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Attribution: Thackeray – Josephus, vol. I: The Life; Against Apion (Loeb, 1926); public domain in Canada (death year verified: Thackeray d.1930 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914808 d. 1930-06-30; LC heading "1869?-1930" in https://archive.org/metadata/josephuswithengl01joseuoft) — staged at corpus/incoming/histories/historians/josephus-contra-apionem/josephuswithengl01joseuoft.pdf from https://archive.org/details/josephuswithengl01joseuoft (HIST-1, 2026-09-29)); OCR text by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.

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ref	L0 witness
p. 1
p. 2
1	UNIVERS
2	TORONTC
p. 3
3	Digitized by the Internet Archive
4	in 2008 with funding from
5	Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
6	https://archive.org/details/josephuswithengl01joseuoft
p. 4
p. 5
7	ra
8	THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
9	EDITED
10	BY
11	E. CAPPS, pu.p., ct.p.
12	T. EK. PAGE, trrv p.
13	W. H. D. ROUSE, trrv.p.
14	JOSEPHUS
15	I
p. 6
16	cal
17	si
18	~
19	at,
20	=
21	“
22	A
23	Wi
24	Re
25	7
p. 7
26	JOSEPHUS
27	WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
28	H. ST. J. THACKERAY, M.A.
29	HON. D.D.
30	OXFORD,
31	HON. D.D. DURHAM
32	IN EIGHT VOLUMES
33	I
34	THE LIFE
35	AGAINST APION
36	LONDON: WILLIAM HEINEMANN
37	NEW YORK:
38	G: P. PUTNAMS SONS
39	MCMXXVI
p. 8
40	Printed in Great Britain,
p. 9
41	CONTENTS
42	INTRODUCTION—
43	PAGE
44	ate.
45	;
46	:
47	.
48	i
49	:
50	ee
51	val
52	The Major Works
53	\|.
54	;
55	:
56	do
57	al
58	The Minor Works
59	.
60	:
61	:
62	;
63	a
64	a
65	MSS. and Authorities for the Text
66	.
67	sp
68	XO
69	Recent Editions of the Greek Text and
70	other Works
71	:
72	P
73	:
74	:
75	3
76	Six
77	Abbreviations
78	.
79	.
80	;
81	é
82	;
83	a
84	eRe
85	LIFE oF JOSEPHUS
86	.
87	j
88	:
89	:
90	:
91	:
92	2
93	Aaainst APION
94	‘
95	;
96	A
97	:
98	;
99	Lo
100	LOZ
101	InpEx I., GENERAL
102	.
103	;
104	:
105	:
106	;
107	:
108	413
109	>
110	AL1., Bisnican Passaces
111	.
112	‘
113	;
114	.
115	424
116	Map oF GALILEE.
117	:
118	:
119	:
120	To face 412
p. 10
121	Ls.
122	eae aetenk
p. 11
123	INTRODUCTION
124	LIFE
125	Tue autobiography which appears
126	in this volume
127	renders unnecessary any detailed life of the author.
128	But, as that work mainly relates to a period of only
129	six months, and needs to be supplemented by other
130	notices which appear in the War or elsewhere, the
131	facts may here be briefly summarized.
132	Son of a priest and with royal blood in his veins
133	on the mother’s side,
134	Joseph ben Matthias was born
135	in the year of the accession of Gaius (Caligula)
136	A.D. 37-38.
137	Pontius Pilate had been recalled from
138	Judaea in the previous year ; Herod Agrippa I had
139	just received his liberty and kingdom from the new
140	Emperor.
141	The lad’s memory might perhaps recall
142	the scenes of excitement aroused in Palestine by the
143	attempt of Caligula to erect his statue in the Temple,
144	when the outbreak of war was narrowly averted
145	(a.v. 40-41).
146	Of his education he tells us of his
147	precocious talents which, at the age of 14, brought
148	learned Rabbis to consult him ; how at 16 he entered
149	on what may be called his short university course,
150	when he studied the tenets of the three national
151	sects; how he followed this up by three years of
152	ascetic life in the wilderness, and how, on returning
153	vil
p. 12
154	INTRODUCTION
155	‘to Jerusalem at the age of 19, he threw in his lot
156	with the Pharisees.
157	Of his early manhood one out-
158	standing event is related, his visit to Rome at the
159	age of 26 or 27 in the year 64.
160	It was the year of
161	the burning of Rome and the persecution of the
162	Christians, but whether those events preceded his
163	arrival
164	is unknown, and no inference can be drawn
165	from his silence as to his attitude to Christianity.
166	It
167	is idle to conjecture whether, beyond its ostensible
168	object—the liberation of certain Jewish priests—
169	this visit to the capital had any ulterior motive.
170	It
171	impressed him, at any rate, with a sense of Rome’s
172	invincibility ; and on his return to
173	Judaea, where he
174	found his countrymen heading for revolt, he vainly
175	endeavoured to pacify the war party.
176	The turbulent
177	state of the country soon brought Cestius Gallus, the
178	Governor of Syria, upon the scene.
179	His unaccount-
180	able withdrawal from Jerusalem, when almost within
181	his grasp, was followed by the disastrous rout of his
182	Roman legions in the defiles of Bethhoron in the
183	autumn
184	of 66. The irrevocable
185	step had now been
186	taken and hasty preparations were made for the
187	impending war.
188	The young priest aged 29, on what qualifications
189	does not appear, was, with two others, entrusted with
190	an important commission in Galilee, if not the actual
191	command of the district.
192	The opening scenes of the
193	Galilaean campaign in a.p. 66-67, which fill most of
194	the pages of the Life, are difficult to follow, and the
195	policy and aims both of Jostphus and of the Jerusalem
196	leaders are far from clear.; We have two accounts of
197	this period, both biased and in some details incon-
198	sistent.
199	In the Life we have the author’s defence
200	against a rival
201	Jewish historian, who accused him and
202	Vili
p. 13
203	INTRODUCTION
204	the Galilaeans of being responsible for the revolt
205	(§ 340) ; in the Jenzsh War we have a shorter account
206	written
207	under
208	Roman
209	patronage.
210	In the
211	War
212	Josephus is represented as having been appointed
213	general of Galilee from the first (B. ii. 568) ; in the
214	Iife we are merely told that his commission was to
215	induce the hotheads to lay down their arms (Vzta 29,
216	cp. 77).
217	In a recent suggestive but rather fanciful
218	work (see p. xix below) Herr Laqueur lays stress
219	on this difference and supposes that Josephus acted
220	ultra vires in assuming the supreme command of
221	Galilee, and that this accounts for the attempt of
222	Johnof Gischala to get him superseded However that
223	may be, he was suspected of harbotiring designs of
224	betraying the country to Rome.
225	He may have hoped
226	to avert war by compromise, but events moved fast
227	and forced him to identify himself with the war
228	party.
229	On the advance of Vespasian from Antioch
230	he finally resolved to stand a siege in the fortified town
231	of Jotapata.
232	Of the forty-seven days’ siege, the fall
233	of the town (July 67), his capture by the Romans after
234	a narrow escape from being murdered by his com-
235	panions in hiding, and his prophecy of Vespasian’s
236	rise to imperial power, he has given a graphic account
237	in the third book of the Jewish War.
238	Henceforth, in Roman hands, his life was tolerably
239	secure.
240	Military operations were delayed during
241	the eventful year 68-69, which saw the death of
242	Nero and, in rapid succession, the promotion of three
243	Emperors.
244	In July 69 Vespasian’s legions took the
245	law into
246	their own
247	hands
248	and proclaimed him
249	Emperor.
250	One of the first acts of the new Emperor
251	was the liberation of Josephus whose prediction had
252	now come true.
253	Accompanying Vespasian to Alex-
254	1X
p. 14
255	INTRODUCTION
256	andria, Josephus returned thence with Titus to the
257	siege of Jerusalem.
258	Here his services as interpreter
259	and mediator were in constant requisition.
260	He was
261	now, he tells us, between two fires: bitterly hated
262	by the Jews and suspected of treachery by the
263	Romans whenever they met with a reverse.
264	Of his life in Rome, after the fall of Jerusalem
265	(a.p. 70), and the various privileges bestowed on
266	him by the Flavian Emperors, he gives us a brief
267	sketch.
268	Awarded the rights of Roman citizenship
269	and a lodging in the priuata aedes of Vespasian, he was
270	among the first to be placed on the
271	“ civil list”
272	instituted by that Emperor (V. 423 ; Suet. Vesp. 18).
273	He witnessed the triumph of Vespasian and Titus, and
274	must have seen the new Rome arising from the ashes
275	in which the fire under Nero and the civil war had
276	left it; the new buildings including the Colosseum,
277	the Fora of Vespasian and Titus and the Temple of
278	Peace.
279	Still dogged by Jewish hatred, he, with
280	unfailing tact, succeeded in retaining the imperial
281	favour, even of Domitian, and eluding his foes.
282	The
283	date
284	of his death
285	is unknown, but he outlived
286	Agrippa II (V. 359) who, according to Photius, died
287	in A.D. 100.
288	From Eusebius (Hist. Eccl. iii. 9) we
289	learn that his statue was erected in Rome and his
290	works placed in the public library.
291	His domestic life had its matrimonial troubles.
292	He was married at least three times, being deserted
293	by one wife and divorcing another (V. 415, 426 f.).
p. 15
294	INTRODUCTION
295	Tue Masor Works
296	During the leisure of his life in Rome Josephus
297	produced the four works which have come down to
298	us: the Jewish War, the Antiquities, the Life, and the
299	treatise Against Apion.
300	The two major works will call for further remark
301	in the sequel.
302	Here it will suffice to say that he
303	must have at once taken in handihis History of the
304	War ; that the first (lost) draft was written in Aramaic
305	for the benefit of the natives of Upper Syria (B. i. 3) ;
306	that, being penned in Vespasian’s former palace by
307	his pensioner, it was probably of the nature of a
308	manifesto
309	‘“‘ inspired’ by his imperial patrons, and
310	intended as a warning to the East of the futility of
311	further opposition ; that the second, doubtless fuller,
312	edition in Greek was composed with the aid of literary
313	assistants (Ap. i. 50) and appeared towards the end of
314	Vespasian’s reign, between a.p. 75 and 79.
315	Some sixteen years elapsed before the appearance
316	of his next work, the Antiquities, in a.p. 93-94.
317	The
318	interval must have been spent in collecting materials
319	for this magnum opus.
320	But another cause may have
321	contributed to this long break in his literary output.
322	Domitian was the enemy of literature and the position
323	of historians in particular was precarious ; writers
324	such as Tacitus, Pliny, and Juvenal preferred to
325	remain silent throughout his reign.
326	Deprived of his
327	imperial patrons,
328	Josephus now found another in a
329	certain Epaphroditus, who is probably to be identified
330	with a grammarian, possessor of a large library and
331	writer on Homer.
332	To him Josephus dedicates all
333	his later works.
334	At the close of the Antiquities (xx. 267 f.) the author
335	xl
p. 16
336	INTRODUCTION
337	tells us of two further literary projects: (1) a sum-
338	mary sketch of the war and the after-history of his
339	nation ; (2) “a work in four books concerning God
340	and His being, and concerning the Laws, why some
341	things are permitted to us by them and others are
342	forbidden.””
343	Neither
344	work
345	apparently
346	was
347	ever
348	published;
349	but the second, “On Customs
350	and
351	Causes,” as he elsewhere calls it, had, as may be
352	inferred from the mention of four books and scattered
353	allusions in the Antiquities to its contents, taken
354	shape in his mind and been partly drafted.
355	The
356	attribution to Josephus by Eusebius (H.E. iii. 10)
357	and others of the so-called Fourth Book of Maccabees
358	is erroneous.
359	THe Minor Works
360	The two minor works contained in this volume are,
361	at least in their present form, the latest of our
362	author’s writings. The translator has here abandoned
363	chronological order; but it is perhaps appropriate to
364	place the Autobiography in the forefront.
365	More-
366	over, the question of its date has recently been
367	re-opened and Laqueur’s theory, mentioned below,
368	would,
369	if sound, justify the position of priority
370	assigned to it.
371	The second of the minor works is
372	conveniently grouped with the first.
373	These two works were issued in old age, when the
374	author was upwards of 63, early in the second century
375	under the Emperor Trajan.
376	The Life is brought
377	down to the second century by the allusion (§ 359 f.)
378	to the appearance of a rival history of the War
379	X11
p. 17
380	INTRODUCTION
381	after the death of Agrippa II, which, we are told,
382	occurred in a.p. 100.
383	The Contra Apionem is in any
384	case later than 94, the date of the Antequities, to
385	which reference is made (i. 1, 54; ii. 287).
386	But this
387	work also contains an allusion
388	(i. 46 ff.) to rival
389	historians of the War, and, although no names are
390	here mentioned, the person principally attacked is
391	doubtless the same Justus who is named in the Life.
392	The
393	Contra
394	<Apionem may
395	therefore
396	likewise
397	be
398	assigned to the beginning of the second century.
399	The two treatises form a strange contrast ; we see
400	our author at his worst and at his best.
401	Both are
402	controversial, one being an apologza pro vita, the other
403	pro gente sua.
404	But in style, arrangement, and treat-
405	ment they are so different that one would hardly
406	suppose them to be contemporary preductions from
407	the same pen.
408	Vita—The Life is an appendix to the Antiquities,
409	and to a second or later edition of the Antiquities.
410	It
411	did not appear in the first edition.
412	This is the
413	natural inference from the concluding paragraphs
414	of Ani. xx.
415	The larger work has two endings.
416	In
417	the first the author writes (§ 259): “‘ Here I will end
418	my Archaeology,’ and then, after some recapitulation
419	and self-advertisement, he proceeds (266):
420	‘ But
421	perhaps it will not be taken amiss if I append a brief
422	statement about my family and career while persons
423	still survive either to refute or to corroborate what
424	Isay.’”’
425	Then comes the second conclusion, beginning
426	(267): “ But here I will close the Archaeology ;”’ and
427	the precise date of writing follows, “ the 13th year
428	of Domitian and the 56th year of his own age,” that
429	is, A.D. 93-94.
430	‘The Life, however, mentioned in the
431	previous section, as already stated, did not appear
432	Xill
p. 18
433	INTRODUCTION
434	until after 100.
435	Clearly we have here two perora-
436	tions; but the author has reversed the order usual
437	in prefaces to separate editions of modern works.
438	The original ending has been allowed to stand, but
439	he has prefixed to it the conclusion of his second
440	edition, leading up to his new matter, the Auto-
441	boography.
442	The event which occasioned this appendix was the
443	publication of a rival history of the
444	Jewish War by a
445	compatriot, Justus of Tiberias, who accused Josephus
446	of causing his native city (Tiberias) to revolt from
447	Rome (§ 336 ff.). The damaging criticisms of Justus
448	were calculated to endanger, not only the sale of
449	Josephus’s works, but even his secure position at
450	Rome.
451	They called for an immediate rejoinder.
452	The Life, then, by no means answers to its name ;
453	it is not a complete biography.
454	The bulk of it is the
455	author’s defence of his conduct during the half-year
456	of his command
457	in Galilee before the siege of
458	Jotapata.
459	To this, brief sketches of his youth in
460	Palestine and his later years in Rome have been
461	added
462	as prologue and epilogue.
463	The work, in
464	which the author indulges his vanity to the full, is,
465	alike in matter and in manner, the least satisfactory
466	of his writings.
467	The weakness
468	of his boasted
469	strategy is on a par with the crudity of the style.
470	A theory has recently been propounded which would
471	go far to explain the latter defect.
472	Herr Laqueur
473	maintains that the kernel of the Vita is not among
474	the latest, but the very earliest work of our author,
475	written at the age, not of 65, but of 30.
476	In his
477	opinion, it is an official report of his conduct of affairs
478	in Galilee, drafted, before the siege of Jotapata, for
479	submission to the Jerusalem authorities.
480	It is his
481	X1V
p. 19
482	INTRODUCTION
483	defence against the charge brought against him by
484	John of Gischala and cthers of aiming at a ruparvis.
485	This theory is based partly on the disproportionate
486	space devoted to the Galilaean period, partly on a
487	comparison of the parallel accounts in the Lzfe and
488	in the War in the few passages where they overlap.
489	Laqueur attempts to prove that the Life presents the
490	older and more trustworthy account.
491	This unliterary
492	report, of which no use was made at the time, was in
493	after life utilized to meet the attack of Justus, and,
494	with
495	a little revision, worked up into an auto-
496	biography. It is an attractive theory.
497	That
498	Josephus
499	should have kept some contemporary record of his
500	period of office appears not improbable. / If Laqueur
501	were right, we should have an interestifg
502	relic of our
503	author’s style of composition before he came under
504	the influence of his literary friends in Rome.
505	If, as
506	appears probable, the whole work is really late, the
507	lack of literary finish must be due to hasty production,
508	unaided by his former assistants
509	(cf. Ap. i. 50).
510	The theory seems, in fact, to break down owing to the
511	numerous links of style which connect the Life as a
512	whole with the last book of the Antiquities, suggesting
513	contemporaneous or nearly contemporaneous com-
514	position.
515	Laqueur’s thesis, in that case, is only
516	tenable
517	on
518	the
519	supposition
520	that
521	the
522	youthful
523	“report ”’ was written in Aramaic.
524	Phrases
525	which
526	are
527	peculiar
528	to the alleged
529	“ early ”’
530	portions of the Life and to Ant. xx. are: 680s ob're wérpcos
531	V. 22, 148 (cp. 122), A.xx. 473 Kardyywow dépev tur V. 93,
532	A. xx. 833 rapayas (-hv) karacréA\New V. 103, 244, 369, A. xx.
533	174; ws eldov eis ofov kax@v Hover wévyebos V. 170, A. xx. 123.
534	Among other words and phrases peculiar to the two books
535	are:
536	ov« (ovdév) drodéovca (dxpo)mé\ews “as large as”? V.
537	246, A. xx. 130, drooredn, did Pirdias adexéobat, rdpov owrnpias
538	evpéodac V. 14, A. xx. 54, rpocraciay micreverOar V. 115, 393,
539	XV
p. 20
540	INTRODUCTION
541	A. xx. 238, cuvvavareifew V. 424, A. xx. 35, cvvédpiov xadifew
542	V. 236, 368, A. xx. 200, raéw émicto\Gyv mistetew
543	V. 356,
544	A. KX 193:
545	Contra Apionem.—As
546	a set-off to the Life, the
547	treatise Contra Apionem, in two books, is the most
548	attractive of our author's works;
549	exhibiting a well
550	designed
551	plan, great literary
552	skill,
553	an intimate
554	acquaintance with Greek philosophy and «poetry,
555	together with a sincere and impassioned zeal for his
556	country’s religion.
557	The title (not the author’s) is not
558	very happily chosen;
559	Apion being merely one
560	representative of Israel’s enemies.
561	Older titles were
562	“On the antiquity of the Jews” (not sufficiently
563	distinctive) and “ Against the Greeks.”
564	Designed
565	as a reply to criticisms on the Antiquities and a refuta-
566	tion of current prejudices, the work contains
567	an
568	apology for Judaism with a demonstration of the
569	antiquity of the race.
570	It gives an interesting insight
571	into the anti-Semitism of the first century.
572	The
573	writer challenges the extreme antiquity claimed by
574	the Greeks;
575	accounts for their silence on Jewish
576	history ; marshals an array of evidence (Egyptian,
577	Phoenician, Babylonian, and Greek) for the antiquity
578	of his own nation ; successfully rebuts the malignant
579	and absurd fictions of the anti-Semites;
580	and con-
581	cludes with a glowing defence of the lawgiver and
582	his code, his lofty conception of God being contrasted
583	with the immoral ideas current among the Greeks.
584	Numerous quotations from lost writings give this
585	work a special value.
586	Xvl1
p. 21
587	INTRODUCTION
588	MSS. AND OTHER ANCIENT AUTHORITIES FOR THE
589	GREEK TEXT
590	(a) For the Life :—
591	P Codex Palatinus (Vaticanus) Graecus 14, cent.
592	Ie OL EK,
593	R Codex Regius (Parisinus) Gr. 1423, cent. xiv.
594	A Codex Ambrosianus
595	(Mediolanensis)
596	F. 128,
597	Gent. x1.
598	M Codex Mediceo-Laurentianus, plut. lxix., cod.
599	1ORCEnT. XV.
600	W Codex Vaticanus Gr. 984, a.p. 1354.
601	Kusebius (Hist. Eccles. iii. 10) quotes §§ 361-364;
602	we
603	have
604	also
605	occasional
606	excerpts
607	made
608	in the
609	Byzantine era.
610	The mss. may be roughly divided into two groups
611	P(R) and (A)MW,, in which R and A are inconstant
612	members.
613	A asarule sides with MW; R frequently
614	joins that group or stands alone.
615	Of the two modern
616	editors, Niese bases his text mainly on the oldest ms.,
617	P; Naber puts greater faith in the readings of the
618	group AMW.
619	All textual critics of Josephus must gratefully
620	acknowledge their indebtedness to Niese and their
621	dependence
622	upon
623	the evidence
624	collected
625	in his
626	edition.
627	Yet one may respectfully question whether
628	he has established a definitive text.
629	As Naber has
630	remarked, he seems to have somewhat overrated the
631	value of a single ill-written ms.,and the true text or the
632	nearest approximation to it is sometimes relegated to
633	his apparatus criticus.
634	The difficulties which confront
635	the editor of Josephus arise from a comparative
636	XVli
p. 22
637	INTRODUCTION
638	paucity of ancient mss., the inconstancy of some
639	Mss., which renders grouping uncertain, and the fact
640	that corruption has often affected the text of all.
641	Each variant has to be considered on its merits ;
642	and there
643	is considerable
644	scope
645	for conjectural
646	emendation, on which many eminent scholars have
647	exercised their ingenuity.
648	If Niese over-estimated
649	the value of P, Naber seems
650	to have relied too
651	exclusively
652	on AMW.
653	Speaking
654	generally,
655	the
656	present writer ventures to think that the true text
657	in this book is as a rule to be looked for in P, R, or A;
658	the combination PRA is rarely in error.
659	MW in
660	numerous passages present a manifestly inferior and
661	“doctored”
662	text;
663	yet elsewhere,
664	especially
665	if
666	supported by P, their evidence cannot be neglected.
667	The text printed below, while based on the labours
668	of Niese and Naber, is the outcome of a careful and
669	independent investigation of the ms. evidence in all
670	cases.
671	(6) For the Contra Apionem :-—
672	Here we are dependent on a solitary imperfect
673	MS. VIZ.
674	L Codex Laurentianus plut. lxix. 22, cent. xi,
675	of which all other extant mss. appear to be copies.
676	For the long lacuna common to all the mss. (Book II
677	§§ 52-113) we are compelled to have recourse to the
678	old Latin version made by order of Cassiodorus, the
679	minister of Theodoric (ed. C. Boysen in the Vienna
680	Corpus Scriptorum Eccles.
681	Lat. vol. xxxvii.,
682	1898).
683	Here the restoration of the underlying Greek, which
684	the Latin translator has not always understood, is a
685	difficult task.
686	Numerous valuable quotations
687	are
688	made by Eusebius.
689	The text seems to have passed
690	XV111
p. 23
691	INTRODUCTION
692	through various stages of corruption, which began
693	even before his time, and glosses have occasionally
694	crept into the text of cod. L.
695	In Niese’s judgement
696	the relative value of our authorities is (1) Eusebius,
697	(2) the Latin version, (3) cod. L.
698	The edztio princeps
699	of the Greek text (Basel, 1544) is of first-rate import-
700	ance and seems to be derived in part from some
701	Ms. unknown to Niese.
702	Recent EpItTions oF THE GREEK TEXT
703	B. Niese.
704	dztzo major (with full apparatus criticus),
705	6 vols. Berlin, 1887-1889.
706	B. Niese.
707	Editio minor (text only), 6 vols., Berlin,
708	1888-1895.
709	S. A. Naber (text, based on Bekker’s edition, with
710	useful concise adnotatio critica), 6 vols., Teubner
711	series, Leipzig, 1888-1896.
712	Otruer Works
713	For the Life the reader may consult, with dis-
714	crimination, the suggestive but speculative work of
715	Richard
716	Laqueur,
717	Der jiidische
718	Historiker
719	Flavius
720	Josephus (ein biographischer Versuch auf neuer quellen-
721	kritischer Grundlage), Giessen, 1920.
722	For the Contra Apionem there is a full commentary
723	by J. G. Miiller (Basel, 1877) and a French translation,
724	with valuable notes by the editor, in Giwvres completes
725	de Flav. Joséphe traduites en Frangais sous la direction
726	de Théodore Reinach, tome vii. fasc. 1 (Paris, 1902).
727	X1X
p. 24
728	INTRODUCTION
729	ABBREVIATIONS
730	A. = Antiquitates Judaicae.
731	Ap.= Contra Apionem.
732	B.=Bellum Judaicum.
733	V.= Vita.
734	conj.= conjectural emendation.
735	ed. pr.=editio princeps (Basel, 1544).
736	Eus. (H. E. ; P. E.) = Eusebius (Historia Ecclesiastica ;
737	Praeparatio Evangelica).
738	ins. = inserted by.
739	om.= omit.
740	Conjectural
741	insertions
742	in the Greek
743	text
744	are
745	indicated by angular brackets, <>; doubtful ms. read-
746	ings and apparent glosses by square brackets, [ ].
747	The smaller sections introduced by Niese
748	are
749	shown in the left margin of the Greek text.
750	Refer-
751	ences throughout are to these sections.
752	The chapter-
753	division of earlier editions is indicated on both pages
754	(Greek and English).
755	Alu laborauerunt ; and the present translator here
756	gratefully acknowledges his constant indebtedness
757	to the work of numerous scholars of various nation-
758	alities, notably Benedict Niese, Théodore Reinach,
759	and (for the Life and the War) Robert Traill.
760	The
761	older translation of William Whiston has also been
762	occasionally consulted.
763	He further desires to acknowledge the kind per-
764	mission of the editors and publishers of Judatsm and
765	the Beginnings of Christianity (Routledge) to use for
766	this Introduction portions of a lecture included in
767	that volume, which he delivered at Jews’ College,
768	London, in 1923.
769	XX
p. 25
770	LIFE OF JOSEPHUS
771	VOL.
772	I
773	B
p. 26
774	IOQSHUOY BIO
775	1
776	(1) ’Epot 6€ yévos €or otK aonpov, adr’ e€
777	e
778	/
779	Ed
780	4
781	4
782	>
783	ei
784	>
785	tepéwv avwhev KataBeByKos.
786	womep 8 7 map
787	éxdatos GAAy Tis é€oTw evyevetas oben, ouTws
788	Tap Hiv 1) THs lepwovvns jeTovata TEK HT pLoVv
789	2 €oTw vyevous \| da Gum POT NTOS .
790	Ejuol dod
791	povov
792	e€ lepéwv €oTiv TO yevos, aAna Kal €K TAS mpurns
793	edneploos THY elKootTecodpwv, ToAAy Se Kav
794	/
795	/
796	\
797	~
798	>
799	/
800	\
801	~
802	>]
803	~
804	TOUTw duadopa, Kal TOV ev TAUTY d€ dvAdv ex Tis
805	dpiorns. dmapxen bé Kal Tob. BaowduKod yevous
806	dro THS jenTpos: ol yap ‘Agapwvaiou mratdes, av
807	eyyovos exe), TOU eGvous TL@Vv eTTL pe] KLTOV
808	3 Xpovov npXlepaTevaav
809	Kal éBactAevoay.
810	ep@ oe
811	Thv
812	dvadoxnv.
813	Oo mporram7os
814	7pav Lipwv
815	o
816	‘FeAdos emucahovpevos: ovTOS eyeveTo Kal 6v
817	KaLpOV NpxYLepatevoevy Uipwvos apxyrepéws O Traits,
818	Os mp@Tos apxvepewy ‘Ypkavos wvopacbn.
819	yi-
820	a
821	~
822	,
823	na
824	>
825	/
826	/,
827	4 voVTaL de T@ VEG Lippwve waides evvéa:
828	trov-
829	To éoTw Mar@ias 0 ‘Hdatov® Acyopevos.
830	oUTOS
831	7) yayeTo T™pos yapov fuyarépa *Twvabov apxrepews,
832	Tob mpwrov ex Tav ’“Acapwvaiov raidwy yévous
833	1 6° 7 Niese: 67 (6é) uss.
834	2 vll. "Hoiriov, "H@Xiov.
835	2 j,e. that of Jehoiarib (1 Chron. xxiv. 7).
836	In A. vii. 366
837	Jos. states that the division of the priests into twenty-four
838	9
p. 27
839	EIREV OR JOSEPEUS
840	' (1) My family is no ignoble one, tracing its descent Pedigree.
841	far back
842	to
843	priestly
844	ancestors.
845	Different races
846	base their claim to nobility on various grounds ;
847	with us a connexion with the priesthood is the hall-
848	mark of an illustrious line.
849	Not only, however, were ,
850	“my ancestors priests, but they belonged to the first
851	of the twenty-four courses *—a peculiar distinction
852	and to the most eminent of its constituent clans.
853	Moreover, on my mother’s side I am of royal blood ;
854	for the posterity of Asamonaeus,? from whom she
855	sprang, for a very considerable period were kings,
856	as well as high-priests, of our nation.
857	I will give
858	\
859	the pedigree.
860	My great-grandfather’s grandfather
861	was
862	Simon surnamed
863	Psellus.©
864	He was
865	a con-
866	temporary of the high-priest Hyrcanus, the first
867	of the name
868	to hold that office, previously held
869	by his father
870	Simon.
871	Simon “the stammerer”’
872	had nine children, one of whom, Matthias, known
873	as the son of Ephaeus, married the daughter of
874	Jonathan the high-priest, who was the first of the
875	line of Asamonaeus to attain to the high-priesthood,? ¢. 153 s.<.
876	?
877	‘* families ’’ continued to his day.
878	On the contrary Ap. ii.
879	108 (extant only in the Latin version) speaks of four courses
880	(tribus) only.
881	’ The
882	Hasmonaeans
883	or
884	Maccabees,
885	called
886	after
887	an
888	eponymous hero Hashmon.
889	¢ 4.¢. * The Stammerer.”’
890	ei, Mace.x., 21.
p. 28
891	JOSEPHUS
892	dpxlepaTevoayros, TOO
893	ddehpod Lipeeavos Tapx-
894	Lepews* Kal yvera Tats avT@ Maras 6 Kupros
895	emuxAnfeis, apXovTos "Ypxavod Tov mp@rov eve-
896	5 avTov. TOUT TOU ywera ‘leans évdT@ ETEL THS
897	“AdeEdvdpas ApX7S» Kal *Lwonmov Mar6las Baou-
898	NevovT TOS "ApxeAdov TO d€KaTov, Mar6ia dé eyo
899	TO TPWTW Tijs Tatov Kaicapos TYyEwovias.
900	€uol
901	be maidés Elol tpets, “Ypkavos pev 6 mpeoBuratos
902	éreu TeTapTw THs Ovteorac.avod Katcapos ijyepo-
903	vias, €Boop de ‘loba7os, évatw be “Aypimmas.
904	6 THY Lev OvV TOD yevous TL@V Svadoxiy, ws ev zais
905	Snpoctas d€ArTous dvayeypapypLevny evpov, ovTws
906	mapatibewar,
907	tots duaBdAAew ras retpwpevots
908	yatpey dpdoas.
909	7
910	(2) L8. Tar 7p dé jov Mar@las od d1a peovay THY
911	eDyeveray émianpos nv, aAAa mA€ov Oud THY OuKcao-
912	ovvyy emVELTO, YVOPYLOTATOS Gv ev TH peyloTn
913	g move Tav Tap Hiv Tots ‘lepocoAvpitas.
914	eye
915	dé oupTrandevopevos
916	adeAd@
917	Marbia
918	Tovvojia,
919	yeyover yap jLo yv7avos €€ appoty TAY yovewy,
920	els peyahny TaLoelas TpovKOTTOV emiOoow, pve
921	9 TE Kal ouvvecer doK@v Ovaepew.
922	ETL e GVvTiTals
923	ov Tepl 7
924	TETTAPETKALOEKATOY ETOS Oud TO prroypap-
925	jeaov b70 TmavTav em VvOUpTy, ouviov Toy del TOV
926	apXrepewy Kal Tov Ths ToAcws TpaTtwv bmTEp TOO
927	Tap” €fL00 mepl TOV vopipLev akpipéoTepov
928	TL
929	10 yv@vat. Tepl exkaldeka de ern ‘yevomevos ePov-
930	An Oqv TOV Top Hlv atpecewv epmeuplav AaBet:
931	Tpets 8° etow abrat, Dapicaiov peev 1 TpwTn Kal
932	Laddouratwn 7
933	7) OeuTepa, TpiT7 5 "Eoonvar, Kalws
934	mohaxts elropiev’ ovTws yap wouny atpjoecbat
935	ll Tv apioTny, et mdoas KaTapabounr.
936	oKdAnpayw-
937	4
p. 29
938	THE LIFE, 4-11
939	and brother of Simon who also held that office.
940	Matthias, in the first year of the reign of Hyrcanus, «. 135 ».c.
941	had a son Matthias, surnamed Curtus*;
942	who, in
943	the ninth year of the reign of Alexandra, begot ¢ 708..
944	Joseph, and he, in the tenth year of the reign of
945	Archelaus, Matthias, to whom I was born in the « 4.0. 6.
946	year in which Gaius Caesar became Emperor.
947	[ 4». 87-8.
948	have three sons: Hyrcanus, the eldest, born in the
949	fourth, Justus in the seventh, and Agrippa in the © 4.». 73-7:
950	ninth year of the reign of Vespasian Caesar.
951	With
952	such a pedigree, which I cite as I find it recorded
953	in the public registers, I can take leave of the would-
954	be detractors of my family.
955	:
956	(2) Distinguished as he was by his noble birth, Education.
957	my father Matthias was even more esteemed for
958	his upright character, being among the most notable
959	men in Jerusalem, our greatest city.
960	Brought up
961	with Matthias, my own brother by both parents,
962	I made great progress in my education, gaining a
963	reputation for an excellent memory and understand-
964	ing.
965	While still
966	a mere boy, about fourteen years a.p.
967	old, I won universal applause for my love of letters ;
968	insomuch that the chief priests and the leading men
969	of the city used constantly to come to me for precise
970	information on some particular in our ordinances.
971	At about the age of sixteen I determined to gain 4-». 53-1.
972	personal experience of the several sects into which
973	our nation is divided.
974	These, as I have frequently
975	mentioned,® are three in number—the
976	first that of
977	the Pharisees, the second that of the Sadducees,
978	and the third that of the Essenes.
979	I thought that,
980	after a thorough investigation,
981	\| should be in a
982	position to select the best.
983	So I submitted myself
984	@ * Hump-back.”
985	PD See. Bb. ie 119s 24s si 1, xvi
986	D
987	qn — bo
p. 30
988	JOSEPHUS
989	/
990	<>»
991	>
992	\
993	\
994	A
995	\
996	A
997	~
998	ynoas ovv ewavToy Kat moAAd trovnfels Tas Tpets
999	dunAGov: Kai ponde THY evTedbev eurerplay tKkavipy
1000	>
1001	a
1002	,
1003	>
1004	,
1005	,
1006	rm
1007	epavT@ vopicas eivat,
1008	amubomevos Twa. Bavvobv
1009	GVOLG KATA T
1010	Ty épyyiav dvatpipew, eobijre pev amo
1011	devipwv
1012	yxpwpevov,
1013	tpodny
1014	Se THY adropdres
1015	gvopevyv mpoodepopevov,
1016	wvyp@
1017	Sé voati tiv
1018	npepav Kal THv viUKTa TroAAdKLs AoVvdpeEevov TpOdS
1019	12 ayvetav, CnAwris éyevopnv adrod.
1020	Kai drarpidbas
1021	Tap avT@ eviavtovs
1022	Tpets
1023	Kal THY émufvplay
1024	TeAcwwoas
1025	eis THV TOAW tbaéoTtpedov.
1026	evveakat-
1027	5¢€
1028	S°
1029	”
1030	”
1031	>
1032	/
1033	l
1034	x
1035	/
1036	Q
1037	éxatov 8 etos exwv np€aunv [re] modurevecbar
1038	nn
1039	/
1040	~
1041	TH Dapioatov aipecet KaTaKoAovsav, 7 Tmapa-
1042	mAjaws €aTt 7H Tap’ “EAAj oe Lreuey) Acyopevn.
1043	13
1044	(3) Me7z’ elkoorov 5€ Kat ExTov éviauToV
1045	eis
1046	‘Papnv pow ovverecev avaBhvar dia tH AexPqoo-
1047	/
1048	eee
1049	Je
1050	/
1051	~
1052	~
1053	>
1054	/
1055	pevyny aitiav.
1056	Kal’ ov ypovov OAAE THs *lovdatas
1057	emeTpomevev,
1058	lepets twas
1059	ovv7fers
1060	€puoi Kadovs
1061	Kayalovs
1062	dia puKpay Kal THY TUYODCaY
1063	aiTiav
1064	/
1065	>
1066	\
1067	e
1068	/
1069	A
1070	/
1071	e
1072	/
1073	djoas «is THVv
1074	“Pony eepibe, Adyov tdéEovras
1075	147@ Kaioapt.
1076	ois eyo) opov etpécbar BovAdpevos
1077	cwrnplas, padvoTa Sé€ mvOdpevos ote Kaimep ev
1078	Kakois
1079	ovtTes ovK emeAdBovTo
1080	Tis eis TO Oetov
1081	>
1082	/
1083	/
1084	\
1085	i;
1086	\
1087	/
1088	evocfelas, Siatpépowro
1089	Sé oavKois
1090	Kal
1091	Kapvots,
1092	>
1093	/
1094	4
1095	\
1096	e
1097	/
1098	\
1099	FE
1100	\
1101	adukopny eis THY “Popny moda Kwdvvevoas Kata
1102	15 Gdrkacoav.
1103	Bamricbévtos yap Hu@v tot Aotov
1104	/
1105	Kata pécov tov *Adpiav, mept €€aKoctovs
1106	Tov
1107	>
1108	\
1109	+
1110	>
1111	¢
1112	~
1113	\
1114	>
1115	/
1116	\
1117	apr ov ovTes du oAns THs vuKTos evnEdpeba, Kat
1118	aA
1119	\
1120	TeEpl apxopwevny Hepayv emupavevtos npiv KaTa
1121	feod mpovouay Kupyvairod mAoiov, placavres TOUS
1122	GAAovs €yw TE Kal TWeES ETEPOL TEPL OyYdoTKOVTA
1123	6
p. 31
1124	THE LIFE, 11-15
1125	to hard training and laborious exercises and passed
1126	through the three courses.
1127	Not content, however,
1128	with the experience thus gained, on hearing of one
1129	named Bannus, who dwelt in the wilderness, wearing
1130	only such clothing as trees provided,* feeding on
1131	such things as grew of themselves, and using frequent
1132	ablutions of cold water, by day and night, for purity’s
1133	sake, I became his devoted disciple.
1134	With him I
1135	lived for three years and, having accomplished my
1136	purpose, returned to the city.
1137	Being now in my
1138	nineteenth year I began to govern my life by the
1139	rules of the Pharisees, a sect having points of re-
1140	semblance to that which the Greeks call the Stoic
1141	school.
1142	;
1143	(3) Soon after I had completed my twenty-sixth
1144	year it fell to my lot to go up to Rome for the reason
1145	which I will proceed to relate.
1146	At the time when
1147	Felix was procurator of Judaea, certain priests of my
1148	acquaintance, very excellent
1149	men, were on a slight
1150	and trifling charge sent by him in bonds to Rome
1151	to render an account to Caesar.2
1152	I was anxious to
1153	discover some means of delivering these men, more
1154	especially as I learnt that, even in affliction, they
1155	had not forgotten the pious practices of religion,
1156	and supported themselves
1157	on
1158	figs and
1159	nuts.°
1160	I
1161	reached Rome after being in great jeopardy at sea.
1162	For our ship foundered in the midst of the sea of
1163	Adria, and our company of some six hundred souls
1164	had to swim all that night. About daybreak, through
1165	God’s good providence, we sighted a ship of Cyrene,
1166	and I and certain others, about eighty in all, out-
1167	* Made of leaves or, perhaps, bark.
1168	’ Nero.
1169	¢ To avoid eating efdwdéuTa,
1170	i.e. meat left over from
1171	heathen sacrifices ; cf. 1 Cor. viii.
1172	ti
1173	A.D, 56-7.
1174	eee
1175	A visit to
1176	Rome.
1177	c. A.D. 64.
p. 32
1178	16
1179	18
1180	19
1181	20
1182	21
1183	JOSEPHUS
1184	ovuravtes aveAndbnpue eis TO TmActov.
1185	biacwleis
1186	8 eis tiv Atxadpyerav, nv LloridAovs
1187	*Iradot
1188	kahotow, dua dtAtas apucopny ’"AXittpm, pyo-
1189	Aovyos om Tua ovTos peahora” TO Neépave Kat abupwos ,
1190	‘lovdaios To yévos, Kat bv adrobd Llommaia® TH Tob
1191	Kaicapos yuvatkt yvmpiobeis mpovod ws TaxyvoTa
1192	Tapakaréous avtiy Tovs tepets AvOAvar.
1193	preydAwy
1194	d¢ dwpe@v zpos TH evepyecia tavTn TUYMVY Tapa
1195	tis Lonmaias tréotpedov emt THV oiketav.
1196	(4) KaraAapBave 5° 767 VEWTEPLOLOV apxas KGL
1197	moAdovs emi TH ‘Pwpatoy ATOOTACEL peya dpo-
1198	voovTas.
1199	kataoTeAhew ovv emTELpwynV TOUS oTa-
1200	cides Kal peTavoey ezevOov, Touncapevous 77 po
1201	6$Ba\uev Tpos ous mrohepscovow, Ort “Papater
1202	ov KAT e7relplay jLovov TOA MURTY aAAa. Kal Kat”
1203	evTvxlav eAaTTODVTAL, KAL [7] TpoTETHS Kal TaVTG-
1204	TAGW
1205	aVvOTTWS TaTploL Kal yeveats Kal odicow
1206	avTots Tov TEpl TOV eoxyaTwv Kak@v
1207	Kivdvvov
1208	exayew.
1209	tatta 8 éeXdeyov Kal Aimaps evexeipny
1210	ATOTpPETTWV, OvoTvxX€oraTov np ToD ToA€pLov TO
1211	TéXos yevncecta TpoopuLevos.
1212	ov pay emeloa.”
1213	ToAv yap 7 TOV amovonbevraw
1214	€ emeK par] GEV pavia.
1215	(5) Aetcas otv pn tatra ovvexds éEywv bia
1216	plcous adikoipny Kai brosias ws Ta TOV TOAELioV
1217	dpovayv Kal Kwovvevow An bbeis tm att@v av-
1218	aipelAvar, EXomeEvT\|S 707) TiS. ‘Avrwvias, OTTEp Wy
1219	dpovptov, eis TO evdoTépw lepov trexwWpynoa.
1220	peTa
1221	1 Bekker: xad[A]iora Mss.
1222	* The ss. read IlorXia or Iournia ; and so below.
1223	At the N.-W. corner of the temple, which it dominated ;
1224	sO eatled by Herod after Mark Antony.
1225	The “castle” of
1226	Acts xxi. 34.
1227	8
p. 33
1228	THE LIFE, 16-21
1229	stripped
1230	the
1231	others
1232	and
1233	were
1234	taken
1235	on
1236	board.
1237	Landing safely at Dicaearchia, which the Italians eall
1238	Puteoli, I formed a friendship with Aliturus, an actor
1239	who was a special favourite of Nero and of Jewish
1240	origin.
1241	Through him I was introduced to Poppaea,
1242	Caesar’s consort, and took the earliest opportunity
1243	of soliciting her aid to secure
1244	the
1245	liberation of
1246	the priests.
1247	Having, besides this favour, received
1248	large gifts from Poppaea, I returned to my own
1249	country.
1250	(4) There I found revolutionary movements already
1251	on foot and widespread elation at the prospect of
1252	revolt from Rome.
1253	I accordingly endeavoured to
1254	repress these promoters of sedition and to bring
1255	them over to another frame of mind.
1256	I urged them
1257	to picture to themselves the nation on which they
1258	were about to make war, and to remember that they
1259	were inferior to the Romans, not only in military
1260	skill, but in good fortune ; and I warned them not
1261	recklessly and with such utter madness to expose
1262	their country, their families and themselves to the
1263	direst
1264	perils.
1265	With such words
1266	I earnestly and
1267	insistently
1268	sought
1269	to
1270	dissuade
1271	them
1272	from
1273	their
1274	purpose, foreseeing that the end of the war would
1275	be most
1276	disastrous
1277	for us.
1278	But my
1279	efforts
1280	were
1281	unavailing ; the madness of these desperate men
1282	was far too strong for me.
1283	(5) I now feared that my incessant reiteration of
1284	this warning would bring me into odium and the
1285	suspicion of siding with the enemy, and that I
1286	should run the risk of being arrested by them and
1287	put to death.
1288	I therefore sought asylum in the
1289	inner court of the Temple ; the fortress of Antonia @
1290	being already in their hands.
1291	When Menahem and
1292	9
1293	The eve of
1294	war.
p. 34
1295	22,
1296	23
1297	24
1298	JOSEPHUS
1299	d€ 7Hv avaipecw Mavarpov Kat TOv TpuTov TOU
1300	Ajozpixob origous bmeFeAIov TOU tepod maw Tots
1301	apxiepetow
1302	Kal
1303	Tots
1304	Tmpoor
1305	Tous =
1306	T@V
1307	Daproaiov
1308	cuvoveTpipov.
1309	poBos 6° ovTe jeTplos cixev jpas
1310	op@yvras Tov pev Ofjjuov ev Tots omhots, avTou o°
1311	ovres ev amopw Tl TOLNOWULEV, Kal Tous vewrTEploTas
1312	mavew ot duvapevor tpod7Aov & Hutv Tod KwdvvoU
1313	TApEeCT@TOS, ovyKaTavevew pev adT@v tats yva-
1314	peas eA€yomev, cvveBovdrevopev b€ pevew ed’ aditav
1315	Kat
1316	Tovs
1317	TroAeplouvs
1318	émeABdvTas’
1319	edv, Wa Tod
1320	diukaiws avTaipew omAa mioTw eUpwrTar.
1321	Tatra
1322	&° éxpatropev eAmilovtes odK eis praxpay Kéorwov
1323	peta preyaAns duvayews avaBavta mavcew Tov
1324	VEWTEPLO[LOY.
1325	(6) ‘O & emery Kal cup Bade pax eve Oy
1326	ToAA@V TOV per avToU TEGOVTWY.
1327	Kal ywerat 7 TO
1328	Keoriov mratopa ouppopa Tod OUELTAVTOS Tp@v
1329	eGvous: éem7plncav yap én TovTw peahov ol TOV
1330	ToA€ [Lov dyamncavres Kal vinoavTes® Tous ‘Pw-
1331	uatovs
1332	eis
1333	téeAos Amar,
1334	Tpooyevowev7s
1335	Kal
1336	ETépas Twos ToLa’THS aiTias.
1337	ob Tas mepig 7 Tis
1338	Lupias 7OAeEts KaToucobyTes Tovs map eavTois
1339	‘lovdatous ovMapBavovres avy yuvar€l Kat TEKVOLS
1340	dv7povr, ovdepiay avTots airtay emucaAety EXOVTES:
1341	ovTe yap emt ‘Papater dmoordcet VEWTEPOV Tt
1342	meppovijKeoav OUTE Tmpos aUVTOUS EeKelvous exEpov 7
1343	emtPovAov.
1344	LKvlomoXirar b€ mdvTwv aceBéorara
1345	Kal Tapavouwrata duerpaéavto: émeAPdvTwy yap
1346	1 vl. dmedOovrTas.
1347	2 Perhaps vixjoew should be read.
1348	¢ Cf. B. ii. 433-448.
1349	Menahem, with some irregular
1350	troops, took the lead of the anti-Roman party, and was
1351	then murdered by a rival faction.
1352	10
p. 35
1353	THE LIFE, 21-26
1354	the chieftains of the band of brigands had been
1355	put to death 4% I ventured out of the Temple and once
1356	more consorted with the chief priests and the leading
1357	Pharisees.
1358	We were, however, in a state of great
1359	alarm ; we saw the populace in arms and were at a
1360	loss what to do ourselves, being powerless to check
1361	the revolutionaries.
1362	In such obvious and imminent
1363	peril we professed to concur in their views, but
1364	suggested that they should make no move and leave
1365	the enemy alone if he advanced,” in order to gain the
1366	credit of resorting to arms only in just self-defence.
1367	In so doing we had hopes that ere long Cestius® would
1368	come up with a large army and quell the revolution.
1369	(6) He came indeed, but in the engagement which
1370	ensued was defeated with great loss.4
1371	This reverse Defeat of
1372	of Cestius proved disastrous to our whole nation ; 3"
1373	for those who were bent on war were thereby still
1374	more elated and, having once defeated the Romans,
1375	hoped to continue victorious to the end.
1376	To add
1377	to this, they had a further ground for hostility.
1378	The inhabitants of the surrounding cities of Syria
1379	proceeded to lay hands on and kill, with their wives Massacres
1380	and children, the Jewish residents among ‘them, %3¢™"!,
1381	without the slightest ground of complaint ; for they Sytia.
1382	had neither entertained any idea of revolt from
1383	Rome nor harboured any enmity or designs against
1384	the Syrians.
1385	The most outrageous
1386	and criminal
1387	action of all was that perpetrated by the natives of
1388	Seythopolis.¢
1389	Being attacked by hostile Jews from
1390	’ Text and meaning uncertain;
1391	perhaps
1392	“ allow
1393	the
1394	enemy
1395	to retire.’
1396	A Roman
1397	garrison
1398	was besieged
1399	in
1400	Jerusalem,
1401	forced
1402	to capitulate, and then treacherously
1403	murdered: B. ii. 449 ff.
1404	¢ Governor of Syria.
1405	@ B. ii. 499 ff.
1406	¢ Bethshan (of the Old Testament), mod. Beisan.
1407	11
p. 36
1408	JOSEPHUS
1409	atvrots
1410	“lovdaiwy
1411	é&wbev odAeuiwv, tos map
1412	airots *lovdaiovs éBudcavTo Kata TOV opodtAwv
1413	é7Aa Aafetv, omep eotiv jyiv aféwitov, Kal per
1414	éxelvwv ovpPaddvtes Expatyoav TOv eve ovr:
1415	Emel) om eviKn oa, exAabopevor Tijs pos Tous
1416	EVOLKOUS KGL OUpLpLLaXOUS TLOTEWS mavTas avToOUS
1417	7 dueypjcavto
1418	moAAds
1419	pupiddas
1420	OvTas.
1421	Opoa 8
1422	ézafov Kat ot TV Aapackoy “lovdator KatotKobvTes.
1423	GAG wepi ev ToUTwWY aKpiBéoTepov ev Tats TrEpi
1424	Tob “lovdaixod moAduou fifAos dednAwKaper’ vov
1425	o avr ay ere noOnv BovdAcpevos TapacThcae Tots
1426	dvaywacKovaw
1427	OTe ov Tpoatpents eyeveTo TOU
1428	mor€uov mpos ‘Pwpaious *lovdatous, aAAa To 7A€ov
1429	avayKn.
1430	if
1431	Ls)
1432	ry
1433	T
1434	S
1435	y
1436	=
1437	er
1438	og
1439	(7) Nexnfévtos otv, ws edapev, Tod
1440	Keoariov,
1441	rw
1442	~
1443	~
1444	A
1445	ta ‘lepocodvpit@v of mpA@To. Geacdpevoe TOUS [Lev
1446	Anotas
1447	dua
1448	Tots
1449	vewrepiotais
1450	€vTopoupevous
1451	oe”
1452	/
1453	>
1454	,
1455	\
1456	\
1457	”
1458	/
1459	TAwy, deicavres 8 ado 7) dvoTtAot KabeaTnKOTES
1460	/
1461	~
1462	~
1463	\
1464	~
1465	bmoxetpior yevwvTat Tots exPpois, 6 Kal pweTaA TADTA.
1466	J
1467	\
1468	/
1469	\
1470	A
1471	»”
1472	~
1473	cuveBn, Kat muldpevor THY VadAtAatay ov7w macav
1474	4
1475	5
1476	~
1477	~
1478	”
1479	Pwpaiwy adectavat, pwépos 8 atris jpewety ert,
1480	29 méuTovaW ee Kal dvo GAAous THY tepewv Kadovs
1481	>
1482	\
1483	*
1484	OD
1485	-,
1486	49
1487	1
1488	A
1489	>
1490	vA
1491	/
1492	Kkayalovs
1493	avdpas,
1494	"lwalapov’
1495	Kai
1496	“lovdav, ze-
1497	A
1498	govTas
1499	Tovs Tovnpovs KaTtabécar 7a o7Aa Kat
1500	a
1501	»
1502	~
1503	/
1504	~
1505	6uod€ovtras ws e€oTW GLEeWoV Tots KpaTiaToLs TOU
1506	~
1507	Ua
1508	vA
1509	efvovs atta Typetofar.
1510	eyvwaTo 5€ TovToLs
1511	GEL
1512	pev €xew Ta Oda pos TO péAAov ETouLa, TeEpt-
1513	pevew b€ Tl mpagovow “Pwyator pabetv.
1514	>
1515	,
1516	30
1517	(8) AaBaw otv éya tas trobnkas TavTas ad-
1518	1 yl. "lwgapor.
p. 37
1519	THE LIFE, 26-30
1520	another quarter, they compelled their own Jewish
1521	residents to bear arms against their compatriots,
1522	which
1523	we
1524	are
1525	forbidden
1526	to do, and with
1527	their
1528	assistance engaged and defeated the invaders ; and
1529	then, after the victory, with no thought of the
1530	allegiance due to fellow-citizens and confederates,
1531	put them all, to the number of many thousands, to
1532	the sword.
1533	The Jewish residents in Damascus met
1534	with a similar fate.
1535	I have given a more detailed
1536	account of these incidents in my volumes on the
1537	Jewish War;
1538	and I merely allude to them here
1539	from a desire to convince my readers that the war
1540	with the Romans
1541	was due not
1542	so much
1543	to the
1544	deliberate choice of the Jews as to necessity.
1545	(7) After the defeat of Cestius, already mentioned,
1546	the leading men in Jerusalem, observing that the
1547	brigands
1548	and revolutionaries
1549	were
1550	well provided
1551	with arms, feared that, being without weapons them-
1552	selves, they might be left at the mercy of their
1553	adversaries, as in fact eventually happened.
1554	Being
1555	informed, moreover, that the whole of Galilee had
1556	not yet revolted from Rome, and that a portion of
1557	it was still tranquil, they dispatched me with two
1558	other priests, Joazar and Judas, men of excellent
1559	character,
1560	to induce the disaffected
1561	to lay down
1562	their arms and to impress upon them the desirability
1563	of reserving these for the picked men of the nation.
1564	The latter, such was the policy determined on, were
1565	to have their weapons constantly in readiness for
1566	future contingencies, but should wait and see what
1567	action the Romans would take.
1568	(8) With these instructions I came into Galilee.
1569	a B. ii. 466 ff., 559 ff.
1570	For the phraseology cf. Ap. ii. 287.
1571	13
1572	Mission of
1573	Josephus
1574	to Galilee.
p. 38
1575	JOSEPHUS
1576	UO els THY PaddAatay.
1577	KaL Lempurpiras pev ODK
1578	ev odyw mept TIS mar ptoos ayave KaleoT@tas
1579	et pov, dvaprraca. KEKPLKOT@V avriy 7 TOV DPadiAatev
1580	dua TH T™pos ‘Papatous exe pidtav Kal OTL
1581	Keatl Padre TO Tijs Luplas 1yyewovevovte be€udy
1582	31 TE KL miorw mporetvevay.
