdi ’n Natrûn, Part I: New Coptic Texts from the Monastery of Saint Macarius (1926) — OCR). corpus/incoming/w-boh-evelyn-white-wadi-natrun-i-1926/monasteriesofwdi01evel.pdf (staged 2026-09-23 by worker W-BOH; provenance, terms as fetched and SHA-256 in corpus/incoming/w-boh-evelyn-white-wadi-natrun-i-1926/README.md); OCR by tools/batch_ocr.py (A5d, tools/run_a5d.sh), model coptic+eng; page files: L0/ocr/Incoming/monasteriesofwdi01evel/pages. Layers as published by the Kemetic project (Yousef Hanna), 2026: Coptic · Cairene · Kemetic, /doc/hagiography/new-coptic-texts-from-the-monastery-of-saint-macarius-evelyn-white-1926/evelyn-white-the-monasteries-of-the-wadi-n-natrun-part-i-new-coptic-texts-from-t-69082f/L17252-17623/.
What the layers are
L0 witness
The text as its witness or edition has it, original spelling; its dialect is a description and is never standardized.
The text as its witness or edition has it, original spelling; its dialect is a description and is never standardized.
L0.5 transliteration
For Egyptian texts: the transliteration with the editors' marks turned into the symbols ° * < > _ ^ (ruled 2026-09-10). For papyri: the edition's Leiden marks as the same symbols, and the editors' readings beside the scribe's as ‹scribe→editors› (ruled PAP-3).
For Egyptian texts: the transliteration with the editors' marks turned into the symbols ° * < > _ ^ (ruled 2026-09-10). For papyri: the edition's Leiden marks as the same symbols, and the editors' readings beside the scribe's as ‹scribe→editors› (ruled PAP-3).
L1 Cairene
Standardized Greco-Bohairic spelling and grammar, generated by code from the layer above under the rulings of the project.
Standardized Greco-Bohairic spelling and grammar, generated by code from the layer above under the rulings of the project.
L2 Kemetic
The Kemetic alphabet, generated by code from L1.
The Kemetic alphabet, generated by code from L1.
English
Quoted translations where they exist, credited; otherwise model drafts, marked as drafts.
Quoted translations where they exist, credited; otherwise model drafts, marked as drafts.