1583	aAAa ToUTOUS pe eyo
1584	mavras’ amnjAdAa~a Tod ddfov, Twelcas brép adrav
1585	Ta TANI Kal emuTpesas coaKis FéAovor diamep-
1586	meabat mpos* Tovs ev Addpots otketous Opnpevovras
1587	Keoriw: 7a 5€ A@pa woXdts é€otw THs Dowixys.
1588	tovs ev TiBepiads b€ Katoikobdvtas ebpov éd” omAa
1589	KEXWPNKOT as 707 du’ airiay TovavTny.
1590	32
1591	(9) Urdceus Tpets qoav KaTa TY TOAW, pia Lev
1592	avop@v edoxT over, TIPXE oe adris “TovAvos KazeA-
1593	33 Aos. oUTOS 67) Kal Ot ouv av7T@ mavtes, “Hpoddns
1594	0 Meapod Kat Hpwdrs 0 Too TapdAov Kal Kopipos
1595	6 Tod Koprsot- Kpiomos yap adeAgos avrod, TOO
1596	pLeyaAov Bactrews yevopevos TOTE ETApXOS, ev Tats
1597	idlais KTHCEecw éeTUyyavev mépav Tod *lopdavov-
1598	34 TAVTES OUV OL TPOELPH[LEVOL KATA TOV KaLpoV eKEtVvOV
1599	éupevew oavveBovrevov TH mpos Tods “Pawpatous
1600	Kal tov Baoit€a mioter.
1601	TH yveopn 5° od ovr-
1602	Np€OKETO IItoros Tapayouevos® bio ‘lovorou TOD
1603	35 TaL80s" Kal yap ay pucer TWS ETYLAVyS. 1 SevTEpA
1604	be oTdous e€& aonwordtwy ouveoTnKuia ToAcpe
1605	36 expwev.
1606	“lodoros 8 6 Ilicrov mais, 6 THs TpiTns
1607	peploos mp@Tos, vmeKpiveto prev evdoidlew mpos
1608	Tov TOAEpov, vewTEpwv &° émeBvper Tpaypnarey, eK
1609	THs petaPoAns
1610	olopLevos Suva €avT@
1611	Tept-
1612	37 moujoew.
1613	TrapeAOdv
1614	obv
1615	cis pécovs
1616	SiSdoKew
1617	1 zavrds conj. Niese.
1618	? So the editio princeps: Mss. dd.
1619	3 Dindorf: rapayevouevos mss.
1620	14
p. 39
1621	THE LIFE, 30-37
1622	I found the inhabitants of Sepphoris in great distress Condition
1623	of Galilee:
1624	concerning their native place, which the Galilaeans (¢) §,,,
1625	had decided to pillage because of their leanings phones pro-
1626	towards the Romans and the overtures of loyalty
1627	eae
1628	and allegiance which they had made to Cestius
1629	Gallus, the governor of Syria.
1630	I, however, entirely
1631	allayed their fears, by exerting my influence with
1632	the populace
1633	on
1634	their behalf, and by the per-
1635	mission which
1636	I gave them
1637	to communicate
1638	as
1639	freely as they chose with their fellow-citizens, who
1640	were held as hostages to Cestius at Dora, a city of
1641	Phoenicia.
1642	The inhabitants of Tiberias, on the other hand, (ii.)Tiberias:
1643	had, I found, already proceeded to hostilities under eee
1644	the Follow
1645	ring circumstances.
1646	r@) There were three factions in this city.
1647	The
1648	first consisted of respectable citizens, headed by
1649	Julius Capellus.
1650	He
1651	and
1652	his
1653	associates, Herod
1654	son of Miarus, Herod son of Gamalus, and Compsus
1655	son of Compsus (I do not
1656	include
1657	his brother
1658	Crispus, formerly prefect under the great king,” as
1659	he was absent on his estates beyond Jordan) were
1660	at that time unanimous in recommending the city
1661	to continue its allegiance to the Romans and the
1662	king.
1663	These
1664	views
1665	were
1666	not shared by Pistus,
1667	who, besides the malign influence of his son Justus,
1668	had a strain of madness in his nature.
1669	The second
1670	faction, composed of the most insignificant persons,
1671	was bent on war.
1672	Justus, son of Pistus, the ring-
1673	leader of the third party, while feigning hesitation
1674	on the subject of hostilities, was really eager for
1675	revolution, reckoning that a change of government
1676	\| would bring him into power.
1677	So he came forward
1678	2 Herod Agrippa I.
1679	> Agrippa II.
1680	15
p. 40
1681	39
1682	40)
1683	4]
1684	42
1685	JOSEPHUS
1686	ETELPATO TO 7
1687	7hijGos WS 7) moAus Gel Tis PadAatas
1688	apEevev ext ye TOV ‘Hpadou xpovewy Tod TeTpapxov
1689	Kal KTLOTOUV
1690	VEVOMEVOD, BovdnGevros avroo Ty
1691	Lemdwpitav woAw 7H
1692	TiPepréewy traKxovew,
1693	azo-
1694	ie \
1695	\
1696	Ee]
1697	r
1698	\
1699	\
1700	> af
1701	Baretv’ d€ TO
1702	mpuretov
1703	adrovs pnoe
1704	Emre
1705	Too
1706	Baoudews °"Aypinma Tob TAT POS, Svapetvae d€ Kal
1707	[Lex pl Dijducos
1708	7 TPOEOTOpLEVOU THs ‘Tovdatas.
1709	vov
1710	de éAeyey avtous NTUXIKEVAL TO vewrepey Swpeav
1711	“Aypinma dofévras tro Népevos: apE ae yap evbus
1712	rH pev LémPwpw, ezrerd7) ‘Papators UmijKovger,
1713	ths TadtAalas, katadvbfvar 6€ map’ adrois THY TE
1714	Baoilikny tpamelav Kal Ta apyeta.
1715	TadTa
1716	Kal
1717	A
1718	7
1719	a
1720	\
1721	\
1722	/
1723	>
1724	4
1725	mpos ToUTois eTepa TOAAG Kata Baotrtews “Aypinza
1726	Néywv brép tot Tov Shpov eis THY amocTacw
1727	épeficar, mpocerifer viv eivar Katpov apapevous
1728	<i
1729	\
1730	\|
1731	/
1732	/
1733	/
1734	o7Aa Kat TadtAalovs cvppaxyovs mpooAaBovras—
1735	apéew yap avTa@v
1736	éexovTwy
1737	61a TO pos Tovs
1738	Lempupitas juioos dmapxov® abrois, OT. THY Tpos
1739	‘Papatous ToT W SiadvAdooovow—peyady
1740	xeupt
1741	pos THY UTEp abTavV TYyLepiav Tparrecban. Tadra
1742	héywv mpoetpébatro
1743	to mAAGos: Fv yap tKavos
1744	~
1745	~
1746	>
1747	/
1748	qpaywyely
1749	Kal TOV avr \AcyovTe ta PedATio
1750	Tmepretvae youreta Kal amarn 7H bua Aoyuv. Kal
1751	yap ove dmetpos nV mavdetas Tijs Tap: “EM jou,
1752	7 Gappav emTEXELPNOEV KAL Ty toroptav TOV mpay-
1753	pdtwv tovTwy avaypadew ws TO doy ToUrw
1754	Tepleadpevos THs GAnfetas.
1755	aAAa weEpi prev TOvTOV
1756	a
1757	/
1758	e
1759	~
1760	\
1761	,
1762	>
1763	/
1764	\
1765	e
1766	\
1767	Tod avopos, ws daddos Tov Blov éyéveTo Kat ws ovv
1768	~a
1769	39
1770	~
1771	~
1772	~
1773	~
1774	~
1775	T@ AOEASG puxpod Setv Katactpodis aitos tajpEev,
1776	.-
1777	~
1778	/
1779	mpotovtos Tob Adyou SnAwoopev.
1780	ToTE SE TELGaS
1781	c~
1782	~
1783	\
1784	/
1785	5
1786	~
1787	A
1788	4
1789	6
1790	*loteros tods moXitas avadaPety 7a Orda, 7roA-
1791	16
p. 41
1792	THE LIFE, 37-42
1793	and endeavoured to instil into the people that their
1794	city had always been thg capital of Galilee, at least
1795	under its founder, Herod the tetrarch, whose intention
1796	was that the city of Sepphoris should be subordinate
1797	to Tiberias;
1798	and that even under King Agrippa
1799	the elder they had not lost this primacy, which had
1800	continued until Felix became procurator of Judaea.
1801	Now, however, he continued, they had had the
1802	misfortune
1803	of being handed
1804	over by Nero
1805	as
1806	a
1807	present to Agrippa the younger;
1808	Sepphoris, by
1809	submission
1810	to Rome, had forthwith
1811	become
1812	the
1813	capital of Galilee and the seat of the royal bank
1814	and the archives.
1815	To these and many other dis-
1816	paraging remarks upon King Agrippa, calculated to
1817	incite the people to revolt, he added:
1818	‘“ Now is the
1819	time to take up arms and join hands with the
1820	Galilaeans.
1821	Their hatred of Sepphoris for remaining
1822	loyal to Rome will make them willing recruits.
1823	Now
1824	is your opportunity, with ample forces, for revenge.”’
1825	This harangue had its effect on the mob; for he was
1826	a clever demagogue and by a charlatan’s tricks of
1827	oratory more
1828	than
1829	a match
1830	for opponents
1831	with
1832	saner
1833	counsels.
1834	Indeed he was
1835	not unversed
1836	in
1837	Greek culture, and presuming on these attainments
1838	even undertook to write a history of these events,
1839	hoping by his presentation of the facts to disguise
1840	the truth. 'But of this man’s general depravity and
1841	of the fact that to him and his brother our ruin was
1842	almost entirely due, I shall adduce proof in the course
1843	of this narrative.¢
1844	On this occasion Justus, having
1845	prevailed on the citizens to take up arms and forced
1846	a Cf. §§ 88, 279, 336-367, 390-3, 410.
1847	1 amoBddXew MSS.
1848	2 Dindorf: trdapxew mss.
1849	VOL.
1850	I
1851	Cc
1852	ire
p. 42
1853	JOSEPHUS
1854	?
1855	/
1856	Aods 6€ Kai pi) OeAnoaytas avayKdaoas, e&eABawv
1857	ovv Taow ToUToUs eumrimpnow ras te Vadapynvav
1858	Kat “Tara mVv@v KQLGS, at On peeopror THS T:Bepuddos
1859	Kal THS TOV Lxvbotodrav Vis ervyXavov KeljLevan.
1860	43
1861	(10) Kat TiBepvas peev €v ToLovTOLs 1
1862	iy, Ta. mepl
1863	toxada de elye Tov Tpomov TotTov.
1864	“lwavyns o
1865	ov Anovet, Tov TmodkTay
1866	Twas
1867	opa@v dua THY
1868	/
1869	~
1870	mooTaciay THv amo ‘Pwyaiwy péya dpovotvtas
1871	aréxew atrTovs eTEeipaTo Kal THY TioTW 7Eiov
1872	/
1873	>
1874	\
1875	>
1876	/
1877	/
1878	/
1879	44 duadvAarrew.
1880	od pv nOdvv7iOy KatTow mavU Tpo-
1881	Gvupovpevos.
1882	Ta yap mépr€ €Ovn, Tadapnvot Kai
1883	~
1884	S.
1885	PaBapnvei, Mwyavaiow’ Kat Tupior, woAAjv abpoi-
1886	~
1887	/
1888	b]
1889	cavrTes SUvapw Kat tots VisydAos émevomecdvtes
1890	apBavover 7a Vioyada Kara Kpatos, Kal Tupmo-
1891	Ajcayres cizta b€ Kat mpockaTtacKaibavtes els THY
1892	45 otkelay avélevEav.
1893	“lwavvyns bé€ émt TovTw Tap-
1894	o€uvlets OmAiler mavtas ToUs eT adToo Kal ovp-
1895	Badov tots mpoeipnuevors
1896	ebveow Kata KpaTos
1897	evixnoe, Ta TE Vicyada Kpeittova mdAw avaxtioas
1898	Telyeow U7Ep aadadelas THs eis VaTEepov WYUpwoeV.
1899	\
1900	/
1901	- A
1902	U
1903	~
1904	A
1905	e
1906	/
1907	4g
1908	(11) Vapara
1909	b€ wiorer
1910	tH
1911	mpos
1912	“Pwpatous
1913	a
1914	>
1915	- tee!
1916	/
1917	/
1918	€-3
1919	/
1920	evepewe Ou aitiav TovavTyV.
1921	WDidumzos 6 *laxeipou
1922	~
1923	»”
1924	\
1925	~
1926	/
1927	>
1928	/
1929	\
1930	mais, emapyos b€ Tob BaotAéws “Aypinma, awleis
1931	A
1932	/
1933	>]
1934	~
1935	b]
1936	¢
1937	/
1938	mapa do€av eK THs
1939	ev
1940	lepocoAvpous Bactducis
1941	avdAjs ToAvopKoupevns Kal Svaguyev els eTEpOV
1942	EveTIEGE Kidvvov, wate b70 Mavanuov Kat tev
1943	47 00v att@ Anotav
1944	avaipebjvar-
1945	Sdiexm@dAvoav
1946	de
1947	BafvAdvioi
1948	twes
1949	ovyyevets
1950	atrod
1951	év ‘lepoao-
1952	Avpos ovTes TpGEar Tovs AnoTAas TO Epyov.
1953	eémt-
1954	peivas ovv Huépas TEcoapas 0 Dihurmos eKel TH
1955	TéumTyn dbevyer mepileTH xpnodpevos KON Tob Ley
1956	KaTadnAos yevécbar, Kat mapayevopevos eis TWa
1957	15
1958	Qed
p. 43
1959	THE LIFE, 42-47
1960	many to do so against their will, marched out with
1961	all his followers and set fire to the villages, belonging
1962	to Gadara and Hippos, which lay on the frontiers of
1963	Tiberias and of the territory of Seythopolis.
1964	(10) Such was the position of affairs at Tiberias ; (iii. Gis-
1965	at Gischala the situation was as follows.
1966	John, son °"™
1967	'
1968	of Levi, observing that some of the citizens were
1969	highly elated by the revolt from Rome, tried to
1970	restrain them and urged them to maintain their
1971	allegiance.
1972	His earnest
1973	efforts, however, proved
1974	unavailing ; for the inhabitants of the neighbouring
1975	states, Gadara, Gabara, Sogane and Tyre, mustered
1976	a large force, stormed and took Gischala, burnt and
1977	razed it to the ground, and returned to their homes.
1978	Incensed at this outrage, John armed all his followers,
1979	made a determined attack on the aforesaid peoples
1980	and defeated them.
1981	He then rebuilt Gischala on a
1982	grander scale than before and fortified it with walls
1983	as a security for the future.
1984	(11) Gamala remained loyal to Rome under the CY) Cae
1985	following circumstances.
1986	Philip, son of Jacimus, King ane Fiae
1987	Agrippa’s lieutenant,
1988	after miraculously escaping ™-
1989	with his life from the royal palace at Jerusalem, when
1990	it was besieged, was exposed to the further peril of
1991	being slain by Menahem and his brigands.*
1992	The
1993	latter were, however, prevented from accomplishing
1994	their purpose by some Babylonian kinsmen of Philip,
1995	who were then in Jerusalem.
1996	Here he remained
1997	for four days and on the fifth escaped, disguised by
1998	a wig, and reaching one of the villages under his
1999	a Of. B. ii. 556 f.; 433 ff.
2000	1 Emended.
2001	The mss., in lieu of the two latter names,
2002	have Bapayavéo or the like.
2003	19
p. 44
2004	48
2005	49 =
2006	50
2007	JOSEPHUS
2008	T@V éavTod K@pLGY KAT
2009	TA TOUS opous Papara Tob
2010	Ppouptov KeyLevy mepiret mpos Twas Tav UT
2011	avdToo mpooracowy ws adrTov apuxeobar. .. Tatra
2012	5° atvrov evvoovpevov éumodile: To Oetov emi oup-
2013	dépov7t’ 7) yap TovTov yevoyevov mavTwS
2014	av
2015	amoAw@Xer.
2016	mupetod 67) KatacxdvTos atrov e€al-
2017	dvyns ypaibas émuotoAds tots mavow °Aypinma Kat
2018	Bepevixy dléwow tov e€edevbdpwv Twi Kopilew
2019	mpos OQuvapov.
2020	Hv 8 otros Kata TOV KaLpov exetvov
2021	6 tiv PBaotdetav OuoiKay, kaTaoTnodvTey avTov
2022	Tov Paoirtéwv: atrot yap eis Bynputov adixvotyTo
2023	bravTjaa,
2024	PovdAduevor
2025	Keotiw.
2026	AaBav
2027	otv
2028	6
2029	Otvapos 7a mapa DiAimzov ypappata Kai mvbd-
2030	pevos adtov diacec@obar Bapéws jveyKev, aypetos
2031	To Aowrov atbros vopilwv daveicbar tots PactActow
2032	adixopevov Tod Didimzov.
2033	mpoayayawv obv eis TO
2034	mAnbos Tov Tas émioToAds KopicavTa Kal 7haoro-
2035	ypasiav emikadécas, pevdeoOat te dnoas avrov
2036	amayyethavra Mihimzov év Tots ‘lepocoAvpous pera
2037	Tav “lovdaiwy “Papatois woAepety améxrewev.
2038	pur)
2039	drootpédavtos 51) Tod e€eAevbépov Didimmos azo-
2040	p@v thy aitiay devtepov éexméurTer eT emtiacTOA@y
2041	7dvw tov amayyeAotvta pos abrov Ti TO cvpPe-
2042	Bykos ein T@ azroctadérvtt, bv 6 Bpadvverev.
2043	Kat
2044	Totrov 6€ Tmapayevopevov 6 Ovapos cuKodavTyicas
2045	avethev. Kal yap v70 TOV ev Kavoapeta Lvpwv
2046	em fjp7o péeya dpovelv, avatpeOncecbar pev Acyovrew
2047	tao “Pwpatwv tov ’Aypinzmay pee
2048	b70 ‘Tovdate
2049	paptupias,® Ajbecbar 8 adr
2050	Tv apxnv
2051	eK
2052	Baoiléwv
2053	ovTa*
2054	Kal yap jv ” uo loan
2055	6
2056	1 The mss. add tiv @iNirrovs probably there is a lacuna
2057	in the text.
2058	20
p. 45
2059	THE LIFE, 47-52
2060	jurisdiction on the confines of the fortress of Gamala,
2061	sent orders to some of those under his command to
2062	join him...
2063	. His designs, however, were, fortunately
2064	for himself, frustrated by Providence ; else he would
2065	undoubtedly have perished.
2066	Being seized with a
2067	sudden attack of fever, he wrote to the younger ¢
2068	Agrippa and Berenice a letter which he delivered to
2069	one of his freedmen to convey to Varus®;
2070	Varus
2071	\|
2072	having at the time been appointed administrator of varus, tle
2073	the realm by the king and his royal sister, who had eee
2074	gone to Berytus to wait upon Cestius.
2075	The receipt
2076	~
2077	of Philip’s communication, acquainting him of his
2078	escape, caused Varus great vexation, as he supposed
2079	that, now that Philip had arrived, their majesties
2080	would have no further use for his own services.
2081	He
2082	accordingly brought the bearer of the letter before
2083	the people and accused him of forging it ; he added
2084	that he had mendaciously reported that Philip was
2085	fighting
2086	against
2087	the Romans
2088	with
2089	the Jews
2090	in
2091	Jerusalem, and then put the man to death.
2092	Philip,
2093	at a loss to explain the failure of his freedman to
2094	return, dispatched a second with further letters and
2095	_
2096	to bring him word what had happened to cause the
2097	delay of his first courier.
2098	He, too, on his arrival was
2099	slain by Varus on some groundless accusation.
2100	For
2101	Varus had been led to entertain great expectations
2102	by the Syrians
2103	of Caesarea,
2104	who
2105	asserted
2106	that
2107	Agrippa, on the indictment of the Jews, would be
2108	put to death by the Romans, and that he, as of
2109	royal lineage, would succeed to the throne.
2110	As a
2111	@ Lit. “‘ the children,” sc. of Agrippa I., his former chief.
2112	® Called Noarus in B. ii. 481 ff.
2113	2 uwaprupias cod. R: the other mss. have auaprias, ** for the
2114	crimes of the Jews.”
2115	21
p. 46
2116	JOSEPHUS
2117	Outapos PactAiKod yévous, eyyovos Lo€sov Tod
2118	53 mepi tov AiPavov terpapyotvTos.
2119	dia TovT ovv oO
2120	Ovapos Tupovpevos Tas pev emaToAas Tap €avT@
2121	KaTEOXEV [eT XavedpLevos Vay evTuxetv Tots ypdppace
2122	tov Baowréa, Tas efodous d€ maoas eppoupe, PI)
2123	dvadpas Tis aTrayyetAete TO Baowret Ta TpaTTOmeva.
2124	Kat 67) yaptlouevos
2125	Tots Kata 7Hv Katodperav
2126	54 Lupois toAAovs THv “lovdaiwy améxtrewev.
2127	€Bov-
2128	AnOy 5€ Kal peta THY ev Batavaia Tpaywwirayv
2129	dvadaBav Ta OmAa emt Tous ev ‘ExBaravous BaBo-
2130	Awvious ‘lovdatous, TaUT nV yap THY mpoanjyoptay
2131	55 EXOVOW, Oppnoae. Kadéoas
2132	ovv TOY
2133	KaTAa THY
2134	Kaodpevav *lovdaiwy ba@dexa tovs doKxywwrdrous
2135	TpocéTaccev
2136	avTois
2137	adiKopéevois
2138	eis *ExBdarava
2139	mpos Tovs eKel KaToLKOdVTas
2140	atT@v opopvAous
2141	el7ely
2142	OTL Ovapos, axovoas DLAs emt Baowréea
2143	peMew oppay KaL Pa mLoTEvVoas, TETOpMpEV nas
2144	TetoovTas bpds Ta omAa katabéotac: ToOTO yap
2145	atT@ tTexpnpiov ececbar Kal Tod Kadds pu) To-
2146	56 TevoaL Tots mepl vpav héyouow.
2147	éxédeve de Kal
2148	TOUS TpwToUs avTaV avopas €PoourjKovra me prey
2149	drohoyncopevous TEpl THS emevyveypevn)s aitias.
2150	eMovres ovv ob dwdeKa mpos Tous ev "ExBardvous
2151	ouopvAouvs
2152	Kat KatadaBdvtes
2153	adrovs pndev emi
2154	vewTEplouL@ hpovobdvTas emevcav Kal Tovs €Pdop7-
2155	57 KOVTG TéuTew.
2156	ot d€ pwydev DromTEVCaYTES TOLOD-
2157	tov olov EweAAev amofyjccoba eEaméotetAav.
2158	Kata-
2159	Baivovow 8 otro pera TOV bwHdeKa TpécBewr eis
2160	* The highlands east of the Sea of Galilee, viz. Batanaea
2161	(Bashan) and the volcanic district of Trachon or Trachonitis
2162	(rodxav =** rough ground”; mod. El Lejz), were exposed to
2163	Arab raiders.
2164	To protect the district, which lay on the
2165	22
p. 47
2166	THE LIFE, 52-57
2167	descendant of Soemus, who had been a tetrarch in
2168	the Lebanon district, Varus’s royal extraction was
2169	universally
2170	admitted.
2171	Inflated
2172	with
2173	these
2174	lofty
2175	ambitions Varus withheld the letters and contrived
2176	to prevent their perusal by the king ; guards being
2177	posted at all the exits from the town, so that none
2178	should escape and report his proceedings to him.
2179	Moreover, to ingratiate himself with the Syrians of
2180	Caesarea, he put many of the Jews to death.
2181	He had a further scheme of uniting with the
2182	people of Trachonitis in Batanaea in an armed attack
2183	on the “ Babylonian Jews,” as they are called, in
2184	Kebatana.*
2185	He accordingly summoned twelve of the
2186	most esteemed of the Caesarean Jews, and instructed
2187	them to proceed to Ecbatana and tell their com-
2188	patriots in that city that a report had reached Varus
2189	that they intended to march against the king; he
2190	did not credit this report, but had sent this embassy
2191	to urge them to lay down their arms;
2192	he would
2193	regard their compliance as proof that he was right in
2194	attaching no weight to the current rumours.
2195	He
2196	further ordered them to send seventy of their leading
2197	men
2198	to answer the charge which had been laid
2199	against them.
2200	The twelve, finding on their arrival
2201	at Ecbatana that their compatriots were innocent of
2202	any revolutionary designs, urged them to dispatch
2203	the seventy ; they, with no suspicion of the fate in
2204	store for them, sent them off and the deputies
2205	travelled down with the twelve envoys to Caesarea.
2206	direct route from Babylon to Jerusalem, Herod the Great
2207	settled in Batanaea a colony of Babylonian Jews under
2208	Zamaris, grandfather of the Philip named in the text; 4.
2209	xvii. 23 ff.
2210	Ecbatana is not the city in Media, but one of
2211	the forts built in this region.
2212	A different version of the
2213	above narrative is given in B. ii. 481 ff.
2214	O92.
2215	23
2216	His mas-
2217	sacre of
2218	Babylonian
2219	Jews.
p. 48
2220	JOSEPHUS
2221	‘
2222	,
2223	¢
2224	,
2225	>
2226	.
2227	”
2228	\
2229	TH Katodpevay.
2230	vTavTT\|aAs Ovv
2231	Oo Ovapos pera,
2232	THs Bacwdcwhs Ovvdjrews ovv Tots _TpeoBeow may -
2233	Tas aTEKTEWEV KGL Ty Tropetay él TOUS eV "ExBa-
2234	58 Tavois “lovdaiovs ezoteiro.
2235	dbdoas bé Tis ex TOV
2236	efdopnKovTa aowbeis amnyyedev avUTOLS, KGKELVOL
2237	7a omAa AaBovtes adv yvvaEl Kal TéKVOLS
2238	Ets
2239	uA
2240	Tdapada ro dpovpiov trexopynoav, KatadurovtTes
2241	Tas Kwpas ToAA@v ayalav wAjpers Kai BooKy-
2242	/
2243	\
2244	/
2245	>
2246	/
2247	y
2248	\
2249	59 pdtwv
2250	moAAas pupiddas
2251	éyovoas.
2252	Widummos
2253	de
2254	~
2255	/
2256	mvGopevos TA0TA Kal avtos ets Vapada to dpovpiov
2257	KEV. TOpayEvopevov
2258	de
2259	KateBoa
2260	TO
2261	7AiGos,,
2262	apyew avrov mapaxahobyres
2263	Kal toAepmetvy mpos
2264	OQuapov Kai rovs ev 7H Katoapeia Xvpovs: b1-
2265	EN
2266	1
2267	\
2268	e_\
2269	pis
2270	\
2271	me
2272	2
2273	y
2274	€d€00T0'
2275	yap U70 TOUTWY Tov Bacwréa TeOvavas.
2276	60 Dikizzos 8 atrt@v Karteixe Tas oppds, DTrOpLLy 7) -
2277	Ke TOV Te ToD Bactré€ws ets avrous evepyeotay,
2278	Kat THV “Pwyatwy dunyovpevos bon Tis éoTw 7
2279	dvvapus, cudéepew ovK EAeyev dpacbar mpos TovUToUS
2280	/
2281	\
2282	/
2283	”
2284	id
2285	A
2286	\
2287	/
2288	6] 70Aemov, Kat TéAos Ezetcev.
2289	6 5€ Baotdeds mvO0-
2290	id
2291	/
2292	\
2293	>
2294	\
2295	ion
2296	/
2297	peevos oTt Ovapos péAAeu Tovs emi THS Katoapetas
2298	>
2299	/
2300	\
2301	\
2302	\
2303	/
2304	\
2305	+
2306	lovdatovs atv yvvar€t Kat Téxvois toAAas GvTas
2307	a
2308	5
2309	—
2310	~
2311	we
2312	pevpiddas avaipety Epa pa, peTaTreuTreTae \| 7pos
2313	\|*
2314	>
2315	/
2316	Ad
2317	M 7d
2318	3
2319	/
2320	>
2321	~
2322	6 i)
2323	avtov, Atkovoy Mod.ov?
2324	zéuibas attT@
2325	diddoxov,
2326	ws ev dddos ednjAwWoapev.
2327	6 b€ Diduzzos Tapada
2328	TO Ppovpiov KaTécyev Kal THY TéplE Yupav TioTEL
2329	~
2330	¢
2331	TH 7pos “Pwpatovs €upévovear.
2332	62
2333	(12) “Evet & eis tv TadtAaiay adixopny eyw
2334	L Tadra Bibs: TOv amayyeiAdvrwr euabov, ypadw
2335	>
2336	duedé507To Bekker: diadédoxro and dcedéxeTOo MSS.
2337	A
2338	:
2339	2 zpos is omitted by Bekker.
2340	3 vl. Movdéuor.
p. 49
2341	THE LIFE, 57-62
2342	They were met by the royal troops under Varus, who
2343	put them all to death, including the envoys, and
2344	proceeded on the march against the Jews of Ec-
2345	batana.
2346	One of the seventy, however, escaped, and
2347	got ahead of him and brought the news to his country-
2348	men ; whereupon, seizing their arms, they withdrew
2349	with their wives and children
2350	to the fortress
2351	of
2352	Gamala,
2353	leaving
2354	their
2355	villages
2356	full
2357	of abundant
2358	stores and stocked with many thousand head of
2359	cattle.
2360	On hearing of this Philip also entered the fortress
2361	of Gamala,
2362	the people
2363	of which
2364	on
2365	his
2366	arrival
2367	vociferously called on him to assume the command
2368	and make war on Varus and the Syrians of Caesarea,
2369	who, according to a rumour which was afloat, had
2370	assassinated the king.
2371	Philip sought to restrain
2372	their impetuosity ; reminded them of the benefits
2373	which the king had conferred upon them;
2374	dilated
2375	on the formidable power of the Romans and the
2376	inexpediency of entering upon war with such an
2377	enemy;
2378	and in the end succeeded.
2379	The
2380	king,
2381	meanwhile, hearing that Varus intended to massacre
2382	in one day the Jewish population
2383	in Caesarea,
2384	numbering many thousands, including women and
2385	children, recalled him and
2386	sent
2387	Aequus Modius
2388	to take over the command, as
2389	I have elsewhere
2390	related.
2391	The fortress of Gamala and the surround-
2392	ing district
2393	were
2394	retained
2395	by Philip
2396	and _ thus
2397	preserved their allegiance to Rome.
2398	(12) When, on my arrival in Galilee, I was informed
2399	of the above position of affairs, I wrote to the San-
2400	« Of. B. ii. 483, where Varus’s deposition is mentioned, but
2401	not the name of his successor.
2402	For the sequel see § 179 ff.
2403	below.
2404	eee
2405	QO 5
2406	~~
2407	His super-
2408	session.
p. 50
2409	6
2410	64
2411	66
2412	6
2413	3
2414	Or
2415	~I
2416	JOSEPHUS
2417	T@ ovvedpiw T&v ‘lepocoAvputy wept rovtwv Kat
2418	Tl we Tparrew KeAeVovaw EpwT@.
2419	ot dé mpocpetvar
2420	mapekdAecay
2421	Kal Tovs cupmpéeoBets,
2422	et Oédovev,
2423	KATACXOVTO. mpovovay momoacta THS DPadwAaias.
2424	ot de cup Tpeapets eUTopijcavres Toh haby Xpyparow
2425	é€x TOV Sid0onevwv adbtots dexaT av, as ovres tepeis
2426	odevAopevas amehdpBavov,
2427	els TV oikelay
2428	v7o0-
2429	oTpedew yi expuvay" ep.0b 5° avrovs Tpoopetvat
2430	TapakaAécavTos ews ov Ta Tpaypara. KQTQOT7, -
2431	cwpev, TeifovTar.
2432	apas otv peT atvTaV amo Tis
2433	Lerdwpitav or\ews
2434	eis Kwopnv twa BryOyaods
2435	Aeyonevnv, améxovoay TiBepiddos orddua Téooapa,
2436	Tapaylopat, Kat 7éuibas evtedev [tovs \| mpos TV
2437	TiPepiewv BovdAny Kai tots mpwtovs tod Sdipov
2438	TmapekdAovy adixécbar mpdos pe.
2439	Kal Tapayevo-
2440	ev, eAnAdvber 5€ adv abrots Kat *lodaTos, Edeyov
2441	imo tod Kowod T&v ‘lepocoAvpitaev mpecBedoar
2442	peta TovTwy
2443	temoudbar
2444	mpos adtovs,
2445	Telowy
2446	kabarpeFjva TOV OlKOV TOV U70 ‘Hpidov TOU
2447	TeTpapXov KaracKevacbevra, Cawy popdas € eXovTa,
2448	Trav VOILWV OVTWS TL karaokevdcew drrayopevovT a
2449	Kal mapexaovv avrous eav jpas 7 TdxXos TOUTO
2450	mparrew.
2451	émt oA pv ov ot mept zov KazéAAav
2452	Kal TOvs TpwTouvs at’T@v éemitpémew odK TOedov,
2453	Bralopevor & bd? Hav ovyKxatatibevrar.
2454	Paver
2455	5° *Inoots 6 tot Mamdia wais, ov THS TOV vavT@v
2456	Kal TOV aTépwv oTdcews Tpa@Tov ehapev apEar,
2457	mapadapwv twas TadtAalovs Kai THY macav adAnv
2458	eL-TpTjoas, ToAA@v oldojevos evropnoew e€ avTis
2459	xXpnpearev, emelo7) Twas olKwY opodas KeXpuow-
2460	pevas etdev. Kal Ounpacav moAAa Tapa yreopny
2461	Ti TwEeTepayv mpakavTes* Hels yap META TIV Tpos
2462	26
p. 51
2463	THE LIFE, 62-67
2464	hedrin at Jerusalem and asked for instructions how
2465	I should proceed.
2466	They advised me to remain at
2467	my post and take precautions for Galilee, retaining
2468	my colleagues, if willing to stay.
2469	My colleagues,
2470	Conference
2471	of Josephus
2472	with the
2473	leading men
2474	of Tiberias
2475	and ensuing
2476	having amassed
2477	a large sum of money from the “'s°rders.
2478	tithes which they accepted as their priestly due,
2479	decided to return home;
2480	but, on my request, con-
2481	sented to stay until we had brought matters into
2482	order.
2483	I accordingly set out with them from head-
2484	quarters at Sepphoris and came to a village called
2485	Bethmaus, four furlongs distant from Tiberias, and
2486	from there sent to the council and principal men of
2487	that city, requesting them to come to me.
2488	On their
2489	arrival,
2490	Justus being among them, I told them that
2491	I and my associates had been commissioned by the
2492	Jerusalem assembly to press for the demolition of
2493	the palace erected by Herod the tetrarch, which
2494	contained representations of animals—such a sty}
2495	of architecture being forbidden by the laws “—and I
2496	requested their permission to proceed at once with
2497	the work.
2498	Capella ® and the other leaders for a long
2499	while refused this, but were finally overruled by us
2500	and assented.
2501	We were, however, anticipated in
2502	our task by Jesus, son of Sapphias, the ringleader,
2503	as already stated,° of the party of the sailors and
2504	destitute class.
2505	Joined by some Galilaeans he set
2506	the whole palace on fire, expecting, after seeing that
2507	the roof was partly of gold, to obtain from it large
2508	spoils.
2509	There was much looting, contrary to our
2510	intention ; for we, after our conference with Capella
2511	& Bxod. xx. 4.
2512	> Or Capellus, as in § 32 above.
2513	© Not previously mentioned ; the reference is apparently
2514	to the mention
2515	of
2516	“‘ the second faction
2517	of insignificant
2518	persons ”’ in § 34 above.
2519	27
p. 52
2520	68
2521	69
2522	70
2523	71
2524	72
2525	JOSEPHUS
2526	KaréAAav Kai tovs mpwrouvs TiPepr€wy optdAiay eis
2527	tiv avw VadtAatay ao Byfwaady avexwpicaper.
2528	dvatpotow 8 ot wept tov “Incoty mavtas Tovs
2529	evoixoovtas “EAAnvas Ooot te mpo Tod moAgmou
2530	yeyovetcay avT@v exGpot.
2531	(13)
2532	Ilv@dmevos
2533	8 eyo tatra
2534	mapw&dvOnv
2535	opodpa, Kal Katapas ets Tifepiada mpovovay eio-
2536	qveyeapny Tov Pacrtkav oKev@v
2537	ooa Ouvarov
2538	nv TOUS apmdcavras adeAéabar- Avxyviat 8° oar
2539	Kopivétar tatra Kat tpamelar TOv BaowltKav Kat
2540	aonpov apyuplov oTabuos tkaves.
2541	mavTa 6 ooa
2542	mapéAaBov, duAdccew 7H Paciret Expwa.
2543	peta-
2544	mepisapevos obv Tovs THs BovAns mpwrovs déKa Kat
2545	KazéAAav
2546	tov “Avrvdou
2547	Ta. oKevy) TapeéowKa,
2548	pnoevt mapayyethas eTépw ARV €
2549	eo0 dobvar.
2550	axetev eis ta Vioyada zpos tov “lwavyyy
2551	peta
2552	TOV
2553	ovpmpécBewv
2554	adixopnv
2555	BovdAdpmevos
2556	yvavar TU Tore ppovel. KaTetoov 5 avrov TAXEWS
2557	VEewTepwv OpeyopLevov Tpaypwarov KaL THS apx7s
2558	emfupiay € EXOVTG. mapeKder yap [Me TOV Katoapos
2559	otTov KelLevov ev Tals THS avwlev VadAatas Kaas
2560	e€ovolay
2561	atT@
2562	dodvar
2563	exdopijoa
2564	OéAew
2565	yap
2566	epackey eis ETLOKEVIV TOV THS TaTpldos TEixOv
2567	avrov avad@oa.
2568	Katavonoas b€ éyw THY emlyel-
2569	pyow avTod Kal Ti dvavooito mpdaccew, ovK Edny
2570	avTa ovyxwpev 7 yap ‘Papratous avrov EVEVOOUPLAY .
2571	duddrrew i 7) €AUT@, Oud TO Kal TV efovotay TOV
2572	eKel TpaypaTwv
2573	atvTos
2574	Tapa Tod Kowod
2575	7av
2576	‘lepooodupur@y wemoTedoban.
2577	vay mretBooy d€ jee
2578	mrepl TOUT WY emt Tovs ovpeTpeaBers eTpameTo: Kal
2579	yap qoav amTpovonto. TOV ETomevev Kal AaBeiv
2580	érouoTtator.
2581	PUeiper 5€ xprpacw avtovs Wypi-
2582	28
p. 53
2583	THE LIFE, 67-73
2584	and the leading men of Tiberias, had left Bethmaus
2585	for Upper Galilee.
2586	Jesus and his followers then
2587	massacred all the Greek residents in Tiberias and
2588	any others who, before the outbreak of hostilities,
2589	had been their enemies.
2590	(13) On hearing
2591	of these
2592	proceedings
2593	I was
2594	extremely indignant and went down to Tiberias and
2595	devoted my energies to recovering from the plunderers
2596	as much as I could of the palace furniture, namely,
2597	some candelabra of Corinthian make, royal tables,
2598	and a large mass of uncoined silver.
2599	I decided to
2600	keep all that I obtained in trust for the king, and
2601	accordingly sent for ten of the principal councillors,
2602	with Capella, son of Antyllus, and committed the
2603	property to their charge, with injunctions to deliver
2604	it to none but myself.
2605	From Tiberias
2606	I went with my colleagues
2607	to
2608	Gischala to meet John, whose attitude I desired to
2609	ascertain.
2610	I soon discovered that he was eager for
2611	revolution
2612	and ambitious
2613	of obtaining command.
2614	For he requested me to authorize him to lay hands
2615	on the imperial corn stored in the villages of Upper
2616	Galilee, professing a desire to expend the proceeds
2617	on the repair of the walls of his native town.
2618	De-
2619	tecting his ultimate design and present intentions, I
2620	declined his request ; as the authority entrusted to
2621	me by the Jerusalem authorities extended to that
2622	district, \| intended to reserve the corn either for the
2623	Romans or for my own use.
2624	Unsuccessful with me
2625	he turned to my colleagues, who were blind to coming
2626	events and quite open to receive money.
2627	‘These he
2628	29
2629	Stratagems
2630	of John of
2631	Gischala.
p. 54
2632	JOSEPHUS
2633	~
2634	~
2635	~
2636	A
2637	cacbat mavTo. Tov otrov avTa@ Tapadoljvar Tov
2638	EV TH AUT 08 €T rapxia KelpLevov. KAYO) LOVOS ITTO-
2639	74 pee UO duo THY qovxtav Hyov.
2640	KOL devTepav
2641	~I
2642	=
2643	é
2644	~I ~I
2645	"lwavyns émevcéhepey Tavoupyiav:
2646	edn yap ‘lov-
2647	dalouvs Tovs THY OiAiw7ov Karodpevav KatoiKobytas,
2648	ovyKkekAetopevous
2649	KaTa
2650	mpootay7iv
2651	tod Bac-
2652	A€ws tro Modiov? rob THV duvacreiav d.orvKobvTos,
2653	TETOMPEVAL 7pos avrov Tmapaxadodvras, emrel07) ovK
2654	éyoucw €AaLov @ Xpicovras! kabapoy, Tounadevov
2655	7 povovay eUrroplay avtois ToUTOV Tapacxety, Ley)
2656	bu avayKny ‘EAAqvucd Xpwpevor TA VOMILA TAapa-
2657	Bairwow.
2658	tatta
2659	8 oty tm etocBeias
2660	eAeyev
2661	‘lwdvrgs, bu aiaxpoKepderay
2662	b€ pavepwtarny.
2663	yw woKwv yap Tapa pev eketvols Kata THY Katod-
2664	petav tous bo E€atas Opaxyts pads 7wAovpévous,
2665	ev d€ Tots
2666	Puaxddous TOUS oydonKOVTO, f€oras
2667	dpaxu@v tecodpwv, wav 70 €Aawov Goov Hy exet
2668	duevéeusato, AaBwv e€ovciay Kat map
2669	é€uobd TO
2670	6 doxetv' o8 yap éexav emétpetrov, aAAa dia doBov
2671	TOV amo TOD 7A fous, pn Kwddiwv Kkatadevoberny
2672	on avr av. ovyxwpyaavros ouv pov: mAciorwv
2673	ne 6 “lwavvyns ex Tis KaKoupyias tavrTns
2674	UTOpnGe.
2675	(14) Tovs 5€ cupmpécBers azo t&v TisxdAwy
2676	moAvcas €is Ta ‘lepoooAuja mpovoray emoLoupny
2677	oTAwy
2678	TE KaTaoKEvAs Kal ToAcwv EXUPOTNTOS.
2679	ae
2680	rameuibapevos b€ TOV AnoT@v tovs avdpe.oTa-
2681	tous adeAéobar pev abta@v Ta ora ody oidv TE Ov
2682	ewpwv, eTetca b€ TO TAnOos picfodopay adrois
2683	Tapexew, arewov elvar Aéywv Exovtas oAlya biddvat
2684	Sa
2685	* So, doubtless correctly, the editio princeps: the mss.
2686	have tzodvs, ‘* slipped away and.”
2687	30
p. 55
2688	THE LIFE, 73-77
2689	bribed to vote that all the corn stored in his province
2690	should be delivered to him.
2691	Unsupported and out-
2692	voted by the other two, I held my peace.
2693	This knavish trick John followed up with a second.@
2694	He stated that the Jewish inhabitants of Caesarea
2695	Philippi, having, by the king’s order, been shut up
2696	by Modius, his viceroy, and having no pure oil for
2697	their personal use, had sent a request to him to see
2698	that they were supplied with this commodity, lest
2699	they should be driven to violate their legal ordinances
2700	by resort to Grecian oil.?
2701	John’s motive in making
2702	this assertion was not piety, but profiteering of the
2703	most barefaced description;
2704	for he knew that at
2705	Caesarea
2706	two pints® were
2707	sold for one drachm,
2708	whereas at Gischala eighty pints could be had for
2709	four drachms.
2710	So he sent off all the oil in the place,
2711	having ostensibly obtained my authority to do so.
2712	My permission I gave reluctantly, from fear of being
2713	stoned by the mob if I withheld it.
2714	Thus, having
2715	gained my consent, John by this sharp practice made
2716	an enormous profit.
2717	(14) At Gischala I let my colleagues return to
2718	Jerusalem and proceeded to take measures for the
2719	provision of arms and the strengthening of the
2720	fortifications of the towns.
2721	I also summoned the
2722	most stalwart of the brigands and, seeing that it
2723	would be impossible to disarm them, persuaded the
2724	people to pay them as mercenaries ; remarking that
2725	it was better to give them a small sum voluntarily
2726	@ With S§ 74 f. cf. B. ii. 591 f. (details rather different).
2727	’ Foreign oil was forbidden, according to one Talmudic
2728	authority, as likely to be tainted by unclean vessels.
2729	Cf. 4.
2730	xa 120;
2731	¢ Sextarii.
2732	2 td Modiov Holwerda: trodixov mss.
2733	Cf. § 61 with 49.
2734	3 vl. xpjoovrat.
2735	31
2736	Josephus
2737	dismisses
2738	his col-
2739	leagues, His
2740	measures to
2741	tranquillize
2742	Galilee.
p. 56
2743	78
2744	80
2745	81
2746	82
2747	JOSEPHUS
2748	padhov
2749	TAS KTHGELS duapraCojevas on avrav
2750	TEeplopayv.
2751	Kal AaBav Tap avr ay _OpKous pT)
2752	adi€ecfat mpdoTepov eis THY Ywpav, eav pu) peTa-
2753	~
2754	“A
2755	a
2756	\
2757	\
2758	\
2759	/
2760	>
2761	/
2762	KAnbdow 7 oTay TOV pabov pn AdBwouw, améhuoa
2763	TapayyeiAas LTTE ‘Paopratous ToAepetv pare Tots
2764	Teptoikols’
2765	etpynvevecbar yap. 7po TavTwWY
2766	THY
2767	TadtAatay édpdovtilov.
2768	tovs & ev réAec rOv Tad-
2769	Aaiwy, dcov €Bdou7jKovta mavtas, BovAdpevos ev
2770	mpodace dirtas kalarep Ounpa Ths mloTeEwWs Exe,
2771	didovs TE Kal cuveKdHous eTouoapny, emt TE
2772	/
2773	Kpioes TapeAdBavov Kal LET ra, YVOUNs 7 Tis excelveuv
2774	Tas dmopdcets ETOLOULNV, [LITE TpOTETELA Teupa-
2775	jeevos TO dixaiov diapapravew Kabapevew
2776	Te’
2777	TavrTos em * adtats Ajpparos.
2778	~
2779	~
2780	y
2781	/
2782	e
2783	(15) Ilept tpuaxoorov yotv eros tmapywv, ev @
2784	xXpovw, Kav améxynTat Tis TOV Tapavopev
2785	eémt-
2786	=z
2787	/
2788	\
2789	>
2790	~
2791	/
2792	\
2793	Bupitdv, dvcKor\ov
2794	tas
2795	ex tod dOdvov daBodAds
2796	/
2797	A
2798	\
2799	ree
2800	ee:
2801	Lae.
2802	/
2803	y+
2804	/
2805	dpevyew, ddAws Te Kal <e?’ >® EEovaias OvTa peyadAns,
2806	A
2807	~
2808	uA
2809	yovaika pev Taoav avi Bprorov edvAaka, mavTwv
2810	d€ TOV ddopevenv Ss pL xp cov KaTeppovn aa
2811	GAN’ odvd€ Tas oderouevas pLor ws iepet dexdras
2812	amteAapBavov Tapa Tav KoptlovrTmv.
2813	ex pevTou
2814	~
2815	/
2816	/
2817	4
2818	\
2819	/
2820	\
2821	\
2822	/
2823	Tov Aadvpwv pépos*
2824	Tovs Lipovs Tovs tas wépr€
2825	modes KaTOLKODYTAs viKjoas €AaBov, a Kal els
2826	‘lepocdAupa Tots ovyyevéow opodoy@ TeTopdevar.
2827	\
2828	\
2829	\
2830	\
2831	/
2832	e
2833	\
2834	/
2835	Kal dis ev KaTa Kpatos eAwy Lemdbwpitas, TiPe-
2836	A
2837	/
2838	A_5
2839	7
2840	eA
2841	\
2842	\
2843	>
2844	/
2845	plets teTpakis, VaPapets® 8° amak, cai Tov “lwavyvnv
2846	/
2847	>
2848	7
2849	/
2850	\
2851	¢
2852	/
2853	moAAdKis emtBovAedcavTa por AaBwv troxeiprov,
2854	>
2855	~
2856	~
2857	oUt
2858	avTov ovTe TWas THY Tpoeipnuevwy eOvav
2859	>
2860	-
2861	ETILWPTCAUNV, ws mpotwv 6 Adyos TapacTHoet.
2862	1 re Bekker: 6é mss.
2863	2 vl. ev.
2864	3 ins. Bekker.
2865	4 wépous MSS.
2866	32
p. 57
2867	THE LIFE, 77-82
2868	than to submit to raids upon their property.
2869	I then
2870	bound them by oath not to enter the district unless
2871	they were sent for or their pay was in arrear, and
2872	dismissed them with injunctions
2873	to refrain from
2874	attacking either the Romans or their neighbours ;
2875	for my chief concern was the preservation of peace
2876	in Galilee.
2877	Wishing, moreover, under the guise of A council
2878	friendliness, to retain the Galilaean authorities, some
2879	seventy in all, as hostages for the loyalty of the
2880	district,
2881	I made them my friends and companions
2882	in travel, took them as assessors to cases which I
2883	tried, and obtained their approbation of the sentences
2884	which I pronounced ; endeavouring not to fail in
2885	justice through precipitate
2886	action
2887	and
2888	in these
2889	matters to keep clear of all bribery.
2890	(15) I was now about thirty years old, at a time
2891	of life when, even if one restrains his lawiess passions,
2892	it is hard, especially in a position of high authority,
2893	to escape the calumnies of envy.
2894	Yet I preserved
2895	every
2896	woman's
2897	honour;
2898	I scorned
2899	ail presents
2900	offered to me as having no use for them;
2901	I even
2902	declined to accept from those who brought them
2903	the tithes which were due to me as a priest.
2904	On the
2905	other hand, I did take a portion of the spoils after
2906	defeating the Syrian inhabitants of the surrounding
2907	cities, and admit to having sent these to my kinsfolk
2908	in Jerusalem.
2909	And though I took Sepphoris twice
2910	by storm, Tiberias four times, and Gabara once ;
2911	and though I had John many times at my mercy
2912	when he plotted against me, I punished neither him
2913	nor any of the communities I have named, as the
2914	course of this narrative will show.
2915	To this cause I
2916	5 TaBapets Niese (after cod. P, Tapafets): the other mss.
2917	have*Tadapets.
2918	VOL. I
2919	D
2920	335)
2921	of seventy.
2922	Protestation
2923	of integrity.
p. 58
2924	JOSEPHUS
2925	83 dua Toor otpae Kab TOV feov, ov yap Acdrfacw
2926	abrov ot Ta S€éovTa TparTovTeEs, Kal eK THs eKelvOV
2927	pvoacbat
2928	pe
2929	xXElpos
2930	Kat pera Tabra moots
2931	TEpUTEGOVTS Kwovvos SiadvAdéar, mEpt Mv VaTEpov
2932	aT ayyehobpev.
2933	84
2934	(16) Tooavr mel om 7Vv 7) m™pos pe TOU 7Anfovs TOV
2935	TadAaiov
2936	evvova KL mloTis, WOTE Anpbevc@v
2937	avr av KaTa Kpadtos TGV ToAcwr, yuvarK@v be Kal
2938	TEKVWV dvdparrodustevrew, ovx ovTws Tats €avTav
2939	emeoTevagav ovppopats waomrep THS EUTS eppovTicay
2940	85 cwrnplas.
2941	tadra 0° dpav "lwdavvys édOdvace, Kat
2942	ypade. m7pos pe Tapakarav émutpepar kataBavre
2943	xprioacdau tots ev TiPepiade Feppots voaor TIS Too
2944	86 gupLaTos EvEeKa Geparetas. Kayo) pnoev dvomTev-
2945	gas mpagew avTov Tovnpov OvK exhuoa Tmpos
2946	dé Kal Tots Tis TiBepudsos Thy Siolknow oT ejo0
2947	TETLOTEVLEVOLS KaT ovopa ypadoa kaTadvow eTOU-
2948	doa T@ “lwavvy Kat Tots adi€opevois ovv avTa,
2949	TavTwY TE TOV emiTHOElwy adfoviay TapacyewW.
2950	dueTpiBov O€ KaTa TOV KaLpoV EKEivoy EV KWELN THS
2951	TadAaias 7 mpooayopeveTa Kava.
2952	cy he Cae el BR ‘lwdvyns dp uKopLevos els Thy TiBeprecy
2953	7oAw eee Tovs avOparous dmooravras THS 7pos
2954	pe TloTews mpootifecfar adt@.
2955	Kai moAdot THY
2956	mapaKkAnow
2957	Wdéws
2958	edé€avTo,
2959	vewrépwv
2960	emfv-
2961	pobvTes alel mpaypatwv Kal ducer mpos pweTtaBodAas
2962	88 emiTNOElws EXOVTES Kal OTAGEGL YaipovTes’ wadLoTa
2963	de ‘lodo7os Kal 6 matnp avtob Ilicros wpyujKecav
2964	dmoardyTes ep.00 mpoobecbar 7a ‘Tewdvvy. dveKw)-
2965	89 Avoa 8° atrods dfdcas. Kev yop ayyeros pou
2966	mapa Ltda, dv éyw Kabeoraxew ths TiBepiddos
2967	OTpaTnyoOV,
2968	Ws
2969	TmpoEtror,
2970	™mY TOV
2971	TiBepréwv
2972	34
p. 59
2973	THE LIFE, 83-89
2974	attribute my deliverance out of their hands by God—
2975	for His eye is upon those who do their duty—and my
2976	subsequent preservation amid the numerous perils,
2977	to be related in the sequel, which I encountered.
2978	(16) The affection and loyalty towards me of the
2979	people of Galilee were such that, when their cities
2980	were taken by storm and their wives and children
2981	enslaved, their lamentations over their own calamities
2982	were not so deep as their concern for my safety.
2983	Observing this, John’s envy was aroused and he
2984	wrote to me for permission to come down and take
2985	the hot baths at Tiberias for the good of his health.¢
2986	Having no suspicion of any malign intention, I not
2987	only did not prevent him, but went so far as to write
2988	separate letters to those whom I had entrusted with
2989	the administration of Tiberias, to prepare a lodging
2990	for him and any who might accompany him, and to
2991	make every provision for them.
2992	My quarters at the
2993	time were at a village of Galilee called Cana.
2994	(17) On his arrival at Tiberias,
2995	John attempted to
2996	induce the inhabitants to abandon their allegiance
2997	to me and attach themselves to him; and there were
2998	many who, ever craving for revolution, by tempera-
2999	ment addicted to change and delighting in sedition,
3000	gladly responded to his invitation.
3001	In particular
3002	Justus and his father Pistus were eager to desert
3003	me and go over to John.
3004	My speedy action, how-
3005	ever, thwarted their plans.
3006	For a messenger reached
3007	me from Silas, whom, as I have already mentioned,?
3008	I had appointed governor of Tiberias, bringing word
3009	« With this and the sequel cf. B. ii. 614 ff.
3010	’ Not in this work ; but see B. ii. 616.
3011	Popularity
3012	of Josephus
3013	excites
3014	John’s envy.
3015	John pro-
3016	motes
3017	sedition at
3018	Tiberias.
p. 60
3019	90
3020	91
3021	93
3022	94
3023	95
3024	96
3025	JOSEPHUS
3026	yvopnv amayyehov Kape omevoew mapakahéay:
3027	Bpadvvartos yap v770 THY €repav efovotay yev}-
3028	ceabau" Ty ToAw.
3029	evTvxaV ovv Tots ypdppact
3030	rob Lida Kat Sudeontene avadaBwv avdpas dv oAns
3031	THS VUKTOS THY mopetav eTOLOvENY
3032	mporeppas
3033	Gyyedov Tov TH er Tmapovatay Tots eV TH TiBe-
3034	pide. onpavotvTa.
3035	mpwt de aAnovdlovros €oo TH
3036	more. TO TAnOos tayvrialev
3037	Kat “Iwavvys odv
3038	avtois' 6s Kal TdvU pe TETAPAypevWS aoTACd-
3039	pevos, Selaas pu) els EAeyyov adrot tis mpa€ews
3040	adukopevns atoAécbar Kwdvvevon, bmEXwWPIGE PETA
3041	~
3042	:
3043	\
3044	e
3045	~
3046	/
3047	>
3048	\
3049	\
3050	/
3051	2 OTTOVONS cis THY €avTod kaTddvow. Kaye de yevo-
3052	pevos KATA TO oTdOLOV, Tous Tept eue owparo-
3053	dvhaxas amodvcas mAnv évds, Kal pera ToUTOU
3054	Kkatacxyav dé€xa Tov omAuiTav, Syunyopety emet-
3055	pwpny TO tAnGe Tov TiBeprewv oras emt Tpryxod
3056	TWOS binrod," mapexahovy TE pay. ovTws avrous
3057	TAXEWS ddioracbas: Kar dyvoow yap avrots olcew
3058	THY petaBoAny, Kal TO peta TadTa mpotorapevey
3059	Sv brodlas yerijcecbar Sixatas, cis nde TH mpos
3060	éxeivov miotw dvdAakovTwv.
3061	(18) Otmw dé pow mdvta AeAdAnTO, Kai Twos
3062	efyjKkovea TOV olKelwy kataBatvew KehevovTos: ov
3063	yap uo KaLpov civau dpovrilew THs Tapa TiBeprewy
3064	evvolas, GAAa wept THs tdias owrnpias Kal 7@s
3065	tovs €x8povs éexdtyw.
3066	memopder 5 6 “lwayvys
3067	TOV Tept abrov oThitayv aang TOUS TLOTOTATOUS
3068	ex TOV ytAlwy oimep Hoav at’T@, Kat mpocérakev
3069	tois meudbeiow avedciv pe TmeTVapEVvos Ws EnV
3070	pera TOV olKetov [ELOVEaLEVOS.
3071	fxov 8 ot mep-
3072	d0évres, Kav emempaxeroav TOUpyov, el py) TOO
3073	tpryxod GGrrov adaddpevos eyw peTa TOD GwWULATO-
3074	36
p. 61
3075	THE LIFE, 89-96
3076	of the intention of the citizens and exhorting me to
3077	make haste, since, if \| delayed, the town would pass
3078	into
3079	the hands
3080	of others.
3081	Having read _ Silas’s
3082	dispatch I mustered two hundred men and marched Josephus,
3083	.
3084	.
3085	a
3086	Bia
3087	:
3088	recalled to
3089	all night long, sending a courier in advance to inform Tiberias,
3090	the people of Tiberias that I was coming.
3091	As I
3092	approached the city at dawn I was met by the
3093	population,
3094	including John, who saluted me
3095	in
3096	evident confusion and, fearing that the exposure
3097	of his proceedings would endanger his life, hastily
3098	retired to his lodging.
3099	On reaching the stadium
3100	I dismissed my bodyguard, except one man whom
3101	I retained along with ten soldiers.
3102	Then standing
3103	on a high parapet ® I endeavoured to address the
3104	crowd of citizens.
3105	I urged them not to be so hasty
3106	in revolting ; such fickleness would be a blot on their
3107	character, and they would justly be suspected by a
3108	future governor, as likely to prove equally disloyal
3109	to him.
3110	(18) I had not completed my speech when I flees for hi:
3111	heard one of my men bidding me come down, as it ae
3112	was no time for me to be thinking of the loyalty of
3113	the Tiberians, but of my own life and how to elude
3114	my foes.
3115	John, on hearing that I was left isolated
3116	with my personal attendants, had selected the most
3117	trustworthy of the thousand armed men
3118	at his
3119	disposal and sent them with orders to kill me.
3120	They
3121	duly arrived and would have done their business,
3122	had I not instantly leapt from the parapet, with
3123	2 In B. John feigns sickness and sends a representative to
3124	meet Josephus.
3125	>’ B.“ ona
3126	hill six cubits high.”
3127	1 Niese: yevéoOac Mss.
p. 62
3128	JOSEPHUS
3129	dvdakos ‘laxwBov Kat bd twos TiBeprews “Hpw-
3130	dov
3131	mpocavaxovdicbeis,
3132	odnynfeis
3133	tad TovTov
3134	>
3135	A
3136	\
3137	/
3138	\
3139	/
3140	/
3141	\
3142	>
3143	7
3144	emt TiVv Aivnv Kat zAoiov AaPopevos Kat émiBas,
3145	\
3146	/
3147	\
3148	>
3149	\
3150	\
3151	>
3152	/
3153	mapa do€av Tovs exlpovs diadvywyv eis Tapryéas
3154	AaDiKOLLNV.
3155	97
3156	(19) O¢ d€ tiv woAW TavTHV KaToLKobYTES ws
3157	>
3158	/
3159	\
3160	~
3161	/
3162	>
3163	/
3164	4
3165	exv0ov7o
3166	thy Tov
3167	TiPeprewv
3168	amuotiav
3169	odddpa
3170	TapwevvOnoav.
3171	apmdacavtes otv Ta OTAa TapeKa-
3172	~
3173	yy
3174	pte)
3175	>
3176	/
3177	/
3178	\
3179	”
3180	ov opas ayew em
3181	avtovs: Bédew yap \| epacKov
3182	bmEep Too oTparyyob dikas AaBety Tap avray.
3183	9g OunyyeAAov bé 7a yeyovoTa Kal tots Kara TV
3184	TadtAatay méow, épebicat Kat rovTovs Kata TOV
3185	TiBeprewv
3186	b1a omovdys Eeyovres, mapexdAovy te
3187	/
3188	mAeiatous cvvaybévtas adixéobar zpos abrovs, va
3189	[ETA yvwopns TOO oTparnyotd mpatTwow To Sd€av.
3190	e
3191	>
3192	e
3193	\|
3194	~
3195	\
3196	/
3197	>
3198	99 7Kov ovv
3199	ot LadAator moAAot mavraydbev pcb
3200	o7Awy
3201	Kat aapekeActovtd
3202	por
3203	mpooBadreiy
3204	TH
3205	TiBepidds kat Kata Kpatos attri e€eAciv Kai macav
3206	edados moijoavTa Tovs evoiKous adv yuvalél Kal
3207	/
3208	>
3209	/
3210	/
3211	\
3212	~
3213	TEKVOLS avdpamrodicacbar. avveBovAevov dé Tadra
3214	\
3215	~
3216	/
3217	cus
3218	~
3219	/
3220	/
3221	Kal Tov dirov ol ex Tijs TiBepudoos diacwleértes.
3222	100 eye) dé od ouveTrevevov dewov TyOUpEVvos eu gudtou
3223	7oh€pov KATapYeELy’ [EXPL Aoyes yap @pav elvan
3224	ae
3225	THY prroverktay.
3226	Kal pay ov avrots epacKov
3227	ovpdepew
3228	totro
3229	mpaéar, ‘Pwyaiwy
3230	tats mpos
3231	1AAHA
3232	f
3233	srovs
3234	armoAciabat”
3235	5o-
3236	adAjAovs
3237	otdcecw
3238	atrovs
3239	amoAcicba?
3240	mpoado
3241	KwvTwv.
3242	Tatra b€ Aéywv Exavoa THs Opyns Tovs
3243	PadtAaiovs.
3244	101
3245	(20) ‘O &€ *Iwavvys ampdKxrov ris émBovdAjs
3246	abT@® yevowevns deve TEpl EavTOd, Kal Tovs Tepl
3247	>
3248	\
3249	e
3250	/
3251	b)
3252	A
3253	>
3254	~
3255	>
3256	~
3257	/
3258	avrTov omAitas avadaBwv amipev éx THs TuBepuados
3259	1 vl. wacar.
3260	38
p. 63
3261	THE LIFE, 96-101
3262	James my bodyguard, and been further aided by
3263	one Herod of Tiberias, who picked me up and
3264	conducted me to the lake, where I seized a boat,
3265	embarked, and, escaping thus beyond all expectation
3266	from my enemies, reached Tarichaeae.
3267	(19) The inhabitants of this city, on hearing of Galilaeans
3268	the treachery of the Tiberians, were highly indignant, eater
3269	and, seizing their arms, besought me to lead an
3270	attack upon them, professing their desire to avenge
3271	their general.
3272	‘They also spread the news throughout
3273	Galilee, doing their utmost to arouse indignation
3274	against the Tiberians, and exhorting the inhabitants
3275	to muster in full strength and join them, in order
3276	that, with the concurrence
3277	of the general, they
3278	might act
3279	as should seem best.¢
3280	The Galilaeans
3281	accordingly came in large numbers from all quarters
3282	under arms, and entreated me to attack Tiberias,
3283	to take it by storm, raze the whole place to the ground
3284	and reduce the inhabitants, women, children and all,
3285	to slavery.
3286	Their advice was shared by those of my
3287	friends who had escaped from Tiberias.
3288	I, however,
3289	could not assent to their proposal:
3290	I was horrified
3291	at the thought of opening a civil war, and considered
3292	that the quarrel should not go further than verbal
3293	remonstrances.
3294	Moreover,
3295	I told them that the
3296	action suggested would not be to their own
3297	ad-
3298	vantage ; since the Romans were only waiting for the
3299	rival factions to bring about their own ruin.
3300	With
3301	these words I appeased the anger of the Galilaeans.
3302	(20) John, when his plot failed, in terror of his life Jonn’s
3303	moved off with his armed men from Tiberias
3304	to 2!
3305	@ Or, perhaps, “‘ accomplish their determined purpose.”
3306	2 Niese:
3307	most
3308	mss.
3309	dmodéodau,
3310	R (perhaps
3311	rightly)
3312	aTo\éoat.
3313	39
p. 64
3314	102
3315	103
3316	104
3317	105
3318	106
3319	JOSEPHUS
3320	eis Ta DicxaAa, Kal ypader Tpos pe mepl TOV
3321	TET pay Levey am oAoyoupevos OS pL) KATA prepay
3322	THY avToo YEVOMEVOY, mapeKdAce TE pdev brrovoetv
3323	KaT avTov, mpcoTels OpKous Kal Sdewds TWas
3324	apds, Ov @v weto miotevOnocobar TEepi wv ér-
3325	éoTethev.
3326	(21) O¢ d€ TVadtAator, zoAAot yap érepor madw
3327	ex THS xWpas Taons avyxOycay pel” drAwy, €idoTES
3328	TOV avOpu7ov ws Tovnpos \| eoTw Kal €7lopKos,
3329	mTapekdAovy ayayetv ods € én avrov, apony adavi-
3330	oew emaryyeAAopevot ctv avt@ kai ta Vioxada.
3331	yapw pev ovv EXE atT@v Tais mpobvptats cpono-
3332	youv €yd) Kal vuKTCELW avr ay TIP EVVOLaV emny-
3333	yerropny, Tmapexahovv 6° Opws eémvoxetv avrous
3334	ag vay Kal ouyywooKew poor OedpLevos TpoNnpHwevw
3335	Tas
3336	Tapaxyas
3337	ywpis
3338	dovwv
3339	KataoTéAdew.
3340	Kat
3341	meloas TO TAHG0s TOV VadtAaiwy eis THY Léro@wpw
3342	adikvovupyny.
3343	(22) Of b€ tHv 7OdkW TavTHV KaToLKobyTEs avdpes
3344	KEKPLKOTES TH mpos ‘Pwpatovs ep pwetvae mioret,
3345	d<edidTes Se THY eury adiew, evewpalnoay
3346	€ eTEpa pe
3347	mpager TeploTm@doavTeEs adeets civau TeEpt abray.
3348	Kal 67) TEpyavTes Tmpos ‘Inooby Tov apxtAnaTiy Eis
3349	Ty IroAcpaidos peBoptay
3350	d DmETXOVTO dwoew TroAda
3351	Xphpara. Jedjoavre pera, Ths avv ad’T7T@ dvvapews,
3352	joay 6° OKT TAKOGLOL Tov apiluov, moAepov eFaar
3353	mpos" nas.
3354	0 & dbraxovoas adr av Tats bTo-
3355	oyeceow jdednoev EmiTEcEly HLLV dveTotpous Kal
3356	pndoev TmpoywaaKkovow.
3357	mepipas: yotv mpos pe
3358	Tmapekdhet haBeiv eEovciav a
3359	domacopLevov adixeéobar.
3360	ovyywpioavTos b€ ov, THS yap emPovdAjs ovdev
3361	1 eis PRA.
3362	40
p. 65
3363	THE LIFE, 101-106
3364	Gischala.
3365	Thence he wrote to me, defending him-
3366	self on the ground that all that had taken place had
3367	been done without his sanction, and entreating me
3368	not to entertain any suspicions of him.
3369	He ended
3370	with oaths and horrible imprecations, by which he
3371	thought to gain credit for the statements
3372	in his
3373	letter.
3374	(21) The Galilaeans, many more
3375	of whom had
3376	again come up in arms from the whole district,
3377	knowing the man to be a perjured villain, pressed me
3378	to lead them against him, undertaking to exterminate
3379	both him and Gischala.
3380	I expressed my gratitude
3381	for their zeal on my behalf and promised to outrival
3382	their goodwill; but, none the less, I begged and
3383	entreated them
3384	to desist, and craved
3385	their
3386	in-
3387	dulgence for my determination to quell these dis-
3388	turbances without bloodshed. My persuasion having
3389	proved successful with the Galilaeans, I departed to
3390	Sepphoris.
3391	(22) The inhabitants of this city, having decided to
3392	remain loyal to Rome,® were alarmed at my arrival
3393	and sought to secure themselves by diverting my
3394	attention elsewhere. They accordingly sent to Jesus,
3395	the brigand chief, on the borderland of Ptolemais, and
3396	promised him a large sum if he would, with his force,
3397	which numbered eight hundred, bring me°¢ under
3398	the fire of war.
3399	Responding to these offers, he was
3400	anxious to fall upon me? while I was unprepared
3401	and knew nothing of his plans.
3402	So he sent and
3403	requested my permission to come and pay me his
3404	respects.
3405	Completely ignorant of his designs I gave
3406	@ Or * restrain themselves.”
3407	> Cf. § 30 above.
3408	¢ “Us”; the first pers. sing. and plural are constantly
3409	interchanged in Josephus.
3410	4.1
3411	An inter-
3412	cepted plot
3413	at Sep-
3414	phoris.
p. 66
3415	JOSEPHUS
3416	>
3417	~
3418	~
3419	TponmoTayny, avadaBav To ovvTaypa TOV AnoTav
3420	107 eomrevoev én Epes od pny ebbacev adrob téXos
3421	AaBeiv a KaKOoUpyla." 7Anavdlovros yap 707 Tov
3422	oy avr@ Tes avropoAjcas Kev m™pos pe THY
3423	emixelpy ow avrod ppalor, Kay@ [ws \| mvbopLevos
3424	Tabra m7po7Adov ets THY ayopay oKnibapevos ayvoetv
3425	THY em Boudry: em yopny d€ moddov’s omAiras
3426	108 TadtAaiovs, twas b€ Kal TiBepréwr.
3427	eiTa. Tpoo-
3428	/
3429	\
3430	¢
3431	\
3432	/
3433	b)
3434	/
3435	~
3436	Ta€as Tas od0vs mdcas acdadéorata dpoupetobat
3437	TapnyyeiAa tots emt TOV mvAdv povov *Inoodr,
3438	ETELOGY TAapayevyTaL, pEeTA TOV TpwWTwWY eloedOety
3439	dA
3440	3
3441	~
3442	\
3443	\
3444	yy
3445	/
3446	\
3447	edoat, atoKAciaar 5€ Tovs aAAovs, Bialopévous de
3448	109 TUmTEW.
3449	THV SE TO mpootaxGev TOLNOaVTWY elc-
3450	~
3451	ca
3452	~
3453	>We
3454	Ly Ve!
3455	\
3456	/
3457	>
3458	~
3459	nABev 6 *Incots per’ OXiywv.
3460	Kat KeAedoavTos e0b
3461	ta
3462	oe
3463	~
3464	>
3465	\
3466	>
3467	/
3468	/
3469	pibat ta oda Barro, et yap ameWoin TebviEcobat,
3470	TEpleoT Gras ida mavTaxobev atT@ Tovs omAitas
3471	doPnbeis Om] KOUGEV" ot 8 dmoxAevobevres TOV
3472	eraxodovbovytww atT@ mvldpevor thy avAdAnduw
3473	lio édvyov.
3474	Kayes tov "Inootv mpockadeodpevos Kar’
3475	idiav obK ayvoetv ednv THY én” éué cvaoKevacbeicav
3476	>]
3477	/
3478	UNE
3479	Os
3480	\
3481	/
3482	/
3483	a.
3484	emPovAjy o8 bro Tivwy Tweudlein: ovyyvwceabat
3485	d° ouws attT® TOv TweTpaypéevev, et wéAAow pera-
3486	111 voncew Kal TLOTOS €pol yevycecban.
3487	bmLaxXvov-
3488	jeevov 6€ mavTa TOWTEW €
3489	€KELVOU amédvoa, ovyXo-
3490	pyoas avTa ovvayayetv mahw ovs TpoTepov cixev.
3491	Lempuspirais 6° nzeiAnoa, et iy) TavoawtTo THS
3492	ayvwpoovrvys, Ajecbat tap’ atray Sixas.
3493	112
3494	(23) Kara rodrov tov Kaipov adixvobyvray mpds
3495	pe bVo peytotaves TOV B70 THY eEovaiay Tob Bact-
3496	Mews ex THs TOV Tpaxywrvitdv ywpas érayopevor
3497	Tos
3498	€avT@v
3499	immovs
3500	Kat
3501	omda,
3502	Kal ypHpata
3503	>
3504	:
3505	~
3506	113 0° Uaexkopilovtes..
3507	tovtTovs mepitéuveofar TaV
3508	42
p. 67
3509	THE LIFE, 106-113
3510	my consent ; whereupon he made a rapid march
3511	upon me with his band of brigands.
3512	However, his
3513	malicious purpose did not attain its end, for, when
3514	he was close upon me, one of his men deserted and
3515	came and told me of his meditated attack.
3516	On
3517	receipt of this intelligence,
3518	I proceeded
3519	to the
3520	market-place, feigning ignorance of the plot ; though
3521	I brought with me a large body of Galilaeans, under
3522	arms, with some Tiberians.
3523	I then gave orders for all
3524	the roads.to be strictly guarded, and instructed the
3525	sentries at the gates to admit none but Jesus and
3526	the leaders on his arrival, and to exclude the rest,
3527	repelling with blows any who tried to force their
3528	way in.
3529	My orders were carried out and Jesus
3530	entered with a few others.
3531	On my commanding
3532	him instantly to drop his arms, on peril of death,
3533	he, seeing himself surrounded by the soldiers, was
3534	panic-stricken and complied.
3535	His excluded followers
3536	fled on hearing of his arrest.
3537	I then called Jesus
3538	aside and told him that I was not ignorant of the
3539	plot which he had contrived against me, nor who
3540	were his employers ; I would, nevertheless, condone
3541	his actions if he would show repentance and prove
3542	his loyalty to me.
3543	All this he promised, and I let
3544	him go, allowing him to reassemble his former force.
3545	The Sepphorites I threatened to punish if they did
3546	not abandon their unreasonable conduct.
3547	(23) About this time there came to me from the
3548	region of Trachonitis two nobles, subjects of the
3549	king,” bringing their horses, arms, and money which
3550	they had smuggled out of their country.
3551	The Jews
3552	@ Agrippa IT.
3553	1 Niese : twokoulfovtes MSS.
3554	Josephus
3555	prevents
3556	forcible cir-
3557	cumcision of
3558	refugees.
p. 68
3559	i14
3560	115
3561	116
3562	117
3563	JOSEPHUS
3564	*Tovdaiwv dvayKalovTey, el Oédovew civau Tap
3565	avTots, ovK claca Bracbjvas, doko dety
3566	€ EKQOTOV
3567	(avOpwrov\| Kata THv €avTod mpoaipecw Tov Beov
3568	evoepeiv, adda py) pera Bias, xphvar de TovToUS
3569	bu dogahevav pos 7pas KaTaguyovTas: pen peTO-
3570	voelv. mevobevTos de rob mAnfous, Tots KOvoW
3571	avopaow Ta mpos tiv ovvybyn
3572	Siaitay azavra
3573	mapetyov daitAds.
3574	(24) Iléuzer & 6 Bactreds “Aypizmas Stvapw
3575	Kat oTpatynyov em adtis Aikovov Mod.ov? Tdpada
3576	TO povpiov efaipyjcovras. ot be Teppbevres KU-
3577	KrAdoacbat pe TO dpovpiov odK HpKeaay, ev dé Tots
3578	davepots TOV TOTWV ededpevorres emoAvopKouv 7a,
3579	Tdapada.
3580	AiBovrvos d€ 0 dexddapxos 0
3581	6 TOO peyd-
3582	Aov mediov THY mpooractav TETLOTEVILEVOS , aKovoas
3583	OTL Tapeinvy eis Lipwvidda Kony ev pelopiw?
3584	Kkeysevyy
3585	tHS
3586	LadAatas,
3587	adtrod
3588	8 dméxovoay
3589	ef KOvTa oTadiovs, [puntos ] dvaAaBev TOUS €Ka-
3590	Tov immets ous eixev ov avr Kal Twas melovs
3591	mTept duakoolous, Kat rovs ev Tafa mode Kar-
3592	olKobYTas eTTayoMEevOS GUppdaYOUS, VUKTOS OdEUGAaS
3593	hKev eis THY KwOpnY ev h SiétpiPov.
3594	avTuTapa-
3595	c
3596	\
3597	Ta€apévov b€ Kapyod peta Suvdjews ToAAFs, 6 ev
3598	AiBotrios ets TO medtov bmayew judas émeiparo,
3599	odddpa yap Tots
3600	inmedow eveToifer.
3601	od pz
3602	anKOvTapEV" eyo yap TO TAcoveKTH
3603	UG ovvidav
3604	TO yevynoopevov Tots inmedouw, El KaraBatnpev els
3605	TO medlov, TEeCol yap Hels CUpTTAVTES nee, eyvooy
3606	abttod Tots Toheptous ouvaTrew.
3607	Kal HEXpL pe
3608	TWos yevvaiws avTéoxev avy Tots mEeplL avToV Oo
3609	1 Movédcov KR; ef. § 61.
3610	2 woply P: wefopios the other mss.
3611	44
p. 69
3612	THE LIFE, 113-117
3613	would have compelled them to be circumcised as a
3614	condition of residence among them.
3615	I, however,
3616	would not allow any compulsion to be put upon them,
3617	declaring that every one should worship God in
3618	accordance with the dictates of his own conscience
3619	and not under constraint,
3620	and that
3621	these
3622	men,
3623	having fled to us
3624	for refuge, ought not
3625	to be
3626	made to regret that they had done so.
3627	Having
3628	brought over the people to my way of thinking,
3629	I liberally supplied
3630	our
3631	guests with
3632	all things
3633	necessary to their customary manner of life.
3634	(24) King Agrippa now sent a force under the
3635	command of Aequus Modius to destroy the fortress
3636	of Gamala.
3637	The troops sent, being insufficient to
3638	invest the place, lay in wait on open ground and
3639	attempted a siege.
3640	Aebutius, the decurion, who
3641	had been entrusted with the charge of the Great
3642	Plain,* hearing that I was at Simonias,® a village on
3643	the frontier of Galilee, sixty furlongs away from him,
3644	set off with the hundred horse at his disposal, some
3645	two hundred infantry, and the inhabitants of the
3646	town of Gaba ° as auxiliaries, and by a night march
3647	reached the village where I had my quarters.
3648	I con-
3649	fronted him with a large force in order of battle.
3650	Aebutius, relying mainly on his cavalry, endeavoured
3651	to decoy us into the plain.
3652	We, however, refused
3653	to accommodate
3654	him;
3655	realizing
3656	the
3657	advantage
3658	which his horse would have over our troops, composed
3659	entirely of infantry, should we descend into the
3660	plain, I determined to engage the enemy on my
3661	own ground.
3662	[or a time Aebutius and his men
3663	¢ Of Esdraelon.
3664	& Seminich, due west of Nazareth.
3665	¢ In the Great Plain; founded by Herod the Great and
3666	called ‘‘ City of Cavalry ”’ after the discharged troops there
3667	quartered, B. iii. 36, cf. A. xv. 294.
3668	45
3669	His first
3670	encounter
3671	with a
3672	Roman
3673	force.
p. 70
3674	JOSEPHUS
3675	AiBovrws, ax petov 5° op@v Kata Tov TéTov TobTOV
3676	ovoay ave THY imTuKTY dvvapy avalevyvvow
3677	ampaktos eis aBav méAw, tpets avipas amoBadav
3678	LIS KaTa TiHVv paynv.
3679	elmopynv b€ Kata Todas eyw
3680	SucxtAlovs emayomevos omAitas* Kat wept Byodpav
3681	moAw yevopevos, ev pefopiw wev tHS I1roAEpatdos
3682	Keysevyy etkoot 6 améyovoay otadia 7Hs TaBas,
3683	evoa. OuerpuBev AtBourwos, aTyGas ToUs o7mAiTas
3684	eEwber THs Kopns Kat Ppovpety avTots aopahas
3685	TAS OOOUS 7
3686	mpoordgas omep Tob pun evoxAjoat Tovs
3687	119 moAepious 7
3688	Hpw Ews TOV OtToOV expopryjcoper, modus
3689	yap amékeito Bepevicns tas Baotdidos
3690	é€x Tav
3691	Tepe Kopa@v
3692	eis tHv Byodpav
3693	avaAdeyopuevos,
3694	7Anpaoas Tas KapjAouvs Kat Tovs dvous, 7oAAovs
3695	& emnyopny, dvémepiba Tov otrov ets THY Paddatay.
3696	120 TodTo
3697	=e mpagas mpoexadovpny ets peaxnv Tov
3698	AiBovrwov- ovx draKovaayTos
3699	5° exelvov, Kar
3700	emémAnKTO yap THY TeTépav ETOYLOTHTA kal TO
3701	Opdcos,
3702	ézt NeozoAuravov eTpaTrouny, tv Te-
3703	Beprewy Yopav akovoas on avrod AenAareiobar.
3704	121 jv d€ 6
3705	i NeozoAitavos iAns jLev ETApXOS, TaperAnget
3706	de tiv Lkvborodw eis Pvdakny THY amo Tov
3707	Todeniwv.
3708	tTotrov
3709	otv KwAvcas
3710	émt mAéov THY
3711	TiBepiéwy xaxobtv wept tH THS TaAAatas mpdvovav
3712	eywounv.
3713	122
3714	(25) ‘O 6€ rob Aevt mats “Iwavyns, Gv edapev ev
3715	tots VuoydAous dvarpipew, mubopevos mavra Kara
3716	voov poe mpoxwpety, Kal Ou edvolas pev elvat pe
3717	Tots dmnKoots , Tots moAemtous dé BV exTrAnEews, ovK
3718	ev ay. yreopny Sier€On,? kaTaAvow &° avtTa TH
3719	euny evrpaylav dépew vopilwy eis dAdvov eEdsketdev
3720	46
p. 71
3721	THE LIFE, 117-122
3722	made a gallant stand; but seeing that his cavalry
3723	were useless in such surroundings, he withdrew to
3724	the town of Gaba, having failed in his object and
3725	lost three men in the engagement.
3726	I followed close
3727	behind with two thousand infantry, and on reaching
3728	the neighbourhood of the town of Besara, on the
3729	borders of Ptolemais, twenty furlongs from Gaba,
3730	where Aebutius was stationed, I posted my men
3731	outside the village, with orders to keep strict guard
3732	on the roads, so as to prevent interference from the
3733	enemy, while we were removing the corn.
3734	Of this a
3735	large quantity, belonging to Queen Berenice, had
3736	been collected from the neighbouring villages and
3737	stored in Besara.
3738	I then loaded the camels and
3739	asses, which I had brought with me in large numbers,
3740	and dispatched the corn to Galilee.
3741	This done, I
3742	offered Aebutius battle ; and when he declined it,
3743	overawed by my readiness for action and intrepidity,
3744	I turned upon Neopolitanus, who, I heard, was
3745	ravaging the district of Tiberias.
3746	Neopolitanus was
3747	commander of a squadron of horse, who had been
3748	commissioned to protect Scythopolis from the enemy.
3749	Having prevented him from doing further injury to
3750	the Tiberian territory,
3751	I devoted my attention to
3752	the welfare of Galilee.
3753	(25) But when John, son of Levi, who, as I said,@
3754	was now
3755	at Gischala, heard that everything was
3756	proceeding to my satisfaction, that I was popular
3757	with those under my authority and a terror to the
3758	enemy, he was in no good humour ; and, believing
3759	that my success involved his own ruin, gave way to
3760	* § 101.
3761	1 Niese: éré67 Mss. \|
3762	A7
3763	John
3764	attempts to
3765	alienate
3766	Galilee from
3767	Josephus.
p. 72
3768	123
3769	124
3770	125
3771	126
3772	127
3773	JOSEPHUS
3774	OUTL LETPLOV.
3775	Kal TavoELW Le THS EdTUXias eAmicas,
3776	el Tapa TOV tr7KOWwY picos eEaibevev, Evevfev TOVS
3777	thv TiPepidda KaTouKoovTas Kal TOs THY LéeTOwpw*
3778	mpos TovTos 6€ Kat Tovs TaBapa, moAeus 8° eiow
3779	atrar TOv Kata 7Hv VadtAatay at péyvoTar, THs
3780	mpos Le TloTEWS aTOGTAVTAs avT@ mpooTifecBar-
3781	KpeiTTOV yap Ef.00 oTpaTnyyicew adr av epaoxev.
3782	KaL Len
3783	amobuwpeis ev, OVOETEPH Yap 7
3784	TpeOv mpooetxov
3785	dua. TO “Paysatovs npAobae Geororas, odK érévevov
3786	avTo, TiPeptets de THY pe amdaTaow ovK €b€xoVTO,
3787	[kal] adrod 8é ouyKaTevevoy yernoecbar diror. ot
3788	de TaBapa KarouKobvres T™poar
3789	7ievrar TO ‘Tewdvyy:
3790	Liev 8° Hv é TapaKara@v avrous, TmpuTevov pLev
3791	THS cs ee ws dilw b€ Kal éraipw 7S “lwavvy
3792	Ypwpevos.
3793	€k jLev OvV TOD havepod TV amécTacw
3794	oby wpodrdgyouv:
3795	oddbpa yap €ded0ikecay
3796	Tovs
3797	TadtAaiovs ate 51 weipay atta&v Tis mpos Has
3798	modddKis ebvotas AaBovres: ex Tot AednBdros Ge
3799	Kalpov mapadvAdcoovtes emiTiOevov émeBovAevov.
3800	Kat 61) adiukounv els KWwovvov Tov péytoTov bia
3801	/
3802	elt
3803	TOLAUTHY aiTiaV.
3804	(26)
3805	Neavioxot
3806	twés
3807	Opacets,
3808	AaBapitryvot
3809	yévos, emitnpnoavtes THY Irodcpaiov yuvaika Tod
3810	Bacthéws éemutpomov, weTta ToAARS TapacKevys Kal
3811	two inmméwy acdadreias ydpw émopevwv bia Tod
3812	peyadov mediov TV TopEeiay TOLOUpLeVyV EK THS TOtS
3813	Bactretow trotredois ywpas eis tTHv ‘“Pwyatov
3814	emuKpaTerav, emimintovaw avtois advw Kat THY
3815	pev yovaika duyeiv ivayKacay, doa 8 émedépeto”
3816	1 So R: the other mss. add vouifwr.
3817	2 imepépero PR.
3818	* Daberath
3819	(Josh. xix.
3820	12), mod. Debarieh, under the
3821	48
p. 73
3822	THE LIFE, 123-127
3823	immoderate envy.
3824	Hoping to check my good fortune
3825	by inspiring hatred of me in those under my command,
3826	he tried
3827	to induce
3828	the inhabitants
3829	of Tiberias,
3830	Sepphoris, and Gabara—the three chief cities of
3831	Galilee—to abandon their allegiance to me and go
3832	over to him, asserting that they would find him a
3833	better general than I was.
3834	Sepphoris, in pursuance
3835	of its policy of submission to Rome, lent no ear to
3836	either of us and rejected these overtures.
3837	‘Tiberias,
3838	while declining the suggestion of revolt, consented
3839	to befriend
3840	him.
3841	Gabara,
3842	at the instigation
3843	of
3844	Simon, a leading citizen and a friend and associate
3845	of John, went over to his side.
3846	The people of Gabara,
3847	it is true, did not openly admit their defection ;
3848	their dread of the Galilaeans, of whose devotion to
3849	me they had had frequent experience, was too great
3850	a deterrent.
3851	But they secretly laid their plots and
3852	watched
3853	for
3854	a favourable
3855	opportunity
3856	for their
3857	execution ; whereby I incurred the gravest peril
3858	under the following circumstances.
3859	(26) Some adventurous young men of Dabaritta*
3860	lay in wait for the wife of Ptolemy, the king’s over-
3861	seer.2
3862	She was travelling in great state, protected
3863	by an escort of cavalry, from territory subject to
3864	the royal jurisdiction into the region of Roman
3865	dominion,’ when, as she was crossing the Great Plain,
3866	they suddenly fell upon the cavalcade, compelled the
3867	western slopes of Mt. Tabor.
3868	With the whole of this story
3869	cf. the parallel account in B. ii. 595 ff.
3870	® Or “ finance officer.”’
3871	The Greek word is that elsewhere
3872	used for the Roman procurator.
3873	¢ Agrippa’s kingdom was the district E. and N.E. of the
3874	Sea of Galilee.
3875	The lady, who was probably en route for
3876	Caesarea, would, after crossing the independent region of
3877	Decapolis, enter the Roman province shortly before reaching
3878	the Great Plain of Esdraelon.
3879	VOL. I
3880	E
3881	4.9
3882	The affair of
3883	the high-
3884	waymen of
3885	Dabaritta
3886	and the
3887	stolen
3888	property.
p. 74
3889	128
3890	130
3891	131
3892	132
3893	JOSEPHUS
3894	mara Ounpmacay.
3895	Kal HKOV Ets Tapixéas Tpos pe
3896	Téooapas aypcvous KaTaPopTovs: ayovTes eobijros
3897	Kal oKev@v" jv O€ Kal apyuptov orabos ovK
3898	oAiyos Kal ypvcot TevTaKdowl.
3899	TadT’ eye Bov-
3900	Aopevos duadvAdgat TO [roAepatw, Kal yap nV
3901	opoduros, dmrnyOpEevTat S jp v70 Tov vopow
3902	pide Tous é€xOpovs az rOOTEpeEW, T™pos be. TOUS
3903	KOpLoavTas: edny dvAdrrew avra deiy, iv eK THS
3904	Tmpdcews attav émioKxevacby Ta Teiyn TOV “lepo-
3905	colvpov.
3906	ot 6€ veaviae yadem@s Eaxov ob AaBovrTes
3907	potpay ek tov adipwv Kabamep mpoceddxycar,
3908	Kat mopevlevtes
3909	eis tas mépiE THs TuBepiddos
3910	KwMpas TmpodLoovar pedAAew pe ‘Papators THY Xwpay
3911	Pe edeyov" Kexphavar yap copiopare ™pos
3912	TOUS Aéyoure 7a. eK THs prays Kopcbevra
3913	buheee els THY émloKEeUTY
3914	TOV
3915	TELYOV THS
3916	‘lepocodvupitay moAews, eyvwkévar b€ martw TO
3917	deom6Tn amodobval.’
3918	Kal KaTa TODTO ye THS EUS
3919	yuwpns od Sinpaptrov: amaddayévTwy yap abrav
3920	petateuibapevos SUo0 Tos mpwrovs, Aacciwva Kai
3921	‘lavvaiov tov tot Anovt, didovs év Tois padiora
3922	to} Baowléws Kabeor@ras, Ta €kK THS apmayys
3923	oxetn AaBdvras diavépibacbar zpos exeivov éxeé-
3924	Nevov, Oavatov ametAjcas adtrois tiv Cypiay, ef
3925	gee =
3926	TEpov Tatra amayyedotow.
3927	27)
3928	‘Exuoxovons
3929	be onpns THY DPahAatav
3930	im
3931	Tacav Ws THs ywHpas abT@v pehhovons tm €L00
3932	Tots "Peopators mpodidoabar Kal mdvToV mapo€uv-
3933	féevtwv emt THY ep TYLEpLaV
3934	ob tas Taptyéas
3935	KATOLKODYTES Kal avTOL Tous VeaVvicKOUS adn Gevew
3936	broAaBovtes
3937	melMover
3938	tovs cwparodtAakas
3939	Kat
3940	Tovs omAiTas KoyLw@pevov pe KaTadumovTas Tapa-
3941	50
p. 75
3942	THE LIFE, 127-132
3943	lady to fly, and plundered all her baggage.
3944	They
3945	then came to me at Tarichaeae with four mules
3946	laden with apparel and other articles, besides
3947	a
3948	large pile of silver and five hundred pieces of gold.
3949	My own desire was to keep these spoils for Ptolemy,
3950	seeing that he was a compatriot and we are forbidden
3951	by our laws to rob even an enemy;
3952	to the bearers
3953	I said that the goods must be reserved for sale and
3954	the proceeds devoted to the repair of the walls of
3955	Jerusalem.
3956	Indignant at not receiving their expected
3957	share of the spoils, the young men went to the villages
3958	around Tiberias, declaring that I intended to betray
3959	their country to the Romans.
3960	My assertion about
3961	keeping the outcome of their raid for the repair of
3962	the walls of the capital was, they said, a mere blind ;
3963	I had really decided to restore it to its owner.
3964	So
3965	far, indeed, they correctly interpreted my intention ;
3966	for, when they left me, I sent for two of the leaders,
3967	Dassion and Jannaeus, son of Levi, who were special
3968	friends of the king, and ordered them to take the
3969	stolen goods and dispatch them to him, threatening
3970	them with capital punishment if they reported the
3971	matter to anyone.
3972	(27) A rumour had now spread throughout Galilee Josepnus
3973	that I was intending to betray the country to the (obec
3974	Romans, and the feelings of all were roused to plotasainst”
3975	demand my punishment.
3976	The young men’s state- Tarichacae.
3977	ment
3978	was
3979	credited
3980	even by the inhabitants
3981	of
3982	Tarichaeae,
3983	who now urged my bodyguards and
3984	soldiers to leave me while I was asleep and come at
3985	SCF, Wx. XO. Ae.
3986	1 +7a npracuéva most mss. (omit R),
3987	Dil
p. 76
3988	JOSEPHUS
3989	yevéoba
3990	OarTov
3991	«is immddpopov, ws éxet Pov-
3992	Aevoopevovs peta TaVTwWY TEpL TOD oTpaTHyod.
3993	133 weGopevwy
3994	b€ TovTwy
3995	Kal ouveAPdvtwy
3996	odds
3997	oxAos 78n mpoovviPpo.oTo, piav Te TaVvTEs érol-
3998	obvTo doviy, KoAdlew TOV mpodorny Trovnpov TEpt
3999	134 avrovs YEYEVTLEVOV
4000	pedhora om adbrovs efexavev
4001	6 Tot Lamdia* mats *Inoods, dpxov TOTE THS
4002	TiPeprdsos, mrov7npos avépwros Kat Tapagae peyada
4003	mpdy ara. puow é
4004	EXOV; OTAGLOTOLOS TE Kal vewTe-
4005	prorns os odx eTepos.
4006	Kat Tote 67 AaBwv eis
4007	xetpas tovs Mwuoews vopouvs Kai mpoeABav* eis
4008	135 pécov “el py) Kal UTep adTav,’ edn, “ moAtraL,
4009	pucetv dvvacbe ‘loonzov, els Tovs mar pious aro -
4010	BrEébavtes vopovs, BV oO ™p@Tos DLOV oTparnyos
4011	™podor TS eueMe yivecOar, Kat pLoomovnpy caves
4012	Orep TOUTO TyLwpnoacle
4013	Tov
4014	ToLatta
4015	ToA-
4016	pnoavTa.
4017	136
4018	(28) Tatr’ eimwv Kal Tod mArGous emiBonoavros
4019	avaAaBev Twas
4020	omhiras em THY olxtay ev 7)
4021	KaTYYONV EaTTEVOEV os dvarpnoov. eyw & ovdev
4022	mpoatabopevos d10. KOTOV 7™po Tijs Tapaxfs Kar-
4023	137 coxnpyv.
4024	Liuwv 8 6 Tob capatds
4025	pov
4026	THY
4027	dviakiy TeTLoTEVpLEeVvOS, O Kal [LOVOS TTAapapeivas,
4028	iOwy TV EmLopouny TOV ToAT@v Suyyerpe pe Kat
4029	TOV epeotard pow KWOvVOV e&nyyeirer, ngiov TE
4030	yevvalrs OvioKew Ws oTpaTnyov bd abrod, ‘mp O°
4031	7) eAGetv® Tous exUpovs dvayKdoovras 7]
4032	7) KTevodvTas.
4033	138 0 poev TAUTG eAeyer, eyo de TO be Ta KAT ELL-
4034	auTov emitpepas ets TO TARVOsS WpyHOnv mpoedOetv.
4035	Pe otv pedawav eobAra Kai To Eidos amap-
4036	Lardgia Hudson, cf. § 66 and B.J.: Da7miéa mss.
4037	2 Niese: mporeh Oe MSS.
4038	52
p. 77
4039	THE LIFE, 132-138
4040	once to the hippodrome, to take part in a general
4041	discussion
4042	on
4043	their commander’s
4044	conduct.
4045	Their
4046	persuasion
4047	prevailed,
4048	and
4049	the men
4050	joining
4051	the
4052	assembly found
4053	a large crowd already collected,
4054	unanimously crying for vengeance on one who had
4055	proved so base a traitor.
4056	The principal instigator of
4057	the mob was Jesus, son of Sapphias, at that time
4058	chief magistrate of Tiberias,
4059	a knave with an instinct
4060	for introducing disorder into grave matters,“ and
4061	unrivalled
4062	in fomenting
4063	sedition
4064	and revolution.
4065	With a copy of the laws of Moses in his hands, he
4066	now stepped forward and said:
4067	“ If you cannot, for
4068	your own sakes, citizens, detest Josephus, fix your
4069	eyes on your country’s laws, which your commander-
4070	in-chief intended to betray, and for their sakes hate
4071	the crime and punish the audacious criminal.”
4072	(28) After this speech, which was loudly applauded,
4073	he hurried, with some soldiers, to the house where \|
4074	was lodging, intending to kill me.
4075	I, quite unaware
4076	of what was coming, nad from fatigue, succumbed
4077	[to sleep] before the riot.
4078	Simon, who was entrusted
4079	with the charge of my person and had alone remained
4080	with me, seeing the citizens rushing towards me,
4081	awoke me and, telling me of my imminent peril,
4082	entreated me to die honourably, as a general, by my
4083	own hand, before my foes arrived to force me to
4084	such action or to kill me themselves.
4085	Such were his
4086	words ; but I, committing my fate to God, hastened
4087	to go forth to the people.
4088	Changing my raiment for
4089	one of black and suspending my sword from my
4090	a The same phrase in A. xvii. 325.
4091	3 tavw has probably dropped out; cf. A. v. 148.
4092	4 ip’ abrod (=i é€uavrod) cod. R: omit M, dm’ (éx’) avrot
4093	the rest.
4094	5 Text emended: piv 67 €\Octv R, piv dee the rest.
4095	23
p. 78
4096	139
4097	140
4098	=
4099	142
4100	143
4101	JOSEPHUS
4102	TnHOGpLEVOS EK TOU avxevos Kal’ odov repay, i)
4103	pendéva pot TOV TOAEpiwY BravTidcew @pny, mew
4104	els TOV immodpopov, advw te davels Kal mpnvys
4105	TECWY KAL Ty yi ddKpuow dvpwv eAcewos ed0€a
4106	7aow.
4107	ouvels Oe TOU 7AjGous TI petaBodny
4108	Sucrdvat Tas yvapas avT@v éeeipwynv mpo Tov
4109	TOUS omdiras a0 THs oixias droor pear. Kal
4110	GUVEXWPOVV
4111	[LEV dducety, ws avrot voiCovow,
4112	edcounv be duddFae TpoTepov els Tiva xpetay edv-
4113	Aart
4114	TOV Ta €K THS dpmayis Kopiabevra XpHpara
4115	Kat TOTe OvyjoKe, Et Kehevouev.
4116	Tov be TAjGous
4117	Aéyew KeevovTos emp ADov ot omAirar Kat Beaca-
4118	pevol pe TpOGeTpeXov ws KTEVOdVTES.
4119	EmLTXELW
4120	dé tod
4121	mAjfovs
4122	KedevovTos
4123	emetoOnoav Tpoa-
4124	SoKavres, e7eLoay opohoyijaw ™pos avTovs
4125	Ta
4126	ypipata TH Pace? teTnpHKEevat, Ws wpodoynKOTA
4127	Ti Tpodoclay avaipycew.
4128	(29)
4129	Xuyfs
4130	otv
4131	mapa
4132	mdvTwy
4133	yevoperns,
4134	; avopes,” eizov, “‘ ouodvAot, Gaveiv peev El Oi aLov
4135	é€oTw, ov Tapairoduar, Botvropar 8 ops Tpo 708
4136	TedevThoae TI adjnfevav dpacat mpos bpas. THY
4137	yap toAw tavrnv didokevwrarny ovoay emloTa-~
4138	pevos TAnOYovady Te TpOOVuws* TocovTWY avdpav,
4139	ot Tas é€auvT@v marpidas Katadimdvtes adixovTo
4140	KOWWVOL THS TeTépas ‘yevopevou® TvUyNS, EPov-
4141	An Onv Tetxn KaTacKevdoa ex TOV Xpnpatov
4142	ToUTw, mept Gv 7 Tap vu@v eorw Opy, daTravw-
4143	pevenv ets TI otkodopiayv avrav.
4144	mpos tabra
4145	Tapa. pev tov Tapiyewr@v Kai Eevey eyelpeTat
4146	dwv7, Xap exe épohoyouvTwy Kal Oappetv ™po-
4147	TPETOpLevenv, DPadiAaior bé€ kat PiBeprets Tots Oupots
4148	émémevov, Kal yiveTar oTdaois mpos aAAjAovs, TOV
4149	54
p. 79
4150	THE LIFE, 138-143
4151	neck, I proceeded by another road, on which I
4152	expected that no enemy would encounter me, to the
4153	hippodrome ; where my sudden appearance,
4154	as I
4155	flung myself on my face and rained tears upon the
4156	ground, aroused universal compassion.
4157	Observing
4158	the effect produced upon the people, I endeavoured
4159	to create dissension among them before the soldiers
4160	returned from my house.
4161	I admitted that, according
4162	to their view of the matter, I was guilty, but craved
4163	leave to inform them for what purpose I was reserving
4164	the money obtained by the raid, before, if they so
4165	ordered, I was put to death.
4166	The crowd were just
4167	bidding me proceed, when the soldiers appeared and,
4168	at sight of me, rushed forward to kill me.
4169	At the
4170	people’s order, however, they stayed their hands ;
4171	expecting, as soon as I had owned to having kept the
4172	money for the king, to slay me as an avowed traitor.
4173	(29) Thereupon, amid profound silence, I spoke as
4174	follows : ““ My countrymen, if I deserve to die, I ask
4175	no mercy;
4176	but, before my death, I desire to tel
4177	you the truth.
4178	Knowing the lavish hospitality of
4179	this city and that it is crowded with vast numbers of
4180	persons who have left their homes and gladly come
4181	to throw in their lot with ours, I proposed to provide
4182	fortifications for it with the money, about which,
4183	though it was to be expended on their erection, you
4184	are now so indignant.”
4185	At this a shout was raised
4186	by the Tarichaeans and their guests, who expressed
4187	their gratitude and bade me not be disheartened.
4188	The Galilaeans and Tiberians, however, still main-
4189	tained their resentment, and a quarrel arose, one party
4190	1 Probably misplaced.
4191	2 yevnoouevoe con}. Niese.
4192	wor Or
4193	He appeals
4194	to the people
4195	and hardly
4196	escapes
4197	alive.
p. 80
4198	JOSEPHUS
4199	pev KoAdoEw ametAovvT wv H€, TO de KaTappovety.
4200	144 emeld1) om emnyyeddpny
4201	Kal
4202	TiBepuad
4203	KOTO-
4204	146
4205	148
4206	149
4207	oKevdoew Teixyn Kal Tais dAAaus moAeow avTav rats
4208	ava. yKatas, TLOTEVOOVTES UmEXeopovv EKGOTOS Els
4209	Typ EavTOD.
4210	Kaya Tapa macav eAmiba Ovapuyav
4211	TOV TpoELpnpLEvoy KwWovvov peta Tov didwy Kat
4212	oTAiT@v €tKoow els THY oixtay bret pera.
4213	(30) TlaAw & ot Anorai Kai THs oTAcEws aiTLoL,
4214	detoayT Tes TEpl éavT@v pa) Sikas elompaxPGow br
4215	E08 TOV TET PAYHEVOV, avadaBovtes efaxoatous
4216	omXizas
4217	7 TjKOv emi THY olkiay Evia duerpifov
4218	€ eu
4219	py) -
4220	COVTES avriy
4221	amayyeAetons dé poe Tis epodov
4222	devyew pev amperes HYNOaENY (expwa. d€ 7rapa-
4223	Padopevos xpjoacar Tl Kal TOAuN. Tpoordgas
4224	otv amoKAeicat THs oiKias Tas Gvpas avros éml TO
4225	dmEp@ov dvaBas TapeKdAovv elomrepipat Twas Anifo-
4226	jevous Ta Xpnpara: mavocoba’ yap ouTws THS
4227	opyijs avrous ere elomrepipavToy de Tov Opa-
4228	cuTaTov
4229	avTayv,”
4230	paortew aikiodpevos TH eTepav
4231	Te TOV es Sp ee KeXevous Kal KpEeyaoat
4232	é€x tod tpaxijAov, tovotrov
4233	e€€€Badov mpos Tovs
4234	efamooteiAavras.
4235	tovs 6 edAaBev exmAnéis
4236	Kat
4237	doPos ov7e per
4238	rplos.. deloavTes ovV Kal avrot TavTa
4239	melcecbar Et pevore, eikalov yap evoov exe HE
4240	mXelous abTav,’ ets puyiy eppnoay.
4241	KAYO) TOLOUTW
4242	OTPATHYHMATL xpynodpevos THY SevTépay émBovdiy
4243	veduyov.
4244	(31) IldAw 6€ tov dydov twes Hpebilov Tovs
4245	1 Niese: tatvcacOat Mss.
4246	2 Cod. R adds eis 76 wvyaitarov wapacipas THs oikias Kai:
4247	probably a gloss from #. ii. 612.
4248	3 So P: the rest add ozNizas.
4249	56
p. 81
4250	THE LIFE, 143-149
4251	threatening to have my blood, the other [exhorting
4252	me] to disregard [these opponents].*
4253	But when I
4254	further promised to provide fortifications for ‘Tiberias
4255	and for any other of their cities which needed them,
4256	they, on the strength of this undertaking, retired
4257	to their several homes.
4258	Having thus, beyond all
4259	expectation, escaped from the peril which I have
4260	described, I returned to my house, accompanied by
4261	my friends and twenty soldiers.
4262	(30) I was not long left in peace.
4263	The brigands A
4264	secona
4265	and the promoters of the disturbance, fearing that 910°
4266	te bum
4267	they would be called to account by me for their house of
4268	proceedings, again visited my residence, with six °°°??™*
4269	hundred armed men, to set it on fire.
4270	Apprised of
4271	their coming, and considering it undignified to fly,
4272	I decided to risk a course requiring some courage.
4273	Ordering the house-doors to be closed, I ascended to
4274	the upper story and invited them to send some of
4275	their number to receive the money,® thinking thus
4276	to allay their anger.
4277	They sent in the most stalwart
4278	among them, whereupon \| had him soundly scourged,
4279	ordered one of his hands to be severed and hung
4280	about his neck and in that condition dismissed him
4281	to his employers.
4282	Panic-stricken and in great alarm,
4283	supposing that I had indoors a force outnumbering
4284	their own, and fearing, if they remained, to meet
4285	the same fate themselves, my opponents made off in
4286	haste.
4287	Such was the stratagem by which I eluded
4288	this second plot.
4289	(31) The feelings of the masses were once again Further
4290	aroused against me by certain persons who asserted Py rinscos
4291	2 There is possibly a lacuna in the text.
4292	> Viz. from the spoils taken by the highwaymen
4293	of
4294	Dabaritta.
4295	57
p. 82
4296	150
4297	152
4298	153
4299	JOSEPHUS
4300	GdiKOMevous TpOs [ME Bactducods peyltoTavas ovK
4301	ogetiew chy A€yovres, a) peraPivat Oedovras els
4302	Ta Tap avrots €0n, mpos ods owl) odopevor TA peice’
4303	dréBaddcv re dappakéas eivar Aéyovtes Kat KwAvTAas
4304	Tob ‘Pwyaiwy mepryevéobar..
4305	tayv de 70 7AnGos
4306	emeieto tais THY eyouévwv mpos xapw avtots
4307	milavornow amatapevor.
4308	muddmevos b€ mept TOv-
4309	Twv eyw mdaAw tov Shpov avedidacKkov py Set
4310	dudKeoar Tovs KaTapuyovTas mpos avtouvs, Tov be
4311	pAdapov Ths Twept Tav dapyudKwv aitias duécupov,
4312	ovK av TocaUTas pupudoas oTparuT By ‘Papratous
4313	Aéeywv tpédew, et 61a dappakéwv? jv viKady Tovs
4314	mokepiovs.
4315	tatra Aéyovtos éuot mpos oAtyov pev
4316	ézelfovto, maAw 8° avaywproavtes to THY TOVn-
4317	pav eEnpebilovto Kata THY peyloTavwv, Kal ToTE
4318	pe? omdrwv emt TH oikiay abtav thy ev Tapryéa
4319	emHAGov ws avaipjoovtes.
4320	edevca 6 eye) mubd-
4321	jeevos pq TOO pvoous TéNos AaBovros aveTiBatos
4322	YEVI\|T AL Tots Katapuyely els avTyV fedovow. map
4323	eyevougy ovv ets THY TOV [LEyloTavey olxtay pera
4324	TW €Tépwv, Kal KAeloas SLpvyd TE TOLnoas am?
4325	abris emt thy Aiwvyy ayovoay peTaTrepibdpevos TE
4326	mAotov Kal adv adtots €uBas emt THY pelopiov TAY
4327	‘Inmynvav duerépaca, Kai dovs avtots THY TYLA
4328	TOV immo, ov yap 7ovvnOqy avtovs emayayéobar
4329	TOLaUTNS
4330	‘yevouevns
4331	Tijs amodpacews,
4332	améhuoa
4333	moa mapaxahecas 77 Tpoomecotcav avayKyy
4334	154 yevvaiws eveyKeiv.
4335	atros
4336	te peydAws 7x0ounv
4337	\
4338	\
4339	/
4340	>
4341	A
4342	ip
4343	>
4344	Buacbeis
4345	TOUS
4346	mTpoopuyovTas
4347	exetvat
4348	7oAw
4349	Els
4350	THY moAepiav, O[LEWOV de vop.ioas Tapa ‘Pwpatots
4351	1 Emended: rods (rod A) ‘Pwyaiouvs raparyevécOat Mss.
4352	2 papuaxov PR.
4353	3 én’ MSS.
p. 83
4354	THE LIFE, 149-154
4355	that the noble vassals of the king, who had come to
4356	me,@ ought not to live if they refused to conform to
4357	the customs of those with whom they had sought
4358	refuge; they also falsely accused them of being
4359	sorcerers
4360	who made
4361	it impossible
4362	to defeat the
4363	Romans. Deluded by specious assertions designed to
4364	catch their ear, the people readily believed them to
4365	be true.
4366	On hearing of this, I again? impressed upon
4367	the community that such refugees ought to be free
4368	from persecution ; and ridiculed the absurdity of the
4369	charge of sorcery by remarking that the Romans
4370	would not maintain so vast an army if they could
4371	defeat their enemies by enchantments.
4372	My words
4373	had a temporary effect ; but, after their departure,
4374	their passions were again aroused against the nobles
4375	by their villainous advisers, and on one occasion they
4376	made an armed assault on their house in Tarichaeae,
4377	intending to kill them.
4378	On being informed of this I
4379	feared that, if so abominable a crime were committed,
4380	the place would be rendered untenable as an asylum
4381	for would-be refugees.
4382	So I went with some others
4383	to the residence of the nobles, locked it up, made a
4384	canal leading from the house ¢ to the lake, summoned
4385	a boat, and, embarking with them, crossed over to
4386	the frontiers of the district of Hippos.?
4387	I paid them
4388	the price of their horses, which the conditions of our
4389	flight made it impossible for me to bring, and so
4390	took my leave, earnestly entreating them to bear
4391	their hard fate with fortitude.
4392	I was myself deeply
4393	distressed at being driven to expose these refugees
4394	once more on enemy soil; but I thought it better
4395	@ Of.
4396	§ 112.
4397	> § 113.
4398	¢ Presumably close to the water.
4399	~
4400	¢ A Greek town of Decapolis, just outside the frontier of
4401	King Agrippa’s territory.
4402	59
p. 84
4403	JOSEPHUS
4404	amobaveiv
4405	abrovs,
4406	ef cupmécor, wadAdov 7 Kata
4407	Ty env xwpav.
4408	ot 6 apa guecwfynoav-
4409	ovv-
4410	eXwpycey yap avrots BaotAeds
4411	‘Aypiamas \| TO
4412	HULApTHUEVa.
4413	Kal TA JLeV TEpL eKElvoUs TOOT EaxeE
4414	TO TEAOS.
4415	(32) Of b€ tiv Tv TiPeprewv 70AW KatotkobvTes
4416	ypapovow TpOs TOV Baothea mapaxaobyres Téepibat
4417	Ovvapy THY dvAatovoay avr av Ty xwpay DéAew
4418	yap avT@ mpooribecbat.
4419	KaKelyep peev TAT
4420	€-
4421	156 ypagoy.
4422	adiKojLevov d¢ He ™pos avrous TapeKddovy
4423	7a. TetXy KaTacKkevalew avTois
4424	ws vmEeoxTnpNnV
4425	TKN KOELoaY Oe Tas Tapixéas 7707), rererxioban.
4426	KaTavevoas ovv eyo Kal mavTO. TO mpos TI)V OlKODO-
4427	[lav TApACKEVAOG\|LEVOS TOUS dpXureKTovas eKeAevov
4428	157 satin pea. d€ TpiTHnV Te pay els Taptyeas
4429	dmepxopmevov Lov, TIS TiBepudoos
4430	a dmexovous orddua
4431	TpuaKovTa, cuvein Twas “Pwpyatey imzets ov TOp-
4432	pwlev tis mOAcws CdoiToOpobyTas OPOivat, ot ddEav
4433	Tapéaxov tiv Tapa Tod Paciléws Stvayw Kew.
4434	158 evfews yoov eis pev TOV Baocurea peta mroAA@v
4435	emalveny nolecay puvas, KaT
4436	e€ E[LOU de Bracdnpovs.
4437	KaL em Lopapoy Tus
4438	amnyyerev
4439	pot THY Oudvouay
4440	159 avTav, ws adioracbat Lov dueyvwnKacw.
4441	eyo O°
4442	dKxovoas _erapax Oy peev opoopa: TOvs yap omhiras
4443	ETVYOV eK TOV Tapixe@v emt Tas avrav OLKT}OELS
4444	aderkws Oia TO TV emLotcav Auéepay caBPaTov
4445	tmdpyew: od yap eBovAduny t70 Tob oTpaTwwTiKod
4446	mAnfous
4447	evoxAcicbat
4448	tovs
4449	ev tats
4450	Tapiyéats.
4451	e
4452	/
4453	~
4454	>
4455	>
4456	~
4457	/
4458	>
4459	\
4460	~
4461	A
4462	A
4463	160 OodKus yoov €v adrais Over piBov ovoe Tijs Teplt TO
4464	TOpLa. prudaiis eTFOLOULTV Tpovovay, TrELpav Tapa
4465	TOV
4466	eVOLKOUVT OV
4467	THs T™pos ie TLOTEWS AaBov
4468	161 woAAdKis. povous 5 Exwv epi ewavTov éemTa TOV
4469	60
p. 85
4470	THE LIFE, 154-161
4471	that they should perish, if such destiny awaited them,
4472	under Roman hands than within my own province.
4473	After all they escaped, obtaining pardon for their
4474	errors from King Agrippa.
4475	So ended this episode.
4476	(32) The citizens of Tiberias now wrote® to the Revolt of
4477	king, requesting him to send some troops to protect (ya"
4478	their territory, as they desired to attach themselves declares for
4479	to him.
4480	Such was their letter to him; while they oe
4481	asked me, on my coming among them, to build walls
4482	for them in fulfilment of my promise,’ having heard
4483	that Tarichaeae had already been fortified.
4484	I agreed
4485	and, having made
4486	all preparations
4487	for building,
4488	ordered the foremen to take the work in hand.
4489	Three days later, however, as I was on the road to
4490	Tarichaeae, which is thirty furlongs distant from
4491	Tiberias, some Roman cavalry happened to be seen
4492	on the march not far from the town; this created an
4493	impression that the king’s troops were approaching.
4494	Instantly there was an outburst of shouts ; the king
4495	was loudly applauded, curses were heaped upon my
4496	head.
4497	I was informed of their intended defection
4498	by one who ran off to me from the town.
4499	The news
4500	filled me with alarm ; for I had dismissed my soldiers
4501	from Tarichaeae to their homes because, the next day
4502	being the Sabbath, I desired that the Tarichaeans
4503	should be spared any annoyance from the presence of
4504	the military.
4505	Indeed, whenever I had my quarters
4506	there, I took no precautions even for my personal
4507	security,
4508	having received so many proofs of the loyalty
4509	of the inhabitants.
4510	My present company com-
4511	@ With this narrative cf. B. ii. 632 ff.
4512	> § 144.
4513	¢ An instance of lack of ordinary precautions has been
4514	given in §§ 132 ff., on which occasion, however, little “‘loyalty”’
4515	was shown !
4516	61
p. 86
4517	JOSEPHUS
4518	e
4519	~
4520	\
4521	A
4522	/
4523	>]
4524	/
4525	“
4526	/
4527	oT7Aitay Kal Tous pidovs TTOpoOVV O mpagu. pLeTa-
4528	meprecOa yap THY Epa Ovvapw dua TO Anyew
4529	710n THY eveoT@oav Tipepay ovK edoxipaloy: ovde
4530	yap apucopevns avThs cis TH emobaay oma,
4531	aBety <hv>,* Kw@dvovtwy nas TOv vowov, Kav
4532	162 weyaAn
4533	Tis emelyew avayen doKH.
4534	et de Tots
4535	ral Kal Tots Tap avrots Eévous emu-
4536	Tpepayue Ty TOAw duapmaCew,
4537	€ Empey ob7x tkavovs
4538	ETOMEVOUS, Tv 8 eae drrepfeow eEwpav [LaKpo-
4539	TaTnv: dOyjcecar yap Kat tiv Tapa PBaoirtews
4540	OvvayLw adikopevny, Kat extrecetoUa THs moAEws
4541	163 Wdounv. _ €Bovdevopny ovv oTparny pare xpnoGat
4542	TWiKaT avTav.
4543	Tapax pha 67) TOUS TLaTOTETOUS
4544	tov didwy tais mUdAas TOV Tapiye@v emioTtyioas
4545	1¢
4546	Se
4547	,
4548	\
4549	9¢
4550	7
4551	2Q/
4552	dvddtovtas pet aodadelas Tovs e€tévau® OédAovras
4553	Kal TOUS TpWTOUS THV olKwY TpooKaAEcdmeEVOS,
4554	avT@v
4555	ekaotov
4556	éeKkédevoa
4557	KabeAKtoavta
4558	Aotov
4559	eu Bavra OUVET AY O[LEVOV Tov KuPepyyityy emeobat
4560	164 Lol mpos THY TiBeprewy Toh.
4561	Kal avros: de peta
4562	Tov ditwy Kat Tav omhitav, ovs ednv émTa TOV
4563	> aptOpov eivar, euBas emAeov
4564	€ emt TV TiBepidda.
4565	165
4566	(33) ) TeBeprets de Ty Tapa Tob Bao.réws Ova
4567	ws eyvwoav ob7x WKovcayv avrots, mAciwy be THY
4568	Atuvay méoav eedoavro 7A7p7) Setoartes mepl TH
4569	modew Kat KatamAayevtes
4570	ws emiPatav mAnpets
4571	>
4572	/
4573	166 civau
4574	veas,® petaTievTar Tas yvw@pas.
4575	pipavtes
4576	obv 7a. O7Aa LeTa yuvatkKOv Kal Taldwv UrnvtTialov,
4577	\
4578	>
4579	>
4580	/
4581	>
4582	>
4583	\
4584	\
4585	>
4586	/
4587	Todas
4588	pert
4589	emraivwy
4590	eis
4591	enue dwvas aduevtes,
4592	cixalov yap ov mpomemvoba pe THY Sidvotay avTav,
4593	187
4594	\
4595	LA.
4596	/
4597	a]
4598	~
4599	5A
4600	>
4601	\
4602	be
4603	67 kal mapexdAovy detoacbar tis moAews.
4604	eyw
4605	é
4606	1 fv inserted by Holwerda.
4607	2 So the editio princeps: é&etvac MSs.
4608	62
p. 87
4609	THE LIFE, 161-167
4610	prising only seven soldiers and some friends, I was
4611	at a loss what to do.
4612	I was reluctant to recall my
4613	disbanded force, because the day was already far
4614	spent ; and even had they come, it would have been
4615	impossible for them to bear arms on the morrow,
4616	such action being forbidden by our laws,* however
4617	urgent the apparent necessity.
4618	If, on the other
4619	hand, I were to permit the Tarichaeans and their
4620	resident aliens to sack Tiberias, I foresaw that their
4621	numbers would be insufficient and action on my part
4622	would be seriously delayed ; the king’s troops would
4623	have entered ahead of me, and I expected to be
4624	repulsed from the town.
4625	I determined, therefore,
4626	to have recourse to a ruse.
4627	Without a moment’s
4628	delay I posted the friends in whom I placed most
4629	confidence at the gates of Tarichaeae, to keep a
4630	strict watch on any persons desiring egress.
4631	I then
4632	summoned the heads of families and ordered each of
4633	them to launch a vessel, bring the steersman with
4634	them, and follow me to Tiberias.
4635	I myself, with
4636	my friends and the seven soldiers already mentioned,
4637	then embarked and set sail for that city.
4638	(33) The Tiberians, when they understood that no
4639	troops from the king had arrived and saw the whole
4640	lake alive with shipping, were alarmed for the city,
4641	and, terrified in the belief that the vessels were fully
4642	manned, changed their plans.
4643	Throwing down their
4644	arms they came out, with wives and children, to
4645	meet me, and, not imagining that I had got wind of
4646	their intentions, showered encomiums upon me and
4647	besought me to spare the city.
4648	On nearing Tiberias
4649	@ j.¢. the oral law; cf. 1 Macc. ii. 34 ff.
4650	3 Text doubtful: for eivac véas MW read eiev ai vies.
4651	63
4652	Josephus
4653	quells the
4654	revolt by
4655	aruse: the
4656	sham fleet.
p. 88
4657	JOSEPHUS
4658	mAnatov yevojevos ayKupas [Lev ETL oppo TiS vis
4659	exeAevov BaAéobae TOUS KvpepyaTas UTEP TOO pea)
4660	KaTaonAa tots TiBepretow
4661	etvar ta mAoia Keva
4662	~
4663	~
4664	5
4665	>
4666	Tav emipaTa@v ovra, 7Anovacas 6 avros ev TW
4667	TAoiw KOT EWE LpopTy avr av THVv avowav,' Kal OTt
4668	35 oUTws evyepels elev TAO7NS ducatas a dvev 7poda-
4669	168 cews e€ictacbat THs mpds we TloTewWs.
4670	wpoAdyouvv
4671	5° els ye* 70 Aowrov atrois cvyyvwaccbar BeBaiws,
4672	el méepuwerav S€ka To TAfovs mpoeoTa@tTas.
4673	vU7-
4674	akovodyvTwv 6 €Toluws Kal TepibdvTwy avdpas ous
4675	~
4676	>]
4677	/
4678	>)
4679	/
4680	>
4681	/
4682	mpoetrov, eupibaoas amédvov eis Taptyéas duAayOn-
4683	COJLEVOUS.
4684	169
4685	(34) To oTpaTnynpate Oe Toure THY Bovdny
4686	TaAoav Kar” odtyous AaBow els TH Tpoeupy wevny
4687	ToAWw Kal pet
4688	adTa@v Tovs mo\\ovs TOO O7jpuou
4689	mpwtTovs
4690	avdpas
4691	ovK
4692	éAdtTovs
4693	éKkelvwy
4694	ovTas
4695	cd
4696	/
4697	\
4698	\
4699	~
4700	e
4701	>
4702	>}
4703	e
4704	170 Svevrepppapnv.
4705	To
4706	b€ wARMos, ws
4707	eldov
4708	ets
4709	otov
4710	~
4711	/
4712	KOK@V aKovoL péyelos, mapexddovv pe TOV atTLov
4713	A
4714	>
4715	>
4716	Tis OTAGEWS TYysapy acta. KAetros 5° jv ovopa
4717	>
4718	171 roUT@ , Gpacds TE KOL Tporeris veavtas. eyw 6
4719	dmoxretvat
4720	pev ovxX GatoVv TyoUpevos opodvdAoy
4721	avépa, KoAacat 8° avayKnvy exwv, TOV TeEpl Eepe
4722	Twi
4723	owpatodvAdkwvy
4724	Anovet
4725	mpocéra~a
4726	mpo-
4727	/
4728	/
4729	~
4730	/
4731	\
4732	e
4733	/
4734	~
4735	~
4736	eMovre Kosar Tob KAcizov tiv érépay TOV yxeip@v.
4737	172 detoavTos 56€ TOD KeAevabévTos eis ToGOdTO TARGOS
4738	mpoeAbeiv provov, tHV SetAiay Tob oTpaTiwTov pA
4739	\
4740	/
4741	J
4742	~
4743	~
4744	Bovdnfeis Katadnrov yevéobar
4745	tots
4746	TiPepretdow,
4747	Deak
4748	a
4749	,
4750	‘co
4751	\
4752	AS
4753	39"
4754	ap
4755	avrov Kirctrov dwvijcas
4756	Emel) Kal aéLos,
4757	elmo,
4758	UTapYets dyuporepas Tas xetpas amoBaAeiv oUTws
4759	axdpiotos
4760	«is
4761	ee
4762	yevdmevos,
4763	yevod
4764	cavTob
4765	O7p.00L0s,,” pe) Kal ameilyjoas yelpova TYyswpiav
4766	173 Urdaxns.
4767	Tod dé THY Erépay atT@ ovyxwphoat
4768	64
p. 89
4769	THE LIFE, 167-173
4770	I ordered the pilots to cast anchor at some distance
4771	from the land, in order to conceal from the Tiberians
4772	the absence of any marine force on board the vessels.
4773	I myself approached the shore with one ship and
4774	severely reprimanded the people for their folly and
4775	readiness to abandon their allegiance to me without
4776	any just excuse whatever.
4777	As to the future, however,
4778	I promised that they might rely on my pardon if
4779	they would send me ten of their leaders.
4780	Promptly
4781	accepting this proposal they sent me the men whose
4782	names I mentioned first ; these I put on board and
4783	dispatched to Tarichaeae to be kept under arrest.
4784	(34) By this ruse I made prisoners, in batches, of
4785	the whole council, and had them conveyed to Tari-
4786	chaeae, along with most of the leading commoners,
4787	who numbered as many again.
4788	Seeing the wretched
4789	plight to which they were reduced, the people now
4790	urged me to take measures against the author of the
4791	sedition, a rash and headstrong youth named Cleitus.
4792	Deeming it impious to put a compatriot to death,
4793	yet imperatively necessary to punish him, I ordered
4794	Levi, one of my bodyguard, to step forward and cut
4795	off one of his hands.
4796	The man, notwithstanding
4797	these orders, was afraid to advance alone into such
4798	a crowd, whereupon, wishing to screen the soldier’s
4799	cowardice from the Tiberians, I called up Cleitus and
4800	said:
4801	“‘ For such base ingratitude to me you deserve
4802	to lose both hands.
4803	Act as your own executioner,
4804	lest, if you refuse, a worse punishment befall you.”
4805	To his urgent request to spare him one hand I
4806	1 Emended (cf. ¢.g. §§ 323, 352): dyvo.ay Mss.
4807	2 Niese: re MSS,
4808	3 wl. Sjutos.
4809	VOL. I
4810	F
4811	65
4812	Punishment
4813	of the
4814	ringleader.
p. 90
4815	JOSEPHUS
4816	ToAAa deoprevov pods KaTevevoa.
4817	KaKeivos a-
4818	GLLevos bmep TOU pea) Tas 6vo xelpas amoBaAety
4819	AaB pedxarpav KOTTEL THV apioTepay
4820	eavTod.
4821	,
4822	Kal TOOTO THY OTACW eTAUEV.
4823	174
4824	(35) TiPeprets dé, ws els Tas Tapixeas aducopny,
4825	yvovTes THY oTparnytay 7 Kat abt@v expN Tapa,
4826	dmeBavpalov
4827	o ore Xepis Povey ETAVCE Tay ayvenpio -
4828	175 GUY avTOV.
4829	eyo d€ TOUS EK THS ELPKTHS pera
4830	Trepibdpevos TOU 7ArGous TOV TiBeprewy, nv Oe
4831	Gv avTots ‘lodaros Kal O 7aATIp avrod [Icoros,
4832	ouvoetz mvous eT Touodpny , Kal Tapa THV coTlacw
4833	edeyov OTL Thy ‘Pwpalwr © Ovvapiw ovo" avros
4834	ayvo® Tac@v d.adépovoar, ouyeny [LevTOL mepl
4835	176 adTHs Sua tovs Anotds.
4836	Kat adrois
4837	b€ tadra
4838	cuveBovAevov
4839	Tovey
4840	TOV eEmiTHOELOY TEPYLEvOvOL
4841	Ka.Lpov Kal 7) Ovoavacxerew
4842	€“ol oTpaTny@:
4843	pendevos yap avdrous ETEPOV duv7jcecbae padtes
4844	emvetKoos OpLotns tvxetv.
4845	tov
4846	“lodatov
4847	dé Kal
4848	dreulpvynoKov OTL mpocbev 7 we Tapayevécbar éx
4849	tav
4850	‘lepocodtpwv
4851	ot LadtAatoe
4852	tadeAdod
4853	tas
4854	yetpas amoKoevay attod mpo Tod Todenov mAa-
4855	oT@V avT@® ypappatwv KaKoupyiay émuadécartes,
4856	Kal
4857	OTL peTa THY avaxywpnow
4858	THY Dirimzov
4859	Tapadtrat zpos BaBvAwviovs
4860	oracialovres
4861	av-
4862	éhovev Xapyra, cvyyevis 8 jv otros Tob DiXizmov,
4863	17g kal ws “Incotv tov adeAdov atrod, avépa Tis
4864	adeAdfjs “loverov, wyodpovws* KoAdcevav.
4865	Tatra
4866	mapa THV éotiacw SiarexGeis Tots wept Tov “lobcarov
4867	ewhev éxéAevoa mavtas THS dvAaKhs atoAvO Ava.
4868	— ~I I
4869	i79
4870	(36) Ilpo b€ tovtTwv cuvéBy tov *lakiwov DiA-
4871	immov ateAfety ex Vdpada tod dpovpiov rovavrns
4872	66
p. 91
4873	THE LIFE, 173-179
4874	grudgingly consented ;* at which, to save himself
4875	the loss of both, he gladly drew his sword and struck
4876	off his left hand.
4877	His action brought the sedition to
4878	an end.
4879	(35) The Tiberians, discovering, on my arrival at The Tiberian
4880	Tarichaeae, the trick which I had played upon them, Peuy*
4881	were amazed at the manner in which If had checked
4882	their arrogance without bloodshed.
4883	I now sent for
4884	my Tiberian prisoners, among whom were Justus and
4885	his father Pistus, and made them sup with me.
4886	During the entertainment I remarked that I was
4887	well aware myself of the unrivalled might of the
4888	Roman arms, but, on account of the brigands, kept
4889	my knowledge to myself.
4890	I advised them to do the
4891	same, to bide their time and not to be intolerant of
4892	my command, as they would not easily find another
4893	leader as considerate as myself.
4894	I further reminded
4895	Justus
4896	that, before
4897	I came
4898	from Jerusalem
4899	the
4900	Galilaeans had cut off his brother’s hands on a charge
4901	of forging letters prior to the outbreak of hostilities ;
4902	also how the people of Gamala, after Philip’s depart-
4903	ure, in an insurrection against the Babylonians, slew
4904	Chares, Philip’s kinsman, and savagely murdered his
4905	brother Jesus, husband of the sister of the man I was
4906	addressing.”
4907	Such was the nature of my conversation
4908	at table with Justus and his companions.
4909	In the
4910	morning I gave orders that all my prisoners should
4911	be discharged.
4912	(36) Some time
4913	before
4914	the revolt of Tiberias,
4915	Philip, son of Jacimus, had left the fortress of Gamala
4916	“ The narrative, as here told, is confused and ridiculous ;
4917	the parallel account in B. ii. 642 ff. is consistent.
4918	> For the events referred to cf. 8§ 179, 186 below.
4919	1 Naber: cwdpivws or cwppovos MSS.
4920	07
p. 92
4921	JOSEPHUS
4922	>
4923	7
4924	/
4925	/
4926	/
4927	/
4928	180 aitias yevouevns.
4929	Didummos mufdpevos pefectavat
4930	\
4931	y
4932	e
4933	A
4934	~
4935	/
4936	>
4937	/
4938	/
4939	uev Ovapov t70 Tob BactAdws ’Aypimma, diad0xov
4940	d¢ adiyfar Mdédiov* Aixovoy avipa didov atta Kat
4941	own 2 mara, ypader m™pos TOUTOV T Tas Kal éauTov
4942	TUYAS amayyedAcwy Kal mapaKaday Ta Tap avrob
4943	TeudlevTa ypdppata mpos tovs Baowdéas azo-
4944	a
4945	\
4946	s
4947	2
4948	,
4949	\
4950	>
4951	\
4952	1g] oretAar.
4953	Kat
4954	Modd.os*
4955	SbeEdpevos
4956	tas
4957	émtotodds
4958	>
4959	/
4960	AN
4961	/
4962	\
4963	/
4964	>
4965	b)
4966	~
4967	éxyap7y adddpa, owlecbar tov Didiazov €€ adbrav
4968	emuyvous,
4969	Kal mpos Tovs Pactrdas
4970	ezeuie Ta
4971	/
4972	\
4973	\
4974	sf
4975	e
4976	\
4977	A
4978	192 ypdppata
4979	mept Bryputov ovras.
4980	6 b€ Baatrevs
4981	> A.
4982	/
4983	e
4984	»”
4985	~
4986	\
4987	\
4988	/
4989	Aypimmas @s éyve bevd7 Thy Tepl Didimzov
4990	dqpeyp YEVOMEVIY Aoyos yap ou ADev WS OTpAaTnyoin
4991	tov *lovdatwv em TOV Tpos ‘Papatous TOAEpLov,
4992	érepubev immets Tovs Tapaméeuovras tov Didurmov.
4993	183 KaL TapayevojLevov sontloal te didodpoves Tots
4994	e
4995	/
4996	£
4997	/
4998	>
4999	/
5000	a
5001	\
5002	/
5003	te ‘Pwpaiwy jyepoow emedetkvuev OTe 67) DiAva7os
5004	otT0s €oTw mept ov dieEHer Adyos ws ‘Pwpaiwv
5005	GTOGTAYTOS.
5006	Kehever 6° abrov immets Twas ava-
5007	AaBovra Oarrov ets Papada T0-bpovpLov mopevbivat,
5008	Tous oikelouvs avT@ mavras exetlev efdfovra Kal
5009	tovs BaBvAwviovs ets tHv Batravaiay mdAw aro-
5010	184 KaTaoTicovTa.
5011	mapyyyeire 5€ Kat waoav mou-
5012	cacbat mpovotay b7ép Tod py) yeveo$ar TWA vew-
5013	TEplopLov Tapa Tov vanKoOwy.
5014	Didiwzos pev ovr,
5015	ratrta Tob Pactdéws émoreiAavTos, Eamevde TroLy-
5016	cwv a Tpocérakev.
5017	185
5018	(37)
5019	*Lwonzos
5020	5°
5021	o® THS
5022	larpivns
5023	moAAovs
5024	veaviokous Opaceis mpoTpesapevos atta ovvapa-
5025	ofa
5026	Kat énmavactas
5027	tots
5028	ev Vapada mpodrois
5029	1 Movédiov R;
5030	ef. §§ 61, 114.
5031	2 Movodcos R.
5032	3 6’ 6 Naber: 6é mss.
5033	68
p. 93
5034	THE LIFE, 180-185
5035	under the following circumstances.?
5036	On hearing
5037	that Varus had been deposed by King Agrippa and j;
5038	that his old friend and comrade, Modius Aequus,
5039	had come as his successor, Philip wrote to the latter,
5040	relating his recent experiences and requesting him
5041	to forward to the king and queen the letters which
5042	he had previously transmitted.?
5043	Modius, delighted
5044	at receiving an epistle which assured him of Philip’s
5045	escape, dispatched the letters to their majesties, who
5046	were then in the neighbourhood of Berytus.6
5047	King
5048	Agrippa, on learning that the current rumour con-
5049	cerning Philip was false—it was commonly said that
5050	he had taken command of the Jews for the war
5051	with the Romans—sent a body of horse to escort
5052	him to Berytus.
5053	On his arrival, he gave him a warm
5054	greeting and presented him to the Roman officers
5055	as the identical Philip about whom reports were
5056	circulating that he had revolted from Rome.
5057	He
5058	then instructed him to lose no time in returning
5059	with a body of cavalry to the fortress of Gamala, to
5060	bring all his friends out of that place, and to reinstate
5061	the Babylonians in Batanaea? ; charging him at the
5062	same
5063	time
5064	to take every precaution
5065	to prevent
5066	insurrection
5067	on the part of his subjects.
5068	These
5069	royal commands Philip hastened to execute.
5070	(37) [Not long after this] ¢
5071	Josephus, the midwife’s
5072	son, induced a number of adventurous youths to join
5073	him, and, assaulting the magistrates’ of Gamala,
5074	* This digression gives the sequel to the history narrated
5075	in §§ 46-61 above.
5076	> Cf. § 48.
5077	Beira
5078	4 On the origin of the colony of Babylonian Jews in
5079	Batanaea see note on § 54 above.
5080	¢ There is no note of time in the Greek ; the sequence of
5081	events may be inferred from § 177.
5082	f ** Head-men.”’
5083	69
5084	Philip ben-
5085	Jacimus
5086	joins
5087	Agrippa.
5088	Gamala
5089	revolts from
5090	Agrippa.
p. 94
5091	186
5092	187
5093	188
5094	189
5095	190
5096	JOSEPHUS
5097	exeilev
5098	attovs
5099	adictacbar
5100	tod
5101	Paciwéws
5102	Kat
5103	avadaPetv Ta OmAa, ws dia TOUTWY TH eevbepiav
5104	amoAnoméevous.
5105	Kat Twas pev €Piaoayto,
5106	Tovs
5107	d€
5108	p11) Guvapeckopevovs
5109	at’Tav
5110	Tats
5111	yvwpats
5112	avyjpovv.
5113	KTelWwovor
5114	b€
5115	Kat
5116	Xdpyra,
5117	Kal per
5118	avToU Twa TOV ovyyevOv “Incoby Kai “lovorou bé
5119	Tod TiPeprews adeAdov* avetAov, kabas 4dn mpo-
5120	el7opev.
5121	ypadovat b€ Kal mpds pe TapaKkadobytes
5122	mépibat Kal dvvayw attots omAiT@y Kal Tovs ava-
5123	oTyoovTas
5124	atT@v
5125	7H mode
5126	Telyn.
5127	Kaya mpos
5128	oveéTepov
5129	avteimov
5130	av j€iwoav.
5131	adioratrar
5132	be
5133	Tod Baotréws Kat 7) VavdAavitis ywpa péxpe Kons
5134	Lohvpns. Ledevkeia b€ Kal Lwyavy) dvoet Ko wats
5135	oxupwTarats dKodopunoa TelXy, Tds TE KaTa THY
5136	avw VadtAaiav Kkdpas, Kat mavu TETpUIdELS ovoas,
5137	erelxioa. mapa Anatus: ovopara 5° avrats “Taped
5138	“Apnpab "Ayapapy.
5139	woxvpwoa de Kal TAS EV TH
5140	KaTW PadAaia, ToAeus pev Tapiyéas TrBepiada
5141	Lézdwpw, Kapas be “ApBhAwy o77jAatov, Byp-
5142	covpat
5143	Ledrapnv
5144	“lwrdmata
5145	Kadapaé , TKepos
5146	Xwyavat adat
5147	Kat
5148	7d ‘TraBdprov Gpos. Ets
5149	TavTas Kal otrov ameléuny moAdbv Kat OmAa mpds
5150	aoddAevav TV peTa TabTa.
5151	~
5152	~
5153	>]
5154	~
5155	(38) *Iwavvyn 6€ 7H Tod Anovet TO KOT ej00
5156	putoos mpoonvéeTo Papéws Pépovte THY eq ev-
5157	Tpayiav.
5158	7pobepevos OvV TAVTWS EKTOOWV [LE TOL -
5159	cacbat TH ev adtod matpidu Tots Tucyadous Kata-
5160	/
5161	/
5162	A
5163	>
5164	\
5165	\
5166	/
5167	\
5168	\
5169	oxevaler Telyn, Tov adeAdov b€ Liwwva Kal Tov
5170	~
5171	/
5172	>
5173	/
5174	>
5175	2
5176	¢
5177	~
5178	\
5179	Tob
5180	Lucevva
5181	“lwvabyvy
5182	<pef >?
5183	omdAiTav
5184	epi
5185	éxatov
5186	eis ‘lepoodAvpa
5187	mépymer
5188	mpos Tov
5189	Tob
5190	1 Most ss. read ddeAgiv.
5191	* Inserted by Niese.
5192	70
p. 95
5193	THE LIFE, 185-190
5194	brought pressure to bear on them to revolt from
5195	the king and take up arms, with the prospect of
5196	thereby regaining their independence.
5197	Some they
5198	forced
5199	into compliance;
5200	those
5201	who
5202	declined
5203	to
5204	acquiesce in their views they put to death.
5205	Among
5206	others, as already mentioned, they slew Chares and
5207	one of his kinsmen, Jesus, and the brother of Justus
5208	of Tiberias.
5209	To me they wrote, asking me to send
5210	them troops and workmen to repair the town walls ;
5211	neither of these requests did I refuse.
5212	The region
5213	of Gaulanitis, as far as the village of Solyma, like-
5214	wise revolted from the king.
5215	I erected walls at
5216	Seleucia
5217	and
5218	Sogane,
5219	villages
5220	with
5221	very
5222	strong
5223	natural defences, and provided similar protection for
5224	certain villages in Upper Galilee, also in very rugged
5225	surroundings, named Jamnia, Ameroth,? and Acha-
5226	rabe.
5227	In Lower Galilee
5228	I fortified the cities
5229	of
5230	Tarichaeae, Tiberias, and Sepphoris, and the villages
5231	of the Cave of Arbela, Beersubae, Selame, Jotapata,
5232	Kapharath, }Kémus, Soganae, Papha°’t and Mount
5233	Tabor.
5234	These places I stocked with ample supplies
5235	of corn and arms for their future security.
5236	(38) Meanwhile, the hatred borne me by John,
5237	son of Levi, who was aggrieved at my success, was
5238	growing more intense, and he determined at all costs
5239	to have me removed.
5240	Accordingly, after fortifying
5241	his native town of Gischala, he dispatched his brother
5242	Simon and Jonathan, son of Sisenna, with about a
5243	hundred armed men, to Jerusalem, to Simon, son of
5244	“ There is some confusion here.
5245	In §§ 177 f. only two
5246	persons are named:
5247	Chares, kinsman of Philip, and Jesus,
5248	brother of Chares and brother-in-law of Justus.
5249	2 Or Meroth (cf. B.1i..573).
5250	¢ ‘Text corrupt (cf. B. ibid.).
5251	~ —
5252	Josephus
5253	fortifies
5254	Galilee.
5255	“
5256	Attempt of
5257	John of
5258	Gischala
5259	to have
5260	Josephus
5261	superseded.
p. 96
5262	JOSEPHUS
5263	TapadujAov Lipwva, tapaxadécovtas abtov metcat
5264	TO Kowov TOV ‘lepocodupuray THY apy aeho-
5265	puevous ee TOV DPadiAatav avTa@ pnpicactat THV
5266	191 €€ovalay rovTwv.
5267	6 5é Lipwy obtos jv moAews
5268	pev ‘TepocoAdpwv, yevous be opodpa Aapmpod,
5269	Tijs d€ Dapicaiwv aipécews, Ol TEpl TA TAaTpLA
5270	VO HY doKxobow tav adAdwv axpyBeta Suadépew.
5271	192 jv 8° ovToS av7p aAnpys ouvecews Kal Aoytopod
5272	Ovvdyrevos TE TpaypaTa KaK@s KElpweva ppovicer
5273	TH EavToo Swplacacbat, piros Te mradaos TO
5274	‘ladyyy KGL oun Ons, mpos éue O€ TOTE Siaddpws
5275	193 cixev. deEdprevos
5276	ouv THY mapaKAnow emrewHev
5277	Tovs apxvepets “Avavov kai “Incotv tov Tod Tapada
5278	Twas TE TOV THs. avras oTdcews exeivols” EKKOTITEW
5279	pe Pvopevov Kat per) Trepudety emt peKLOTOV avéy-
5280	bévra d0€ns, ovvoicew avtots Aéywv et THS Dade
5281	Aatas adaipebetyy.
5282	per) peMew de mapedAer Tous
5283	mept tov “Avavov, pi) Kat dlacas yr Oven peta.
5284	194 7oAAfs e7éAOw TH mOAEL SvVapews.
5285	6 ev Uipwv
5286	Tatta ovveBovAevev, 6 b€ apyrepeds “Avavos od
5287	pad.ov elvar TO Epyov amédawev: moAAovs yap TeV
5288	dpxvepewr KGL TOD 7AxBous TpocoT@Tas papTupety
5289	oT KaAaS eyo) oTparnye, troveiobar S€ KaTHyopiav
5290	avdpos Kal?
5291	ob prdev Héyew StvavTar
5292	dikatov
5293	davAwyv epyov civac.
5294	195
5295	(39) Lipwv 8 ws HKovoey tatra
5296	mapa Tod
5297	“Avavov, oww7av pev éexelvovs j€iwoey pnd eis
5298	moAAovs exdhépew Tovs Adyous abttOv: mpovoncecbar”
5299	yap avtos edackev Wa OGrrTov petaoTabeinv €K THs
5300	PadAaias.
5301	mpockadecdpevos 6€ Tov adeddov Tob
5302	1 Bekker: ris atrav crdcews éxeivovs MSS.
5303	2 Niese: mpovojcacbat MSS.
5304	~) tw
p. 97
5305	THE LIFE, 190-195
5306	Gamaliel,
5307	to entreat him to induce the national
5308	assembly of Jerusalem to deprive me of the command
5309	of Galilee and to vote for his appointment to the
5310	post.
5311	This Simon was
5312	a native of Jerusalem, of
5313	a very illustrious family, and of the sect of the
5314	Pharisees, who have the reputation
5315	of being un-
5316	rivalled experts in their country’s laws.¢ A man highly
5317	gifted with intelligence and judgement, he could by
5318	sheer genius retrieve
5319	an unfortunate situation
5320	in
5321	affairs of state. He was John’s old and intimate friend,
5322	and, at the time, was at variance with me. On receiv-
5323	ing this application he exerted himself to persuade
5324	the high-priests Ananus and Jesus, son of Gamalas,
5325	and some others of their party to clip my sprouting
5326	wings and not suffer me to mount to the pinnacle of
5327	fame.
5328	He observed that my removal from Galilee
5329	would be to their advantage, and urged them to act
5330	without delay, for fear that I should get wind of their
5331	plans and march with a large army upon Jerusalem.
5332	Such was Simon’s advice.
5333	In reply, Ananus, the
5334	high-priest, represented the difficulties of the action
5335	suggested, in view of the testimonials from many of
5336	the chief priests and leaders of the people to my
5337	capacity as
5338	a general;
5339	adding that to accuse
5340	a
5341	man against whom no just charge could be brought
5342	was a dishonourable proceeding.
5343	(39) On hearing this speech of Ananus, Simon
5344	implored the embassy to keep to themselves and not
5345	divulge what had passed at the conference ; asserting
5346	that he would see to it that I was speedily super-
5347	seded in Galilee.
5348	Then calling up John’s brother
5349	@ Or *‘in the rules of their fathers.””
5350	The voucma are the
5351	traditional rules (Halakoth, etc.) which grew up round the
5352	Law (vépos).
5353	to
p. 98
5354	196
5355	197
5356	~
5357	198
5358	199
5359	200 7
5360	JOSEPHUS
5361	’Twavvov mpooeragev me TrEw Swpeas Tots mepl TOV
5362	”Avavov: Taxa yap ovTws édy TeEloew
5363	avrous
5364	poetabéobar.
5365	Tas yvopas.
5366	KOL Téhos empatev 0
5367	Nipwy 6 mpovbero: 6 yap “Avavos Kat ot adv atT@
5368	Tots xpypacw dsadGapevtes ovytievtar THS Vare-
5369	aias exBadetv pe, pndevos adrAov THY Kata THY
5370	mow TOUTO YYOTKOVTOS..
5371	Kat 67) €d0€ev avrots
5372	TE ULTEW dvopas KOTA yevos pev dvaepovras, Hh
5373	Ta.dela 0 opotous. joav & abvtT@v ot pev OqpoTuKot
5374	dvo, "Teovd bys KaL ‘Avavias, PDapicator TIV atpeow,
5375	ao: tpttos “lalapos* tepariKod yevous, Papioatos
5376	Kal
5377	avros, que 6 €€ apyrepéewv
5378	vewTaTos
5379	éxelvwv.
5380	tovtTovs
5381	e€kéAevov
5382	dpucopLevovs els TO
5383	TARG0s TOv Taduatwyv mvbécba map’ adbtdv tiv
5384	airiay 6v iv ewe didodow: et d€ datev btu 7OAEws
5385	elnv THs lepocodvpon, Kal avrovs
5386	&€& éKElvwv
5387	Aéyew _bmdpxew Tous Téooapas,
5388	el be Sia THY
5389	euTeiplay TOV vouwv, pnd adttovs ayvoety en
5390	Ta TaTpia ddoKkew, et 8 ad dia THY Lepwovvyy
5391	déyouey ayarav pe, Kat at’t@v amoxpivecbar dvo0
5392	lepets Umapyew.
5393	(40) Tat@ daobduevor rots wept tov “lwvabny
5394	ses
5395	peupiddas apyuptov duddacw avtois
5396	é€k
5397	mpootav Xphparev.
5398	evel 6€ twa LadAaiov
5399	Pte ‘Inoobv ovopa, Tepi avroy Ta€w €€aKko-
5400	ciwy omdutav
5401	éxyew, emdnpobdvta
5402	tots ‘lepoao-
5403	AUpows TOTE, peTaTepisdpevor
5404	TODTOV
5405	Kal TpLOV
5406	unvav picbov dovtes exédevov emecbat Tots meEpt
5407	tov
5408	“lwvdbyv
5409	melapyotvta
5410	atrots,
5411	Kat
5412	Tav
5413	1 So (or "Iwagapos) § 324 etc.: the mss. here have Tofopos
5414	(T'égapos).
5415	74
p. 99
5416	THE LIFE, 195-200
5417	he instructed him to send presents to Ananus and
5418	his friends, as a likely method of inducing them to
5419	change
5420	their
5421	minds.
5422	Indeed
5423	Simon
5424	eventually
5425	achieved his purpose“; for, as the result of bribery, ‘The plot
5426	Ananus and his party agreed to expel me from ‘°°’
5427	Galilee, while every one else in the city remained
5428	ignorant of the plot.
5429	‘The scheme agreed upon was
5430	to send a deputation comprising persons of different The deputa-
5431	classes of society but of equal standing in education. eee
5432	Two of them, Jonathan and Ananias, were from the
5433	lower ranks and adherents of the Pharisees;
5434	the
5435	third, Jozar, also a Pharisee, came of a priestly
5436	family ; the youngest, Simon, was descended from
5437	high priests.
5438	Their instructions were to approach
5439	the Galilaeans and ascertain the reason for their
5440	devotion to me.
5441	If they attributed it to my being
5442	a native of Jerusalem, they were to reply that so
5443	were all four of them; if to my expert knowledge
5444	of their laws, they should retort that neither were
5445	they ignorant of the customs of their fathers ;_ if,
5446	again, they asserted that their affection was due to
5447	my priestly office, they should answer that two of
5448	them were likewise priests.
5449	(40) After
5450	thus
5451	prompting
5452	Jonathan
5453	and_
5454	his
5455	colleagues, they presented them with forty thousand
5456	pieces of silver® out of the public funds;
5457	and, on
5458	hearing that a Galilaean, named Jesus, was staying
5459	in Jerusalem, who had with him a company of six
5460	hundred men under arms, they sent for him, gave
5461	him
5462	three
5463	months’
5464	pay
5465	and
5466	directed
5467	him
5468	to
5469	accompany the party and obey their orders.
5470	They
5471	2 Cf. the shorter account in B. ii. 627-9.
5472	® If denarii are meant, the sum would be about £1200.
5473	Perhaps a smaller silver coin is intended.
5474	15
p. 100
5475	201
5476	202
5477	203
5478	204
5479	205
5480	206
5481	JOSEPHUS
5482	~
5483	\
5484	/
5485	>
5486	/
5487	/
5488	>
5489	Pr
5490	moAut@v b€ TpiaKoolots avdpaow ddovtTes apyvpLov
5491	eis tpodiv Tav Aw mpocéragav axodovbeiv Tots
5492	>
5493	a
5494	\
5495	\
5496	\
5497	mpeapeow.
5498	TevolévTwy ovv avT@v Kal Tpos THV
5499	”
5500	b]
5501	/
5502	>
5503	/
5504	e
5505	\
5506	\
5507	>
5508	é€odov ettpemicbevtwy eEjecav ot mept Tov
5509	‘lw-
5510	>
5511	A
5512	vabynv obv tovTos, éemaydpevor Kal Tov adeApov
5513	roe
5514	/
5515	\
5516	e
5517	/
5518	e
5519	/
5520	/
5521	>
5522	\
5523	Tob “lwavvov Kat omAitas éxatov, AaBovtes evtoAas
5524	~
5525	/
5526	A
5527	Tapa TOV TrepiavTay, el pev Exwv Katabetny Ta
5528	oma, Cavra Tepe els THY ‘lepocoAvpur ay Tod,
5529	el O aVT UT aT OOLLTY
5530	dmoxretva pndev dedvoTas*
5531	avTav yap elvat TO TpooTaypa. eyeypapercav de
5532	Kat T@ “lwavvyn mpos Tov Kart ej00 mOA€pLov
5533	e
5534	Pf
5535	~
5536	/
5537	érounalecbar,
5538	tots
5539	te
5540	Lémdwpw
5541	Kai
5542	Tafapa
5543	Kato.kovow
5544	Kat Tifepredow
5545	mpocétatrov
5546	oavup-
5547	paxlav TO “lwavyn wéptrew.
5548	~
5549	/
5550	~
5551	\
5552	/
5553	>
5554	~
5555	(41) Tatra por tot martpos ypdibavtos, ée&eize
5556	d€ zpos avrov “Inoods 6 tot Tapadd, r&v ev adra
5557	7H Bovdy yevopeve eis, diros @v Kal ovv7 Ons
5558	epol, opodpa Tmepuydynoa Tous TE moNiras OUTWS
5559	TEpl ee yevojevovs
5560	ayaptiorous,
5561	emuyvovs dud
5562	plovov dvarpebivat pe Tmpootdéar,
5563	Kal TG TOV
5564	TaTépa bua TOV ypaypatrwy oAAd pe mapaKkadety
5565	5
5566	/
5567	A
5568	>
5569	/
5570	~
5571	\
5572	yA
5573	/
5574	adixéalar mpos atvrov: toleivy yap edn Yeaoacbar
5575	TOV VLOV 7pO TOD TedevTioa.
5576	TAvTO a) m™pos TOUS
5577	pidous cizrov Kal OTL peTa. Tpirny npepayv KaTa-
5578	Avra THY Xwpav avTay els THV marpioa Tropev-
5579	oouuny
5580	himy
5581	8
5582	dmavtas
5583	Tovs
5584	aKkovoavTas*
5585	KATEOXE, mapeKdXovy TE kAatovres pen) éeycaradumetv
5586	avtovs
5587	amoAovpévous
5588	ef THs ens
5589	oTpatynytias
5590	amoorepyfetev.
5591	od
5592	Karavevovtos
5593	S€ pov
5594	Tais
5595	ikeTelats
5596	avta@v,
5597	adda Tepl THS €avTou dpov-
5598	tilovtos
5599	oawrTypias,
5600	detcavtes
5601	of TadAtAatoe pr
5602	>
5603	~
5604	~
5605	ameMfovros evxatadpovynto. Tots Anorats yévowTo,
5606	76
p. 101
5607	THE LIFE, 200-206
5608	further
5609	requisitioned
5610	three
5611	hundred
5612	citizens
5613	to
5614	follow the deputies, providing money for the main-
5615	tenance of the whole number.
5616	The consent of these
5617	recruits being obtained and their preparations for the
5618	journey completed, the party of Jonathan set out
5619	with them ; John’s brother and a hundred regulars
5620	also accompanied them.
5621	They had orders, in the
5622	event of my volunteering to lay down my arms, to
5623	send me alive to Jerusalem, but if I offered any
5624	_resistance
5625	to kill me regardless of consequences,
5626	having the weight of their masters’ commands
5627	behind them.
5628	They had also written to John to be
5629	prepared for an attack upon me, and were issuing
5630	orders to Sepphoris, Gabara, and Tiberias to send
5631	assistance to John.
5632	(41) My information reached me in a letter from Josephus
5633	my father, to whom the news was confided by Jesus, ee
5634	son of Gamalas, an intimate friend of mine, who had
5635	been present
5636	at the conference.
5637	I was
5638	deeply
5639	distressed, both by the base ingratitude
5640	of my
5641	fellow-citizens, whose jealousy, as I could see, had
5642	prompted the order to put me to death, and also by
5643	the earnest request in my father’s letter that I
5644	would come to him, as he longed to see his son
5645	before his death.
5646	I told my friends exactly what
5647	had happened and of my intention, in three days’
5648	time, to quit the district and go home.
5649	All who
5650	heard me were overcome with grief and besought
5651	me, with tears, not to abandon them to the ruin
5652	which awaited them if deprived of my leadership.
5653	To these entreaties, out of concern for my own safety,
5654	I refused to yield ; whereupon the Galilaeans, fearing
5655	that my withdrawal would leave them an easy prey
5656	! kaxovcovtas P, adxotcavta RA, dxotovras MW.
5657	(\|
p. 102
5658	i) [m=
5659	208
5660	209
5661	210
5662	JOSEPHUS
5663	,
5664	>
5665	\
5666	/
5667	4
5668	\
5669	TELLTIOVOW
5670	EUS THY TaAtAatav GQ7ACGV
5671	TOUS
5672	O71) [/La-
5673	vobvras
5674	TiHVv eujy yvwpyny wept THs amaddayis.
5675	\
5676	\
5677	\
5678	vA
5679	I
5680	¢
5681	”
5682	7 woAAot b€ Kat TavTaydbev avv7nyOycav, ws jKOVGAY,
5683	[Leva YOV ALK OV KL TEKVOY, od 700w, doKa* wor, TO
5684	mpos ee peahrov 7) TQ) TEpt avr @v déer TovTO
5685	mpatTovTes’ eo yap TOpapLevovTos metoecBau
5686	KaKOV ovdev drreAdpBavov.
5687	WKOV OvV mavTEs els
5688	TO péya medlov ev @ diéTpiBov: “Acwyis eoTw
5689	OVOLA AUTO.
5690	(42) Ava 6€ THs vuKTOs exelvns Bavpdovov oiov
5691	évetpov eHeacdpnv.
5692	eel yap els KoiTHY ETpaTrOpNY
5693	dua ta ypadévta AvTovpevos Kal TEeTApaypevos,
5694	és0fa twa éyew emiotavTa
5695	prow: ““Tatoae THV
5696	ubvyny, @ ovtos, aAy@v, mavTos 8 amaAAacaov
5697	ddoBov: 7a yap AvTobvTa GE péeytoTOV ToLAGEL Kat
5698	év 7aow eVTUXEOTATOV, Katopharcers oe ov Lovov
5699	7abTa, aAXa, Kat moAAa
5700	eTepa. py Kapve o7),
5701	pep) co 8 ore Kal ‘Pwpatois det oe toAcujoa.”’
5702	Tobtov
5703	67) TOV
5704	OVvELpoV Jeacdpevos dvaviorapac
5705	KaTapnvar
5706	7 mpobupovpevos els TO medlov.
5707	mpos be
5708	Ty eu ow wav TO 7AiGos TOV TaAtAaiwr,
5709	qoav 6 ev avrots yuvaires TE KGL mates, emt
5710	oTopa pubavtes é€avTovs Kat daKpvovTes tKETEVOV
5711	per) odds eyeatadurety Tots mroAepsiots, pd ameNbeiv
5712	edoavra Thv xwpayv adtav evdPpiopa Tots €xO pois
5713	e€oomevnv.
5714	ws
5715	be Tats Oenceow \| otk
5716	emevlov,
5717	KaTyVvayKalov opKos pévewy Tap €avTois, €Aodo-
5718	poovTo Te TD On ED ToAAa TOV ‘lepooodvpur av ws
5719	cipyvevecbar TH Xwpav avr av ovK E€@VTL.
5720	(43) Tatra 67) Kal émaKovwy adT@v Kat Brérwv
5721	tod TAjGous tiv KaTidevav exAdabnv mpos EAcov,
5722	1 Goxe? R.
5723	78
p. 103
5724	THE LIFE, 206-212
5725	to the brigands, sent messengers throughout Galilee Ate of
5726	Galilaeans
5727	to announce my intended departure.
5728	On hearing of ¢5 jj
5729	this, large numbers assembled from all quarters, with
5730	their wives and children, influenced, I imagine, as
5731	much by alarm for themselves as by affection for
5732	myself ; being convinced that while I remained at
5733	my post no harm would befall them.
5734	All flocked to
5735	the great plain, called the plain of Asochis,*
5736	in
5737	which my quarters lay.
5738	(42) That night I beheld a marvellous vision in my
5739	dreams.
5740	I had retired to my couch, grieved and
5741	distraught by the tidings in the letter, when I thought
5742	that there stood by me one who said:
5743	“ Cease, man,
5744	from thy sorrow of heart, let go all fear.
5745	That
5746	which grieves thee now will promote thee to great-
5747	ness and felicity in all things.’
5748	Not in these present
5749	trials only, but in many besides, will fortune attend
5750	thee.
5751	Fret not thyself then. Remember that thou
5752	must even battle with the Romans.”
5753	Cheered by this
5754	dream-vision I arose, ready to descend into the plain.
5755	On my appearance, the whole crowd of Galilaeans,
5756	which included women and children, flung themselves
5757	on their faces and with tears implored me not to
5758	abandon them to their enemies nor, by my departure,
5759	leave their country exposed to the insolence of their
5760	foes.
5761	Finding entreaties unavailing, they sought
5762	with adjurations to coerce me to stay with them ;
5763	bitterly inveighing against the people of Jerusalem
5764	for not allowing their country to remain in peace.
5765	(43) With these cries in my ears and the sight of
5766	the dejected crowd before my eyes, my resolution
5767	broke down and I was moved to compassion ; I felt
5768	* Sahel el Buttauf, running E. and W., in the break in the
5769	hills between Jotapata on the north and Nazareth on the
5770	south.
5771	® Or perhaps “ above all men.’
5772	79
5773	support.
5774	His dream.
p. 104
5775	JOSEPHUS
5776	aévov eivar vopilwv tbrép tocovtov mAjfous Kat
5777	mpodrjAous
5778	Kwdvvous
5779	tvropevew.
5780	Katavedw
5781	87)
5782	pevew,
5783	Kal mevtakicytAiouvs
5784	€€ atra@v
5785	omAitas
5786	nkew KeAevoas exovTas éavTois Tpodas emt Tas
5787	213 OLK TELS dvadjnKka tovs GAAous.
5788	ézret b€ of TEVTAKLG-
5789	yiAvor mapeyévovto, TovTovs avaraBav Kal Tpic-
5790	yirlovs Tods adv euavT® oTpatiitas, immeis
5791	oydonkovTa, Tv mopelay
5792	eis XaBwrlw
5793	Kwopny,
5794	ILroAepwatdos jueBoprov ovoay, eToincauny, KaKeEl
5795	Tas duvdpers ouvetyov ae OKNTTOMEVOS
5796	214 emt TOV apos IAdKidov 7oAcpov.
5797	apiKeTo om odTos
5798	peta SUo omeip@v melod orpatevpmatos Kal imméwv
5799	iAns pas bo
5800	Keoriov
5801	TadAdov
5802	Teupbets,
5803	iv
5804	e-mpnon) Tas KWpas TOV DadAatev at 7Anotov
5805	7oav [TroAepatdos.
5806	BaddAopeévov 8° exetvov Xdpasa
5807	apo Ths rokcpwadwr woAews TiPear Kayw OTpaTo-
5808	TEdOV, THS KHpNS doov €EjKOVTA OTADLoUS aTTOGYWV.
5809	215 7ToAAdKis prev obv Tas SuVaELS TpOnyayopeVv ws
5810	ets paynv, mAdov 8 ovdév axpoBodicpav émpaéa-
5811	Lev" O yap ITAd«vdos cowmep eyivwoKev omevoovTa
5812	je mpos pany avTos katamAyrropevos bmeareA-
5813	Neto THs pevToL IroAepaidos ovK exwpilero.
5814	216
5815	(44) Kara
5816	todrov
5817	b€ Tov Kaupov dpucopevos
5818	‘levabns peTa TOV oupmpecBewy, dv edapev ex
5819	TOV
5820	‘lepoooAvpwy
5821	b7o Tav
5822	wept Lipwwva
5823	Kat
5824	"Avavov tov apytepéa memépbar, AaBety <pe>* Ov
5825	evédpas émeBovrevev" pavep@s yap emxeipety ovK
5826	217 €roAua.
5827	ypager b€ Tos. jue TOLAUTHYV emLaToAqy"
5828	“"Twvabyns Kat ot adv abT@ meupbevres b70 TOV
5829	Tepocodvpurav "lwonmw Xaipew. pets b70 Tav
5830	év ‘Iepocodvpois mpwTwv, aKovodvTwY TOV aro
5831	1 ins. ed. princeps, Om. MSS.
5832	80
p. 105
5833	THE LIFE, 212-217
5834	that it was right to face even manifest perils for so Josephus
5835	vast a multitude.
5836	So I consented to remain ; and, Consents
5837	to
5838	giving orders that five thousand of them were to Galilee.
5839	join me in arms, bringing their own provisions, I
5840	dismissed the rest to their homes.
5841	When the five
5842	thousand arrived, I set out with them, the three
5843	thousand
5844	infantry already with
5845	me
5846	and
5847	eighty
5848	horse, and marched to Chabolo,? a village on the
5849	frontiers
5850	of Ptolemais, where
5851	I kept my forces
5852	together, feigning to be making preparations for
5853	an engagement with Placidus.
5854	The latter had been
5855	sent by Cestius Gallus, with two cohorts of infantry
5856	and a squadron of horse, to burn the Galilaean villages
5857	in the neighbourhood of Ptolemais.
5858	While he was
5859	entrenching himself in front of that city, I on my
5860	side encamped about sixty furlongs from the village
5861	of Chabolo.
5862	On several occasions we led out our
5863	forces, as for battle, but did not proceed beyond
5864	skirmishes, because Placidus, in proportion as he
5865	saw my eagerness for a combat, became alarmed and
5866	declined it.
5867	He did not, however, quit his post at
5868	Ptolemais.
5869	(44) At this juncture Jonathan arrived with his Arrival of
5870	fellow-envoys, who, as I said, had been sent from ee
5871	Jerusalem by Simon and Ananus the high-priest. in Galilee:
5872	Not venturing to attack me openly, he laid a plot to ee
5873	entrap me, writing me the following letter :
5874	desephue:
5875	“Jonathan
5876	and
5877	his
5878	fellow
5879	deputies
5880	from
5881	Jerusalem to Josephus, greeting.
5882	The Jerusalem
5883	authorities, having heard that John of Gischala
5884	2 Cabul (Kabil), half-way between the Plain of Asochis
5885	(§ 207 above) and Ptolemais (Acre).
5886	VoL. 1
5887	G
5888	8]
p. 106
5889	218
5890	219
5891	220
5892	221
5893	222
5894	223
5895	224
5896	JOSEPHUS
5897	Ticxyddwy *lwavvnv em BeBovrevicevan Gol mo\Aaxts,
5898	emeuhOypev emimAn€ovtes abT@ Kal TapawvécovTes
5899	eis TO Aouroy braKovew
5900	ot.
5901	Bovrevoacbas de
5902	ovv col Oédovres Tepl TOV KowH TpaKTewy Tapa-
5903	Kkadobpev
5904	7 WKew Oarrov mpos pas Le) pera ToAAav*
5905	ovde ‘yap 7 Kop dvvait av otpatiwtav mAnGos
5906	emiocEacbar.
5907	Tada, 6 éypadov Tpoodok@vres
5908	Ovoiv Oarepov, 7 OTL xewpis omhwv dpucopevov pos
5909	avtovs e€ovow droxelpiov 7 7oMovs é7a7
5910	0 LevoV
5911	Kpwovar moAguov.
5912	Kev O€ LOL THY emuaToAqy
5913	immevs Kopilay, Opacvs ddAws veavias TOV Tra.pa.
5914	Bao.ret more OT PATEVTApLEVEnV™ nv Oo apa VUKTOS
5915	7307 devTepa, Kal? av erbyXaVOV peta TOV didwyv
5916	kat tev
5917	THs
5918	VadiAatas
5919	TmpurTon
5920	EOTLEDMLEVOS.
5921	obros om), mpocayyetAavtTos olKerou pou nKEeW TWO
5922	imma ‘lovdaiov,
5923	etoxdn bets éuod = KeAevoavTos
5924	jomdoaro pev ovo" odws, Ty emuaToany d€ 77po-
5925	TewWas, “cauryv,’
5926	eimev, “ot €€ ‘lepocoAvpoy
5927	TKOVTES TeToppact Gol. ypade on TAXLOTO. Kal
5928	ou: Kat yap eel yopLal Tmpos avrous broarpepew.
5929	ol pev ovv KATAKELLEVOL THY TOO OTpAaTLWTOV
5930	TOALay eGavpacay, eyo dé kabléleabar mapexdAovy
5931	Kal ovvoeumvetv jp. dpyncapevov de TV pev
5932	emuaToAny peta. xetpas eixov ws edefauny, T™pos
5933	de Tous didovs TEepl mpaypLatwv eTEpa THY opidtay
5934	eTOLOUnY .
5935	wet’ od TroAARV O° Gpay efavaoras Kal
5936	TOUS [ev dAAous amoAvoas ent KOLTNDY, Téooapas
5937	d€ pou jeovov TOV avayKatwy pirov mpoopetvau
5938	xehevoas Kal T@ TaLdL TpooTaas olvov EToyLaoat,
5939	Ta émaroAny avarrvéas pun devos euBérrovros Kak
5940	avTis TAXD ouveis THY TOV Yeypaporey emivouay,
5941	T7daAw adrny éonunvapnv. Kal ws U7 TpoaveyvwKws,
5942	82
p. 107
5943	THE LIFE, 217-224
5944	has frequently plotted against you, have commis-
5945	sioned us to reprove him and to admonish him in
5946	future to show you proper respect.
5947	Wishing to
5948	confer with you on a concerted line of action, we
5949	request you to come to us with all speed, and with
5950	but few attendants, as this village could not accom-
5951	modate a large military force.”
5952	In so writing they expected one of two things to
5953	happen: either I would come unprotected and they
5954	would have me at their mercy, or, should I bring a
5955	large retinue, they would denounce me as a public
5956	enemy.
5957	The letter was brought to me by a trooper,
5958	an insolent young fellow who had formerly served in
5959	the king’s army.
5960	It was the second hour of the
5961	night, and I was dining with my friends and the
5962	chief men of Galilee.
5963	My servant announcing the
5964	arrival of a
5965	Jewish horseman, this fellow, being called
5966	in by my orders, gave me no salute whatever, but
5967	reached out the letter and said:
5968	‘“ The party who
5969	have come
5970	from Jerusalem
5971	have
5972	sent you
5973	this.
5974	Write your reply immediately, as I am in a hurry to
5975	return to them.’’
5976	My guests were
5977	astonished
5978	at
5979	the soldier’s audacity ; I, for my part, invited him
5980	to sit down and join us at supper.
5981	He declined.
5982	I
5983	kept the letter in my hands, as I had received it, and
5984	conversed with my friends on other subjects.
5985	Not
5986	long after I rose and, dismissing the others to their
5987	repose, directed four only of my closest friends to
5988	stay and ordered my servant to set on wine.
5989	Then,
5990	when no one was looking, I unfolded the letter, took
5991	in at a glance the writers’ design and sealed it up
5992	again.
5993	Holding it in my hands as though I had not
5994	83
p. 108
5995	aoe
5996	226
5997	228
5998	JOSEPHUS
5999	GAAd peTa xelpas avriy Exwv, mpoceraga Ta
6000	OTparLsTy
6001	Opaxpias elKooucy> epoduov Sob jvat.
6002	Tob be AaBovros Kal xepw exew djoavros cuvels
6003	TV atoxpoKepderay avrod KaL WS TaUTy pahora
6004	eoTw aAwaytos, “ arr’ et ouput jpiv,
6005	Eon,
6006	“ Gehjcevas, cee KaTGa. Kvabov Opaxpny pay.
6007	6 8 dopevos Ua7jKovaey, Kal moAbv TOV oivov
6008	mpoohepopevos vmEep Tod TAdov AaBeiv To apyvpLov
6009	Kat peOvabels otKETL TA ATOppyTA oTéyew edUvvaTO,
6010	aA’ edpalev ovK EpwrepLevos THY TE ouveckeva-
6011	opevnv emBovdiy KaL ws Karepnpuopevos ein
6012	Oavarov Tap avrots. TatT daKovoas dyTuypagen
6013	Tov Tpdmov TobTov:
6014	“"lwonmos "Iwvabyn Kat Tots
6015	atv
6016	atT®@
6017	yalpew.
6018	eppwyévovs
6019	tyds
6020	eis Ty
6021	PadAatay TK EW mubopevos 7jOopuae, padvora. S°
6022	OTt Suv} copa
6023	pane Si dpi Thv Tov evade
6024	Tpaypatwv emyeAcvay
6025	els TiHV maTpida Topev-
6026	Givat: tTodTo yap Kat wdAa zrovetv 7OeAov.
6027	det
6028	ev ovv p71) wovov ets ZaAwl apayevéobar we mpos
6029	bpds, adda moppw Kai pndé KeAevodvTwy, ovy-
6030	yuupns
6031	Se Tvxewv
6032	a&i® py Svvduevos
6033	TobTO
6034	Toljoat, Tapadvrdcowy’ ev XaBwdAa Adkdov eis
6035	tiv LVadAatay avabivat bv évvoias Exovta.
6036	HKETE
6037	ovv vpeis mpos pe THY EmiaToAnY
6038	avayvovTes.
6039	eppwabe.”’
6040	(45) Tatra ypapas dovs TH aTpaTiitn dépew
6041	ouveg ere pupa. TpidKovra tov TadtAaiwv doKysen-
6042	Tdtous, v7oleevos abtots aomdcacBa pev éexet-
6043	vous, etepov de pundev Aéyew.
6044	era€a b€ Kal Kal?
6045	1 Niese: rapadu\dow sic P, rapadu\doow yap the rest.
6046	* The standard silver coin, roughly a franc.
6047	84
p. 109
6048	THE LIFE, 224-228
6049	yet read it, I
6050	ordered twenty drachmas to be presented
6051	to the soldier for travelling expenses.
6052	He accepted
6053	the money and thanked me
6054	for it.
6055	Noting his
6056	cupidity as offering the surest means of gulling him,
6057	I said, “ If you will consent to drink with us, you
6058	shall receive a drachma®
6059	for every cup.”
6060	He readily
6061	assented and, in order to win more money, indulged
6062	so freely in the wine that he became intoxicated and
6063	unable to keep his secrets any longer to himself.
6064	He
6065	told me, without being asked, of the plot that had
6066	been hatched and how I had been sentenced to death
6067	by his employers.
6068	On hearing this I wrote the
6069	following reply :
6070	“Josephus
6071	to Jonathan
6072	and
6073	his colleagues,
6074	greeting.
6075	I am delighted to hear that you have
6076	reached Galilee in good health; more especially
6077	because I shall now be able to hand over to you
6078	the charge of affairs here and return home, as I
6079	have long wished to do.
6080	I ought certainly to
6081	have gone, not merely to Xaloth,? but further,
6082	to wait upon you, even without your instructions ;
6083	I must, however, request you to excuse me for
6084	my inability to do so, as I am here at Chabolo,
6085	keeping watch on Placidus, who
6086	is meditating
6087	an incursion up country into Galilee.
6088	Do you,
6089	Eheretere, on receipt of this letter, come
6090	and
6091	visit me.
6092	Fare you well.”
6093	(45) Having written this letter and handed it to the
6094	soldier,
6095	I sent
6096	him
6097	off, accompanied
6098	by thirty
6099	Galilaeans of the highest repute, whom I instructed
6100	to pay their respects to the deputies, but to say not
6101	a word more.
6102	‘To each of them I attached a soldier
6103	» A village in the Great Plain, on the southern frontier of
6104	Galilee, elsewhere called Exaloth (B. iii. 39).
6105	85
p. 110
6106	JOSEPHUS
6107	7
6108	>}
6109	~
6110	~
6111	€
6112	~
6113	a
6114	,
6115	EKaoTOV avT@V TLOTaV OTALT@v Eva TapadvAdéovra,
6116	~
6117	~
6118	>
6119	=
6120	py Tis Tots weuPletow va Ewod mpos Tovs TepL
6121	tov “lwvdbnv opiAia yevntar.
6122	Kal ot prev érro-
6123	229 pevOjoay. ot be wept TOV "lwvdbnv TNS TpwrTns
6124	230
6125	231
6126	232
6127	233
6128	Telpas dpuapTovTes erepay emuaroAgy pot Towavray
6129	ézepibav:
6130	““"lwvabys Kat ot ovv at7@ *lwonmw
6131	/
6132	\
6133	~
6134	Yaipery.
6135	BO
6136	ai re Got xwpis omAiT@y
6137	eis
6138	e
6139	aA
6140	Tpitnvy Tapayevectar
6141	mpos mds
6142	ets VaPapwé
6143	/
6144	~
6145	KOUNV,
6146	Wa
6147	OvaKovowjiev
6148	Tov
6149	pos
6150	“lwavyny
6151	>?
6152	~
6153	eyKAq udev cou
6154	YEyOvoTa”.
6155	TadTa. ypabavres
6156	Kat domacd\|Levoe TOUS DadiAatous ous TeTOMpew*
6157	ee eis “ladav Kany peyloray ovoay TOV
6158	ev 7H Taddaia, retxeow oxupwrarny Kal ToAA@y
6159	OlKYnTOpwY peoTHV.
6160	vmnvTialev d€ TO TARBOS ad-
6161	TOUS META YUVALK@VY Kal TEKVWY Kal KaTEeBowY
6162	Kerevovtes amievar Kat p17) Ploveiv adrois ayabod
6163	Tob oTpatnyod.
6164	mapnpebilovro de Tats puvais ol
6165	\
6166	TEept TOV ‘lwvabny, Kai Pavepooy pev THY opyny
6167	ovK
6168	éToAUwy,
6169	OvK aguocavres
6170	5’ atrovs amo-
6171	Kpicews els Tas GAAas Kwpas ETOpevovTO.
6172	OpoLat
6173	~
6174	\
6175	/
6176	om OravT wv avrois 7 Tapa TavTwWY at Karaforcers
6177	peT aT reloew adrous Bowvrwy ovdeva, Epi Too per)
6178	oTpaTnyov exew ‘leonzov.
6179	dmpaKrot dé Tapa
6180	tovTwy
6181	ameABdvTes
6182	ot rept tov
6183	“lwvabnv
6184	eis
6185	/
6186	/
6187	~
6188	>
6189	~
6190	/
6191	/,
6192	Léerdwpw peyiorny Tav
6193	ev
6194	7TH LVadriAaia odw
6195	>
6196	~
6197	¢
6198	>
6199	>
6200	~
6201	+
6202	\
6203	¢
6204	adixvobvrau: ot 6 evtedfev avlpwaor mpos
6205	‘Pw-
6206	~
6207	>
6208	/
6209	patovs Tals yvwpats amoPAémovTes
6210	éeKelvois ev
6211	e
6212	/
6213	>
6214	\
6215	\
6216	the,
6217	>
6218	/
6219	ri
6220	>
6221	)
6222	/
6223	bmnvrwy, ewe de ovt emyvovv ovr
6224	efPArAacdypovv.
6225	\
6226	\
6227	~
6228	>
6229	> A
6230	\
6231	/
6232	2
6233	c
6234	mapa d€ Lemdwpit@v ets “Acwyw Kxatafartes,”
6235	ot
6236	~
6237	/
6238	A
6239	>
6240	~
6241	évredlev mapamAnciws
6242	tots
6243	“ladyvois KateBowv
6244	1 Niese: reréugacw MSS., rérouda ed. pr.
6245	2 «aTaS8dav7wy Should perhaps be read.
6246	86
p. 111
6247	THE LIFE, 228-233
6248	whom I could trust, te watch them and see that no
6249	conversation took place between my emissaries and
6250	the other party ; and so they set off.
6251	Foiled in their
6252	first attempt, Jonathan and his friends sent me
6253	another letter as follows :
6254	“Jonathan
6255	and his colleagues
6256	to Josephus,
6257	greeting.
6258	We charge you in three days’ time to
6259	join us, without military escort, at the village of
6260	Gabaroth,* that we may give a hearing to your
6261	accusations against John.”
6262	Having written this letter and taken leave of the
6263	Galilaeans whom I had sent, they went on to Japha,?
6264	the largest village in Galilee, very strongly fortified
6265	and containing a dense population.
6266	There they
6267	were met by a crowd, including women and children,
6268	who in abusive language bade them be off and not
6269	grudge
6270	them
6271	their
6272	excellent
6273	general.
6274	Irritated
6275	though they were by these outcries, Jonathan and
6276	his colleagues did not dare to show their displeasure,
6277	and, not deigning to reply, proceeded to the other
6278	villages on their route.
6279	But on all sides they were
6280	met by similar denunciations,
6281	the people loudly
6282	protesting that none should induce them to alter their
6283	determination to have Josephus for their general.
6284	Unsuccessful in the villages the delegates withdrew
6285	to Sepphoris, the largest city in Galilee.
6286	Here the
6287	inhabitants, who inclined to the side of the Romans,
6288	went to meet them ; refraining, however, from either
6289	praise or censure of myself.
6290	From Sepphoris they
6291	descended to Asochis, which gave them a noisy
6292	reception similar to that which had greeted them at
6293	@ Elsewhere
6294	called Gabara;
6295	some
6296	six
6297	miles
6298	N.E. of
6299	Josephus’s quarters at Cabul.
6300	® Doubtless Japhia ( Ya@fa), a few miles S.W. of Nazareth.
6301	87
6302	Popular
6303	demonstra-
6304	tions in
6305	favour of
6306	Josephus.
p. 112
6307	JOSEPHUS
6308	av’T@v’ of b€ THY Opynv ovKETL KaTAaDXOVTES
6309	KE-
6310	Aevovaw Tois pet abt@v omAitais TUmTEw EvAots
6311	Tovs KataBpo@vras.
6312	kata Vafapa de yevopévous
6313	bravridler peta Tproxiriwy omAutav 6 *lwavvys.
6314	234 eyo 8 €k THS emLaToAns 707 CUVELKWS OTL dveyvwo-
6315	Kao mpos pe moAeuetv, avactas amo XaPwAwy
6316	pLeTa
6317	TpLaxiAtav
6318	omhurav,
6319	KaTAAUTOV
6320	ev TO
6321	oTparomedw TOV TLOTOTATOV TOV prov, eis *Iew-
6322	TaTaTa TApeyevouyy, mAyjoiov att@v etvat Bov-
6323	Adpevos
6324	gov \| a0 reaoapdiovra GTAOlwY, Kal
6325	935 ypadw mpos avrous Tade* “El TavTWS jE TPOS
6326	bpas eAbeiy BovAecbe, dvakdctat Kat Técoapes KATA
6327	TIP Dadtratay €low ToAeus KGL KGa. TOUTWV
6328	els nV DeAjoere Tapayevycopar xwopis PaBdpev
6329	Kal DioxdAwy: 7 pev yap mar pis éotw *lwavvou,
6330	7 O€ GUpLpLaAXOS avr @ Kat pian.”
6331	236
6332	©6(46) Taira ra Ypappara. AaBovres of wept Tov
6333	‘Leva qv OUKETL [ev dyTvypapovow, cuvedpiov be
6334	TaVv diAwv kabicaytes Kal TOV ‘ledvyqy Tapa
6335	haBdvres eBovdevovro TWO. TpOTrOV eTLXELPTTWOL joe.
6336	237 Kal “lwavvy prev ed0Ket ypapew ™pos maoas ras ev
6337	7h TadtAata woAets Kal KWUAS, EivaL yap ev exdory
6338	TavTws eva yotv Kai devrepov Siadopov éepol, Kat
6339	Kadely
6340	tovTouvs
6341	ws
6342	emt
6343	modAduov.
6344	exéAeve
6345	Te?
6346	TéuTEw TO SOypLa TOTO Kal els THY “lepocoAvpuTaV
6347	7ToAw, Wa Kaketvou yvovTes: b70 TOV PadtAatiwv
6348	Kexptovar pe moA€p.Lov kal avTol pnpicovra
6349	yevopevov yap ToUTOU Kal TOvs EvvOiKa@s ExXovTds
6350	poe TadAtAatous
6351	eyKatanrctbew
6352	epy poBnevras.
6353	238 TaUTA ovpBovdevoartos ’lwavvov opodpa Kal TOUS
6354	239 dAXous Tpecey TA AcxbevTa.
6355	mept 5 Wpav Tips
6356	1 Niese: éxe\evero méuTmew P, réurew 6 éxédeve the rest.
6357	88
p. 113
6358	THE LIFE, 233-239
6359	Japha.
6360	Unable longer to restrain their wrath, they
6361	ordered their military escort to beat the rioters with
6362	cudgels.
6363	On their arrival at Gabara they were met
6364	by John with three thousand men in arms.
6365	Having
6366	already understood from their letter that they were
6367	determined to attack me, I set out from Chabolo,
6368	with a force three thousand strong, leaving my most
6369	trusted friend in command of the camp ; and, being
6370	anxious
6371	to be near them, removed
6372	to Jotapata,
6373	where I was about forty furlongs away.
6374	I then
6375	wrote to them as follows :
6376	“If you seriously desire me to come to you,
6377	there
6378	are
6379	two
6380	hundred
6381	and
6382	four
6383	cities
6384	and
6385	villages in Galilee.
6386	I will come to whichever of
6387	these
6388	you
6389	may
6390	select,
6391	Gabara
6392	and
6393	Géischala
6394	excepted ; the latter being John’s native place
6395	and the former in league and alliance with him.”’
6396	(46) On receipt of this letter Jonathan and _ his Plots of the
6397	colleagues, abandoning further correspondence, sum- eee aud
6398	moned a meeting of their friends, John included, measures of
6399	and deliberated how they should proceed against me. eee
6400	John was of opinion that they should write to every
6401	city and village in Galilee, in each of which there
6402	would certainly be found at least one or two ad-
6403	versaries of mine, and call out these persons
6404	as
6405	against an enemy.
6406	He further recommended that a
6407	copy of this resolution should be sent to Jerusalem,
6408	in order that the citizens, on learning that I had
6409	been declared an enemy by the Galilaeans, might be
6410	induced to pass a similar vote.
6411	In that event, he
6412	added, even my Galilaean partisans would abandon
6413	me in alarm.
6414	John’s advice was highly approved by
6415	the rest of the council.
6416	About the third hour of the
6417	89
p. 114
6418	JOSEPHUS
6419	~
6420	=
6421	~
6422	f
6423	VUKTOS TpITHV Els ypuHow KE wor TadTA, LVakxatov
6424	T@V adv avtois Twos adTo“oAnGaVTOS TpOs PE Kal
6425	Thy emixelpnow ab’t@v amayyetAav7os: odKkéte 87)
6426	DAV) det
6427	UTEPT
6428	7Tibecbar
6429	TOV
6430	KaLpov
6431	a€Lov de Kpwas
6432	241
6433	242
6434	243
6435	244
6436	"ldxwBov omdityy TOV TEpi Ewe TmLOTOV* Kehedo
6437	duaKoatous omhiras aBovta
6438	dpovpetv Tas azo
6439	PaBapuwv eis 77Hv VadAatay
6440	efddovs, Kal Tous
6441	mapiovtas aovAAapPdvovta mpos ewe Tepe, pa-
6442	Aiera
6443	5é€ Tovs peTa ypaypaTtwv
6444	adAtcKopévous.
6445	‘lepepiay 6€ Kai adtov éx t&v didwy pov pel?
6446	é€axociwv omhit@v eis tiv weOdpiov TAS VadtAatas
6447	evepisa tas amo tavTys eis THY ‘lepocoAvpuTa@v
6448	moAw
6449	odovs
6450	mapadvAdgovta,
6451	mpooraypya
6452	dovs
6453	KaKElV TOUS pEeT eTLGTOA@Y OdevovTas ovAdap-
6454	Bdvew, Kat Tovs pev avdpas ev deopots emt TOoToV
6455	dvAarrew, Ta O€ ypappata pos ene SiaTéurrew.
6456	(47) Tatra tots meumopévors evtetAdjevos Vadt-
6457	Aatots dunyyetda Kedevow eis THY ETLODGaV dva.-
6458	AaBovras Ta OmAa Kat TpLOv TPEp@v Tpopry eis
6459	Pafapa6 KOEN mapayevectat
6460	7 7™pos je. TOV de
6461	TeEpl ejue omAur@v jotpas TéTTapas velwas TOUS
6462	TLOTOTATOUS AVTOV TEpL THV TOD GwWyaTos PuAaKnY
6463	éraéa, Ta€idpyous avtois émuoTtioas Kal dpovrilew
6464	Kerevous UTEep TOD pdéva oTpaTworny dyv@orov
6465	avrois
6466	cuvavapiyvucdae.
6467	7H «8 emvovon rept
6468	me p
6469	aT IV wpav ev Pafapw6 VEVOLEVOS evplaKw
6470	may TO TEdLoVv TO TPO Tis KOUNS omhur av mAijpes
6471	TOV EK Tijs TadtAatas emi tiv ouppaxtay TApovTwy,
6472	ws avtots tapnyyéAKkew: modvs b€ Kat addos éx
6473	Tov Kwua@v OxAos cuverpexev.
6474	Emel b€ KaTAOTAS
6475	eis atrtovs Aéyew jpEapnv, eBowv amavrTes ev-
6476	EepyeTyV Kal OwTHpa THs xwpas adt@v Kadobrres.
6477	90
p. 115
6478	THE LIFE, 239-244
6479	night news of these proceedings was brought to me
6480	by Sacchaeus, one of their party who deserted and
6481	reported their design to me, adding that there was
6482	no time to be lost.
6483	So, selecting James, a faithful
6484	soldier of my bodyguard, as a fit person, I ordered
6485	him to take two hundred men and guard the routes
6486	leading from Gabara into Galilee, and to arrest all
6487	who passed, especially any caught with letters upon
6488	them, and to send them to me. [I also dispatched
6489	Jeremiah, another of my friends, with six hundred
6490	men to the frontier of Galilee, to watch the roads
6491	leading from the province to Jerusalem, with similar
6492	orders to arrest all found travelling with dispatches ;
6493	such persons were to be kept in chains on the spot,
6494	the letters he was to forward to me.
6495	(47) Having given these orders, I sent directions to
6496	the Galilaeans to join me on the following day at the
6497	village of Gabaroth, with their arms and three days’
6498	provisions.
6499	I then divided my troops
6500	into four
6501	companies, formed a bodyguard for myself of those
6502	whom I most trusted, and appointed officers to take
6503	command, charging them to see that no soldier who
6504	was unknown to them mixed with their men.
6505	Reach-
6506	ing Gabaroth about the fifth hour on the following
6507	day, I found the whole plain in front of the village
6508	covered with armed men, who, in obedience to my
6509	orders, had rallied to my aid from Galilee ; while
6510	another large crowd was hurrying in from the villages.
6511	When I stood up and was beginning to speak, they
6512	all greeted me with acclamations, calling me the
6513	benefactor and saviour of their country.
6514	I thanked
6515	l rigT@v MSS.
6516	9]
6517	Josephus
6518	meets the
6519	embassy at
6520	Gabaroth.
6521	Fresh de-
6522	monstra-
6523	tions in his
6524	favour.
p. 116
6525	245
6526	246
6527	247
6528	~
6529	248
6530	249
6531	250
6532	JOSEPHUS
6533	Kayo yapw avrots exe oporoyncas ovveBovAcvov
6534	mpos pndéva Le1TE ToAcpety jeijre apTayh podbvew
6535	Tas xetpas,” aAAa cknvoby KaTa TO medtov dpkov-
6536	pevous Tots eavT av édodios: Gédew yap epacKkov
6537	Tas Tapaxyas ywpis dovwv KataoTéAdew.
6538	ovveBy
6539	5° ab&ypepov ets Tas bm epo0 Kkataotabeicas TOV
6540	day pvdakas TOUS Tapa TOU ‘lwvafov meuplevras
6541	ETA TOV emLoT ToAGY epmecelv.
6542	Kal Ol [LEV avopes
6543	epuddxoycar emt TOV TOTO, Ws TapyyyelAa, Tots
6544	6€ ypdppaow EVTUXOV Bes Pracpnpiav Kal
6545	wevopatwv, ovdevi TadTa dpdoas oppav em’ adbrovs
6546	Svevoovpyy.
6547	(48) ’Axovcartes de Ol TeEpt TOV "lwvdbny epi
6548	Tis iis api€ews Tous idlous mavTas dvaAaBovres
6549	Kal TOV ‘Ladvyy o UTEYWPTNTAV ets tiv *lyood otkiay:
6550	Bapis S° Hv avry peyadn Kal ovdev akpo7toAews
6551	amodeovea.
6552	Kpviavtes
6553	ovv
6554	Adyov
6555	omurav ev
6556	abTH Kat Tas aAAas amoKhetoavt tes OUpas, plav de
6557	Gvol€avTes, TpocedoKwV HKEW eK THS O00 [Ee TPOS
6558	avtovs
6559	domacdpevov.
6560	Kal
6561	67) Siddacw
6562	evtodAas
6563	Tois omAlrais, emevdav Tapayévwpar, povov €to-
6564	eMeiv edcat tovs addous ametpEavtas* ovTws yap
6565	GovTd pe yevijcecbar padiws adtrois vmoxeipiov.
6566	edevobnoav S€ THs eAmidos: eye yap THY emLPovAnv
6567	mpoataboevos,
6568	ws
6569	€K THS
6570	ferolers) TApEeyevouny,
6571	atadvcas avtiukpus attav Kabeview eoxnmTopny.
6572	Kal ot mept tov "lwvabyv trodapPavovtes ovTws
6573	avaravecbat
6574	pe KabuTvwyévov
6575	wpynoay
6576	KaTa-
6577	Bavres eis TO medlov® petaretVew abTovs ws Epod
6578	KaK@S oTparnyoovTos.
6579	TavayT ia d€ atrots ouv-
6580	émecev’ opbevrev yap evOds € eyeveTo Bon Tapa TOV
6581	TadtAalwyt mpos eué tov otpatyyov etvoias a€ia,
6582	92
p. 117
6583	THE LIFE, 244-250
6584	them and advised them neither to attack anyone nor
6585	to sully their hands with rapine, but to encamp in the
6586	plain and be content with their rations, as my desire
6587	was to quell these disturbances without bloodshed.
6588	It happened, on that very day, that Jonathan’s
6589	couriers, carrying dispatches,
6590	fell into the hands
6591	of my sentries posted to guard the roads.
6592	The
6593	prisoners were, in accordance with my directions,
6594	detained on the spot;
6595	the letters I perused and,
6596	finding them full of slander and lies, decided, without
6597	mentioning a word of them to anyone, to advance to
6598	meet my foes.
6599	(48) Jonathan, hearing of my coming, retired, with
6600	all his own followers and John, to the mansion of
6601	Jesus, which was a great castle, as imposing as a
6602	citadel.
6603	Here they concealed an armed ambuscade,
6604	and, locking all but one of the doors, they waited
6605	for me to come, after my journey, and pay my saluta-
6606	tions.
6607	In fact, they gave orders to the soldiers to
6608	admit me only, on my arrival, and to exclude my
6609	attendants, hoping thus to have me easily at their
6610	mercy.
6611	In
6612	these
6613	expectations
6614	they
6615	were
6616	dis-
6617	appointed ; for I, discovering their plot, at the end
6618	of my march took up my quarters immediately oppo-
6619	site them and pretended to be asleep.
6620	Jonathan
6621	and his friends, imagining that I was actually resting
6622	and asleep, hastened down to the plain, to create
6623	disaffection on the ground of my inefficiency as a
6624	general.
6625	The result was quite the reverse ; for, no
6626	sooner had they appeared, than the Galilaeans raised
6627	a shout
6628	as hearty as their loyalty for me, their
6629	1 So R: the rest have ywpas.
6630	2 So P: the rest have xcaracre?har.
6631	3 r7j00s MW.
6632	4 Probably 77s should be inserted.
6633	93
p. 118
6634	JOSEPHUS
6635	KaTapeurbiy Té emovotvTo THY epi Tov “lwvabnyy,
6636	OTL Tapetow ovdEeV prev avTOL KaKOV TpoTreTrOVOOTES,
6637	avatpépovres b€ TA EKELYWY TPAyLaTA.
6638	Kal Tap-
6639	exeAevovTo amléva pu) yap av mote weTameroOjvat
6640	251 mpootdarny erepov avt euod AaPeiv. TovTwy am-
6641	ayyehbevtww pow mpoedbety eis wécous ovK WKVNCA.
6642	KkaTéBawvov ovv evlews ws abrovs,' tL Aéyovow ot
6643	TEpl TOV “Tevatqv AKOVTOILEVOS.
6644	mpoehBovros b€
6645	prov. KpOTOS Tapa TavTOS rob An Gous edOUs HV Kat
6646	per’ edpn pay emuBoncers yapw eéxew opodoyotvTwv
6647	TH EH oTpaTnyia.
6648	252
6649	(49) Tatra o ol Tept Tov “lwvabyv dxcovovTes
6650	epoPyOncay pa Kal KWOvYEvowow amobavety, em
6651	avrovs Oppnodvtay TaV PadiAato Kara THV Tpos
6652	ewe ydpw.
6653	Spacpov ody émevdovy: py dSuvnbévres
6654	dé ameMciv, mpoopeivar yap atrovs jéiwoa, KaT-
6655	253 nbets Tomepeway evoTnOapevory T@ hoyw.
6656	m™poo-
6657	Ta€as obv TO pnev 7An bee Tas edbnpias KaTaoxetv,
6658	kal tov étAurGv ods TLOTOTATOUS Tats odots
6659	emloTiaas UTEp ToD dpovpeiv p17) ampoodoKyTws
6660	nptvy 0 “lwavyns émiméon, mapawéoas Se Kat Tots
6661	VartAatou avadaBeiv 7a o7rAa, 7) pos THY Ehodov
6662	T@v ToAELiwy, €ay yevntal tis aidvidvos, Tapa-
6663	254 y8Gow, mp@tov THs émuctoAjs
6664	Tovs mept Tov
6665	"lwvdbnv trepipvyncKov, dv Tpotov ypayerav bro
6666	ToD Kowod Tov ‘lepocodvpitdvy meméudbar d1a-
6667	Avaovrés nov Tas mpos TOV "lwavyny didroverkias, ws
6668	255 Tapakarécerav TE re TPOS adTOUS adiKkéobar.
6669	Kal
6670	Tatra dueEvwv THY ETLaTOANY Eis LETOUS TPOUTELWOV,
6671	iva pndev apvycacbas duvnfdow eAeyyovTwy avdtovs
6672	256 TOV ypaypdTwv.
6673	“Kai pny,’ ednv, “"lwvdén
6674	1 @s atrov’s R: the rest avrés, ** to hear with my own ears.”
6675	94
p. 119
6676	THE LIFE, 250-256
6677	general, and reproached Jonathan’s party for coming,
6678	unprovoked, upon the scene to throw the province
6679	into disorder.
6680	They bade them be off, declaring
6681	their fixed determination never to receive another
6682	governor in my place.
6683	Informed of these proceed-
6684	ings I no longer hesitated
6685	to show myself, but
6686	instantly went down to them to hear what Jonathan
6687	was
6688	saying.
6689	My appearance
6690	was
6691	the signal for
6692	universal applause, and I was hailed with encomiums
6693	and expressions of gratitude for my services
6694	as
6695	commander.
6696	(49) Jonathan and his friends, on hearing these Josephus
6697	demonstrations, fearing that the Galilaeans, out of pee L
6698	devotion to me, might make a rush upon them,
6699	became alarmed for their lives.
6700	They accordingly
6701	meditated flight ; but on my requiring them to stay,
6702	were
6703	unable
6704	to escape
6705	and stood there shame-
6706	facedly while I spoke.
6707	After bidding the people
6708	restrain their applause, I posted the most trusted
6709	of my soldiers on the roads to secure us against any
6710	surprise attack from John, and advised the Galilaeans
6711	to pick up their arms, in order to avoid confusion in
6712	the event of a sudden assault of the enemy.
6713	I then
6714	began by reminding Jonathan and his colleagues of
6715	their letter, how they had written that they had
6716	been commissioned by the general assembly
6717	at
6718	Jerusalem to settle my quarrels with
6719	John and how
6720	they had desired me to visit them.
6721	While relating
6722	these facts I held out the letter for all to see, to
6723	prevent any possibility of denial, the document being
6724	there to convict them.
6725	‘“‘ Moreover, Jonathan and
6726	* The text is corrupt.
6727	That printed above follows cod. R,
6728	which alone supplies the finite verb.
6729	95
p. 120
6730	JOSEPHUS
6731	bpets TE of cuptpéacPers, et pos “lwavvyy Kpwo-
6732	juevos bmp Tob Tapacrhoae TOV €[LavTOD Biov dvo
6733	Twas 7) Tpets jedprupas kadovs Kayabovs TYAYOV,
6734	O7Aov ws avayKny av €lxXETE mpoeteTacavTes Kal
6735	Tous tovTwv Biovs amaddagar pe THY eyKAnpdray.
6736	257 Ww’ otv yv@TeE Kahas mem pax a pol TA KATA THY
6737	TadtAatav, Tpeis ev paptupas oAlyous elvat vopila
6738	T@ KaAds PeBiwKdt1, TovUTovs b€ mavTas byiv 6i-
6739	258 Owl. Tapa ToUTwY obv TUDecbe Tiva TpdTOV EBiwoa.,
6740	el eTa TAONS GEVOTHTOS Kal TAaOnS apeThs evOdde
6741	meToNTevpar.
6742	Kal 61) OpKilw buds, ® TVadAator,
6743	pndev emuxptvisacbar tis adnbeias, Aéyew
6744	TOUTWY ws SiKaOTa@Y El TL LT) KAA@S TEeTpAaKTaL.
6745	259
6746	~=—(50) Tatr’?
6747	&rt héyovtos Kowal Tropa TAVT OV
6748	eyivovTo
6749	puvat kadowyTav
6750	evepyeTay
6751	jee Kal
6752	CwWThpa, Kal Tept pev TOV TeTpaypevwr euapTv-
6753	povv, mept d€ TOV mpaxOnoopévwy mapexadovv-
6754	mavtes
6755	6 wpvuov
6756	avufpiorovs
6757	pev . exew Tas
6758	yuvatkas,
6759	AeduT whoa b€ pnderore
6760	pe dev on
6761	260 €“od.
6762	jLeTa TOOTO dvo
6763	tTav
6764	ematoAdv,
6765	as ol
6766	KaTaoraberres dm €00 dpovpot pede b70
6767	T@V TEpl TOV Tevabyy éXovtes ameoTdAKecay mpos
6768	éué, mapaveyivwoKov
6769	tots
6770	TadtAatou,
6771	modAAdv
6772	Pracdnprav
6773	7*Arjpeus
6774	Kal
6775	Karapevdouevas OTL
6776	Tupavviou padov 7 7 oTparnyia Xp@pa Kat avT@v:
6777	261 €repd te moAAa zpos Tovrols eveyéy panto me
6778	Tmapahurovr ey dvaraxevTov bevdodAoyias.
6779	epyv 6
6780	eyo 7 mpos To TAOS Ta ypapwara AaBetv dovTwy
6781	EKOVOLWS
6782	TOV KopueCovTenv
6783	ov yap éBovdopny
6784	Ladrods \|* Ta Tept Tas dpovpas Tovs
6785	€evayvTious
6786	eldévar, pu) SetcavtTes TOD ypadew amooT@ow.
6787	1 Bekker omits.
6788	96
p. 121
6789	THE LIFE, 256-261
6790	you, his colleagues,’’ I proceeded, “had my case
6791	against John been tried and had I produced some
6792	two or three excellent men
6793	as witnesses
6794	to my
6795	behaviour, it is evident that you would have been
6796	compelled, after inquiries into their character,
6797	to
6798	acquit me of the charges brought against me.
6799	Now,
6800	in order to convince you of the propricty of my
6801	conduct in Galilee, I consider three witnesses too
6802	few for one who has lived an honourable life, and I
6803	present you with all these here present.
6804	Ask them
6805	what my life has been, and whether in my official
6806	capacity here [I have acted with perfect dignity,
6807	perfect integrity.
6808	And you, Galilaeans, I adjure
6809	to conceal nothing of the truth, but to declare in the
6810	presence of these men, as before judges in court,
6811	whether I have done anything amiss.”
6812	(50) Before I had finished speaking, there was a
6813	chorus of voices from all sides calling me benefactor
6814	and saviour.
6815	They bore testimony
6816	to my past
6817	conduct and exhorted me upon my course in future ;
6818	and they all swore that the honour of their women-
6819	folk had been preserved and that they had never
6820	received a single injury from me.
6821	I then read aloud
6822	to the Galilaeans two of the letters dispatched by
6823	Jonathan, which had been intercepted and forwarded
6824	to me by the scouts whom I had picketed on the
6825	roads.
6826	These were full of abuse and maligned me
6827	as acting the part of a tyrant rather than a general,
6828	with much else beside, including every variety of
6829	shameless falsehood.
6830	I told the people that these
6831	dispatches had been voluntarily surrendered to me
6832	by the bearers, because I did not wish my opponents
6833	to know of the scouts’ share in the matter, lest they
6834	should be deterred from writing again.
6835	=
6836	VOL. I
6837	H
6838	97
p. 122
6839	262
6840	264
6841	266
6842	JOSEPHUS
6843	(51) Tatr? axotcav ro mAnO0s odddpa map-
6844	o€uvbev emt TOV ‘Twvabyny wpya Kal TOUS ovv avT@
6845	oupmapovTas ws dvaplepodyres: KaV ere: paXELoay
6846	TO Epyov; El pe) TOUS pev LadrtAaiouvs emavoa Tis
6847	Opyts, 7
6848	TOtS TEpt 7
6849	TOV ‘Tevabny 5° edyv ovyywooKkew
6850	TOV 707n TETpaypLeveanv, EL weAdAoLEV jueTavorcel KOL
6851	mopevbevtes eis THY TaTpiOa A€youev Tots TEpbace
6852	TaAnOA
6853	mept
6854	tTav
6855	euot memoATevpevwv.
6856	TadT’
6857	elmwv améAvov avtovs KaiToL YVacKo ore pe dev
6858	Qv vréaxynVvTo Toujcovow.
6859	To TAROos 8 eis opy7y
6860	efexateTo KaT avuTa@v Kape mapexddouy
6861	€ ETLTpeTTEW
6862	avTots TyLeopycacba TOUS Ta TOLAUTA ToAujoavTas.
6863	TaVvTotos [Lev OV eywopny 7 melOwv avrovs detcacbar
6864	TOV avop@v: madcav yap noew otaow oA€Opiov
6865	ovoay TOU Kowh cup.déepovtos* TO Oe 7AqGos eoxev
6866	TH KAT avr av opyiy GperdBAyrov, Kal TAVTES
6867	Oppnoav emt Tay OlKlay eV 7) KAaTHYOVTO ¢ ot Tepe TOV
6868	‘Tevabyy. eyo d€ cuvopOy Tiv Opunv obcay avTayv
6869	avemloxeTov avamndjaas éd immov éxéAevoa Tots
6870	TAnbecw mpos Lavyavynv KOMI evecban, DPaBdpav
6871	améxovcav elxoat oTdoua..
6872	Kat TOLOUTY oTparnyy-
6873	[atl Xpnoapevos TapeaXov €uav7T@ To p71 SoKetv
6874	€udvAtov ToA€ pov KOTapXew.
6875	(52) "Ez met d€ TeEpl Tas" XMwyaveas
6876	eyevouny,
6877	eTLOTIIOGS TO 7AqGos Kal Tapawecer Xpnocapevos
6878	mepl TOU p17, mpos Tas opyas Kal Tatr é av-
6879	NKEOTOLS TYLWplals o€éws pepecbar, KEeAEvw Tovs
6880	Kal? Tuxiav 707) mpoBeBnkoras KaL T™pwrous Tap
6881	avTois €KaTov avdpas ws Topevaopevous® els THY
6882	‘lepocodvpitaey modw ebrperilecbar, wéppw ron-
6883	1 ros Hudson.
6884	2 Bekker: TOPEVOMEVOUS MSS,
6885	98
p. 123
6886	THE LIFE, 262-266
6887	(51) The Galilaeans, on hearing these calumnies, 21d pardons
6888	were so much exasperated that they were starting
6889	to kill
6890	Jonathan and his companions ; and they would
6891	have effected their purpose had I not repressed their
6892	indignation.
6893	To Jonathan
6894	and
6895	his colleagues
6896	I
6897	promised pardon for the past on condition that they
6898	showed their contrition and returned home and gave
6899	a true report of my public life to those who had sent
6900	them.
6901	With that I let them go, well though I knew,
6902	that they would fulfil none of their promises.
6903	The
6904	people, however, burning with rage against them,
6905	entreated my permission to punish those who had
6906	been guilty of such effrontery.
6907	I tried by all means
6908	to induce them to spare the men, knowing that
6909	party quarrels are invariably fatal to the common
6910	weal.
6911	Popular feeling was,
6912	however,
6913	too deep-
6914	seated to be affected, and they all rushed towards
6915	the house in which Jonathan and his friends had
6916	their quarters.
6917	Perceiving that their passions were
6918	now beyond
6919	restraint,
6920	I sprang
6921	to the saddle,
6922	ordering the crowd to follow me to the village of
6923	Sogane, twenty furlongs distant from Gabara.
6924	By
6925	this
6926	manceuvre
6927	I guarded
6928	myself against
6929	the
6930	imputation of initiating a civil war.
6931	(52) On approaching Sogane @ I called a halt, and
6932	advised the people not to let themselves be so
6933	impetuously carried away by their passions, especially
6934	where the consequences would be fatal.?
6935	I then
6936	directed
6937	a hundred
6938	of their
6939	leading men,
6940	well
6941	advanced in years, to make ready for a Journey to
6942	Jerusalem in order to lodge a complaint before the
6943	2 Most mss. here have ‘* Soganeae.”’
6944	> Literally,
6945	‘‘ especially
6946	in the
6947	case
6948	of irremediable
6949	punishments,” 7.e. (probably) those which they wished to
6950	inflict.
6951	99
6952	them con-
6953	ditionally.
6954	Flies to
6955	Sogane to
6956	avoid re-
6957	sponsibility
6958	for civil war.
6959	Josephus
6960	sends
6961	counter-
6962	embassy to
6963	Jerusalem.
p. 124
6964	267
6965	2
6966	2
6967	bo
6968	2
6969	bo
6970	268
6971	69
6972	71
6973	JOSEPHUS
6974	~
6975	/
6976	~
6977	comevous emt Tod Sipov TOV THY xwpav diaoTa-
6978	aw
6979	ce
6980	ae
6981	>
6982	~
6983	3?
6984	0
6985	ce
6986	\
6987	ovalovrwy.
6988	“Kat éav emixAacldaow,’
6989	edny, “ pos
6990	tovs Adyous tu@v, tapaxadécate TO Kowov ypaibat
6991	mpos ee weve KeAevovtas emt 7H TadtAaia, tovs
6992	6bé mepl Tov "Lwvabnv avaxapely exeiUev..’
6993	Tatras
6994	avr Tots Tas drrobjKas dovs, EVappooaLeveny
6995	TE
6996	TAXEWS exelvwv, HLEpa TpiITH peTA THY eKKAnOLaY
6997	THY dmroaroAny Sea Sur ouprepibas omAitas
6998	jevTakoclous.
6999	eypawa b€ Kal Tots &v Lapapeta
7000	dihous mpovorcacba Tob aopary yeverbar THY
7001	Topetav avrots: 70) yap v7r0 ‘Parators nye 7
7002	Lapdpeva Kal TavT OS ede TOUS TAD BovAopévous
7003	amedety 60 exelvns mopevecbau: Tpialv yap jépass
7004	>
7005	\
7006	/
7007	”
7008	4
7009	>
7010	¢
7011	/
7012	amo
7013	LTadtAatas
7014	eveotw
7015	ov7ws
7016	ets
7017	‘lepocodAvpa
7018	~
7019	2)
7020	Katadtcat.
7021	ovprapémeuiba b€ Tovs mpéaBews Kayo)
7022	/
7023	~
7024	~
7025	/
7026	4
7027	,
7028	>
7029	/
7030	[expe TOV 77S F aAratas opwr, pvdakas emLaT HOS
7031	7ats odois UTEP Too pen) padiws TW pabetv am
7032	addattopévous.
7033	Kat Tatra mpaéas ev “ladous TH
7034	Suatpipyy émovovpyy.
7035	3) Ot
7036	bé wept tov “lwyvabyv Ovapaprovres Tis
7037	Kat
7038	eéo0 mpakews ‘ledvyqy améAvaayv
7039	ets Ta
7040	/
7041	>
7042	\
7043	>
7044	>]
7045	Ticyaka, adroit 8 ets trv TiPeprewy moAw memo-
7046	pevvto Anbecfat mpocdoK@vtes adriv tbroxeiptov,
7047	éevo1)
7048	Kal “Incots 6 KaTa TOV KaLpov TOUTOV
7049	‘apxwyv \|* éyeypader mpos adtovs metoew errayyed-
7050	/
7051	\
7052	~
7053	’
7054	/
7055	e
7056	/
7057	\
7058	Aopevos
7059	TO
7060	mAnGos
7061	EedMdvtas
7062	trodexyecPar
7063	Kat
7064	avtots €Adofar mpooreOjvar.
7065	éxeivor prev ovv emt
7066	/
7067	>
7068	/
7069	=
7070	~
7071	>
7072	/
7073	/
7074	rovavTais
7075	€Amiow
7076	amndAfov,
7077	amayyeAAer
7078	Sé€ por
7079	=~
7080	/
7081	\
7082	/
7083	a“
7084	”
7085	~
7086	Tratra Lidas d1a ypappatwv, ov ednv ras TrPe-
7087	piddos eémyseAntiy KatadeAouTevar,
7088	Kal omevdew
7089	j€lov. Kaya Taxéws bTaKoVoas avT@ Kal Tapa-
7090	100
7091	~~
7092	v
7093	Or
p. 125
7094	THE LIFE, 266-272
7095	people against those who were splitting the country
7096	into factions.
7097	‘“‘ If,’ I continued, “ they are affected
7098	by what you say, use your influence with the assembly
7099	to send written orders directing me to remain in
7100	Galilee and Jonathan and his colleagues to withdraw.”
7101	Having given these instructions, and their arrange-
7102	ments being quickly made, on the third day after
7103	the meeting I sent them off, with an escort of five
7104	hundred men-at-arms.
7105	I further wrote to my friends
7106	in Samaria to provide for their safe convoy through
7107	that district;
7108	for Samaria was now under Roman
7109	rule and, for rapid travel, it was essential to take
7110	that route, by which Jerusalem may be reached in
7111	three days from Galilee.
7112	I accompanied the dele-
7113	gates myself as far as the frontier of Galilee, posting
7114	scouts on the roads to screen their departure.
7115	This
7116	task accomplished, I settled at Japha.@
7117	(53) Foiled in their designs upon me, Jonathan Jonathan’s
7118	and his colleagues, leaving
7119	John to return to Gischala, 27"
7120	had proceeded to Tiberias, expecting to receive its Tiberias \|
7121	submission ; for Jesus, at that time its chief magis-
7122	trate, had written to them, promising that he would
7123	persuade the inhabitants to welcome them, if they
7124	came, and to decide to join their party.
7125	On the
7126	strength of these expectations they set out.
7127	News
7128	of these proceedings reached me in a letter from
7129	Silas, urging me to lose no time in coming; I had
7130	left him, as I have mentioned already,® in charge of
7131	Tiberias.
7132	Responding instantly to his advice I went,
7133	@ See § 230 with note.
7134	> § 89.
7135	1 om. dpywv P.
7136	LO]
p. 126
7137	JOSEPHUS
7138	,
7139	,
7140	>
7141	,
7142	,
7143	>
7144	yevopevos
7145	eis
7146	Klvdvvov
7147	amwdAcias
7148	KatéoTyv
7149	&€&
7150	>
7151	J
7152	273 aitias TOLOUTIS.
7153	ot TEpl TOV
7154	Lwvabyvy VEVOLEVOL
7155	mapa
7156	tots
7157	TiPepretow
7158	Kat
7159	modAdovs
7160	meioavtes
7161	a. TooThval jou dtadopous ovTas, ws qxovoay TH
7162	ep mapovalay, detoavres TEpl EAUT@V 7)KOV mpos
7163	epe, Kat aoTacdpevo, pakapilew eAeyov ovTws
7164	TeEpt TI PadiAatay dvacTpagerra, ovv7decbat TE
7165	274 Ola TYAS Ayoweévw* KOGpOV yap éavT@yv elvar THY
7166	>
7167	A
7168	Q
7169	/
7170	A
7171	'
7172	e
7173	“A
7174	/
7175	/
7176	éunv do€av edacav, ws av didacKkdAwy Té pov
7177	yevonevwy Kal moAiTa@v GvTwy, SiKaLoTépay TE THs
7178	"lwavvov tiv éeujy mpos avtovs diAlav brapyew
7179	eheyor, Kal omevoew bev es THY oiKetav ameMbew,
7180	TE pULEveLy om ews? dmoxetplov TOV ‘ledvyny Ej40l
7181	’
7182	275 ToLjowow.
7183	Kat TadTa Aéyovres e771) [LOOOY TOUS
7184	dpikwoeaTaTous OpKous Tap Hiv, dv ovs amoteiv
7185	od Gepurov Fyovpnv.
7186	Kat 67 tapaxadotow pe TH
7187	kardAvow adAaxyod zoujcacbat dua TO THY emoboay
7188	TipEpav <ivau odBBarov: oxActobar b€ py Seiv ba
7189	attayv THY TOAW TOV TiBeprewy epackor.
7190	276
7191	(54) Kaya prndev trovorjoas és tas Tapiyaias
7192	amjAbov, Katadizav Guws ev TH TOAEL TOS TOAU-
7193	\
7194	e
7195	~
7196	/
7197	TpaypovncovrTas Tl TEpt HUa@v A€yowro.
7198	dia maOnS
7199	A
7200	~
7201	e
7202	~
7203	~
7204	5
7205	A
7206	~
7207	>)
7208	,
7209	dé THs 0608 ths amo Tapiyatav
7210	eis TiPepidda
7211	/
7212	if
7213	>
7214	>
7215	/
7216	depovons eTEOTIOG
7217	7 moMovs, iva, [LoL du aAAjAwy
7218	onpalvwow amep av Tapa Tov ev TH mOAeL KaTa-
7219	277 AadOtwv
7220	mUOwrTar.
7221	KaTa
7222	THY émiotcay
7223	ovV
7224	TLE pav
7225	siigdspuie te TavTes
7226	Els THV TpocEvy7V,
7227	/
7228	”
7229	\
7230	\
7231	y+
7232	>
7233	/
7234	peyloTrov
7235	oiKna
7236	Kat
7237	moAvy
7238	oydov éemdéEacbar
7239	/
7240	>
7241	\
7242	\
7243	eS
7244	2
7245	/
7246	~
7247	A
7248	duvapevov.
7249	eicehdwv b€ 6
7250	“lwvabyns davepds pev
7251	\
7252	~
7253	>
7254	/
7255	b]
7256	>
7257	/
7258	/
7259	”
7260	\
7261	TEpl THs aToaTacews ovK eTOAua A€yew, Edy Se
7262	1 § éws Dind.: 6€ ws mss.
7263	@ Greek “ us.”’
p. 127
7264	THE LIFE, 272-277
7265	but at the peril of my life, as will appear from the
7266	following circumstances.
7267	Jonathan and his party having, during their stay
7268	at Tiberias, induced a number of aggrieved persons
7269	to desert me, on hearing of my arrival were alarmed
7270	about their own safety, and came and paid me their
7271	salutations.
7272	They congratulated me on my exem-
7273	plary conduct of affairs in Galilee and professed to be
7274	delighted at the honour in which I was held, remark-
7275	ing that my reputation was a tribute to themselves,
7276	as my fellow-citizens to whom I owed my instruction.
7277	They added that they had more reason to be on
7278	friendly terms with me than with John; and that,
7279	though anxious to return home, they were waiting
7280	until they had delivered him into my hands.
7281	As they
7282	corroborated
7283	these
7284	assertions
7285	by the most
7286	awe-
7287	inspiring oaths known to us, I felt that it would be
7288	impious to disbelieve them.
7289	They ended by request-
7290	ing me to take up my quarters elsewhere, as the
7291	next day was the sabbath, on which, they professed,
7292	they ought not to put the city to inconvenience.
7293	(54) Suspecting nothing, I departed for Tarichaeae.
7294	I left, however, some of my party in the city to
7295	discover what was said about me ®; and all along the
7296	road from Tarichaeae to Tiberias I posted a number
7297	of others to pass down the line to me any information
7298	obtained from those in the town.
7299	The next day
7300	there was a general assembly in the Prayer-house,?
7301	a huge building, capable of accommodating a large
7302	crowd.
7303	Jonathan, who entered with the rest, while
7304	not venturing to speak openly of defection, said that
7305	>’ Proseuche,
7306	‘oratory,’
7307	another
7308	name
7309	for synagogue;
7310	Ceracts:xvi-
7311	lS, 16s Juy./Sat. ii. 296...
7312	‘The (distinction
7313	sometimes drawn between the two words seems untenable
7314	(Schiirer).
7315	103
7316	Meeting in
7317	the Prayer-
7318	house at
7319	Tiberias,
p. 128
7320	LN)
7321	2
7322	bo
7323	81
7324	¢
7325	79 U7
7326	JOSEPHUS
7327	oTparnyob KpelrTovos xpetav tiv moAw
7328	adbrov
7329	exe.
7330	‘Ingots 5° 6 apKey ovdev door etAdjLevos
7331	dvadavoov ein ev:
7332	“ dyuewvov co7, o moAtrat,
7333	Técoapow Tuas avopaow dmakovew 7 Evi, Kal
7334	Kata yevos AapTpots Kal Kata ovvEeow OvK adoéous’’*
7335	medeikvue O€ TOUS wept “lwvdbyv.
7336	tatr eimovTa
7337	tov “Inooty éxjver mapeAbav *lototos Kai Twas
7338	€K TOU d7)f[L0v cuvetrefev.
7339	OvK 1)PECKETO d€ Tots
7340	Acxbeiow TO 7AjGos Kal 7aVvTwWS
7341	av Els oTadow
7342	EXPO, el pea tiv oavvodov déAvcev e7reAGotca
7343	EKTH wpa, Kal” HV Tots cdBBaow cprarorrovetobau
7344	VOMYLOV EOTW Tlv.
7345	KGL Ol TEPL TOV "Twvabyy ets
7346	Tv émutcoav
7347	trepbeuevor
7348	tiv Bovdny
7349	anieocav
7350	ATpAKTOL.
7351	Edéds
7352	82
7353	pow
7354	tottwv
7355	anmayyeAatwv
7356	mpwt
7357	--
7358	ry
7359	Pp
7360	deyvov
7361	els
7362	THY
7363	TiPéprewv
7364	Tohw
7365	agixecbar.
7366	Kal Th émiovon mepi [mpwrny]' wpav TKOv a7r0
7367	TOV
7368	Tapixacav,
7369	kataAapBaven
7370	de ouvayopevov
7371	7107 TO mAjBos els Ty 7
7372	7 pocEevxyy” eb O78 Hy
7373	avrots 7) avvodos ovK eyivwoKov ot ovAdeyopevot.
7374	ot de wept tov “lwvdbyv ampocdoK7tws Oeacdpevot
7375	pe TapovTa OverapaxOycav: ei emwoovow dia-
7376	Sofa Aoyov OTL ‘Papaton t
7377	immets ev TH pefopten
7378	Topp TPLEKOVTA GTAdLWY azo Tis 70 ews, KAT.
7379	ToTrov Aeyopevov ‘Opovoray, elolv ewpapevor.
7380	Kal
7381	mpocayyeAevtwy Tottwr €€ troPodfs mapexadovv
7382	of
7383	mept Tov “lwyabyy pea) mepudety to Tov Trode-
7384	plow Aenharouperyy avrav TY yiv. tatra 8
7385	edeyov 6
7386	évvolas
7387	€xovtes
7388	epe Tpopacer 77s
7389	Katevevyovons Bonfeias peTaoT} avr TES AVTOL THV
7390	moAw é€xOpayv ot KaTacKevaca.
7391	1 xpwitnvy MW: ri the other m3s.: Niese conj. rpi7qv.
7392	104
p. 129
7393	THE LIFE, 277-282
7394	their city required
7395	a better general.
7396	Jesus, the
7397	magistrate, however, had no such scruple and said
7398	bluntly, “ Citizens, it is better for us to take
7399	our
7400	orders from four men than from one, men, too, of
7401	illustrious birth and intellectual distinction,” indicat-
7402	ing Jonathan and his colleagues.
7403	Justus next came
7404	forward, and, by his approval of the previous speaker,
7405	aided in converting some of the people to his views.
7406	The majority, however, were not convinced by these
7407	speeches, and a riot would inevitably have ensued,
7408	had not the arrival of the sixth hour, at which it is
7409	our custom on the Sabbath to take our midday meal,
7410	broken off the meeting.
7411	Jonathan and his friends,
7412	accordingly, adjourned the council to the following
7413	day and retired without effecting their object.
7414	These proceedings being at once reported to me,
7415	I decided to visit Tiberias early on the morrow.
7416	Arriving there about the first hour? next day, I
7417	found the people already assembling in the Prayer-
7418	house, although they had no idea why they were being
7419	convened.
7420	Seriously perturbed by my unexpected
7421	appearance, Jonathan and his party conceived the
7422	idea of spreading a report that some Roman cavalry
7423	had been descried on the frontier, at a place called
7424	Homonoia,® at a distance of thirty furlongs from the
7425	city.
7426	A fictitious message arriving to this effect,
7427	Jonathan exhorted me not to remain idle while their
7428	country was being plundered by the enemy.
7429	‘Their
7430	object in this was to get me away, on the pretext of
7431	an urgent call for my services, and to alienate the
7432	city from me in my absence.
7433	2.05.1 A.M.
7434	’ =** Concord.” Probably Umm Janieh on the Jordan (the
7435	frontier between Galilee and Decapolis), some two miles south
7436	of ‘l'arichaeae and seven miles from ‘Tiberias.
7437	105
7438	The meeting
7439	adjourned :
7440	unexpected
7441	arrival of
7442	Josephus.
p. 130
7443	283
7444	284
7445	286
7446	287
7447	288
7448	289
7449	JOSEPHUS
7450	(55) Eyo dé Kaliep €lOWs adr av TO evOvunpa
7451	Opus bm7jKOVGe, pe) d0€av Tapdoxe tots TuPe-
7452	picdow ov TpovoovpLevos avTav Tijs daopahetas.
7453	e€nOov otv, Kal yevomevos KaTa TOV TOTOV, ws
7454	otd iyvos ToXepiwv edpov, brootpédw ovvtTovws
7455	odevoas, Kat KaTaAauBavw tiv te BovdAny macav
7456	cuveAnAviviay Kat Tov SnpoTiKov OxAoVv, TroLovpeE-
7457	vous
7458	Te moAAjnVY KaTyyopiay jou TOUS TeEpL TOV
7459	"lwvdbnv, ws Tob pev tov moAceuov émeAadpvvew
7460	avrots
7461	dpredobvTos,
7462	ev
7463	Tpupats
7464	de
7465	dudyovTos.
7466	Tatra d€ A€yovtes mpovdepov éemicToAas Técoapas
7467	ws amo Tov ev TH peDopia THs TadAaias yeypap-
7468	peévas mpos avtovs em Bonfevay Kew Tapa
7469	kahovTwy, ‘Papatev yap dvvapyw pede t imméwv
7470	TE Kal ele els TpiTHV Tpepav 7 TV yobpav abtav
7471	denAarteiv,
7472	emLamrevoew
7473	TE
7474	Kal un meprodpbjvar
7475	dcopevwv.
7476	tadr aKxovcavtes ot TiBepiets, AEéyew
7477	aAnbn Sdd€avtes attovs, KataPojcets emo.obvTo,
7478	pn Kabélecbat pe detv A€yovtes,
7479	GAN’ azedOetv
7480	emiKoupnoovtTa Tots ouoelvéow abta@v.
7481	mpos TabT’
7482	eyo), ouviKa yap TH emivotayv TOV Tept TOV Lwvabny,
7483	tmaKkovcecbar ev eony ETOLMLWS Kal YwWpls ava-
7484	Bodjs Opuncew 7 mpos TOV OAc pov emnyyeAduny,
7485	ouveBovAevov 5° ops, emel TO ypdppar Ta KATO
7486	Téooapas TOTOUS ‘Pwpatous onpatver mpooBanetv,
7487	eis TmeVTE potpas dueAovras TH dvvapw exdoTy
7488	TOUT UW eTLOT HOA TOUS mepl tov *lwvabyv Kat Tous
7489	eraipous avTob: mpérew yap avdpacw ayabois py
7490	jeovov ovpBovdevew, adn. KaL Xpetas emevyovons
7491	nyovpevous Bonbeiv: éyw yap TAnV pas jolpas ovK
7492	epyy adnyetobar dvvaTos eiva. opoopa T@ TAGE
7493	OvVI}pecev 7) p47) UpLBovAta, KAKELVOUS ODV ivdyKalov
7494	106
p. 131
7495	THE LIFE, 283-289
7496	(55) Though well aware of their design, I complied,
7497	to avoid giving the Tiberians ground for thinking me
7498	careless of their safety.
7499	I set out, accordingly, but
7500	discovering, on reaching the spot, no trace of an
7501	enemy, I returned post haste, and found the whole
7502	of the council and populace in conclave, and Jonathan
7503	and his associates making a violent tirade against me,
7504	as one who lived in luxury and neglected to alleviate
7505	their share of the burden of the war.
7506	In support of
7507	these assertions they produced four letters purporting
7508	to have been addressed to them by persons on the
7509	Galilee frontier, imploring them to come to their aid,
7510	as a Roman force of cavalry and infantry was intend-
7511	ing in three days’ time to ravage their territory,
7512	with entreaties to hasten to their relief and not to
7513	abandon them
7514	to their
7515	fate.
7516	On hearing these
7517	statements, which they believed to be authentic, the
7518	Tiberians began loudly to denounce me for sitting
7519	there when I ought to have gone to the assistance of
7520	their countrymen.
7521	Fully alive to
7522	Jonathan's designs,
7523	I replied that I was quite ready to act on their
7524	instructions, and promised to start without delay for
7525	the scene of action.
7526	At the same time I advised
7527	them, as the letters indicated an impending Roman
7528	attack on four points, to form their troops into five
7529	divisions
7530	and to put these
7531	severally under
7532	the
7533	command
7534	of Jonathan
7535	and
7536	his companions.
7537	It
7538	became brave men (I urged) to give not merely
7539	advice but practical assistance by assuming the lead
7540	in an emergency ; and it was impossible for me to
7541	take command of more than a single division.
7542	My
7543	suggestion was warmly endorsed by the people, who
7544	now put compulsion on my opponents also to take
7545	107
p. 132
7546	290
7547	291
7548	292 7
7549	293
7550	294
7551	JOSEPHUS
7552	émt tov moAepov ée&tévar.
7553	Tots 8 ovTe peTpiws
7554	cuvexvOnoav
7555	at yvOpar py KaTEepyaocapevois a
7556	devon Pyncav, €uod Tots emixyeipyacw atT@v avTt-
7557	,
7558	OTPATHYiTaVTOS.
7559	(56) Eis 8€ tis €€ atra@v *Avavias
7560	tovvopa,
7561	ToVvnpos avip Kal KaKODpyos, elanyetto Tots 7Aj-
7562	feat mavdnuet vnotetay eis TV emiovcav TH De®
7563	mpolécba, Kal Kata THY abtiy wpav éxédevev els
7564	TOV adrov TOTOV dvorAous TapEwar, T@ ed havepov
7565	TOLNOOVTAS OTL L7) TiS. map’ €Kelvov royydvovtes
7566	Bon Betas may o7tAov axXpnorov evar vopiCovow.
7567	Tatra & éAeyev od bt edodPevav, GAN’ imép rod
7568	AaBety dvomAdv
7569	pe Kat todvs
7570	éeuovs.
7571	Kaya Ov
7572	dvdyreny bmnjKOVOV, p41) O0Ew KaTappovety THs TEpt
7573	TH evoeBevav droOnKNs. os ovv dvexwpncapev
7574	eml TA EQUTOV, ot peev mepl tov “lwvdbyv ypadovor
7575	7@ “lwavvy, mpos abrovs ewlev adixécbar KeAevov-
7576	Tes pe Gowv av otpatiwwrav
7577	duvynby: Ajecba
7578	yap evOUs pe’ bTOYXELpLoV Kal TOLAGEW amrep* exer Ov
7579	evy7ns.
7580	SeEdpevos be THY emaToAny exeivos ba-
7581	oKOVEW eweMev. eyw d€ THs emLovans Tipépas dvo
7582	TOV TeEpl ee cwparopuAdKcey, TOUS KAT avdpelayv
7583	SoKiLwWTATOUS Kal Kara mlorw BeBatous, KeAeva
7584	Evdidia Kpvibavtas bro tas éobATas é€uol cuptpo-
7585	eMciv, Ww’ ef yévo.to mapa TeV eXOpav em iBeats
7586	dpvveeBa..
7587	Juspara O° eAaBov avTos KAL peas Lpav
7588	vrelwodpuny ws oldv T Hv abaveotata, Kal HAPov
7589	els TH Tpooevyyy.
7590	(57) Tods pév ody ody ewot mavtas éxkdetoar
7591	mpooéetatev “Inaots 6 dpywv, adtos yap tats Ovpais
7592	edetoTrKer, ovov 6 ee era TOV dhidwy eiceAOety
7593	1 ciOis ue Re: ef éué the rest.
7594	2 R: ézep the rest.
7595	108
p. 133
7596	THE LIFE, 289-294
7597	the field.
7598	The failure of their scheme through this
7599	counter-manceuvre on my part caused them no little
7600	embarrassment.
7601	(56) One of their number, however, a depraved and
7602	mischievous man named Ananias, proposed to the
7603	assembly that a public fast should be announced, in
7604	God’s name, for the following day, recommending
7605	that they should reassemble at the same place and
7606	hour, without arms, in order to attest before God
7607	their conviction that without his aid no armour could
7608	availthem.
7609	This he said, not from motives of piety,
7610	but in order to catch me and my friends in this
7611	defenceless condition.
7612	I felt bound to acquiesce,
7613	for fear of being thought contemptuous of a pious
7614	suggestion.
7615	As soon, therefore, as we had retired to
7616	our homes, Jonathan’s party wrote instructions to
7617	John to come to them next morning with as large a
7618	force as he could muster, as he might have me at
7619	once at his mercy and do what he chose with me.
7620	On receipt of this letter
7621	John prepared to act accord-
7622	ingly.
7623	For my part, on the following day I ordered
7624	two of my bodyguard, of the most approved valour
7625	and staunch loyalty, to accompany me, with daggers
7626	concealed under their dress, for self-defence in the
7627	event of an assault on the part of our foes.
7628	I wore
7629	a breastplate myself and, with a sword so girt on as
7630	to be as little conspicuous as possible, entered the
7631	Prayer-house.
7632	(57) Orders having been given by Jesus, the chief
7633	magistrate,* who kept a watch on the door himself,
7634	to exclude all my companions, he allowed only me
7635	* § 271; possibly also a “ruler of the synagogue.”
7636	109
7637	A further
7638	meeting :
7639	plot to seize
7640	Josephus.
p. 134
7641	JOSEPHUS
7642	”
7643	7
7644	>]
7645	=
7646	~
7647	\
7648	/
7649	/
7650	\
7651	295 elacev.
7652	On O HOV TA VOULYLA TOLOVVTwWY
7653	Kal
7654	mpos evyas TparrojLevooy avaoras 6 lnaobs wept Trav
7655	Anplevra €
7656	EK TOU eum pnapod TAS BaowrtkAs adds
7657	oKevav <Kal> TOU aorpov apyuplov emvuvOdvero Lov,
7658	Tapa
7659	Tive Tuyxaver KELLEVG.
7660	Tabra, om édeyev
7661	dvatpipew TOV ypovov Bovdopevos, €
7662	Ews av oO ‘lway-
7663	296 VNS TapayevynTa.
7664	Kayo TavTO. KazeéAAav exew
7665	edynv Kal Tovs déxa mputous TiPeprewy: ‘avaxpwe
7666	5
7667	>
7668	/
7669	1”?
7670	>
7671	ce
7672	>
7673	7
7674	a)
7675	~
7676	\
7677	3
7678	£€
7679	avtos,’”’
7680	elzov,
7681	“ot pevdoua.
7682	THv dE Tap €av-
7683	Tots etvar Aeyovtwyv, “ot 8 etkoow, a cimmev, “Xpucot
7684	ous édaBes mwAjoas Twa oTabuov aonpov, Tt
7685	yeyovacw ; Kal tovtous
7686	ednv dedwxevar
7687	m™peé-
7688	ofeow attav éddd.ov meudbetow ets “lepoodAvpa.
7689	~
7690	>
7691	/
7692	~
7693	mpos TadTa ot pev Tept Tov
7694	“lwvabyv od Kadds
7695	éhdacav meTounKevar pre OdvTA Tots mpéacBeow Tov
7696	e
7697	.
7698	A
7699	>)
7700	~
7701	a
7702	/
7703	\
7704	~
7705	/
7706	298 perabov eae mee SOL
7707	mapokvvOevros d€ Tob 7Xx-
7708	fous é€
7709	emt TOUTOLS, evonoav yap TOv avOpwirwv TH
7710	Tovnptay, cuvels eyw oTaow péAAovcay efanrecbau
7711	Kat mpoce€epeicat uGAdov BovAdpevos Tov SHpov
7712	ce
7713	\
7714	>
7715	/
7716	ce
7717	3
7718	>
7719	w
7720	\
7721	>
7722	~
7723	”)
7724	emt
7725	tovs avOpumovs,
7726	“adn
7727	et
7728	ye pr plas,
7729	>
7730	A
7731	~
7732	~
7733	A
7734	eimov, ‘‘ émpaéa dovs Tov puabov ex TOU Kowod Tots
7735	~
7736	/
7737	>
7738	mpéapeow tuav, tavecbe yadeTraivovTes* eyw yap
7739	TovUs €lKOGL ypuaots abTos amoTicw.”
7740	~
7741	~
7742	>
7743	,
7744	7
7745	¢
7746	\
7747	\
7748	A
7749	>
7750	/
7751	299
7752	(58) Tatr’
7753	elmovtos
7754	of pev epi tov
7755	“lwvabnv
7756	~
7757	~
7758	>
7759	~
7760	novxyacav, 0 be SHpos ete padAdov Kat
7761	avTayv
7762	,
7763	\
7764	”
7765	/
7766	a
7767	Cae,
7768	Tapwévvin davepav epyw OeLKVUpLEV nV TIV GOuKOV
7769	:
7770	\
7771	=e
7772	,
7773	300 mpos ee dvopeveray. cuviowy de THY pet aBoAny
7774	avT av ‘Inoots TOV puev OF Lov exeAevev dvaxepety,
7775	mpoopetvar de THV PovdAny HEiwoev: od yap dvvacbat
7776	29 sl
7777	1 airés R: avrovs the rest.
7778	2 goyw dex. PR: émidecxvupéevwy AMW.
7779	110
p. 135
7780	THE LIFE, 295-300
7781	and my [two]? friends to enter.
7782	We were proceeding Josephus
7783	with the ordinary service and engaged in prayer, (uestioned.
7784	when Jesus rose and began to question me about
7785	,
7786	the furniture and uncoined silver which had been
7787	confiscated
7788	after
7789	the
7790	conflagration
7791	of the royal
7792	palace,’ asking who had the keeping of them.
7793	He
7794	raised this point merely in order to occupy the time
7795	until John’s arrival.
7796	I replied that they were
7797	all
7798	in the hands of Capella and the ten head-men of
7799	Tiberias.
7800	“ Ask them yourself; ’’ I said, “ I am not
7801	lying.”
7802	On their admitting that the property was
7803	in their custody, “ Well,” continued Jesus, “ what
7804	has become of the twenty pieces of gold which you
7805	realized from the sale of a quantity of bullion?”
7806	I
7807	answered
7808	that I had given these,
7809	for travelling
7810	expenses, to their deputies who had been sent to
7811	Jerusalem;
7812	on
7813	which Jonathan
7814	and
7815	his friends
7816	remarked that I had acted wrongly in paying the
7817	deputies
7818	out
7819	of public money.
7820	This
7821	statement
7822	exasperated the people, who now detected the malice
7823	of these men ; and I, seeing a quarrel impending, and
7824	anxious still further to excite the general indignation
7825	against them, said, “ Well, if I did wrong in paying
7826	your deputies out of public money, you need have
7827	no further cause for resentment;
7828	I will pay the
7829	twenty pieces of gold myself.”
7830	(58) This
7831	rejoinder
7832	silenced
7833	Jonathan’s
7834	party, He barely
7835	while the feelings of the people were roused stil] ;scapes™i®
7836	further against them by this open exhibition’ of
7837	groundless animosity against me.
7838	Perceiving their
7839	altered mood, Jesus ordered the people to withdraw,
7840	requesting the council to remain, as it was impossible
7841	* See § 293 (with § 303 below).
7842	Jesus apparently excluded
7843	the further escort, if any, but allowed the two to pass.
7844	> Cf. §§ 66-69.
7845	111
p. 136
7846	JOSEPHUS
7847	\
7848	/
7849	7
7850	\
7851	fopvBovpevous
7852	epi
7853	TpaypaTay
7854	TowvTwy
7855	THV
7856	301 €€éraow movetab ae.
7857	Too de Orjpuov Bo@yros 7)
7858	Katanretbew map” avrots ewe [Lovoy, WKeV TLS ayyen-
7859	Awv Kptda tots wept tov “Inooby “lwavvyy pera
7860	~
7861	e
7862	~
7863	/
7864	\
7865	e
7866	\
7867	\
7868	>
7869	/
7870	T@v oTAitav mAnodlew.
7871	Kal ot wept Tov “lwvabny
7872	OvKETL _KaTaoxovTes avTovs, Taxa Kat 700 beod
7873	mpovoodvTos THS eis cwrnpias, Pn, yap av ye-
7874	voHevov TOUTOV TavTWS UT TOD *Lwavvov
7875	Ou-
7876	302 edfapnv, ““matoacbe,”’
7877	edn, “a TiBeptets, THY
7878	Curnow elKoat Xpvoay everey dua ToUToUS pev yap
7879	ovK a&.os €oTw ‘lwonmos amofavetvy, oTe be TUpay-
7880	ca
7881	>
7882	/
7883	vetv emeOUpunoev K at TO TOV Padsdateoy 7 Ax Aoyous
7884	amTaTyoas THY apxiy avT@ KaTexTHoaTO.
7885	TadTa
7886	Aéyovtos eds por Tas yelpas éeméBadov"’ avaipetv?
7887	a
7888	>]
7889	>
7890	303 7° éeip@vTo.
7891	wes 5° eidov of adv esol TO ywopevor,
7892	OTACGLEVOL TAS paxXaipas Kal Talew* ametAjoavTEs
7893	ef PialowrTo, Tod Te Sipov Hifovs apapévov Kat
7894	4N
7895	pea
7896	\|
7897	\
7898	>
7899	/
7900	e
7901	/
7902	>
7903	/
7904	/
7905	BadAew exit Tov “lwvabnv opujoavtos, éEapmalovat
7906	€ THs TOV ToAcpIwv Bias.
7907	304
7908	(59) *Ezet 6€ mpoeAaw dAlyov travridlew Eped-
7909	Aov tov lwavvyy idvta peta TOV OmALTa@v, beioas
7910	>
7911	~
7912	A
7913	>
7914	/
7915	\
7916	~
7917	/
7918	>
7919	\
7920	\
7921	éxeivov pev e€exdwa, 61a otevw7od bé Twos emt THY
7922	/
7923	\
7924	\
7925	/
7926	/
7927	>
7928	\
7929	>
7930	\
7931	Aipvynv cwheis Kat wAotov AaBopmevos, éuBas ets Tas
7932	/
7933	Tapiyatas dvereparwbynv ampocdoKntws Tov Kiv-
7934	305
7935	d
7936	/
7937	/
7938	/
7939	>
7940	>
7941	\
7942	\
7943	duvov dtadvywv.
7944	eTaméutopal T evO0s TOUS Tpw-
7945	tevovtas TOv VadtAaiwy Kat dpdlw tov Tpomov @
7946	n
7947	~
7948	\
7949	mapactovonlets tao Tv mept Tov “lwvdbyv Kat
7950	\
7951	~
7952	>]
7953	5
7954	/
7955	>
7956	]
7957	>]
7958	~
7959	/
7960	tous TiBepuets wap’ oAtyov rap’ adra@v d:adbapetny.
7961	>
7962	/
7963	~
7964	sya
7965	306 dpy.afev 8° emt TovTos TOV TadtAaiwy 76 wAnGos
7966	/
7967	\
7968	mapeKeAcveTo jLoe pnKeTe pueAAew Tov mpos avTOUS
7969	1 vl. éréBadXor.
7970	2 adoxew PR.
7971	3 traicew Cobet.
p. 137
7972	THE LIFE, 300-306
7973	to investigate such matters in a tumultuous assembly.
7974	The people were just crying out that they would not
7975	leave me alone with them, when a messenger arrived
7976	and whispered
7977	to Jesus that John was approaching
7978	with his troops.
7979	Thereupon Jonathan, throwing off
7980	all
7981	restraint—the
7982	providence
7983	of God _ perhaps,
7984	co-operating to save me;
7985	for, but for this turn of
7986	events, I should undoubtedly have been murdered
7987	by John—exclaimed : “ Have done with this inquiry,
7988	men of Tiberias, about twenty pieces of gold.
7989	It is
7990	not for them that Josephus deserves to die, but for
7991	aspiring to make himself a despot and gaining a
7992	position of absolute power by deceitful speeches to
7993	the people of Galilee.”’
7994	As he said these words, he
7995	and his party laid hands on me and attempted to kill
7996	me:
7997	My companions, seeing what was happening,
7998	drew their swords and threatened to use them, if
7999	recourse
8000	were
8001	had to violence;
8002	and, while
8003	the
8004	people were starting to hurl at Jonathan the stones
8005	which they had picked up, hurried me out of reach
8006	of the ferocity of my enemies.
8007	(59) I had not proceeded far when I found myself
8008	nearly facing John, advancing with his troops.
8009	I
8010	turned from him in alarm, and, escaping by a narrow
8011	passage to the lake, seized a boat,
8012	embarked and
8013	crossed to Tarichaeae, having, beyond all expectation,
8014	come safe out of this perilous situation.
8015	I at once
8016	summoned
8017	the leading Galilaeans
8018	and described
8019	how,
8020	in violation
8021	of the pledges
8022	received
8023	from
8024	Jonathan and the Tiberians, I had so nearly been
8025	murdered by them.
8026	Indignant at this treatment, the
8027	Galilaeans urged me to hesitate no longer to make
8028	4 +@ Iwdvyvy mpoordyvte R3 but the accus.
8029	is normal in
8030	Josephus.
8031	VOL. I
8032	I
8033	113
8034	to Tarich-
8035	aeae.
p. 138
8036	307
8037	308
8038	309
8039	310
8040	311
8041	312
8042	JOSEPHUS
8043	moAejov exdhépew, GAN emitpémew adbtots éModcow
8044	éxt tov “Iwavvynv apdnv abrov adavioa: Kat Tovs
8045	mepl TOV ‘Teovaqy.
8046	emetyov 5° Ouws avrovs eyo
8047	KaLTTEp
8048	ovTws opy-Couevous,
8049	TmepyLevew avrovs
8050	Kehevuy
8051	€ ews pabwpev ti ot tendhbevres bar adr av
8052	els THY ‘lepocoAvpitav woAw amayyeAotow: peta
8053	Ths eKewwv yap yvwuns Ta SoKodvTa mpakew
8054	avtovs édnv.
8055	Kal Tatr eimav emevoa.
8056	tote 81
8057	Kat lwavyys, ob AaBovons adrod TéAos THs evedpas,
8058	avelevyvuev eis TA Vicyada.
8059	(60) Mer’?
8060	od zoddas & udpas adixvobvrar
8061	mdAw ovs éréuapev Kat aniyyedAov obddpa Tov
8062	O7jjuov émt Tovs mept Tov “Avavov Kat TOV Lipwva
8063	TOV TOU Papadeov TapugvvOar, OTL YwWpis yrespans
8064	ToD KOWod mepipavres els THV DPadAatay EKTTECELV
8065	jue ravens \|" Tapeokevacay.
8066	epacay 0 ot i mpéoPeus
8067	OTL Kal Tas olkias avr av O /Onpos Opunoe ep
8068	mumpavan. edepov b€ Kal ypeppara bu dv ot TOV
8069	‘lepocoAvpuray
8070	7 ™parot, moAAa Tob O7jpuov denbevtos
8071	avTav, Epuol peer av ths VadtAaias a
8072	apxny éBeBatovy,
8073	Tots mept Tov “lwvabynv de Tpoaeracaov ets THY
8074	olkelav
8075	drrooTpepew Oacaov. evTUXwV ovv Tats
8076	emtoToAats
8077	«is “ApPnAa KOPN aduKouny, eva
8078	ovvodov Tav
8079	aAratov TounodjLevos exeAevoa Tous
8080	mpeaBers dunyetoBau THY €mt TOLS TET PAY \|LEVOUS b70
8081	TOV mepl TOV ‘Teva ny Opyiy Kal pcomovnpiay,
8082	Kal ws Kup@oevay Eo THs Xwpas avTav THV
8083	mpooraaiay, Ta TE TpOos TOvS mepl Tov ‘Tlevabyy
8084	yeypappeva rept atadAayfs, mpos ovs 67 Kal THY
8085	emaToAny elews Sdrevrepapnv, toAuTpaypwovacas
8086	Tov Kop.icavTa KeAevoas Ti Trovety 4eAAoVoW.
8087	114
p. 139
8088	THE LIFE, 306-312
8089	war upon them, and to permit them to proceed
8090	against John and utterly exterminate
8091	him and
8092	Jonathan and his party.
8093	Furious as they were, I
8094	was yet able to restrain them ; advising them to hold
8095	their hands until we heard the report of the delegates
8096	.
8097	whom they had sent to Jerusalem, without whose
8098	concurrence no action should be taken.
8099	This advice
8100	had its effect upon them.
8101	John, having failed to
8102	accomplish his plot, now returned to Gischala.
8103	(60) Not many days later our delegates returned petum of
8104	and reported that popular indignation had been Josephus
8105	deeply roused against Ananus and Simon, son Gl Gate
8106	Gamaliel, for having, without the sanction of the eine
8107	general assembly,
8108	sent
8109	emissaries
8110	to Galilee
8111	to
8112	‘ procure my expulsion from the province ; they added
8113	that the people had even set off to burn down their
8114	houses.
8115	They also brought letters, whereby the
8116	leading men of Jerusalem, at the urgent request of
8117	the people, confirmed me in my command of Galilee,
8118	and ordered Jonathan and his colleagues to return
8119	home forthwith.
8120	After reading these instructions,
8121	I repaired to the village of Arbela,* where I convened
8122	a meeting of the Galilaeans
8123	and instructed the
8124	delegates to tell them of the anger and detestation
8125	aroused at Jerusalem by the conduct of Jonathan
8126	and his colleagues, of the ratification of my appoint-
8127	ment as governor of their province, and of the written
8128	orders to my rivals to quit.
8129	These I at once dis-
8130	patched to the latter, giving orders to the bearer to
8131	take pains to discover how they intended to proceed.
8132	@ Irbid, N.W. of Tiberias.
8133	1 Inserted only in R.
8134	YS
p. 140
8135	JOSEPHUS
8136	313
8137	(61) Acfdpevor om exetvou ry emaToAny KGL Ta-
8138	paxbevres ovr jueTplos Jere UTTOVTAL TOV ‘lway-
8139	ae Kal TOUS éx THs BovAfs tv TiBeprewy tovs
8140	TpwrevovTas PaBapwv, Bovdny TE mporifeaow
8141	ee
8142	kehevovtes Tl TpaKTéov €oTW avTots.
8143	314 TrBepredou pev ovv dvrexeobat pLaAAov ed0KeL TOV
8144	Tpayparov: od dety yap edacav éyKataAeitecbau
8145	Thy moAw
8146	avr av dag €KELVOLS mpoorebemerny,
8147	iMws TE pd Eo jeMovros attav adbéEcobau:
8148	ToOTO yap ws mewnKoTos ELoo KarepevdovTo.
8149	315 6 6€ “lwavyns od povov ToUTOUS OVVNPETKETO, [Kat
8150	\|?
8151	mropevOjvat de ovveBovdevev avTa@v Tovs dvo KaTIyo-
8152	pycovTas pov mpos TO 7AnGbos, ore pe) KaAas TA
8153	KaTa THV DahiAatav dt0lKO, Kal metoew padiws
8154	avrovs <on Oud TE TO aoe Kat TaVvTOos Aj Gous
8155	316 eUTpeTT @s* EXOVTOS. b0favT0s ovv TOU ‘Tedvvov
8156	KpatloTny eLEVVOXEVAL yuwpnv, edo€e dvo pev
8157	amueva*
8158	7 mpos Tous ‘lepocoAvpiras, ‘Tlevabny Kal
8159	*Avaviav, Tovs étépous b€ SUo pevovtas ev TH TuPe-
8160	pudde KaTaAurety.
8161	ouveTyayovTo dé dudakijs Evexa
8162	Ths €avT@v omAiTas EKTOV.
8163	317
8164	(62) TuBeprets
8165	be TO. jLev Telyy
8166	Tpovvonoay
8167	acdahojvat, Tovs evolKous dé KeAevovow ava-
8168	AaBeiv 7a O7Aa, Kat Tapa *lwavvov dé jereTrepmifavro
8169	OTpATLUT aS ovK oAiyous CUPMAXTTOVTAS, el den-
8170	Gelev, aUTOIS TA TpOS ELE. my d¢ 6 “lwavyns ev
8171	318 Pioyddows. ot TOWWUV Tept TOV ‘Tevabny avalev-
8172	Fave ES dro Tijs DiBepuddos, WS HKOV Els AaBapurra.
8173	Kopay év Tals é€ayatvais TiS P aAv\atas Keyev ny ev
8174	TO peydhe medley, mept peony vUKTA Tots ej.ots
8175	draw €umimrovaw, ov Kal Kedevoavtes atbTovs
8176	1 So Josephus usually writes: ovxi mss.
8177	116
p. 141
8178	THE LIFE, 313-318
8179	(61) Profoundly agitated by the receipt of this Counter-
8180	letter, my opponents
8181	summoned
8182	John
8183	and
8184	the orthe
8185	Tiberian councillors and the leading men of Gabara, thik eee
8186	and called a meeting to consider what action they
8187	should take. The Tiberians were of opinion that they
8188	should tighten their hold on the government, since
8189	their own city, having once gone over to them, ought
8190	not to be abandoned to its fate, particularly as I did
8191	not intend to leave them unmolested—falsely implying
8192	that I had made sucha threat.
8193	John not only agreed
8194	to this, but further advised that two of their number
8195	should proceed to Jerusalem, to accuse me before
8196	the people of maladministration of the province of
8197	Galilee ; adding that their high rank and the usual
8198	fickleness of a crowd would facilitate the task of
8199	persuasion.
8200	John’s proposal being voted the best,
8201	it was resolved that two of the envoys, Jonathan and
8202	Ananias, should go off to Jerusalem, leaving the Two of the
8203	other two behind them at Tiberias.
8204	The emissaries (ont to
8205	took with them an armed escort of a hundred men,
8206	Jerusalem
8207	(62) The
8208	‘Tiberians
8209	now
8210	took
8211	precautionary
8212	measures to secure their fortifications, ordered the
8213	inhabitants to be ready in arms, and requisitioned
8214	from John, who was back at Gischala, a large force
8215	to assist them against me, should the need arise.
8216	Meanwhile, Jonathan’s party had left Tiberias and
8217	reached the village of Dabaritta, situated on the
8218	confines of Galilee in the Great Plain.“
8219	Here, about ave arrested
8220	midnight, they fell into the hands of my guards, as
8221	who ordered them to lay down their arms and kept svards.
8222	@ Cf. § 126 above.
8223	2 cod. P: omitted by the rest.
8224	3 ettpémtus R.
8225	4 So ed. pr.: ametva MSS.
8226	117
p. 142
8227	JOSEPHUS
8228	7a, omAa katabecba edvAacoov ev Seapots emt
8229	319 TOTOv, Kalas adbtots evreraduny.
8230	ypader d€ mpos
8231	ewe Tadra dnddy Aevis, & tH dvdakny Temt-
8232	oTevKew.
8233	Trapadimayv otv nyépas b¥0 Kal pndev
8234	eyvmKeval mpooToinodpevos,
8235	mépibas mpos Tovs
8236	TiBeptets avveBovAevov adrois ta O7Aa Katabepe-
8237	vous amodvew tovs avlpumous eis Thy éavTa@v.
8238	320 of d€, dd€av yap elyov [tovs \|* wept Tov “lwvabnyy eis
8239	7G, ‘lepooodvpa 7107 Ovarremropedoban, Bracypous
8240	eTOLTAYTO Tas amoKpigets.
8241	per) Katamhay yels o°
8242	321 €yw KaTaoTpaTnyely avToUs émevoouv.
8243	mpos peV
8244	otv tovs moXitas e€amrew moAeov odK évoplov
8245	evoefes elvat, BovAdpevos 6 attovs amoomdcat TOV
8246	TiBeprewr, upiovs omAitas Tovs apitorous émAdEas
8247	els Tpets prolpas SuetAov, Kal TovTOUS pev adava@s
8248	ev “Abaaus® _Tpooeraka Aox@vras TEpyLEvE,
8249	399 xAtous 5° eis eTepay KQLNV, opewny Lev O[Loiws,
8250	améxovcay d€ THs TiBepuddos Téocapas oTadious,
8251	Elon yayov nee
8252	éxelvous
8253	emevoay
8254	AdBwow
8255	onpetov «v0ds KataPatvew.
8256	avttos b€ THs KwENS
8257	323 mpoeAGav év mpovTTw Kkabelopyy.
8258	ot Oe TiBeprets
8259	op@vres eeTpexov ouvex@s Kal 7oha KaTEKEPTO-
8260	jeovy" TooavTH youv adpootyvy KaTéayev avrous
8261	wore TOUTAVTES eUTpem KAWWHV mpovlecar Kal
8262	mepl avTHV lOTAPLEVOL wOvpovTo pee peTa TaLoLas
8263	Kal yéhwtos.
8264	dueTiBeunv 8 eye tiv puynv 7déws
8265	THV avotav adta@v éemiPrEeTTWV.
8266	324
8267	(63) BovdAdpevos dé du’ evédpas AaBetv tov Xi-
8268	pwva Kal ovv atTt@ “lélapov, wépbas mpos abrovs
8269	mapekdAovv oAiyov Ths 7oOAcws TOppw peta Pidwv
8270	1 tovs ed. p7.: MSS. omit.
8271	2 Mss. dwuats Or kwuats.
8272	This emendation, I venture to
8273	118
p. 143
8274	THE LIFE, 318-324
8275	them, in chains, on the spot, in accordance with my
8276	instructions.
8277	The news
8278	was
8279	reported
8280	to me
8281	in
8282	writing by Levi, to whom I had entrusted
8283	the
8284	command of the outpost.
8285	I then let two days elapse
8286	and, feigning ignorance of these events, sent to the
8287	Tiberians, advising them to lay down their arms and
8288	dismiss the envoys to their home.
8289	They, imagining
8290	that Jonathan and his colleague had by now reached
8291	Jerusalem,
8292	sent
8293	me
8294	an
8295	abusive
8296	reply.
8297	Nothing
8298	daunted, I laid my plans to outwit them.
8299	To open
8300	a campaign upon my fellow-citizens® I regarded as
8301	impious ; my object was to entice them away from
8302	the Tiberians.
8303	I accordingly selected ten thousand
8304	of my finest troops, and, forming them in three
8305	divisions, gave them orders to remain concealed in
8306	ambush in Adamah.
8307	A thousand more I posted in
8308	another village in the hills, four furlongs distant from
8309	Tiberias, with instructions to come down as soon as
8310	they received a signal.
8311	I then advanced and took
8312	up a position in the open in front of the village.
8313	Seeing this, the Tiberians used constantly to sally
8314	out of the town and indulge freely in mockery of me.
8315	Indeed, so far did they carry their foolery, that they
8316	prepared and laid out a bier, and, standing round it,
8317	mourned for me with jests and laughter.
8318	I was
8319	myself amused
8320	at the
8321	spectacle
8322	of their mad
8323	behaviour.
8324	(63) Desiring to lay a trap to catch Simon and
8325	Jozar,® I now sent them an invitation to come out a
8326	short distance from the city, with numerous friends
8327	« The two envoys from Jerusalem left at Tiberias, § 316.
8328	JER
8329	think, seems
8330	convincing.
8331	A place-name
8332	is needed, and
8333	Adamah (Ddmieh), some six miles S.W. of Tiberias, in the
8334	hills, meets the requirements.
8335	3 ue omitted by PRA.
8336	119
8337	A third
8338	envoy
8339	entrapped.
p. 144
8340	327
8341	~
8342	328
8343	WwW ~
8344	330
8345	JOSEPHUS
8346	ToA\AGy TOV TapadvAakovtwy atrovs édfeiv: Bov-
8347	Aecbar yap edynv KataPas oeicacbar mpos avtovs
8348	Kal dvavetpacbar THY 7 mpooractav ths TadtAaias.
8349	Lipwv pev ovv bid <Te> veoTnTa’ Kal ™mpos éAmida”
8350	Képdous aman bets ovK KV nTEV eMeiv, 6 b€ ‘Tela-
8351	pos evédpav v
8352	dromTevoas ELewer. eee O7). TOV
8353	Yinwva peta dilwy tov tapadvAaccovtwy avtov
8354	bdravTicas joTalouny te dirdodpovws Kat yapw
8355	exe wyoddyovy avaBdavTt.
8356	pet od TroAd S€ cup-
8357	TEpLTAaT@v ws KATA [LOvas TL Bovdcpevos el7relv,
8358	emrel TOppwTepw
8359	TOV pilav amnyayov
8360	jLegov
8361	apapevos ayayetv els THV KPENV Tots peT emo
8362	diros €dwKa, Tous omhiras d€ KkaTtaBhvar kehevoas
8363	mpooeBa\ov pet adT@v TH TiBepudou. paxns d€
8364	yevopev7)s apLpor epubev KapTEpas Kal ogov ovme
8365	Tov TiPepréewy vikwvTwr, medevyetoay yap ot map’
8366	7
8367	p@v omAiTat, TO yo pevov (Owv Kal TOUS [eT
8368	epavTob Rhee
8369	gers viK@vTas. 710 tous TiPepuets
8370	els THV mOAW ovvedin€ga.
8371	eTepav de Ovvap
8372	elo7euibas® dua Tips Atwr7js 7 power Taga THY TpPwWTHV
8373	AaBotow oixiay € ELT pHoar.
8374	TovTov YEVOpLEVOU vopst-
8375	oavres ot TiBeptets etAnpbar KATO. Kparos avr ay
8376	THv TOAW v7r0 gopou pimrovow Ta oda, peta,
8377	yuvatk@v b€ Kal TéKvwV tKéTEVOV eee THs
8378	2
8379	/
8380	pee
8381	San
8382	\
8383	\
8384	\
8385	/
8386	>
8387	2d mToAews ele date EYW de Sd sad Tas dengets emuKAa-
8388	obets TOUS peev oTpariras THS OpLAs emeOXOY,
8389	attos 6€, Kal yap eomepa KatéAafev, pera TOV
8390	omAiT@v amo Tis moAvopKias broorpésas TeEpt THY
8391	Tob cwpatos Peparetay éywopunv.
8392	Kadéoas dé émt
8393	THY €oTiacw Tov Lipwva Tapenvlovpnv tept TOV
8394	1 Te veornra, text emended: orevérnra P, vedrnra RMW,
8395	Te dvowwy A,
8396	120
p. 145
8397	THE LIFE, 324-330
8398	to protect them, explaining that I was anxious to
8399	come down and make terms with them with a view
8400	to a division of the supreme command of Galilee.
8401	Simon, owing to his years and expectations of per-
8402	sonal profit, was deluded and came without hesita-
8403	tion; Jozar, suspecting
8404	a plot, remained behind.
8405	Simon, accordingly, came up country with his escort
8406	of friends ; I met him, gave him a friendly greeting,
8407	and thanked him for coming.
8408	Not long after, walk-
8409	ing beside him as though I desired to speak with
8410	him in private, I drew him a considerable distance
8411	from his party, and then seized him round the waist
8412	and handed him over to the friends who attended
8413	me, to be conducted to the village.
8414	I then ordered
8415	down my troops and proceeded with them to the
8416	assault of Tiberias.
8417	A stubbornly contested
8418	en-
8419	gagement ensued, and the Tiberians, owing to the
8420	flight of our men, had the battle almost in their
8421	hands, when, seeing the situation of affairs, I cheered
8422	on the troops that were with me and drove the
8423	Tiberians, now on the verge of victory, back into the
8424	town.
8425	I had also dispatched another contingent to
8426	enter the city by way of the lake, with orders to set
8427	fire to the first house which they took.
8428	This being
8429	successfully done, the Tiberians, supposing that their
8430	city had been carried by storm, threw down their
8431	arms in alarm, and, with their wives and children,
8432	implored me to spare it.
8433	Moved by their entreaties,
8434	I restrained the fury of the soldiers, and, as dusk had
8435	now fallen, abandoned the assault together with my
8436	troops, and retired for refreshment.
8437	I invited Simon
8438	to dine with me and consoled him for his fate,
8439	2 vl. édridcs mpos being then adverbial.
8440	3 eioméuwar PRA.
8441	Josephus
8442	attacks
8443	Tiberias : its
8444	submission.
p. 146
8445	JOSEPHUS
8446	?
8447	e
8448	/
8449	\
8450	>]
8451	/
8452	>)
8453	~
8454	\
8455	yeyovotwy, bT7iaxvoupnv Te dovs Eedddia atdT@ Kal
8456	Tois ovv atT@ Tapaméubew eis ‘lepoodAvpa pera
8457	7
8458	maons aoaretas.
8459	\
8460	\
8461	\
8462	>)
8463	~
8464	4
8465	YA
8466	/
8467	331
8468	(64) Kara
8469	6é THY
8470	ETLOVOaY
8471	NLEpav
8472	jLUpLOUS
8473	>
8474	/
8475	e
8476	/
8477	e
8478	>
8479	A
8480	s
8481	A
8482	eTayopuevos omAitas WKov els THY TiBepiada, Kal
8483	petatrepaevos
8484	els TO
8485	oaTddtov
8486	Tovs
8487	TmpwToUS
8488	attav Tod Aj ous exeAcvoa dpalew ottwes elev
8489	>
8490	~
8491	5
8492	,
8493	332 aiTloL
8494	THS
8495	amooTdcews.
8496	evderEapevwy
8497	Sé Tods
8498	>
8499	avopas, ekelvous prev dedepevous els THY lwramarny
8500	/
8501	>
8502	/
8503	\
8504	\
8505	\
8506	\
8507	>]
8508	vA
8509	A
8510	ToAw e€émeuya, Tovs
8511	b€ wept Tov
8512	“lwvdbyv Kat
8513	/
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8516	~
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8519	2.
8520	/
8521	\
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8523	e
8524	\
8525	e
8526	~
8527	Lipwvos Kal “lwldpov Kat omditav Twevrakociwy,
8528	a
8529	/
8530	$
8531	4
8532	>)
8533	/
8534	5
8535	A
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8537	mapadvAdgovaw
8538	adtrovs,
8539	e&émeuysa
8540	eis
8541	Ta
8542	/
8543	333 ‘lepoooAvpa.
8544	TiBepeets
8545	d€
8546	madAw
8547	mpooeMovres
8548	ovyywaoKew avTots mapexdAovv Tept TOV mem pay -
8549	evo,
8550	eravopfurceatat
8551	Tas draprias Th pera,
8552	TavTa mpos ee mote. A€yovtes’ Ta 8 eK THS
8553	dvapTayns TEeplocevoavTa G@cat jLe TOLS amtoAéoa-
8554	334 ow ed€ovTO.
8555	Kaya Tois ExoVvoW TpocéTaTTOV Eis
8556	/
8557	/
8558	/
8559	5
8560	/
8561	\
8562	4
8563	~
8564	pecov TavTa pepew: amrevovvTwr bé€ expt roAAod,
8565	~
8566	\
8567	~
8568	feacdpevos TWa THY TeEpL E“e OTpaTLwTav AapTrpo-
8569	~
8570	/
8571	Tépav Tov auvifous TEepiKeievoyv oToAny émvbounv
8572	m7o0ev Exou. elmrovtos b€é Ex THs KaTA TOAW apmayis,
8573	e€KELVOV
8574	[bev mAnyats
8575	exoAaca,
8576	Tots
8577	de
8578	adAdAots
8579	o
8580	/
8581	/
8582	amacw
8583	nmelAnoa petlw TYyswpiay
8584	emiOyocew py
8585	KopLicacw Eels TOvULdavEes Coa NpTaKeLcav.
8586	ToAADY
8587	d€ ovveveybevtwr' Exaotw Tov TiBeprewy to ém-
8588	yvwobev arédwxa.
8589	33: Qt
8590	336 = (65) Teyoves oe evradba TIS Ounyncews Bov-
8591	Aopat ™pos *lodarov, Kal avrov THY TEpt TOUT WY
8592	Tpaypatelav yeypabota, mpds Te Tovs aAXovs Tods
8593	£22
8594	e
8595	—
8596	Ie
p. 147
8597	THE LIFE, 330-336
8598	promising him and his companions a safe escort, with
8599	supplies for the journey, to Jerusalem.
8600	(64) On the following day I entered Tiberias with
8601	an army of ten thousand men, and summoning the
8602	leading citizens to the stadium, commanded them to
8603	give me the names of the authors of the revolt.
8604	The
8605	information being supplied, I dispatched the in-
8606	criminated individuals,
8607	in chains, to the town of
8608	Jotapata.
8609	Jonathan and Ananias I released and,
8610	providing them with supplies, sent them off together
8611	with Simon and Jozar and five hundred soldiers to
8612	escort them to Jerusalem.
8613	The Tiberians now ap-
8614	proached me again and implored my forgiveness
8615	for their conduct, promising to make amends for the
8616	errors of the past by their loyalty in future.
8617	They
8618	besought me at the same time to recover what still
8619	remained of the plunder for those who had lost their
8620	property.
8621	I accordingly ordered all the possessors to
8622	produce everything. As there was considerable delay
8623	in obeying these orders I, observing that one of
8624	my soldiers was wearing an unusually magnificent
8625	garment, asked him whence he obtained it.
8626	On his
8627	replying “ From the sack of the city,” I punished
8628	him with the lash, and threatened the rest with
8629	severer penalties if they failed to surrender their
8630	spoils.
8631	A mass of property being thus collected, I
8632	restored to each individual what he recognized as
8633	his own.
8634	(65) Having reached this point in my narrative, I
8635	propose to address a few words to Justus, who has pro-
8636	dueed his own account of these affairs, and to others
8637	1 P: cuvaxévtwr the rest.
8638	The envoys
8639	dismissed to
8640	Jerusalem.
8641	Digression
8642	on Justus of
8643	Tiberias,
8644	a rival
8645	historian of
8646	the war.
p. 148
8647	37
8648	338
8649	339
8650	340
8651	341
8652	342
8653	JOSEPHUS
8654	toTopiay prev ypadew UTLTXVOUJLEVOUS, mept d€ THY
8655	aAyGevay oAvywpous Kal Ov exOpav 7 xapw TO
8656	pedo ovK EV PETOJLEVOUS, pupa dueAOety \|. zpar-
8657	TOVOL
8658	[Lev yap OOLOV TL TOS TEpL cup Borate
8659	mAaora ypappara ovv7etar,7@ S€ pdeptay o
8660	Ojos
8661	TYyLeaplay éxelvois Sedrevar Katadbpovotor Tijs adn -
8662	feias.
8663	“lodatos yotv ovyypadew Tas epi TobTov?
8664	emiyelpiaas mpaters Tov TOAEov, UEp TOU SoKety
8665	diAdmovos elvar €uod pev Kateevotar, nAnfevoe
8666	d€ ode TEpl THS TaTpidos.
8667	OUev, amoAoyyjaacbar
8668	yap viv avdyeqy exw KataibevdopapTupovpievos,
8669	Ep@ Ta [EXPL vov TETLIT NUEVA. Kal [7 Pavpaoy
8670	Tes ore pn mara mept TOUTWV edn Awan: TO yap
8671	toroplav dvaypddovr! TO poev dAnGevew dvayKatov,
8672	efeotw 6 opus per) TLKP@S Tas TWOv Tovnplas
8673	edeyxew, ov da TH mpos ekelvous yapw adda bia
8674	THY avToo jeTploryra.
8675	Ids otv, wa d& zpos adrov ws Tapovra, ‘lobore,
8676	dewor Tare ovyypadéen, TotTo yap avxets TEpl GeE-
8677	avTov, atTLoL YEyOvapLev eyo te kat I ahAator TH
8678	TaTplot cov THs mpos ‘Pwyaiovs Kat mpos Tov
8679	Baoilda
8680	ordcews;
8681	mpoTepov
8682	yap
8683	7% Ee THS
8684	TadtAatas orparnyov b70 Tob Kowod Tay “lepoao-
8685	Avpit@v yetpotovnbfvar, od Kat wavtes TuBeprets
8686	od povov avetAndate Ta O7Aa, adda Kal Tas Ev TH
8687	Lupia d€ka ores evoAeeite.
8688	od yody Tas Kwpmas
8689	atTt@v évérpyoas Kal 6 Gos olKeTNS el THS Tapa-
8690	Ta€ews exelvns Emecev.
8691	Tatra dé odK eyw éeyw
8692	pLovos, GAAa Kat ev tots Otecmactavotd Tod atvro-
8693	1 The bracketed words occur in A only.
8694	2 W: the rest rovrwr.
8695	* Probably an official record in Latin based on the field-
8696	124
p. 149
8697	THE LIFE, 336-342
8698	who, while professing to write history, care
8699	little
8700	for truth, and, either from spite or partiality, have
8701	no scruples about falsehood.
8702	The procedure of such
8703	persons resembles indeed that of forgers of contracts,
8704	but, having no corresponding penalty to fear, they
8705	ean afford to disdain veracity.
8706	Justus, for instance,
8707	having taken upon himself to record the history of
8708	this war, has, in order to gain credit for industrious
8709	research, not only maligned me, but even failed to
8710	tell the truth about his native place.
8711	Being, there-
8712	fore, now compelled to defend myself against these
8713	false allegations, I shall allude
8714	to matters
8715	about
8716	which I have hitherto kept silence.
8717	My omission to
8718	make such a statement at an earlier date should not
8719	occasion surprise.
8720	For, while veracity is incumbent
8721	upon a historian, he is none the less at liberty to
8722	refrain from harsh
8723	scrutiny of the misdeeds
8724	of
8725	individuals, not from any partiality for the offenders,
8726	but because of his own moderation.
8727	How, then, Justus—if I may address him as though
8728	he were present—how, most clever of historians, as
8729	you boast yourself to be, can I and the Galilaeans be
8730	held responsible for the insurrection of your native
8731	city against the Romans and against the king ; seeing
8732	that, before I was elected by the general assembly
8733	at Jerusalem to the command of Galilee, you and all
8734	the citizens of Tiberias had not only resorted to arms,
8735	but were actually at war with the towns of the Syrian
8736	Decapolis ? It was you who burnt their villages,
8737	and your domestic fell in the engagement on that
8738	occasion.
8739	This is no unsupported assertion of my
8740	own.
8741	The facts are recorded in the Commentaries #
8742	notes of Vespasian.
8743	Cf. § 358, and the Commentaries of
8744	Julius Caesar on the Gallic War.
8745	125
8746	Justus, not
8747	Josephus,
8748	responsible
8749	for the
8750	revolt of
8751	Tiberias
8752	from Rome.
p. 150
8753	JOSEPHUS
8754	7
8755	Kpatopos vTopvipacWw OvTwWS yéypamTat, Kal TiVa
8756	tpomov ev Ilrodcwaids Otveoractavotd KateBoynoav
8757	ot Tav b€ka TOAEwY EvoiKOL, TYLWpiay UrocyelVv
8758	343 GE TOV alTLov a&.odvTes.
8759	Kal deduixets av diKny
8760	Oveozactavod KehevoarTos, El By Baotreds “Ay pir
8761	mas AaBwv e€ovciay amoKteivat
8762	ce, moAda Tis
8763	adehois Bepevixns denDetons, ovK dverov Oede-
8764	B44 peevov emt moAvy xpovov epvdager.
8765	Kal at pera
8766	tatra b€ moduretai cov cada&s éudavilovow Tov Te
8767	/
8768	\
8769	A
8770	A
8771	7
8772	\
8773	\
8774	/
8775	¢
8776	/
8777	Biov tov GAAov Kat Ot ov Ti TaTpiba “Pwyaiwv
8778	améoTyoas’ @V Ta TEKLHpLA Kayw SyAdow pET
8779	oXLyov.
8780	345
8781	BovdAopuar & etzety Kat mpos tovs aAdouvs TiPe-
8782	pleis oAtya 61a Gé Kal TapacTioa Tois evTvyxd-
8783	vew péAdAovew Tats toropias oT pHte diAopw@paroe
8784	/
8785	~
8786	/
8787	~
8788	>
8789	~
8790	/
8791	346 pte hiAoBao.reis yeyovate.
8792	tTav ev 7H VadtAata
8793	/
8794	¢
8795	!
8796	J
8797	\
8798	y
8799	\
8800	¢
8801	\
8802	ToAewy at péyrotar Lémdwpis Kat TiPepias 7 o7
8803	’
8804	a)
8805	=
8806	>
8807	\
8808	/
8809	\
8810	>
8811	be
8812	matpis,
8813	@
8814	“lotore.
8815	adda Lewdwpis pev
8816	ev TH
8817	pecaitatw THs VadwAaias Keywevn Kat TEpt avTaV
8818	KOLOS exovoa ToAAds, Kat TL KGL Opacvvecbae
8819	dvvapevy Tpos ‘Papaious, elep 0edncev, eUXEpOs,
8820	leyvnKuta TH pos Tovs deomoTas
8821	€ epupLevew TLOTEL
8822	tA
8823	Kae THS mOAews atTav e€éxAevce Kal oTpaTeEv-
8824	cacbat twa t&v Todkitav
8825	“lovdatois
8826	éexwdAvoev.
8827	ey
8828	\
8829	\
8830	\
8831	\
8832	Ca
8833	:
8834	=
8835	>
8836	>
8837	,
8838	s
8839	347 Omws 6€ Kal TA TpOs Has aodareis elev, HraTHGGV
8840	pe Telxeow
8841	att@v
8842	tiv moAw
8843	oxvp@oar
8844	mpo-
8845	/
8846	\
8847	\
8848	/
8849	/
8850	~
8851	~
8852	>
8853	Tpeparres, Kal Tapa Keortov PaAdou ToD TOV eV
8854	7H Lupia’ Pwpatkv traypatov TYEHOVEVOVTOS ppov-
8855	pay EKOVTES edefav7o, KaTappovngavres eH08 TOTE
8856	péya Svuvapévov Kal maow bi éexaAj€ews ovtos.
8857	348 7roAtopKoupevns
8858	TE THS peyloTns U@v ToAcews
8859	126
p. 151
8860	THE LIFE, 342-348
8861	of the Emperor Vespasian, which further relate how
8862	insistently
8863	the inhabitants
8864	of Decapolis
8865	pressed
8866	Vespasian, when at Ptolemais, to punish you, as the
8867	culprit.
8868	And punished you would have been under
8869	his orders, had not King Agrippa, though empowered
8870	to put you to death, at the urgent entreaty of his
8871	sister Berenice, commuted the death penalty to a
8872	long term of imprisonment.
8873	Moreover, your sub-
8874	sequent public life is a sure index of character and
8875	proves that it was you who caused the revolt of your
8876	native city from Rome.
8877	Proofs of these statements
8878	I shall adduce presently.
8879	I have, however, a few words which I would address,
8880	on your account, to the other inhabitants of Tiberias,
8881	in order to demonstrate to future readers of this
8882	history © that you and your fellow-citizens
8883	were
8884	friendly neither to the Romans nor to the king.
8885	Of
8886	the cities of Galilee the largest are Sepphoris and
8887	Tiberias — your
8888	native
8889	Tiberias,
8890	Justus.
8891	Now,
8892	Sepphoris, situated in the heart of Galilee, surrounded
8893	by numerous villages, and in a position, without any
8894	difficulty, had she been so inclined, to make a bold
8895	stand against the Romans, nevertheless decided to
8896	remain loyal to her masters, excluded me from the
8897	town, and forbade any of her citizens to take service
8898	with the
8899	Jews.
8900	Moreover, in order to secure them-
8901	selves against me, they inveigled me into fortifying
8902	the city with walls, and then voluntarily admitted a
8903	garrison provided by Cestius Gallus, commander-in-
8904	chief of the Roman legions in Syria; flouting me at
8905	a time when I exercised great power and was
8906	universally held in awe.
8907	Again, when Jerusalem,
8908	« Literally ‘‘ the histories,’’ perhaps meaning “ our (rival)
8909	histories.”’
8910	a
8911	127
8912	Contrast
8913	between
8914	pro-Roman
8915	Sepphoris
8916	A.D. 70.
p. 152
8917	349
8918	35
8919	vo Or
8920	0
8921	JOSEPHUS
8922	“Tepocodktpwv KGL TOU KOWOU TaYTWYV tepoo KWOU-
8923	~
8924	~
8925	/
8926	vevovTos ev TH TV
8927	ToAEeuiwy eEovoia yevéobat,
8928	cuppaxiay
8929	ovK ezeyibav,
8930	p71) BovAdpwevor
8931	Sdoxetv
8932	\
8933	¢
8934	/
8935	a
8936	~
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8945	oy
8946	fe
8947	,
8948	Bag
8949	a
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8951	2
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8953	\
8954	lodare, Keyevyn
8955	ev’
8956	TH Vevvnoapizidl? Ayn Kat
8957	/
8958	améxovoa “Im7ov pev ordéia TpidKovta, Taddapwv
8959	\
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8962	/
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8979	TOPAKELLEVIS, €L nOedev THV Tpos ‘Pwpatovs mioTw
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8982	durat7ew, padiws edvvato.
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8994	Ojos Kal OmAwy nbmopeite.
8995	GAX’, ws
8996	oad djs,
8997	aittos
8998	vpiv® éya Tote.
8999	peta Tabdra
9000	Se Tis, @
9001	>
9002	~
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9005	lodore;
9006	mpo yap THs ‘lepocodtpwyv modopKias
9007	oldas to ‘Pwyatous éue yevopmevov, kat lwrdrara
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9009	itos
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9015	Andbévra dpovpia te 7oAAG, woAvv TE
9016	»
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9018	TadtAaiwv 6yAov Kata THV PAXNV TECOVTA.
9019	TOT
9020	>
9021	>]
9022	~
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9028	ovv Expy buds mavTos amnAAaypévous TOU du ee
9029	/
9030	ta
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9035	r ~
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9045	Baotret Kat
9046	‘Pwpatois
9047	dre
9048	67) OVX EKOVTES
9049	4
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9056	vpets b€ Kal Teplewetvate
9057	Odeomactavov,
9058	5
9059	~
9060	,
9061	Ews avTOs adiKdopmevos peTA TAaONS THs Suvapews
9062	/
9063	~
9064	/
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9066	/
9067	A
9068	/
9069	A
9070	mpocéAfo. tots telyeow,
9071	Kat ToTe
9072	bia doPov Ta
9073	<4 r
9074	‘8
9075	A 4.
9076	\
9077	Us
9078	“A
9079	e
9080	~
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9083	nA
9084	omAa KaTefecbe*:
9085	Kai TavTws av tua@v 7 TOALs HAW
9086	/
9087	~
9088	~
9089	A
9090	A
9091	KATA KpaTos, et pu TO Baorret Seopevw Kat THV
9092	1 émi Cobet.
9093	2 Tevynoapidi: PR.
9094	3 Niese: mss. Zunv
9095	(perhaps
9096	rightly)
9097	or tuar.
9098	nv
9099	\p
9100	i
9101	* Hudson: xaraééc@a Mss.
9102	* ** This only means that Scythopolis was on the side of
9103	Agrippa and the Romans.”’
9104	It was “ an independent town
9105	128
p. 153
9106	THE LIFE, 348-352
9107	our capital, was besieged, and the Temple, which
9108	was common to us all, was in danger of falling into
9109	the enemy’s hands, they sent no assistance, wishing
9110	to avoid all suspicion of having borne arms against
9111	the Romans.
9112	Your native city,
9113	Justus, on the contrary, situated and anti-
9114	on the lake of Gennesaret, and distant from Hippos Pera
9115	thirty furlongs, from Gadara sixty and from Scytho-
9116	polis, which was under the king’s jurisdiction,* one
9117	hundred and twenty, with no Jewish city in the
9118	vicinity, might easily, had it so desired, have kept
9119	faith with the Romans.
9120	You were a populous com-
9121	munity and well supplied with arms.
9122	But, you
9123	maintain, it was I who was responsible for your
9124	revolt at that time.
9125	Well, who was responsible,
9126	Justus, later on?
9127	For you are aware that before
9128	the siege of Jerusalem I was taken prisoner by the
9129	Romans, that Jotapata and many other fortresses
9130	had been carried by storm, and that a large number
9131	of Galilaeans had fallen in battle.
9132	That was the
9133	proper occasion
9134	for you, when you had _ nothing
9135	whatever to fear from me, to abandon hostilities and
9136	to convince the king and the Romans that it was not
9137	your own free will but compulsion which drove you
9138	into war against them.
9139	Instead, you waited until
9140	Vespasian arrived in person, with his whole army,
9141	beneath your walls ; and then, at last, in alarm, you
9142	did lay down your arms.
9143	But your city would
9144	undoubtedly have been taken by storm, had not
9145	under Roman supremacy,’’ and never, apparently, in the
9146	possession of any of the Herods.
9147	Schiirer, H.J.P., div. ii.,
9148	Wold. p: 112. “You had pro-Roman towns at hand to
9149	protect you”’
9150	is the argument.
9151	Josephus is here hard put
9152	to it to answer Justus, since, for all his temporizing, he did
9153	take the lead against the Romans in the opening campaign.
9154	VOin: I
9155	K
9156	129
p. 154
9157	353 7
9158	354 *
9159	355
9160	306
9161	~I
9162	JOSEPHUS
9163	dvo.av tu@v TapaiTovpevw avvexwpyncev Oveoma-
9164	cuavos.
9165	ovK
9166	eye) Tolvuy airLos, GAN’
9167	tpets ot
9168	mrohepuKd dpovicayres. 7 od pepvnabe oT. ToCav-
9169	TAKS DLOV eyKparis EVO [LEVOS ovéeva dep Gerpa,
9170	otacidlovtes 8 tyets mpos aAArjAovs, od bia THY
9171	mpos ‘Pwyatovs Kai tov PaciAéa evvorav, dia de
9172	Thy dueTepay avTav Tovypiay, exaTov oydo7KovTa
9173	mevtTe TOV TOIT@Y ameKTElvaTE, KATA TOV KaLpOV
9174	exetvov €u“od moAvpKovpévov év “lwramatous vio
9175	Pwpaiwy; ti 6’; odyl Kal Kata Thy Ttav ‘lepo-
9176	coAvpit@v
9177	moAvopKtav
9178	dvaxiAvor TiBeprew
9179	e€-
9180	nraocbnoav, ot pev TETTUWKOTES ol 6€ Anpbevres
9181	aixparwror; aAAd ov moAé€L0s od yeyoveva b7)-
9182	Gets, OTL mpos Baotréa tor’ Edvyes.
9183	Kal TobTo be
9184	bua Tov €€ € euod ddPov pnt Ge TETOUKEVAL. Kayo)
9185	pev mTovnpos, ws Aéyeis* 6 dé Bactdreds ° Aypimmas 0
9186	THv wuynv cou ovyxwpiaas o70 Oveoracavod
9187	Oavetv Kkataxpilevre,
9188	6 ToaoUToLS Swpnodprevos
9189	Xpnpaow, ge everev VaoTepov ois pev cdn/0€,
9190	TooaUTaKIs d€ duyeiv TH mar pio. mpooeTakev Kat
9191	amobavety 6€ xehevoas ama€é TH ddehbi Bepevixn
9192	ae denbeion 7 THY OT owrnpiay exaplcato ; kat
9193	peta TooatTa dé cov KaKoupynjara Tag ém-
9194	oroAGy Go. muoTEVoUs, Ws Kal Tavraus etpe paou-
9195	oupyov, amijAace THs Obews. adda wept pev TOUTwWY
9196	eAéyyew em axpiBes €d.
9197	Oavpalew 8 Eevoi or THY ony avaiderav, Ort
9198	TOAMGS déyew amdvTwv
9199	TOV TV TpaypaTetav
9200	TavTyy yeypadhotwv avros apewov e&nyyeAKévat,
9201	pyre Ta mpaxlevta Kata THV Vadiralay émusrdpevos,
9202	2 Or “ your native place.”
9203	150
p. 155
9204	THE LIFE, 352-357
9205	Vespasian yielded to the king’s
9206	intercession
9207	to
9208	condone your folly.
9209	The responsibility therefore
9210	rests not with me, but with you, Tiberians, and your
9211	passion for war.
9212	Have you forgotten how, often as I
9213	had you in my power, I put not one of you to death ;
9214	whereas you in your party quarrels, not from any
9215	loyalty to the Romans and the king, but of your
9216	own malice, slew one hundred and eighty-five of
9217	your fellow-citizens at the time when I was besieged
9218	in Jotapata by the Romans?
9219	Again, were there
9220	not two thousand Tiberians found at the siege of
9221	Jerusalem, of whom some fell and others were taken
9222	prisoners ?
9223	But you, Justus, will urge that you at least were Relations
9224	no enemy [of Rome], because in those early days pee
9225	you sought refuge with the king.
9226	I reply that it Agrippa.
9227	was fear of me which drove you to do so.
9228	I too,
9229	then, you
9230	assert,
9231	was
9232	a knave.
9233	Well, how do
9234	you account for your treatment by King Agrippa,
9235	to whom you owed your life, when condemned to
9236	death by Vespasian, and all that wealth which he
9237	lavished upon you?
9238	Why did he subsequently twice
9239	put you in irons and as often command you to quit
9240	the country,“ and once order you to execution, when
9241	he spared your life only at the earnest entreaty of his
9242	sister Berenice ? And when, after all your knavish
9243	tricks, he had appointed you his private secretary,
9244	he detected you once more in fraudulent practices
9245	and banished you from his sight.
9246	But I forbear to
9247	scrutinize these matters too closely.
9248	I cannot, however, but wonder at your impudence Justus’s
9249	°
9250	°
9251	:
9252	.
9253	belated and
9254	in daring to assert that your narrative is to be pre- erroneous
9255	ferred to that of all who have written on this subject, History of
9256	.
9257	;
9258	.
9259	:
9260	1e War
9261	when you neither knew what happened in Galilee—
9262	131
p. 156
9263	JOSEPHUS
9264	7s yap ev Byput® Tore Tapa Baowre?, un? doa
9265	ezaov ‘Papator ext THs “lwramatwv mohvopkias
9266	; édpacav nuas tapakoAovlyjoas, un? ooa Kat
9267	€[LauTov empaga ToAvopKoUpLevos dvv7beis mvbecbae
9268	TavTES yap ot dmayyetAavres av depGapyoay emt
9269	358 THs mapatagews exeivns.
9270	add’ tows Ta KaTa THY
9271	‘TepocoAvpuita@v
9272	7 mpaxlevra per TO. axpyBetas orjcets
9273	ovyyeypapevat.
9274	Kal 7s oiov TE;
9275	OUTE yap TO
9276	mohepe TApETUXES
9277	oUTEe TA Katoapos aveyvws
9278	UTOMVIPLATA.
9279	JLeyLOTOV be TEK\|LT\|pLov" Tots “yap \|*
9280	Kaicapos bropyypacw evayTiav TeTOlnoaL TV
9281	359 ypadyv.
9282	et dé Oappets dewov amavTwy ovyyeypa-
9283	pevar, Oud 7
9284	TU Coro Oveoracvavot Kat Titov ta&v
9285	avroxparopuv Tod TrOA€LOVv yevopevenv” Kal
9286	i Bacwréws
9287	“Aypia Ta TEpLoVTOS ETL Kal T@V EK YyévouS avrod
9288	TAVTOW,
9289	dvd pav Tis “EAAqvueijs
9290	Tavoelas
9291	emt
9292	mAetorov TKOVTOW, THY ioroptav otK Eedepes eis
9293	360 [kecoVv; po yap elKooW €TOV <ixes Yeypappevny
9294	Kal Tap
9295	€looTwY
9296	epeMes Tijs axpiBetas THY
9297	paptuplay amodépecbar.
9298	viv 8, 67 éxetvour pev
9299	obKéeT elo pe” Hyudv, eAeyxOjvat 8° od vopiles,
9300	TeOdppykas.
9301	361
9302	Od pry eyo coe Tov adrov TpoTrov TeEpl Tijs
9303	éuavtod ypadas edevca, add’ adrois emédwKa Tots
9304	abtoxpatopo. Ta BiBAia povov od THY Epywv ETL
9305	BAeropéevwy: avvijdew yap euavtT@ TeTnpynKoTe THV
9306	~
9307	>
9308	/
9309	/
9310	ad
9311	Te
9312	/
9313	/
9314	THs aAnbetas Tapddoow, ed 7 waptuptas TevEeoOar
9315	362 TpocdoKioas ov Sujpaprov.
9316	Kal aAAous dé troMois
9317	evOds e7édWKa THY loToplay, WY Eviol Kal Tapa-
9318	TeTevyetoav TO ToACuw, Kabamep Baotreds “Aypiz-
9319	1 ins. R: the rest omit.
9320	2 rod mon. yev.\|‘7Gv Tov TOEuov KaTepyacauevwv R,
9321	132
p. 157
9322	THE LIFE, 357-362
9323	for you were then at Berytus ¢ with the king—nor
9324	acquainted yourself with all that the Romans endured
9325	or inflicted upon us at the siege of Jotapata;
9326	nor
9327	was it in your power to ascertain the part which I
9328	myself played in the siege, since all possible inform-
9329	ants perished in that conflict.
9330	Perhaps, however,
9331	you will say that you have accurately narrated the
9332	events which took place at Jerusalem.
9333	How, pray,
9334	can that be, seeing that neither were you a combatant
9335	nor had you perused the Commentaries of Caesar,? as
9336	is abundantly proved by your contradictory account ?
9337	But, if you are so confident that your history excels
9338	all others, why did you not publish it in the lifetime
9339	of the Emperors Vespasian and Titus, who conducted
9340	the war, and while King Agrippa and all his family,
9341	persons thoroughly conversant with Hellenic culture,
9342	were still among us?
9343	You had it written twenty
9344	years ago, and might then have obtained the evidence
9345	of eyewitnesses to your accuracy.
9346	But not until now,
9347	when those persons are no longer with us and you after
9348	think you cannot be confuted, have you ventured to “1°
9349	publish it.
9350	I had no such apprehensions concerning my work. contrasted
9351	No; I presented the volumes to the Emperors them- a roan
9352	selves, when the events had hardly passed out of sight,
9353	conscious as I was that I had preserved the true
9354	story.
9355	I expected
9356	to receive
9357	testimony
9358	to my
9359	accuracy, and was not disappointed.
9360	‘To many others
9361	also I immediately presented my History, some of
9362	whom had taken part in the war, such as King
9363	? Beirut.
9364	> 4.e. Titus; ef. § 342 (note).
9365	133
p. 158
9366	JOSEPHUS
9367	963 Tas Kal TWes al’Tod THY ovyyer@v.
9368	oO pev yap
9369	attoxpatwp
9370	Tiros
9371	[ovtws\|*
9372	é€k povwyv abtav
9373	eBovaAnby tiv yv@ow tots avlpwros mapadodvar
9374	Tav mpakewv, wore xapdéas 7H é€avTod yxeupl TA
9375	364 BiBrta
9376	dnpLoot@oat
9377	mpoceTakev’
9378	6 oe Bactreds
9379	"Aypinmas €€jKxovta dvo yéypadev émuotoAas TH
9380	tis adnletas wapadoce paptupa@v.
9381	av 67) Kat dvo
9382	tmétaéa Kat BovAnbevte co. Ta yeypappéeva yvavar
9383	/
9384	>
9385	>
9386	~
9387	TApPEOTLV e€ QUT WY*
9388	365
9389	‘* BactAevs
9390	’Aypinzma
9391	as ‘lwonre TD diAtatw
9392	yaipew.
9393	rdroTta SunADov TIP BiBdrov,” Kat pou zoAv
9394	empeAeor pov edofas Tov Taira ovyyparbdvr oy
9395	nKpibwkevar.
9396	méuTe
9397	O€ por
9398	Kat
9399	tas
9400	Aoumds.
9401	Eppwao.
9402	366
9403	“‘Baoweds
9404	*Aypinzas
9405	“Iwonmw td diAtatTw
9406	yalpew.
9407	€€ wv eypaipas ovdepuas €oikas ypyCew
9408	dvdacKaAlas UTEP Too pabety
9409	7 jpas oAous apynbev.
9410	_ OTav [LevTOU _owvTUxTS 408, Kal avtos oe moAda
9411	KAaTHX}OW TOV ayvoovupevwy.
9412	ie
9413	>
9414	a
9415	a
9416	,
9417	>
9418	367
9419	“Eyot
9420	6€* azapricfetons
9421	tis
9422	totopias
9423	adAn-
9424	/
9425	5
9426	>]
9427	7,
9428	>
9429	\
9430	\
9431	>
9432	/
9433	>
9434	~
9435	eia,® od KoAaketwrv, ovde yap éeméBadrev atta,
9436	ovde etpwvEvopLevos, ws ov dices, Topp yap Hv
9437	exeivos TOLAUTYS kaxonGetas, adda TIP ay Gevav
9438	eapTuper,
9439	Kabazep
9440	mavTEs
9441	ot Tats
9442	toroptats
9443	evTVYXAVOVTES.
9444	aAAa 7a prev mpos “lotorov avay-
9445	Kkalav AaBdovta
9446	tiv mapéxBacw®
9447	péxpe tovTwr
9448	injpv \|" Aedéxbao.
9449	1 om. PR.
9450	2 BvBdov PA.
9451	3 RAMW add @iArare.
9452	* Text doubtful: R oirws 6é wor: Niese marks a lacuna.
9453	5 Doubtful: Hudson suggests ’Aypir7as.
9454	6 rapabecw PR.
9455	7 P:; the rest omit.
9456	134
p. 159
9457	THE LIFE, 363-367
9458	Agrippa and certain of his relatives.
9459	Indeed, so
9460	anxious was the Emperor Titus that my volumes
9461	should be the sole authority from which the world
9462	should learn the facts, that he affixed
9463	his own
9464	signature to them and gave orders for their publica-
9465	tion;
9466	while King Agrippa wrote sixty-two letters
9467	testifying to the truth of the record.
9468	‘Two of these I
9469	subjoin, from which you may, if you will, learn the
9470	nature of his communications :
9471	“ King Agrippa to dearest Josephus, greeting.
9472	I
9473	have perused the book with the greatest pleasure.
9474	You seem to me to have written with much greater
9475	care and accuracy than any who have dealt with
9476	the subject.
9477	Send me
9478	the remaining volumes.
9479	Farewell.”
9480	“King Agrippa to dearest Josephus, greeting.
9481	From what you have written you appear to stand
9482	in no need of instruction, to enable us all to learn
9483	(everything from you) from the beginning.*
9484	But
9485	when you meet me, I will myself by word of
9486	mouth inform you of much that is not generally
9487	known.”
9488	And, on the completion of my History, not in
9489	flattery, which was contrary to his nature, nor yet,
9490	as you® no doubt will say, in irony, for he was far
9491	above such malignity, but in all sincerity, he, in
9492	common with all readers of my volumes, bore witness
9493	to their accuracy.
9494	But here let me close this digres-
9495	sion on Justus which he has forced upon me.
9496	* The king’s alleged “‘ culture ” here fails him ; the Greek
9497	is vulgar and obscure.
9498	For judas deus, “ us all,” perhaps we
9499	should read judas d\ws, “us completely.”
9500	> 4.e.
9501	Justus, whom he again addresses.
9502	1393
p. 160
9503	368
9504	369
9505	370
9506	371
9507	372
9508	373
9509	JOSEPHUS
9510	(66) Avournoas 0 éyw Ta KaTa THY TiBepudoa.
9511	Kat kabicas Tov dirwy avvédpiov €BovAevomnv mepl
9512	TOV mpos ‘ledveny a7paxOnoopéevwy.
9513	e00KEL pev
9514	ovv maou Tots Poleaiae omXcavTa mavTas am-
9515	eMeiv emi tov “lwavvyy Kat AaBetv zap’ adbrob Sixas
9516	ws m™aons Tis oTdaews aitlov YEyoveros. ovK
9517	Tpeckopny 5 eye Tats yropats avT@v Tpoalpeow
9518	exw Tas Tapaxas xuwpls @ovov KaTaGT TéAew.
9519	obev 67) TapyvEeca maou etoeveyacba 7 povovay
9520	U7ep Tob yuavau Ta ovopara T@V U7 TO ‘lwdvyy
9521	OVvTw. Touncavrey 8° éxeivav yvovs éya) ToUs
9522	dvOparous oiTwes oa e€eOnka Tpoypapy.a., dua
9523	TovTov mioTw
9524	Kal de€vav mporetvarv Tots pera,
9525	‘Lwdvvov Gedrjoacw Aafeiy peTavolay, Kal TuEepa@v
9526	elkoou Xpovov Tpoerewa. tots BovAevoacbat Bedrovow
9527	mepl TOV eauTois oupdepovTwv.
9528	jmetAovy b€, et
9529	ay pupovow Ta o7Aa, KATATpHoELY avTa@v Tas ol-
9530	KTOELS KAL Oqpootedcew Tas ovotas.
9531	tTatta
9532	de
9533	akovoavTes
9534	of avOpwror Kat Tapaxbevres ov Tt
9535	petptas KataAetovow pev tov “lwavynv, Ta O°
9536	omAa pupavres Tov 7 pos jue TeTpaKvoxtArot TOV
9537	apiBov
9538	¢ ovTes. povot b€ TH “lwavyyn wapéwewayr ot
9539	moXtrau* Kat E€vou Twes ek THS Tupiwy wntpoToAews
9540	ws xtAor Kal TEVTAKOOLOL.
9541	‘lwdvvys pev ovv OUTW
9542	KaTaotparnyifeis
9543	0 bm euod 70 Aourov ev TH TaTpide
9544	mepihoPos é€ ewewev.
9545	(67) Kara ztotrov
9546	dé Tov Karpov Lembuptrav
9547	Dappicavres dvadapBavovow omAa., memouores TH
9548	Te TOV TELX@V OXUPOTHTL Kal 7 Tpos €TEpols OVTA
9549	pee opay. mepTrovaL oy) mpos Kéorvov Padov,
9550	Lupias & nv ovTOS HyELwr, wapaxahobvres 7)
9551	avtov jKew Oarrov mapadnibopevov
9552	abttav TH
9553	136
p. 161
9554	THE LIFE, 368-373
9555	(66) Having settled the affairs of Tiberias, I called ce of
9556	a meeting of my friends, to deliberate on the measures geserted by
9557	to be taken against John.
9558	The Galilaeans were most
9559	of
9560	his
9561	unanimously of opinion that I should arm them all,
9562	+
9563	march against him and punish him as the author of
9564	all these disturbances.
9565	This opinion I was unable
9566	to share, being determined to quell these disorders
9567	without bloodshed.
9568	I, accordingly, advised them to
9569	do their utmost to discover the names of John’s
9570	followers
9571	This they did, and I, on learning who
9572	these men were, issued a proclamation tendering
9573	pledges of security to any of John’s adherents who
9574	were prepared to change their policy.
9575	I allowed
9576	twenty days’ grace for deliberation as to the course
9577	most conducive to their own interests ; threatening,
9578	on the other hand, unless they abandoned their arms,
9579	to burn their houses to the ground and confiscate
9580	their property.
9581	On hearing this they were in the
9582	utmost
9583	alarm, deserted
9584	John, flung down
9585	their
9586	arms, and joined me, to the number of four thousand.
9587	John was left with no more than his fellow-citizens
9588	and some fifteen hundred foreigners from the Tyrian
9589	metropolis.
9590	Thus outmanceuvred
9591	by me, he re-
9592	mained thenceforth, completely cowed, in his native
9593	town.
9594	(67) About this time the Sepphorites, emboldened Sepphoris,
9595	by the strength of their walls and my pre-occupation Pees
9596	with other affairs, ventured to take up arms.?
9597	They pabus 2
9598	accordingly sent a request to Cestius Gallus, the Foceni aera
9599	governor of Syria, either to come himself without 2¢!y de-
9600	E
9601	:
9602	stroyed by
9603	delay and take over their city, or to send them a his soldiers.
9604	@ The narrative, broken off at § 335, is here resumed.
9605	Cf. B. ii. 622-625.
9606	> Of. B. ii. 645 f.
9607	1 So, surely rightly, MW: 6m\trar PRA.
9608	icy
p. 162
9609	374
9610	376
9611	378
9612	379
9613	380
9614	JOSEPHUS
9615	moAw 7) me pafsae TOUS Ppouprjcovras.
9616	6 d€ Taddos
9617	edevoeobar pev bméaxeTo, OTE SE Ov duecdbycev.
9618	Kaya Tabta Tvbdpevos, avadaBav rods adv €pol
9619	oTpaTwwrTas
9620	Kal oppnoas emi tovs Lembwpitas
9621	ciAov adTa@v Kara KpaTos TI TOAw.
9622	AaBopevor
9623	5 adoppijs ot TadwAaiou Kat mapeivar Tod picous
9624	TOV Karpov ob Bovanbevres, elyov yap amexOGs Kat
9625	mpos TavTyy Thy TOAW, Wpynoav ws apdnv apavi-
9626	GovTes
9627	TavTas
9628	ovv Tots é7roiKoLS.
9629	elodpapovres
9630	ovy
9631	eveTtiuTpacav
9632	avr@v Tas
9633	oiklas
9634	epnpLous
9635	katahapBavovres: ot yap avépwrrot detoavres els
9636	THY axpoToAw ouvedvyov
9637	Sunpmalov dé mavTa
9638	Kal TpoTrov ovdEeva Tophjcews KATA TOV OMoPvAwy
9639	mapeAuTavov.
9640	tatr
9641	eyw Oeacduevos
9642	apddpa
9643	Over eOqy dyvapas Kal Tavec%ar TpoceTaTTov avrots,
9644	DTrOpLLYTKOY ort Towabra Spav opodvdAovs ovK
9645	coTw Govov. emrel 5 ovTe TmapaKkaAodvTos ovre
9646	TpooTdcaovTos _TKOvOV, evica d€ TO _pioos Tas
9647	TApalWeaEls, TOUS TLATOTATOUS TAY Trepl EmEe PlAwvy
9648	exéAevoa
9649	Siadodvat Aoyous os ‘Papatev peta
9650	peydAns
9651	Sdvvduews
9652	KaTa TO eTEpOV JLépos Tis
9653	ToAews etoBeBAnKoru. Tatra. 5 emolouv Umep
9654	Tob Tis oqpens eumecovans emloxelv prev" TOV
9655	TadiAaiwy
9656	tds
9657	opuds,
9658	duac@oar
9659	de Tay TOV
9660	Lembupitav moAw.
9661	Kal Telos Tpovxwpyse TO
9662	OTpariyn pa: Tis yap ayyeXtas dxovoavTes epoBy-
9663	Oyoav trép abTav Kat KataAurovres Tas dpmayas
9664	Epevyov, padiora 6 ézret Kae TOV oTparnyov
9665	EWpwv TavTa mowodvra: ™pos yap TO TLOTOV THS
9666	PyNs eOKNT TONY OjLoltws avrois dvariBeoban.
9667	emousptTat dé wap éAmida tiv éavTdv bro Tob
9668	€uod codicpatos éowbynoar.
9669	138
p. 163
9670	THE LIFE, 374-380
9671	garrison.
9672	Gallus promised to come, but named no
9673	date.
9674	Apprised of these negotiations,
9675	I marched
9676	with such troops as I had against Sepphoris and took
9677	the city by assault.
9678	The Galilaeans, seizing this
9679	opportunity, too good to be missed, of venting their
9680	hatred on one of the cities which they detested,
9681	rushed forward, with the intention of exterminating
9682	the population, aliens and all.
9683	Plunging into the
9684	town they set fire to the houses, which they found
9685	deserted, the terrified inhabitants having fled in a
9686	body to the citadel.
9687	They looted everything, sparing
9688	their countrymen no conceivable form of devastation.
9689	I was deeply distressed by this spectacle and ordered
9690	them to desist, reminding them that such treatment
9691	of one’s compatriots was impious.
9692	As, however, they
9693	refused to listen to either remonstration or command,
9694	my exhortations being overborne by their hatred, I
9695	instructed some of my friends around me, on whom
9696	I could fully rely, to circulate a report that the
9697	Romans had made their way into another quarter
9698	of the city with a large force.
9699	I did this in order
9700	that, when the rumour reached their ears, I might
9701	check the fury of the Galilaeans and so save Sepphoris.
9702	The ruse was eventually successful; for on hearing the
9703	news they were in terror of their lives, and abandoned
9704	their spoils and fled. They were the more impelled to
9705	do so, when they saw me, their general, setting
9706	them the example ; for, in order to lend colour to
9707	the rumour, I pretended to share their alarm.
9708	Thus
9709	were the Sepphorites, beyond their own expectations,
9710	saved by this device of mine from destruction.
9711	1 Hudson: pe mss.
9712	159
p. 164
9713	JOSEPHUS
9714	38]
9715	(68) Kat TiBepeas dé Tap” oAtyov avnpTaan
9716	v0 PadtAaiov TOLAUT \|S airias vToTEcOvaT\|S. T@v
9717	ex ths PBovdjs ot mp@to. ypadovor mpos Tov
9718	Baoitéa rapaxadodvtes
9719	adixécbar
9720	mpos adtrovs
9721	382 TapaAnwsopmevov TI mol. bméaxeTo 8 O Baou-
9722	devs epxeoOau Kal Tas emLaToAas dvTuypager Kal
9723	TOV wept TOV KOLT@VGA TW, Kptome pev TOUVOLLG.,
9724	To 6€ yévos ‘lovéaiw, ieee Tpos TOUS TiBeprets
9725	383 déepew.
9726	TOUTOV Kopicayt a Ta ypdppara yrepl-
9727	caves ot TadtAaiou Kat ovAAaBovres ayovow ém
9728	ewe? TO 6€ wav TARBOs, Ws HKovoEev, TapoEvvOev
9729	384 ed? O7Aa TpeTETaL. ouvaxlevres be moAAot wavTa-
9730	yobev* Kara THY emoboay Tov els “Aowyw ody,
9731	eva 81 THv KatadAvow ezo.ovpnv, KaTaPonoes TE
9732	cpodpa
9733	emoidvTo
9734	mpodoTw
9735	azoKadobyTes
9736	THY
9737	TiBepuada kat Paowléws
9738	odidnv,
9739	emitpémew
9740	Te
9741	n&tovv avrois KaTapaow apdqy apavican Kal
9742	yap mpos tovs Tifepiets eiyov amexP@s ws mpos
9743	TOUS Lem bupiras.
9744	93,
9745	(69) *E
9746	Eyo \| 6 aKovcas
9747	17 Opouv TWa. Tpomrov
9748	efapracw TI TiBepuaoa THS DPadiAatwv opyijs.
9749	apvyjcacba: yap obK eduvapny tay) VEYpapevar Tous
9750	TiBeprets Kkahobvras TOV Baovéa- Treyxov yap at
9751	Tap €kelvov Tpos abtovs avtvypadat THv adnfecav.
9752	386 ovvVoUs
9753	ovV ToAAny YEVOLEVOS
9754	wpay, Ort poev
9755	nounkacw,
9756	eimov,
9757	“ TiPepieis oida Kayw, THY
9758	7ohw 8° atbr&v tyds ob Kwdvow biaprdcar.
9759	det d
9760	ones Kal pera Kploews Ta THAKAadTA TpaTTeEW.
9761	ov yap peovor TiBepuets Tpooora Tis eAevbepias
9762	n@v yeyovaow, adda rool Kal Tov ev PahiAaig
9763	387 SOKLLWTATWV.
9764	Tpoopelvare 57) [Expl Tovs airtous
9765	akpipOs expdlw,
9766	Kal TOTE TavTas UToYELplous
9767	140
p. 165
9768	THE LIFE, 381-387
9769	(68) Tiberias, likewise, had a narrow escape from
9770	being sacked by the Galilaeans.
9771	The occasion was as
9772	follows.
9773	The leading councillors had written to the
9774	king, inviting him to come and take over their city.
9775	The king promised to come, writing a letter in reply,
9776	which he handed to a
9777	Jew named Crispus, a groom
9778	of the bedchamber, to convey to the Tiberians.
9779	On
9780	his arrival with the letter he was recognized by the
9781	Galilaeans, who arrested him and brought him to
9782	me.
9783	The news created general indignation and all
9784	were up in arms. On the following day large numbers
9785	flocked together from all quarters to the town of
9786	Asochis ® where I was then residing, loudly denounc-
9787	ing the Tiberians as traitors and friendly to the king,
9788	and requiring permission to go down and exterminate
9789	their city.
9790	For they had the same detestation for the
9791	Tiberians as for the inhabitants of Sepphoris.
9792	Tiberias,
9793	making
9794	overtures to
9795	Agrippa, is
9796	in similar
9797	danger.
9798	(69) On hearing this uproar, I was at a loss to How
9799	discover means of rescuing Tiberias from the rage of
9800	the Galilaeans.
9801	I could not deny that the Tiberians
9802	had sent a written invitation to the king; for his
9803	letter in answer to them proved this to be a fact.
9804	So, after long and anxious reflection I said:
9805	“ That
9806	the Tiberians have done wrong I am well aware, nor
9807	shall I forbid you to sack their city.
9808	Yet even such
9809	things must be done with discretion.
9810	The Tiberians
9811	are not the only persons who have betrayed our
9812	country’s independence ; many of the most eminent
9813	men in Galilee have done the same.
9814	Wait, therefore,
9815	until I have discovered exactly who are guilty, and
9816	2 Of. §§ 207, 233.
9817	1 tod\\axd0ev PMW.
9818	14]
9819	Josephus
9820	saved it.
p. 166
9821	JOSEPHUS
9822	i=4
9823	\
9824	‘<4
9825	>]
9826	/
9827	>)
9828	/
9829	,
9830	>”,
9831	a
9832	>
9833	388 e€eTe Kal
9834	Ocouvs
9835	ldia ema€ar Suvicecbe.”
9836	Tadr
9837	el7WV ETELGA TO m7AnGos KaL TAVOG[LEVOL THS opyns
9838	dieAVOnoav.
9839	tov mapa PBacréws
9840	be meuplevta
9841	djoa KeAetcas, pret od" moAAas TuEepas ET TWA
9842	TOV é“avTod yper@v emelyovoav oxnibdpevos
9843	eK-
9844	Onpeetv TNS Baowrelas, KaAé€cas TOV Kpiozov AdOpa
9845	mpoceraga preOtcar Tov otpatwityv dvAaKa Kat
9846	—*
9847	\
9848	4
9849	\
9850	\
9851	/
9852	\
9853	389 duyeivy mpos Baoiréa’ py) yap diwxOjcecbar.
9854	Kat
9855	¢
9856	\
9857	=
9858	¢
9859	,
9860	\
9861	/
9862	\
9863	6 pev tats bro0OjKais wevobels Steduye, TiPepras
9864	dé pédAdoved Sevtepovy adavilecfar otparnyia TH
9865	éuh Kal Tpovoia TH wept avdtHs d€vv ovTws Kivduvov
9866	dvédvyev.
9867	390
9868	(70) Kara
9869	todrov
9870	6€ tov Katpov “lodatos 6
9871	IIicrov
9872	mais Aabav
9873	éeué dradidpdoKer mpos Tov
9874	/
9875	A
9876	5
9877	/
9878	\
9879	5
9880	“a
9881	ai
9882	”
9883	5
9884	Bactréa:
9885	THv aitiay d€ du Hv tobr
9886	Eempakev ad-
9887	391 Ny noopar. AaBovros apyjv “lovdatous rob mpos
9888	‘Papatous TmoAcpou TiBeprets OveyveoKevoay om-
9889	akovew
9890	Paotret
9891	kat
9892	“Pwpyaiwy py adioracbas.
9893	mete 5° avrovs *lotoros
9894	éd’ oma YwWpHoas,
9895	vewrepwv atTos
9896	édiéwevos Tpayparov Kal Ov
9897	éAmidos éexwv ap€ew TadtrAaiwy te Kat THs E€avTod
9898	392 maTpidos.
9899	ov pny TOV mpoadoKn evra eTETUXEV.
9900	TadtAaiolt re yap €xOpas EXOVTES m™pos sous Tt-
9901	Bepets dia pip av on avtTod mpo Tov mohépov
9902	mevrovbecay, ovK TvetXxovTo oTparnyoovTos avTa@v
9903	393 ’lovarov, Kaye de THY mpooractav THS TaAtAatas
9904	ieee imo Tod Kowod Tav
9905	‘lepoooAvpuTay
9906	/
9907	\|
9908	,
9909	=
9910	5
9911	\
9912	¢
9913	>
9914	i
9915	~
9916	moAAdKis els Tooa’THY HKOV Opy7nv ws dAtyou Seiv
9917	amoxteivat Tov “lodorov, dépew adbrobd tHv moxOn-
9918	1 wer’ ot ed. pre: weTa MSS.
9919	2 Tiberias now formed part of the “kingdom”
9920	of Agrippa II
9921	142
p. 167
9922	THE LIFE, 388-393
9923	then you shall have them all at your mercy, together
9924	with any whom you may be able to produce on your
9925	own account.’
9926	With these words
9927	I pacified the
9928	crowd ; their anger subsided and they dispersed.
9929	I
9930	gave orders to keep the king’s messenger a prisoner,
9931	but, a few days later, pretending to be leaving the
9932	kingdom ¢ on urgent business of my own, I summoned
9933	Crispus and gave him secret instructions to make the
9934	soldier who guarded him drunk and then escape to
9935	the king ; assuring him that he would not be pursued.
9936	He acted on this hint and took himself off.
9937	Thus was
9938	Tiberias, when for the second time on the verge of
9939	destruction, delivered by my adroitness and con-
9940	siderate forethought from such imminent peril.
9941	(70) It was about this time that Justus, son of ee. goes
9942	Pistus, without my knowledge, absconded to the Agrippa.
9943	king.
9944	I will explain why he didso.
9945	Onthe outbreak
9946	of the war between the Jews and the Romans, the
9947	Tiberians had determined to maintain their allegiance
9948	to the king and not to revolt from Rome.?
9949	Justus
9950	endeavoured to persuade them to resort to arms,
9951	being personally anxious for revolution and having
9952	hopes of obtaining the command of Galilee and of his
9953	native place.
9954	In these expectations he was
9955	dis-
9956	appointed ; for the Galilaeans, resenting the miseries
9957	which he had inflicted on them before the war,¢
9958	were embittered against the Tiberians and would
9959	not tolerate him as their chief.
9960	Moreover, I myself,
9961	when entrusted by the general assembly at Jerusalem
9962	with the command of Galilee, was often so bitterly
9963	enraged with Justus
9964	that, unable
9965	to endure
9966	his
9967	(B. ii. 252, A. xx. 159); Asochis, the headquarters of Josephus
9968	(§ 384), apparently did not.
9969	b Cf. § 32 ff.
9970	c Cf. § 341.
9971	143
p. 168
9972	394
9973	395
9974	396
9975	397
9976	JOSEPHUS
9977	/
9978	; 8
9979	‘e
9980	8 /
9981	>
9982	5
9983	~
9984	\
9985	A
9986	/
9987	ptay ov
9988	duvapevos.
9989	deloas ovv EKeivos puT) Kat aby
9990	/
9991	¢
9992	e
9993	/
9994	tédos dma€ 6 Gupos, ez Tepife 7pos Baovrea Kptorov,
9995	ae ae OlKiCEW Tap exeivy ig
9996	(71
9997	evowpitar
9998	d€ mapaddéws
9999	Tov mpaTo
10000	/
10001	Peis erate ampos Kéoriov [aAAov Zee
10002	id
10003	~
10004	~
10005	Kew TapaKkadrobrtes ws adbtovs BarTov TapaAnyse-
10006	peevov
10007	tiv moAW, 7 TeuTew Svvayw THY ava-
10008	>]
10009	~
10010	Kowovoay Tas em abtovs TOY ToAEuiwv éemidpomds.
10011	\
10012	/
10013	»”
10014	A
10015	/
10016	/
10017	e
10018	Kat
10019	TéAos
10020	emevoav
10021	tov
10022	Vdddov wéubar dvvapw
10023	avTois immKny Te Kat TeliKHY TavU oVvYVTnY, HV
10024	>)
10025	~
10026	\
10027	5
10028	/
10029	/
10030	\
10031	e
10032	\
10033	eAfotaay vuKTos cloede€avro.
10034	KaKOUPLEVNS d€ U77T0
10035	Tis ‘Papaixis oTparuds THs me pe X@pas dvaAaBov
10036	eyo TOUS TEpl ee oTpariwTas Tov eis Lapets
10037	Kopny evla BaAdpevos yapaKka Toppw THS Lemur
10038	pur @v TOAEwWS aT oradiwy elKxoot, VUKTOS
10039	ETL"
10040	avTH mpocemEa
10041	Kal Tols
10042	TElyeoL apobesaliae
10043	Kal Oud KAydicony euPiBaoas ouxvous TOV oTpa-
10044	TL Ov eyKpar7s Tov mAElaTou TIS 7oAews }4€pous
10045	evevouyy. per od todd be Oud, THY TOV TOTWY
10046	dyvouay avaykacbévtes brexwpyioapev,
10047	aveAdvTes
10048	pev Svokaidexa melovs® dAlyous b€ Lemdwpitav,
10049	5
10050	avtoL
10051	6 eva povov ameBadAomev.
10052	yevopevns
10053	8
10054	~
10055	vA
10056	\
10057	VoTEepov Hiv KaTa TO TEdlov payns Tmpos TOUS
10058	~
10059	~
10060	~
10061	,
10062	immets pexpe moAAod KapTepa@s duaxwovvevoarres
10063	grr Onpev: rrepteNBdvreov yap Tov ‘Papate OL joer
10064	€08 delcavTes epuyov els TOUTLGW.
10065	ainret © emt
10066	THs mapardgews
10067	éexelvys eis TOV TeTLOTEVPEVWY
10068	THv TOO cwpaTtos ov dvdakyy, “lotoros Tovvopa,
10069	Kal apa Baowre? mote THY ath Ta€w e€oxnKas.
10070	1 Kpiorov P, +ws R: xpetocov (+xai A) the rest.
10071	2 Niese: é7’ MSs.
10072	3 1 retain the shorter text of P.
10073	The other mss., in a
10074	144
p. 169
10075	THE LIFE, 393-397
10076	villainy, I had almost killed him.
10077	Fearing, therefore,
10078	that my indignation might one day proceed to
10079	extremes, he sent overtures by Crispus to the king,
10080	in the hope of enjoying a life of greater security
10081	with him.
10082	(71) The
10083	Sepphorites,
10084	after
10085	their
10086	unexpected Sepphoris,
10087	escape from the first crisis, dispatched a messenger eee
10088	to Cestius Gallus, requesting him either to come at pbtaius help
10089	once and take over the city, or to send sufficient Gallus.
10090	troops to repel the incursions of the enemy.
10091	They
10092	eventually prevailed on him to send quite a large
10093	force of both cavalry and infantry, which arrived and
10094	was admitted under cover of night.
10095	The neighbour-
10096	hood being now molested by the Roman troops, I
10097	proceeded with such soldiers as I had to the village of
10098	Garis, where I entrenched myself at a distance of
10099	twenty furlongs from Sepphoris.
10100	I then made a
10101	night attack upon it, and, assailing the walls, threw
10102	in a considerable number of my men by means of
10103	scaling-ladders and so became master of the greater
10104	part of the city.
10105	Our ignorance of the locality,
10106	however, compelled us before long to retire, after
10107	killing twelve of the infantry and a few Sepphorites,
10108	with the loss of only one of our own men.
10109	In a
10110	subsequent encounter with the cavalry in the plain
10111	we,
10112	after
10113	a long and stubborn
10114	resistance,
10115	were
10116	defeated ; for, on being surrounded by the Romans,
10117	my men took alarm and fled.
10118	In that engagement I
10119	lost one of my bodyguard, named Justus, who had
10120	formerly served the king in the same capacity.
10121	@ § 3i3 i.
10122	variety of forms, which betrays the glossator,
10123	insert an
10124	unnecessary ‘Pwyaiwy and, unfamiliar with the form dvoxaldexa,
10125	expand the twelve infantry into two cavalry and ten infantry.
10126	VOL. I
10127	L
10128	145
p. 170
10129	JOSEPHUS
10130	398
10131	Kara TOOTOV de Tov Karpov
10132	Tapa Bacvhéws
10133	dvvapiis KY CTU) TE kal meCixn Kat LvAdAas
10134	em auras YELWV, O ETL TOV cwparopuAdKay.
10135	otros otv Baddpevos otpatomedov *lovAudbos am-
10136	éxov oradtous TévTe Ppovpav epiornow Tats dots,
10137	TH TE els MedevKevav" ayovon Kal TH els Tapada
10138	To dpovpiov, breép Tob Tas mapa Tov TadtAatwv
10139	wWdhedelas Tots évoikots amroKAelew.
10140	399
10141	(72)
10142	Tatra & ws eye éervlouny réputw dioxt-
10143	Niovs omXiztas Kal otparnyov attav “lepeuiay, ot
10144	67) Kal ydpaka bévtes amo otadiov tis *lovdAvddos
10145	aAnotov Tob ‘Topdavov ToTasL00 TAEOV dx poBodvapav
10146	ovdev empagay, [EXPL TproxtAtous oTpariras avTos
10147	400 dvaAaBoo 7
10148	HKOV Tpos avToU’sS.
10149	KATA OE T
10150	TI émLovoav
10151	TLEpav Ev TW papayyt Kkabicas Adyov ouK amTwbev
10152	avr av Tob YyapaKkos mpoekadovpny Tous BaotAc-
10153	KOUS Els [LaXNV, TapawvEecas Tots poet eod OTparLa-
10154	Tats otpéiar Ta v@TAa péxpis av éemLomdowvTaL
10155	TOUS
10156	TroAeptovs mpoeBetv:
10157	O7TEp Kat eyeveTo.
10158	401 Sas yap eiKdoas Tats adr Getous TOUS TET Epous
10159	pevyew mpoeAGasv ETLOLWKELW
10160	olds TE TV, Kara
10161	vatov 6° avrov AapBavovow ot éKx Tis evedpas Kal
10162	402 ofddpa mdvras eHopvBnoav.
10163	éyw 8 dvds o€eia
10164	Xpyodpevos vTOGTpOpH pea. THs Suvayews vm-
10165	nHvTnOa” Tots Bacduxots Kal els puyny egpeia.. Kav
10166	Kat osphwro jou Kara THY HLepav exelvyy 7 m™pagus
10167	403 pe) epTrodony yEvopevou daipoves TWos* 0 ‘yap immos
10168	eh @ THY payne eovovpny ets TeAwatwon TOTOV
10169	eurreccy OVYKATIVEYKE jee el Tovoadgos, Opavcews
10170	d€ TOV aplpwv yevowevys emi Tov Tapoov THs
10171	1 Kava MW.
10172	2 arjvrtnoa P.
10173	@ Cf. § 381.
10174	146
p. 171
10175	THE LIFE, 398-403
10176	About this time reinforcements arrived from the Arrival of
10177	king,* both horse and foot, under the command of ee
10178	Sulla, the captain of his bodyguard.
10179	He pitched his Sulla.
10180	camp at a distance of five furlongs from Julias,? and
10181	put out pickets on the roads leading to Seleucia °
10182	and to the fortress of Gamala,4
10183	to prevent the
10184	inhabitants [of Julias] from obtaining supplies from
10185	Galilee.
10186	(72) On receiving intelligence of this, I dispatched Josephus's
10187	a force of two thousand men under the command of *eyynet
10188	Jeremiah, who entrenched themselves a furlong away “royalists.
10189	from Julias close to the river Jordan, but took no
10190	action beyond skirmishing until I joined them with
10191	supports, three thousand strong.
10192	The next day,
10193	after laying an ambuscade in a ravine not far from
10194	their earthworks, I offered battle to the royal troops,
10195	directing my division to retire until they had lured
10196	the enemy forward;
10197	as actually happened.
10198	Sulla,
10199	supposing that our men were really flying, advanced
10200	and was on the point of following in pursuit, when the
10201	others, emerging from their ambush, took him in the
10202	rear and threw his whole force into the utmost
10203	disorder.
10204	Instantly wheeling the main body about,
10205	I charged and routed the royalists ; and my success
10206	on that day would have been complete, had I not
10207	been thwarted by some evil genius.
10208	The horse on
10209	which I went into action stumbled on a marshy spot His fall fro
10210	and brought me with him to the ground.
10211	Having ™??*
10212	fractured some bones in the wrist, I was carried to a
10213	» Bethsaida Julias (et-Tell) at the northern extremity of
10214	the Lake of Gennesaret, E. of the Jordan.
10215	¢ Selukiyeh, N.E. of Julias.
10216	4 Probably identified on the E. side of the Lake of Gen-
10217	nesaret, i.e. S. of Julias.
10218	147
p. 172
10219	JOSEPHUS
10220	XEtpos, exoptobny els Koopuny Kedapvexoy deyo-
10221	404 pevny.
10222	ot on Epuol! TOUT
10223	aKxovoavTes Kab ded0t-
10224	405
10225	406
10226	407
10227	~
10228	408
10229	KOTES pT) TL xElpov eTafov, THs pev emt ahéov
10230	usEews améaxovto, Uméatpedov Sé mepl ewe Atav
10231	AYwvi@vTes.
10232	petarrepibdpuevos
10233	ovv
10234	larpovs Kal
10235	dap hee Thy Tpepav exe avToo KaTépewa
10236	mupe€as, Sd€av te Tots latpois THs vuKTOS Els
10237	Ms acc pereKopiaOny.
10238	(73)
10239	XvAAas bé Kat of per’ abrob mubdpevor Ta
10240	Kat ene maAw ébdppyncayv, Kat yvovtes apedetabar
10241	7a mepl tiv dvAakiny Tob otpatomébov, bia vuKTOS
10242	imméay Adxov iopvoavt es eV TO mepay tod *lop-
10243	davov, yevopevns TpEpas els paxnv jas 7™po-
10244	po ee
10245	draKovadyT wv Kal pEXpL TOU
10246	pas mpoeAfovraw ETUPAVEVTES Ol eK THS evedpas
10247	meis Kal Tapagavres avrovs els puyny erpefar,
10248	e€
10249	TE TOV TET Epo améxtewav.
10250	ov pV [expe
10251	téAous THY viKny Hyayov- Kar TameTAEvKEVaL yap
10252	Twas
10253	o7AiTas
10254	dKovoavTEs amo Tapryady
10255	ets
10256	*lovAdda dofybevtes avexdspycayv.
10257	(74) Merz’ od zoddv S€ ypdvov Odveoractavos eis
10258	Tvpov aducvetrat Kal ovv avT@ 6 Baotrevs “Aypiz-
10259	mas.
10260	Kat
10261	ot Tupuor
10262	Pracdnpeiv
10263	jpEavro TOV
10264	Baovréa, Tuptev’ abrov Kadobytes Kai “Pwyatwy
10265	ToA€wov: TOV yap oTpatoTreddpyyny avTobd Didurmov
10266	”
10267	/
10268	\
10269	\
10270	b)
10271	\
10272	\
10273	\
10274	Ai) mpodedwKevar THY PactAuKiy avAny Kal TAs
10275	‘Pwpaiwv Svvapers tas otaas ev ‘lepocoAvpous
10276	Kata Tv avtod
10277	mpdcta€w.
10278	Oveomacavos
10279	de
10280	>
10281	/
10282	/
10283	\
10284	>
10285	/
10286	e
10287	/
10288	A
10289	dxovoas Tupio pev éemémAnéev bBpilovow avdpa
10290	Kat PaotAéa Kat ‘Pwpatous didov, TH S€ Bacrret
10291	/
10292	/
10293	/
10294	>
10295	¢
10296	/
10297	e
10298	/
10299	mapyvecev méeprsar Didiamov els
10300	“Pwpnyv théEovta
10301	148
p. 173
10302	THE LIFE, 403-408
10303	village called Cepharnocus.4)
10304	My men, hearing of
10305	this, and fearing that a worse fate had befallen me,
10306	desisted from further pursuit and returned in the
10307	deepest anxiety on my account.
10308	I sent for physicians
10309	and, after receiving their attention, remained there
10310	for that day in a feverish condition ; at night, under
10311	medical advice, I was removed to Tarichaeae.
10312	(73) Sulla and his troops, learning of my accident,
10313	again took heart ; and, finding that the watch kept
10314	in our camp was slack, placed, under cover of night,
10315	a squadron of cavalry in ambush beyond the Jordan,
10316	and at daybreak offered us battle.
10317	Accepting the
10318	challenge, my troops advanced into the plain, when
10319	the cavalry, suddenly appearing from their ambush,
10320	threw them into disorder and routed them, killing
10321	six of our men.
10322	They did not, however, follow up
10323	their success;
10324	for, on hearing that reinforcements
10325	shipped
10326	at Tarichaeae
10327	had reached
10328	Julias, they
10329	retired in alarm.
10330	(74) Not long after this Vespasian arrived at Tyre,
10331	accompanied by King Agrippa.
10332	‘The king was met
10333	by the invectives of the citizens, who denounced him
10334	as an enemy of their own and of the Romans ;
10335	because, as they asserted, Philip,’ his commander-in-
10336	chief, had, under orders from him, betrayed the
10337	royal palace and the Roman forces in Jerusalem.
10338	Vespasian, having heard them, reprimanded the
10339	Tyrians for insulting one who was at once a king
10340	and an ally of the Romans; at the same time advis-
10341	ing the king to send Philip to Rome to render an
10342	2 Or *“‘ Capharnomon’’;
10343	the name takes divergent forms
10344	in the mss.
10345	Capernaum is doubtless meant.
10346	> Of. §§ 46 ff., 179 ff.
10347	1 P omits éuol, reading oi 6.
10348	2 TUpiov MSs.
10349	149
10350	Arrival of
10351	Vespasian.
10352	A.D. 67,
10353	spring.
p. 174
10354	JOSEPHUS
10355	A6
10356	Né
10357	A
10358	~
10359	bs
10360	Mir
10361	409
10362	Adyov
10363	Népwv wept Tav mezpaypevwv.
10364	Diduazos
10365	\
10366	Q \
10367	>
10368	e
10369	>
10370	+
10371	Né
10372	\
10373	dé weudbets ody FKev eis Of
10374	Népwrv- katadaBov
10375	yap avrov ev Tols éaxadTo.s GvTa bia Tas EuTEGOVEAS
10376	Tapaxas Kal Tov edvALoy 7oAEov bréaTpee pos
10377	\
10378	/
10379	>
10380	\
10381	\
10382	>]
10383	\
10384	>)
10385	nA
10386	410 Tov BactAéa.
10387	ézel d€ Odeoactavos eis LroAcwatda
10388	TAapeyeveTo, OL TpA@To. THV THS Lvpias Aexa-
10389	/
10390	/
10391	>]
10392	/
10393	~
10394	/
10395	a
10396	\
10397	moAews KatePowv “lovatov rod TiPepiéws, ore Tas
10398	Kwpas avTOv éumpioeev.
10399	tapédwKev ody avTov
10400	Ovecractavos TO Baotre? KoAacbynodpevov t70 TOV
10401	~
10402	/
10403	e
10404	~
10405	¢
10406	A
10407	>
10408	=
10409	\
10410	chs PBaciretas
10411	trorehA@v:
10412	6 Bacireds
10413	8°
10414	adrov
10415	gdnoev, emiKpvydpevos TodTo Oveoraciavov, ws
10416	5
10417	/
10418	/
10419	~
10420	>
10421	e
10422	/
10423	41] avwrépw dednAwdKapev.
10424	Letpwpirar
10425	8° vravTy-
10426	cavres Kal domacdpevor Ovectactavov AapBavovor
10427	/
10428	\
10429	\
10430	/
10431	>
10432	/
10433	A
10434	Sivapw Kal otparnyov [AdKidov, avaBavtes de
10435	peta TOUTWY .. . émouevov pov axpt THs Els
10436	412 Taduaiav Oteoracavot adi€ews.
10437	rept fs Tiva
10438	Tpomrov éyéveto, Kal m@s mrept Vdpis* Kkopnv tHv
10439	/
10440	A
10441	TPWTHV TpOs ewe UAYNV eTOLNTATO,® Kal ws exeidev
10442	eis Ta “lwrdnata aveywpnoa, Kal Ta TETpAypEva.
10443	/
10444	po. Kata THY TavTyS TmoALopKiay, Kat Ov TpOTroV
10445	~
10446	A
10447	>]
10448	J,
10449	\
10450	~
10451	>)
10452	/
10453	/
10454	Cav Andbeis ed€6nv, Kat mas
10455	eAvVOnv, wavTa TE
10456	Ta Tempaypeva jor Kata Tov “lovdaikoy moAepov
10457	Kat tiv ‘lepocodAdpwv toAvopKiay per axpBetas
10458	év tais wept Tod “lovdaixod mwod€uou PiBdAots az-
10459	413 hyyeAka.
10460	avayKaiov 8 éoTly, ws olwar, Kal ooa
10461	un Kata Tov lovdaikov woéAeuov avéypaiba Tav ev
10462	~
10463	/
10464	/
10465	~
10466	rs
10467	T@ Biw pov mempaypLéevwy viv mpocavayparbar.
10468	414.
10469	(75)
10470	Ths yap
10471	trav
10472	“lwramdtrwy
10473	zodopKtas
10474	AaBovons tédos yevopuevos Tapa “Pwpator pera
10475	maons empercias
10476	epvdaccdunv,
10477	Ta moAAa
10478	dia
10479	150
p. 175
10480	THE LIFE, 409-414
10481	account of his actions to Nero.
10482	Thither, accordingly,
10483	Philip was dispatched, but never had audience of
10484	Nero, whom he found in extremities owing to the
10485	prevailing disorders and the civil war, and so returned
10486	to the king.
10487	On reaching Ptolemais, Vespasian received indig-
10488	nant remonstrances from the chief men of the Syrian
10489	Decapolis against Justus of Tiberias for setting fire
10490	to their villages.
10491	Vespasian handed him over to the
10492	king for execution by the subjects of his realm.
10493	The
10494	king, however, merely detained him in prison, con-
10495	cealing this from Vespasian, as previously narrated.*
10496	The Sepphorites, who met and saluted Vespasian,
10497	were given a garrison under the command of Placidus.
10498	With this force they proceeded into the interior,
10499	being closely followed by me
10500	until Vespasian’s
10501	arrival in Galilee.
10502	Of the manner of his arrival and
10503	of his first engagement with me in the neighbourhood
10504	of the village of Garis ; of my withdrawal from there
10505	to Jotapata and my conduct during the siege of that
10506	place ; of my capture, imprisonment, and subsequent
10507	liberation;
10508	of my conduct throughout the whole
10509	campaign and at the siege of Jerusalem, I have given
10510	a detailed description in my books on the Jewish War.
10511	It is, however, I think, incumbent upon me now to
10512	append an account of such particulars of my life as
10513	were not recorded in my earlier work.
10514	(75) After the siege of Jotapata I was in the hands
10515	of the Romans and was kept under guard, while
10516	receiving
10517	every
10518	attention.
10519	Vespasian showed
10520	in
10521	a Of. §§ 341-3.
10522	1 Lacuna in text.
10523	2 Tdpis (Tap:xéas) Mss.: B. iii. 129 supplies the correct name.
10524	3 érojoavtTo PRA.
10525	151
10526	The reader
10527	referred to
10528	the Jewish
10529	War for
10530	subsequent
10531	history.
10532	After the
10533	war.
10534	A.D, 67.
p. 176
10535	416
10536	417
10537	418
10538	JOSEPHUS
10539	~
10540	»
10541	>]
10542	~
10543	\
10544	\
10545	4
10546	TLULNS GAyovTOS
10547	[PE Oveczmaciavod.
10548	Kal 67) KeAev-
10549	cavTos
10550	avTod jnyayounvy twa maplévov ex Tov
10551	alxypadwridav
10552	TOV
10553	KaTa
10554	Kavodpevav
10555	aAovaa@v
10556	~
10557	>]
10558	s
10559	éyywpiov: od mapéwevey 6 avTn por moAdy xpovor,
10560	aAAa AvOévtos Kai peta Ovectac.avob mopevilevtos
10561	>
10562	= \
10563	>; AX
10564	A 8
10565	5
10566	AA 7
10567	1
10568	~
10569	8
10570	els 77).
10571	<fav pevav arnAAdyy.
10572	yuvatka
10573	eTépay Hyayouny Kata THY “AXeEdvdpecav.
10574	KGKEL-
10575	Bev emt tiv ‘lepocoAvpwv zoAvopKiav oupTeupbets
10576	Tirw zwoAAakis amobavety exwOvvevoa, tov te lov-
10577	Beene orovorjs EXOVTE@W UT roxelpLov pe AaBetv
10578	TYyLwplas evexa,
10579	Kal “Pwyalwy ocak
10580	viKnbetev
10581	madaxew TodTo
10582	KaT
10583	éujnv mpodociay
10584	doKovvTwv
10585	cuvexeis KataBorjoes ézi Tod abtoKpaTopos éyt-
10586	vovto, KoAdlew pe ws Kal adta@v mpoddTny a€vovy-
10587	twv.
10588	Tiros 6€ Katcap tas moAguov tvyas ovK
10589	ayvoav oun Tas em eye TOV OTPATLWTO@YV e€éAvev
10590	Opuds. On d€ KaTa Kpatos THs TaV
10591	‘lepoao-
10592	~
10593	/
10594	>]
10595	7
10596	/
10597	~
10598	PA
10599	J,
10600	Avpitav wordews exouéevns Tiros Katcap éeebev
10601	pe 7 moAAdKis €K TIS KaTacKadis ais mar pt0os may
10602	6
10603	TL DéAouyue AaBetv- ovyxwpelv yap avros epaokev.
10604	eyw de Tis marpidos Tmeqovons penjdev EXWV TUYLLW-
10605	TEpov, O TOV euavTod avpdopayv ets TapapvOtay
10606	AaBaw dvddkayur, cwyatwv édev¥épwv TH aityow
10607	5
10608	/
10609	/
10610	\
10611	/
10612	e
10613	~
10614	2
10615	”
10616	€TTOLOVELTV Titov kat PiBAiwy tep@v
10617	.
10618	.
10619	.*
10620	EdAaBov
10621	>
10622	>
10623	\
10624	\
10625	\
10626	\
10627	419 YapioajLevov
10628	Tirov.
10629	PET
10630	OU
10631	7oAv de Kat
10632	TOV
10633	adeAdov pera TEVTNKOVTO pihow aiTnodpevos ovK
10634	améTvxyov.
10635	Kal els TO lepov dé mopevteis Titov
10636	\
10637	~
10638	/
10639	TH e€ovotav dovtos, evba todd 7ARBos alypaAdwrov
10640	=~
10641	A
10642	eyKeKAcioTo
10643	§='yuvaiK@v
10644	TE
10645	Kal
10646	TEKVWY,
10647	OGOUS
10648	/
10649	~
10650	/
10651	ETE yVOV didwy eu@v
10652	Kat
10653	ovvifbwy
10654	v7apyovTas
10655	1 So ed. pr.: aan\\aynv MSS.
10656	2 Apparent lacuna: Bekker inserts xai.
10657	152
p. 177
10658	THE LIFE, 414-419
10659	many ways the honour in which he held me, and it was
10660	by his command that I married one of the women
10661	taken captive at Caesarea, a virgin and a native of
10662	that place.
10663	She did not, however, remain long with
10664	me, for she left me on my obtaining my release and
10665	accompanying Vespasian to Alexandria.
10666	There I
10667	married again.
10668	From Alexandria I was sent with
10669	Titus to the siege of Jerusalem, where my life was 4». 70.
10670	frequently in danger, both from the Jews, who were
10671	eager to get me into their hands, to gratify their
10672	revenge, and from the Romans, who attributed every
10673	reverse to some treachery on my part, and were
10674	constantly
10675	and
10676	clamorously
10677	demanding
10678	of the
10679	Emperor that he should punish me as their betrayer.
10680	Titus Caesar, however, knowing well the varying
10681	fortunes of war, repressed by his silence the soldiers’
10682	outbursts against me.
10683	Again, when at last Jerusalem was on the point of
10684	being carried by assault, Titus Caesar repeatedly
10685	urged me to take whatever I would from the wreck
10686	of my country, stating that I had his permission.
10687	And I, now that my native place had fallen, having
10688	nothing more precious to take and preserve as a
10689	solace for my personal misfortunes, made request to
10690	Titus for the freedom of some of my countrymen ;
10691	I also received by his gracious favour a gift of sacred
10692	books.
10693	Not long after I made petition for my
10694	brother and fifty friends, and my request was granted.
10695	Again, by permission of Titus, I entered the Temple,
10696	where
10697	a great multitude
10698	of captive women and
10699	children had been imprisoned, and liberated all the
10700	friends and acquaintances whom I recognized, in
10701	153
p. 178
10702	420
10703	42]
10704	422
10705	423
10706	424
10707	JOSEPHUS
10708	épvoduny, Tepl éxaTov Kal evevyjKovTa OvTAs TOV
10709	>
10710	/
10711	\
10712	>
10713	\
10714	/
10715	/
10716	>
10717	/
10718	apiOuov, Kat ovde AUTpa KaTabeuevouvs améAvoa
10719	ovyxwpinaas abtovs TH mpotépa TUxn.
10720	TEudbHeis 5
10721	e
10722	\
10723	/
10724	/
10725	\
10726	/
10727	\
10728	/
10729	imo
10730	Titov Kaicapos otv Kepeadiw
10731	Kat ytAtous
10732	inmetow
10733	els Kopny
10734	twa
10735	Ocexdav
10736	Aeyouevyny
10737	TpOKAaTaVvonowy €l TOTOS emITHOELOS EoTW XApaKa
10738	/
10739	e
10740	>
10741	~
10742	e
10743	/
10744	>
10745	\
10746	déEacbar, ws exeibev trootpédwv eldov zoAAovs
10747	aiypadwrTous dveaTavpupevous Kal Tpets eyvapioa
10748	ovv7 bets juou yevopevous, nAynod Te THY bux ny Kal
10749	peta Sakptwy mpoceAPaw Titw etzov.
10750	6 & evO0s
10751	éxédevoev
10752	Kabaipefévras
10753	atrovs
10754	Oepametas
10755	ért-
10756	peAdcotarys TuxEelv.
10757	Kal ot pev dU0 TeAcvToow
10758	fepamrevopevor, 0 d€ Tpitos eCnaev.
10759	(76)
10760	?Emet 5€ xarézavoev tas év TH lovdaia
10761	tapayas Tiros, eikdoas Tovs aypovs ovs elyov ev
10762	tots ‘lepocoAvpois avovirous éoopévovs por da
10763	\
10764	/
10765	>
10766	~
10767	¢
10768	/
10769	\
10770	>
10771	tiv pédAAovoay
10772	exert
10773	“Pwyaiwy
10774	dpovpav
10775	eyKab-
10776	/
10777	»”
10778	e
10779	/
10780	/
10781	>
10782	/
10783	/
10784	eCeoUar, edwnev eTepay Ywpay €Vv Tmedtw* pew TE
10785	dmatpew ets THY ‘Pabpqy ovpmhouy edééaro Taoav
10786	ae dTOVvE LOWY. evel 8° eis THY ‘Popny KOMEV,
10787	ToMis \| ETVYOV Tapa Oveoracvavob mpovotas: Kal
10788	vip Kal Katadvow edwKev év 7H olkia TH po THS
10789	Tyyepovias avT@ VYEevomev7n, moureta te ‘Pwyaiwv
10790	eT ipnoev Kai ovvragw XpnpEarov edwKev, Kal
10791	TYyL@V SveTeAEL HEXpL THS €K 708 Biov peTaoTacews
10792	ovoevy THS Tpos: Elbe XpnoToTnTos bpeAwy: 6 [Lou
10793	61a TOV Pbovov 7 TVEYKE \|
10794	KWWOUVOV.
10795	"Tovdatos yap TUS,
10796	"Iwvabns totvopa, ordow eeyeipas ev Kuprvn Kat
10797	”
10798	¢ Meaning doubtful.
10799	Traill renders:
10800	“‘ paying that com-
10801	pliment to their former fortune.”
10802	154
10803	e
p. 179
10804	THE LIFE, 419-424
10805	number about a hundred and ninety;
10806	I took no
10807	ransom for their release and restored them to @ their
10808	former fortune.
10809	Once more, when I was sent by
10810	Titus Caesar with Cerealius and a thousand horse to a
10811	village called Tekoa,® to prospect whether it was a
10812	suitable place for an entrenched camp, and on my
10813	return saw many prisoners who had been crucified,
10814	and recognized three of my acquaintances among
10815	them, I was cut to the heart and came and told. Titus
10816	with tears what I hadseen.
10817	He gave orders immedi-
10818	ately that they should be taken down and receive
10819	the most careful treatment.
10820	‘Two of them died in the
10821	physicians’ hands ; the third survived.
10822	i (76) When Titus had quelled the disturbances in Josephus
10823	‘ Judaea, conjecturing that the lands which I held at *5 ftom"
10824	Jerusalem would be unprofitable to me, because a
10825	Roman garrison was to be quartered there, he gave
10826	me another parcel of ground in the plain.
10827	On his
10828	departure for Rome, he took me with him on board,
10829	treating me with every mark of respect.
10830	On our
10831	arrival in Rome I met with great consideration from
10832	Vespasian.
10833	He gave me a lodging in the house
10834	which he had occupied before he became Emperor ;
10835	he honoured me with the privilege of Roman citizen-
10836	ship ; and he assigned me a pension.
10837	He continued
10838	to honour me up to the time of his departure from
10839	this life, without any abatement in his kindness
10840	towards me.
10841	My privileged position excited envy and thereby
10842	‘exposed me
10843	to danger.
10844	A certain Jew,° named
10845	“Jonathan, who had promoted an insurrection
10846	in
10847	® The birth-place of Amos, some
10848	twelve
10849	miles S. of
10850	Jerusalem.
10851	¢ Cf. B. vii. 437-450 (Jonathan
10852	is tortured and burnt
10853	alive).
10854	155
p. 180
10855	426
10856	427
10857	428
10858	429
10859	JOSEPHUS
10860	~
10861	>
10862	/
10863	/
10864	>’
10865	/
10866	dicxyiAlous TOV
10867	eyywplwy
10868	cuvavarelaas
10869	€eKELVOLS
10870	ev altios amwaAetas éyéveto, adtos be U0 TOD THs
10871	\
10872	\
10873	/
10874	ywpas Hyepmovevovtos Sefeis Kal emt TOV adToKpa-
10875	\
10876	7
10877	>
10878	\
10879	P)
10880	~
10881	@&
10882	/
10883	topa Tedbeis Edbackev ewe adT@ Orda TeToppevat
10884	is
10885	\
10886	/
10887	5)
10888	\
10889	5)
10890	\
10891	/
10892	KaL XPT.
10893	OU pV
10894	Ovdveomac.iavov ysevdopevos
10895	éhabev, adda Katéyvw Gavatov atrob, Kat Tapa-
10896	dofeis
10897	améfavev.
10898	modddKis
10899	b€ Kal peta Tatra
10900	T@v PacKawovtTwy por THs EvTUXLas KaTyYyopias
10901	er éeue avvbertwv feotd mpovoia macas diedvyov.
10902	éhaBov 5€ mapa Oveoraciavod dwpeav yiv ovK
10903	oAtynv ev TH ‘Tovdaig.
10904	Kal” dv 87 KaLpov Kal TH
10905	yuvatka 41) dpeckopLevos avris Tots jbeow \| dm
10906	emepibapny, TpLov TaLd@y YEVO LEVY LeNTEpa, Dv ol
10907	nev OUO erehevrqcay, cis d€ ov ‘YpKavov mpoonyo-
10908	pevoa TEpleoTw. pera Tatra Hyayopny yuvaika
10909	KaTwKyKviav ev ev Kprrn, To be yevos *lovédaiar,
10910	yovéwy evyeveoTaTwy Kal TOV KaTa TH yopav
10911	emupaveaT aru, 70¢e TOoAAGy
10912	YUvaLKay
10913	d.ade-
10914	povoar, ws oO pera, tatta Bios atrtias amédekev.
10915	€x TavTys O17) ou ylwovTat Tratdes dV0, TpeaPUTEpos
10916	pev “lodatos, Lypwvidns b€ per’ exeivov, 6 Kal
10917	"Aypinmas émikAnfeis.
10918	TatdTa pév pol Ta KaTa
10919	TOV OtKOV.
10920	Atdwewev 6€ Gola Kal TA Tapa T@V adbroKpa-
10921	Topwv.
10922	Ovdeotaciavotd yap teAevticavtos
10923	Tiros
10924	THv apyjnv SiadeEdevos opolay TH TaTpt Thy
10925	T YLT joo duedtAakev, moAAdKis TE karnyopnbévtos
10926	ovK emlOTEVOEV.
10927	dvadeEdpuevos de Tirov Aopervavos
10928	Kal Tpoonvénoev Tas Els Ewe TYyLas* TOUS TE ‘yap
10929	KaTtnyopraavTds
10930	pov
10931	“lovdaiovs
10932	éxddacev
10933	Kat
10934	dotAov
10935	etvodyov, Taidaywyov
10936	Tod maLdos pou,
10937	atnyopnoavta KoAacbjvar mpocérakev, euot de
10938	156
p. 181
10939	THE LIFE, 424-429
10940	Cyrene, occasioning the destruction of two thousand
10941	of the natives, whom he had induced to join him, on
10942	being sent in chains by the governor of the district
10943	to the Emperor, asserted that I had provided him
10944	with arms and money.
10945	Undeceived by this mendaci-
10946	ous statement, Vespasian condemned him to death,
10947	and he was delivered over to execution.
10948	Subse-
10949	“quently, ‘numerous
10950	accusations
10951	against me
10952	were
10953	fabricated by persons who envied me my good
10954	fortune ; but, by the providence of God, I came safe
10955	through all.
10956	Vespasian also presented me with a
10957	considerable tract of land in Judaea. \|
10958	At this period I divorced my wife, being displeased
10959	at her behaviour.
10960	She had borne me three children,
10961	of whom two died ; one, whom I named Hyrcanus, is
10962	still alive.
10963	Afterwards I married a woman of Jewish
10964	extraction who had settled in Crete.
10965	She came of
10966	very distinguished parents, indeed the most notable
10967	people in that country.
10968	In character she surpassed
10969	many of her sex, as her subsequent life showed.
10970	By
10971	her I had two sons, Justus the elder, and then
10972	Simonides, surnamed Agrippa.
10973	Such is my domestic
10974	history.
10975	The treatment which I received from the Emperors
10976	continued unaltered.
10977	On Vespasian’s decease Titus,
10978	who succeeded to the empire, showed the same
10979	esteem for me as did his father, and never credited
10980	the accusations to which I was constantly subjected.
10981	Domitian succeeded Titus and added to my honours.
10982	He punished my Jewish accusers, and for a similar
10983	offence gave orders for the chastisement of a slave,
10984	a eunuch and my son’s tutor.
10985	He also exempted my
10986	—>
10987	5,
10988	Domestic
10989	history.
10990	/XotDE HS):
10991	A.D. 81.
p. 182
10992	JOSEPHUS
10993	~
10994	]
10995	>
10996	,
10997	J
10998	5
10999	/
11000	Td
11001	a7
11002	>
11003	‘
11004	tis ev “lovdaia xwpas arédevay edwKkev, HTEP EaTL
11005	peyloTn Ty TH AaPovtr.
11006	Kat wodAa 8 7H TOD
11007	/
11008	A
11009	/
11010	/
11011	>
11012	~
11013	/
11014	Kaicapos yuv7) Aoperia dveTéAecev evepyeTotad pe.
11015	430
11016	Taira
11017	pev
11018	Ta TET PAY[LEVO.
11019	peor
11020	Oud TaVTOS
11021	~
11022	/
11023	]
11024	/
11025	/
11026	>
11027	>
11028	>
11029	~
11030	\
11031	moe
11032	Tob Biov éotiv, Kpwetwaayv 6 €€ abtav To Mos
11033	oe
11034	“A
11035	>
11036	/
11037	¢
11038	A
11039	>
11040	>
11041	/
11042	omws
11043	av eféAwow
11044	Erepor.
11045	cot 8 amodedwKus,
11046	/
11047	>
11048	~
11049	>
11050	/
11051	\
11052	~
11053	~
11054	Kpatiote
11055	avopav
11056	“Emadpoédite,
11057	tHv macav
11058	Tis
11059	>
11060	/
11061	>
11062	\
11063	>
11064	ee
11065	~
11066	/
11067	>
11068	~
11069	apyatodoyias avaypadiy emt Tob mapovtos evTadla
11070	7
11071	\
11072	/
11073	KataTave Tov Adyov.
11074	158
p. 183
11075	THE LIFE, 429-430
11076	property in Judaea from taxation—a mark of the
11077	highest honour to the privileged individual.
11078	More-
11079	over, Domitia, Caesar’s wife, never ceased conferring
11080	favours upon me.
11081	Such are the events of my whole life ; from them
11082	\let others judge as they will of my character.
11083	Having now, most excellent Epaphroditus, ren-
11084	dered you a complete account of our antiquities,¢ I
11085	shall here for the present conclude my narrative.
11086	@ The Life (at least in its final edition) formed an appendix
11087	to the Antiquities.
11088	See Ant. xx. 266, with Introduction to
11089	this volume, p. xiii.
11090	159
p. 184
p. 185
11091	AGAINST APION
11092	OR
11093	ON THE ANTIQUITY OF THE JEWS
11094	VOL. I
11095	M
p. 186
11096	CONTRA APIONEM
11097	MEPI APXAIOTHTOX IOYAATON
11098	AOTOS HPOTEPOS
11099	() ‘Ikav@s pev brohapBaves Kat dua THS rept
11100	THY dpxaoroytav ovyypadis, KpatvoTe avop@v °Ex-
11101	appoorre, Tots evrevgopevors avr eA TETIOLN EVAL ‘pa-
11102	vepov TEpl TOD ‘yevous Teav TOV ‘lovdatew, OTL
11103	Kal mwaAawTaToV €oTt Kal 7 Tparay vTooTaow
11104	éoyey ldlav, Kal 7@s THV ywpay iy vov exowev
11105	KaTwKnoe:
11106	<iy>* TevTaKrox Atay eT@v dprbuov
11107	:
11108	,
11109	;
11110	toToplay
11111	Teptéxovoay
11112	eK TOV Tap Tply
11113	lepa@v
11114	BiBrov dua. Tis “EAA qvueiis pavas ouveypaxpapny.
11115	emeL Oe ouxvous Op@ Tats bo dvopevetas b70
11116	TW
11117	etpyjevats TpooexovTas PAacdnpias
11118	Kal
11119	TOUS
11120	7 mepl THY apxaroroytar UT ep00 VEY PApepLEvous
11121	:
11122	:
11123	GTLOTOUVTAS TEK[TpLov TE TOLOU[LEVOUS TOD vEew-
11124	TEpov €lval TO Yévos TU@V TO pndELlas Tapa. rots
11125	ezupavéot TOV “EAAnviKdy toropioypadpwv pLvHpLNs
11126	3 7€i@00a,
11127	wept
11128	TovTwy
11129	andavTwy
11130	wnbynv
11131	Sev
11132	ypaibar
11133	ovvTopuws,
11134	Tav”
11135	pev AowopovvTwy
11136	THY
11137	dvopeveray Kal THY EKovatov eAéyEar yevdodroyiar,
11138	Tov
11139	b€ TV ayvotav
11140	eravopfoicacba,
11141	SdadEar
11142	1 xatoxynoe L: fw added in ed. pr.
11143	2 kai Tv (with Lat.) Bekker.
11144	162
p. 187
11145	AGAINST APION
11146	or ON THE ANTIQUITY OF THE JEWS
11147	BOOK iu
11148	(1) In my history of our Antiquities, most excellent
11149	Epaphroditus, I have, I think, made sufficiently clear
11150	to any who may peruse that work the extreme
11151	antiquity of our Jewish race, the purity of the
11152	original stock, and the manner in which it established
11153	itself in the country which we occupy to-day.
11154	That
11155	history embraces a period of five thousand years,®
11156	and was written by me in Greek on the basis of our
11157	sacred books.
11158	Since, however, I observe that a con-
11159	siderable
11160	number
11161	of persons,
11162	influenced
11163	by the
11164	malicious calumnies of certain individuals, discredit
11165	the statements in my history concerning our an-
11166	tiquity, and adduce
11167	as proof of the comparative
11168	modernity of our race the fact that it has not been
11169	thought worthy of mention by the best known Greek
11170	historians, I consider it my duty to devote a brief
11171	treatise to all these points;
11172	in order at once to
11173	convict our detractors of malignity and deliberate
11174	falsehood, to correct the ignorance of others, and to
11175	@ The same round number in 4, i. 13.
11176	163
11177	Occasion
11178	and plan of
11179	the work.
11180	Anti-semite
11181	erities
11182	of the
11183	Antiquities
p. 188
11184	6
11185	~I
11186	JOSEPHUS
11187	6b€ mdvras 6gou TaAnfes elOevar BovdAovrar mepl
11188	4 77s TpeTepas dpXavornTos.. XpHoopar dé TOV be
11189	bm €uo0b Aeyopeven pLapTuat Tots
11190	LOTLOTOTATOLS
11191	elvan TEP 7
11192	mdons apyatoAoylas v70 Trav EMivew
11193	Kexpiyevois, Tovs be Praodrjpews mept TL@V Kal
11194	wevdas yeypadotas
11195	adrovs
11196	bu cauTav edeyxo-
11197	5 pevous Trape€o.
11198	TEtpagopat b€ Kal Tas aivtas
11199	a. roBoivat, dv ds od mroAdoi Tob efvous Tip@v ev
11200	Tats toroplais "EAAnves €
11201	ep nLovevKaow.
11202	eTL PVTOL
11203	Kat Tous ov TmapadurovTas TIV TEpl TLOv toroptay
11204	TOUT avepods Tols pn) yryvwoKoVoW 7 Tpoc-
11205	TOLOUILEVOLS ayvoety.
11206	(2) Ilp&rov otv emépxerad [Lol Tavu Javpdlew TOUS
11207	olopLevous
11208	det TEpl
11209	TOV
11210	maAavor aro epyov
11211	p.ovots Tpooexew Tots "EMyau KaL Tapa TOUTWY
11212	muvOavectar THY ddnfevav, 7p be KaL Tots dAAous
11213	Sloat amare. 7av yap eyo TouvavTtov Opa
11214	oupPeBnKos, el ye Set py Tats patatas d0€ais
11215	émakoAovleiv,
11216	GAN
11217	€& .att@v
11218	To
11219	Sdixaov
11220	Tta&v
11221	TpaypLaroov Aap Bavev. 7a pev yap Tapa Tots
11222	“EM ow amav7o. yea Kal xBes Kal Tony, os av
11223	ElmoL TIS, eupou" yeyovora, Aéyen be Tas KTLOELS
11224	Tov Toheww Kal TO. mepl Tas émwolas TOV TEXvaV
11225	Kal Ta TEpl Tas TV vow avaypadds* TavTwwv Se
11226	VEWTATY
11227	oxedov eoTt Tap. atrois 7 mept Tov
11228	ovyypadew
11229	Tas toroplas emryerera. 74 pevrou
11230	Tap: Aiyurtiows TE Kal Xadrsatou Kat Powe,
11231	€@ yap viv nds exelvois ovyKatadéyew, avTot
11232	1 cognovi (eipov 7) Lat.
11233	2 Josephus in this and the following sections (note the
11234	reference to “‘ catastrophes’ in § 10) borrows from Plato,
11235	164
p. 189
11236	AGAINST APION, I. 3-8
11237	instruct all who desire to know the truth concerning
11238	the antiquity
11239	of our
11240	race.
11241	As witnesses
11242	to my
11243	statements I propose to call the writers who, in the
11244	estimation of the Greeks, are the most trustworthy
11245	authorities on antiquity as a whole.
11246	‘The authors
11247	of scurrilous and mendacious statements about us
11248	will be shown
11249	to be confuted by themselves.
11250	I
11251	shall further
11252	endeavour
11253	to
11254	set
11255	out
11256	the
11257	various
11258	reasons which explain why our nation is mentioned
11259	by a few only of the Greek historians ; at the same
11260	time
11261	I shall
11262	bring those
11263	authors who have not
11264	neglected our history to the notice of any who either
11265	are, or feign to be, ignorant of them.
11266	(2) My first thought is one of intense astonishment
11267	at the current opinion that, in the study of primeval
11268	history, the Greeks alone deserve serious attention,
11269	that the truth should be sought from them, and that
11270	neither we nor any others in the world are to be
11271	trusted.
11272	In my view the very reverse of this is the
11273	case, if, that is to say, we are not to take idle
11274	prejudices as our guide, but to extract the truth
11275	from the facts themselves.
11276	For in the Greek world
11277	everything will be found to be modern,? and dating,
11278	so to speak, from yesterday or the day before:
11279	I
11280	refer to the foundation of their cities, the invention
11281	of the arts, and the compilation of a code of laws ;
11282	but the most recent, or nearly the most recent, of
11283	all their attainments is care in historical composition.
11284	On the contrary, as is admitted even by themselves,
11285	the Egyptians, the Chaldaeans, and the Phoenicians
11286	—for the moment I omit to add our nation to the
11287	Timaeus, 22 8 and c, where an Egyptian priest discourses to
11288	Solon in similar terms on the modernity of the Greeks.
11289	Cf.
11290	Ap. ii. 192, 224 for other parallels to that dialogue.
11291	165
11292	The Greek;
11293	untrust-
11294	worthy as
11295	anti-
11296	quarians.
p. 190
11297	9
11298	10
11299	JOSEPHUS
11300	Ojmoubev oporoyotow apxavorarny Te Kal [ovupa)-
11301	Tarny exew THS pevnpns TH mapdooow” Kal yap
11302	TOTOUS aTavTes
11303	olKotow
11304	TKLoT a
11305	Tats EK TOU
11306	TEPLEXOVTOS
11307	plopats
11308	UTOKEYLEVOUS
11309	Kal toMgy
11310	ETO GaVTO Tpovovay TOU pnoev apn orov TOV Tap
11311	avTots mpaTTo“evwy Tapadimety, add’ ev Sypociats
11312	avaypagais v70 TOV copwT aro Gel abtepodabac.
11313	Tov O€ TEpl THY “EMdoa TOTOV peupian jeev Popat
11314	: KaTEGXOV eEahetpovoa THY pv pen TOV yeyovoTay,
11315	1]
11316	12
11317	aet Oe Kawvovs kabvorapevot Bious Tob TavTos
11318	evoptCov dpyew EKaOTOL TOV’ ad eauTav, ope de
11319	Kal pores eyvwoay gvow YP para
11320	ot yoov
11321	dpxavoraray
11322	avr av 7™hv xphow
11323	elvat
11324	Gédovtes
11325	mapa Dowikwv Kai Kadpov ceuvivovtar pabeiv.
11326	od pv ovd am”? éexelvov Tod xpdvov SvvaiTo Tis
11327	av betE at
11328	ow lomevny
11329	avarypapiy ouT
11330	ev tepots
11331	OUT ev OnpLoatous dvabjpaow, OTOU Ye KOL TeEpL
11332	Ta@v ext Tpoiav ToGOUTOLs ETE oTparevodvra
11333	voTEpoV ToAXy yeyovev amopia te
11334	Kat Cyryats,
11335	el ypappacw EXpavT0, KaL adn bes emuKparet
11336	paAdov Tepl TOU TV vov ovoav TOV Ypappear wv
11337	Xphow exelvous
11338	ayvoeir.
11339	ohus d€ Tapa Tots
11340	“EM ow ovoev opodoyovpevov EUPLOKETAL poppe
11341	TIS ‘Opmpov TOUGEWs
11342	mpeaPuTeporv,
11343	obTos de
11344	Kat Tov Tpwik@v
11345	votepos daivetar yevouevos,
11346	Kat daow ovdé TodTov
11347	ev ypdappace THY avToo
11348	moinow Katadireiv,
11349	adda Siapvynpovevopevyy
11350	eK
11351	TOV Gdopatwy vaTepov ovvTeOAvat Kat dua TOTO
11352	+ So Eus. (one ms.): 74 L.
11353	2 Eus.: é’ L Lat.
11354	@ Perhaps referring to stories of the floods of Ogyges and
11355	Deucalion, ete.
11356	> Cf., e.g., Herod. v. 58.
11357	166
p. 191
11358	AGAINST APION, I. 8-12
11359	list—possess a very ancient and permanent record of
11360	the past.
11361	For all these nations inhabit countries
11362	which are least exposed to the ravages of the atmo-
11363	sphere, and they have been very careful to let none
11364	of the events in their history be forgotten, but always
11365	to have them enshrined in official records written by
11366	their greatest sages.
11367	The land of Greece, on the
11368	contrary, has experienced countless catastrophes,@
11369	which have obliterated the memory of the past ; and
11370	as one civilization succeeded another the men of each
11371	epoch believed that the world began with them.
11372	They were late in learning the alphabet and found
11373	the lesson difficult ; for those who would assign the
11374	earliest date to its use pride themselves on having
11375	learnt it from the Phoenicians and Cadmus.2
11376	Even
11377	of that date no record, preserved either in temples
11378	or on public monuments, could now be produced ;
11379	seeing that it is a highly controversial and disputed
11380	question whether even those who took part in the
11381	Trojan campaign so many years later made use of
11382	letters,© and the true and prevalent view is rather
11383	that they were ignorant of the present-day mode of
11384	writing.
11385	Throughout
11386	the whole range
11387	of Greek
11388	literature no undisputed work is found more ancient
11389	than the poetry of Homer.
11390	His date, however, is
11391	clearly later than the Trojan war;
11392	and even he,
11393	they say, did not leave his poems in writing.
11394	At
11395	first transmitted by memory, the scattered songs
11396	were not united until later ; to which circumstance
11397	¢ Allusion to the debated interpretation of the phrase
11398	onuata Nuypd, ** baneful tokens’ (Hom. Jl. vi. 168); referring
11399	to a message intended to bring about the death of Bellero-
11400	phon.
11401	‘* The balance of probabilities seems to be in favour
11402	of the view that” the words ‘* denote some kind of alphabetic
11403	or syllabic writing”’ (Jebb, Homer, 1887, p. 112).
11404	167
p. 192
11405	13
11406	14
11407	16
11408	JOSEPHUS
11409	e
11410	,
11411	mohas ev avrh oxelv Tas Stadwvias.
11412	of pevTor
11413	Tas loTopias émyeipjoavTes ovyypadew map av-
11414	\
11415	\
11416	/
11417	A
11418	/
11419	tots, Aéyw d€ Tovs wept Kadpuov te tov MiAjowov
11420	Kat tov ’Apyetov "AxovaiAaov Kai peta TodTOV Et
11421	+
11422	/
11423	/
11424	A
11425	~
11426	~
11427	TWeES adro AéyovTat yeveoUan, Bpaxe THs Llepoay
11428	eT Tip “Edda oTparelas TOD xXpove mpovdaBov.
11429	aAAa env Kal TOUS TEpl T@V ovpaviwy TE Kal feiwv
11430	mpwrtovs map “EAAnot diAocodijcavras, oiov Depe-
11431	/
11432	A
11433	/
11434	\
11435	/
11436	\
11437	/
11438	KvoOnY Te TOV Ldpiov Kai I[vbaydpay Kai OaddAyra,
11439	~
11440	/
11441	TAVTES
11442	ouppavers
11443	oporoyotaow
11444	AlyurTiwy
11445	Kal
11446	Xaddaiwv VEVOLEVOUS patyras oXr‘ya ouyyparat,
11447	KaL
11448	TadTa
11449	Tots “EAAnow
11450	eivau OoKet TOVTWY
11451	b)
11452	apyaoTaTa
11453	Kal
11454	ports
11455	atta
11456	morevovow
11457	tr
11458	exetvwy yeypadbar.
11459	(3) lds otv ot« €otw ddoyov tetvdGobar tovs
11460	“EM nvas Ws povous éemloTaevous
11461	Tapyaia
11462	Kal
11463	THY jadjbevay
11464	7 Trepl avT cov axpiBas TApad.oovTas ;
11465	nN Tis ov Tap: avr ay av Tv ovyypadéwv pallor
11466	padtws, ore pnde ev BeBatws elddTes ovuveypador,
11467	aan’ Ws €EKAOTOL mept TOV TpaypyaTwv elikalov;
11468	TO mAéov yoov Oud TOV BuBAtcov aAA7jAous edéy-
11469	Xovar Kal TAVOVTLOTATO Tepl TOV avTa@v Acyew
11470	ovK OKVOUGL.
11471	Tepiepyos 5° av elnv eyw Tovs emot
11472	~
11473	>
11474	/
11475	/
11476	a
11477	\
11478	e
11479	/
11480	puGAAov émiotapévous biddoKwv ooa pev “EAAdviKos
11481	*Akovotlaw epi TOV yeveadoyrdy diaTvedwvynkey,
11482	4
11483	A
11484	~
11485	\
11486	¢
11487	/
11488	3
11489	/
11490	a“
11491	doa de d.opfotta: tov
11492	‘Hotodov
11493	*Axovaidaos, 7
11494	/
11495	/
11496	”
11497	\
11498	¢
11499	/
11500	>
11501	~
11502	Tia
11503	Tpomov
11504	“Edopos
11505	pev
11506	“EAAdviKov
11507	év
11508	tois
11509	/
11510	/
11511	>
11512	/
11513	”
11514	\
11515	mAetaTos
11516	yevddpevov
11517	emideixvvcw,
11518	“Edopov
11519	dé
11520	1 efxafov ; ro Gutschmid: eixagowro L.
11521	@ This is one of the passages on which Wolf relied in his
11522	epoch-making Prolegomena (1795).
11523	> i.e., the phenomena of the heavenly bodies.
11524	ei Mity lene, 5th cent. B.c., a contemporary of Herodotus.
11525	168
p. 193
11526	AGAINST APION, I. 13-16
11527	the numerous inconsistencies of the work are attribut-
11528	able.*
11529	Again, the Greeks who [first] essayed to write
11530	history, such as Cadmus of Miletus and Acusilaus of
11531	Argos and any later writers who are mentioned, lived
11532	but a short time before the Persian invasion of Greece.
11533	Once more, the first Greek philosophers to treat of
11534	celestial ® and divine subjects, such as Pherecydes
11535	of Syros, Pythagoras, and Thales, were, as the world
11536	unanimously admits, in their scanty productions the
11537	disciples of the Egyptians and Chaldaeans.
11538	These
11539	are the writings which the Greeks regard as the
11540	oldest of all, and they are sceptical even about their
11541	authenticity.
11542	(3) Surely, then, it is absurd that the Greeks should
11543	be so conceited
11544	as to think themselves
11545	the sole
11546	possessors of a knowledge of antiquity and the only
11547	accurate reporters of its history.
11548	Anyone can easily
11549	discover from the historians themselves that their
11550	writings have no basis of sure knowledge, but merely
11551	present the facts as conjectured by individual authors.
11552	More often than not they confute each other in their
11553	works, not hesitating to give the most contradictory
11554	accounts of the same events.
11555	It would be superfluous
11556	for me
11557	to point out
11558	to readers better informed
11559	than myself what discrepancies there are between
11560	Hellanicus° and Acusilaus on the genealogies,? how
11561	often Acusilaus corrects Hesiod, how the mendacity
11562	of Hellanicus in most of his statements is exposed
11563	by Ephorus,’ that of Ephorus by Timaeus,’ that of
11564	¢ ‘Traditions about Greek origins arranged in genealogical
11565	form.
11566	¢ Pupil of Isocrates, latter half of 4th cent.
11567	f Circa 352-256
11568	B.c.;
11569	wrote a voluminous history of
11570	Sicily, his native country, down to 264 B.c.; nicknamed ’Em-
11571	riwatos, **
11572	Fault-finder ’’; attacked by Polybius.
11573	169
11574	6th cent.
11575	B.C.
11576	Discrepan-
11577	cies
11578	between
11579	different
11580	Greek
11581	historians.
p. 194
11582	JOSEPHUS
11583	/
11584	\
11585	/
11586	>)
11587	]
11588	~
11589	/
11590	Tiwatos, kai Tiatov of per
11591	€xetvov yeyovores,
11592	=
11593	x
11594	°
11595	Q
11596	~
11597	17 ‘Hpddorov 5€ wavres.
11598	adr’ obb€ wept THY Like-
11599	18
11600	19
11601	20
11602	21
11603	Kav tots wept “Avtioxov Kat Didvorov 7 KadAtav
11604	Tijavos ouppevey néiwoev, ovd
11605	avd TeEpL Ov
11606	°ArTiK@V Ol Tas “ArGidas ovyyeypapores 7 Treph
11607	Tav “ApyoAuKdv ot ta mept “Apyos toropobytes
11608	adAnrots
11609	KaTnKorovbj Kast. kat
11610	ti
11611	Set Aéyew
11612	Tept TOV KaTa TOAELS Kal Bpaxvtepay, O7rov ‘YE
11613	TEpt THS Hepouis oTpatelas Kal TOV ev avTH
11614	mpaxlevTwy of doxyswrator diaTedwvijkact; ToAAG
11615	de Kai Oovkvdldns ws wevdduevos t7d TWwY KaT-
11616	nyopetTat, KalToL doKO@v axpipéaTata TH" Kal’ avTov
11617	ioToplay ouyypagew.
11618	@ Atriat be Tis TouavTns® diadwvias moAXat
11619	pev tows av Kal eTEpa tots BovAopévous Cytew
11620	avadavetev,” eyo dé dvat Tats AcxSjoopevats TV
11621	peylorny laxov avartOnp: KGL Tporepay Ep@ TH
11622	KUpLnTepay elval JLoL doKodoay.
11623	TO yap €€ apxyis
11624	Ly orovdacb iva Tad tots
11625	“EAAnot
11626	dnpoctas
11627	yivecbar
11628	mept TeV
11629	exdoTore TparTopLevery
11630	dva.-
11631	ypadas Toro pddvora 67) Kai THY TAGYHY Kal THY
11632	e€ovoiay Tod wevdecGar Tois pera TadTa Bovdy-
11633	Hetou 7 TEpl Tov waAaav TL ypadeww TApeayev.
11634	ov
11635	yap. jLovov mapa tots dAdos “EM yo mpedq On TO.
11636	TEpl Tas cvaypadds, adn’ ovoe Tapa. Tots® "AGn-
11637	vaious, ous avroxfovas eivat Aéyoust Kal madelas
11638	ezyseAeis,
11639	obdev
11640	ToLodTov
11641	eEvploKeTal
11642	‘yevopmevor,
11643	aAka
11644	Tav
11645	Sypociwy
11646	ypaypdtwv
11647	dapYaLtoTratous
11648	1 axp.Béorara THv Holwerda: axpiBecrarny L.
11649	2 Eus.: tocairns
11650	3 av davetev Niese.
11651	4 zap atrois Eus. Lat.
p. 195
11652	AGAINST APION, I. 16-21
11653	Timaeus by later writers, and that of Herodotus by
11654	everybody.¢
11655	Even on Sicilian history Timaeus did
11656	not condescend to agree with Antiochus,” Philistus,
11657	or Callias ; there is similar divergence on Attic affairs
11658	between the authors of the “‘ Atthides’’* and on
11659	Argive affairs between the historians of Argos. What
11660	need, however, to speak of the histories of individual
11661	states and matters of minor importance, when con-
11662	tradictory accounts of the Persian invasion and the
11663	events which accompanied it have been given by
11664	writers of the first rank?
11665	On many points even
11666	Thucydides is accused of error by some critics, not-
11667	withstanding his reputation for writing the most,
11668	accurate history of his time.
11669	(4) For. such inconsistency
11670	many
11671	other
11672	causes Reasons for
11673	might possibly be found if one cared to look for them ; ae ae
11674	for my part, I attach the greatest weight to the two © Hee ee
11675	which I proceed to mention.
11676	I will begin with that to keep
11677	which I regard as the more fundamental.
11678	‘The main Lee
11679	responsibility for the errors of later historians who
11680	aspired to write on antiquity and for the licence
11681	granted to their mendacity rests with the original
11682	neglect of the Greeks to keep official records of
11683	current events.
11684	This neglect was not confined to
11685	the lesser Greek states.
11686	Even among the Athenians,
11687	who are reputed to be indigenous % and devoted to
11688	learning, we find that nothing of the kind existed,
11689	and their most ancient public records are said to be
11690	4 e.g.
11691	Manetho
11692	(Ap.
11693	i. 73), Ctesias,
11694	Strabo, pseudo-
11695	Plutarch.
11696	’ Of Syracuse, 4th cent., wrote histories
11697	of Sicily (to
11698	424 p.c.) and Italy.
11699	Philistus and Callias were also Syra-
11700	cusans (4th-3rd cent.).
11701	¢ Historical and geographical works on Attica; among
11702	the authors were Philochorus, Demon, and Ister.
11703	@ ** Autochthonous.”’
11704	171
p. 196
11705	JOSEPHUS
11706	civat dace tovs to ApdKovtos attois mept TOV
11707	gpovikav’ ypadevtas vojous, dAlyw mpdoTepov THs
11708	Hevovarparou
11709	Tupavvidos
11710	avOparrov
11711	VEyOveToS.
11712	22 Tepl jev yap “Aprddev Tt et” Acyew avxovvTav
11713	dpxauornra.;
11714	poris yap ovToL
11715	Kal peta TAdTa
11716	ypappL.acw evraidevoyaay.
11717	93.
11718	(5) “Are or) Tow ovdeuias mpokataPeBAnpevys
11719	dvaypadis, 7]
11720	7) Kal Tous pableivy BovAopévous bubdgew
11721	eueMe Kal Tous spevdopevous ereyEew, 7 ToAAn
11722	pos \aMidovus €
11723	eVEVETO dtadwvria Tots ovyypagedor.
11724	24 deur
11725	Tépav de 7™pos TaUTy Beréov exelyny airtay’ ot
11726	yap em TO ypagew opynoavres od mepl TH adr -
11727	evay EoTovdacay, KalTol TOOTO mpoxELpoV eoTW
11728	del TO emayyeAyia., Aoyo be Ovvap emTe€OELKVUVTO,
11729	25 Kal Kal’ ovtwa TpoTov év TOUTW TapevooKkysnoew
11730	tovs addous treAdpPavov, Kata TotTov jHpuolovTo,
11731	TWwes pev emt TO pvoodroyeiv TpeToOpevor, TWes SE
11732	mpos xapw 7 Tas 7OA«ELs 7) Tovs BaciAéas éemawobdv-
11733	ves dAXow 6€ emi TO KaTHyopely TOV Tmpa€ew 7
11734	TOV yeypadoTwy exHpnoav evevdokijcew TOUT®
11735	26 vouilovtes.
11736	GAws
11737	6€ TO TaVTWY
11738	EVOVT LENT OT OV
11739	~toTopia
11740	mpdatrovres
11741	duateAoboar.
11742	Tijs pev yap
11743	aAnfots
11744	€oTt tTeKujpiov
11745	iotopias,
11746	«i Tept TOV
11747	avT@v amavtes TavTa Kal A€youev Kal ypadovev-
11748	5 ef ratTa ypaibevav érépws,? ottws éevopslov
11749	27 avtot davetofa: mavrwv adnféotaror.
11750	Adywv pev
11751	ovv evera Kal Tis €v TOUTOLS dewornTos del mapa-
11752	xwpetv 7pas Tots ovyypagedor Tots “EMgvexois,
11753	ov pay Kal THS mepl Tov apxatav aAnfots taTopias
11754	Kal pdAvoTa ‘ye THS TEpl TOV ExdoTos emixwpiwv.
11755	1 ed. pr.: powixwv L Lat. Eus.
11756	2 ed. pr.: 57 L.
11757	3 ei un Ta abra ypay. érépos Eus.
11758	72
p. 197
11759	AGAINST APION, I. 21-27
11760	the laws on homicide drafted for them by Dracon, a « 621 8.°.
11761	man who lived only a little before the despotism of
11762	Pisistratus.
11763	Of the Arcadians 4% and their vaunted 568.
11764	antiquity it is unnecessary to speak, since even at a
11765	still later date they had hardly learnt the alphabet.
11766	(5) Itis, then, this lack of any basis of documentary (2) their
11767	evidence, which would have served at once to instruct yaa
11768	the eager learner and to confute
11769	the liar, that Rasen
11770	accounts in the main for the inconsistencies between
11771	different historians.
11772	But a second reason must be
11773	added.
11774	Those who rushed into writing were con-
11775	cerned not so much to discover the truth, notwith-
11776	standing the profession which always comes readily
11777	to their pen, as to display their literary ability ; and
11778	their choice of a subject was determined by the
11779	prospect which it offered them of outshining their
11780	rivals.2
11781	Some turned to mythology, others sought
11782	popularity by encomiums upon cities or monarchs ;
11783	others, again, set out to criticize the facts or the
11784	historians
11785	as the road to a reputation.
11786	In short,
11787	their invariable method is the very reverse of bis
11788	torical.
11789	For
11790	the proof of historical
11791	veracity
11792	is
11793	universal
11794	agreement
11795	in the description,
11796	oral
11797	or
11798	written, of the same events.
11799	On the contrary, each*
11800	of these writers, in giving his divergent account of
11801	the same incidents, hoped thereby to be thought the
11802	most veracious of all.
11803	While, then, for eloquence
11804	and literary ability we must yield the palm to the
11805	Greek historians, we have no reason to do so for
11806	veracity in the history of antiquity, least of all where
11807	the particular history of each separate foreign nation
11808	is concerned.
11809	“ Also regarded as autochthonous (Herod. viii. 73).
11810	Os en
11811	ee
11812	173
p. 198
11813	JOSEPHUS
11814	23
11815	(6) °
11816	‘Ore Lev OV Tap: Alyumtious Te Kab Bafv-
11817	Awvious eK [LAaKpoTaTwV avantev Xpovesy TH mepl
11818	Tas dvaypapas emedcrav 6 o7rou [ev Ol lepets Hoav
11819	EYKEXELPLO[LEVOL Kal TEpl TAUTAS eprooogow, XadA-
11820	dato. 6€ mapa Tots BaBvAwviors, Kal or paAvora.
11821	07) TOV “EM ow ET ULLYVULEV OV _€XPyTAVTO Doi-
11822	VUES ypappacw els TE TAS Tepl Tov Btov otko-
11823	voptas KQL 7pos THY TOV KOWOY epyov Tapadoow,
11824	emeto7) ovyxwpodow amavres, edoew uo d0Ka.
11825	29 TEpl d€ TOV TPETEPOV Tpoyovey \| OTe Tay avriy,
11826	E@ yap Aéyew el Kal mAciw TaV eipnyevon, e7r0u7]-
11827	GavTo TEpl Tas avaypadas emyseAcvay, Tois apx-
11828	lepetor Kal Tots Tpopyyrars TobTo TpooTaéavtes,
11829	Kal Ws péxpt TOV Kal” Huds xpovwv mepvAakTat
11830	peta moAAfs axpifetas, et dé <det>* Opacvrepov
11831	eimety
11832	Kat dvdAaylyjceTar,
11833	Tetpacopuar
11834	ovyTopws
11835	dudaoKew.
11836	30
11837	~=—«(7/) Ov yep wLovov € a
11838	apxis éml TOUTWY" TOUS apio-
11839	Tous Kal T fj Gepam ela Too Geod mpooedpevovTas KaT-
11840	éoTn0aV, aw OmWs TO yévos TAY Lepewy GLLKTOV
11841	31 Kal Kabapov Suajevel Tpovvonoav.
11842	det yap Tov
11843	PLETEXOVTGA TIS lepwovv7)s €€ opoebvobs yevauKos
11844	mavdo7rovetabar Kal pen) Tpos Xpypara pnde Tas
11845	adAas arroPAerrew Tyas, aAAa TO yevos eeralew
11846	eK TOV
11847	dpxetov® AapBavovra TH _Ovadoxny Kal
11848	32 moAAovs Tapexopevov papTupas.
11849	Kal TadTa mpaT-
11850	1 ins. Gutschmid from the Lat.
11851	2 roirw Niese.
11852	3 Gutschmid: dpxaiwy L.
11853	2 As Reinach remarks, Jos. confuses the keeping of genea-
11854	logical registers by the priesthood in the time of the second
11855	Temple with the wholly different manner in which the books
11856	of the Old Testament were written.
11857	It must be remembered
11858	174
p. 199
11859	AGAINST APION, I. 28-32
11860	(6) Of the care bestowed by the Egyptians and The Jewish
11861	Babylonians on their chronicles from the remotest ee
11862	ages, and how the charge and exposition of these bestowed —
11863	was entrusted, in the former country to the priests,
11864	:
11865	in the latter to the Chaldaeans ; and how, among
11866	the nations in touch with the Greeks, it was the
11867	Phoenicians who made the largest use of writing,
11868	both for the ordinary affairs of fies and for the com-
11869	memoration of public events;
11870	of all this I think
11871	I need say nothing,
11872	as the facts are universally
11873	admitted.
11874	But that our forefathers took no less, not
11875	to say even greater, care than the nations I have
11876	mentioned in the keeping of their records—a task
11877	which
11878	they assigned
11879	to their
11880	chief priests
11881	and The writers
11882	prophets “—and that down to our own times these ae ue of
11883	records have been, and if I may venture to say so, ‘he records.
11884	will continue
11885	to
11886	be, preserved
11887	with
11888	scrupulous
11889	accuracy, I will now endeavour briefly to demonstrate.
11890	(7) Not only did our ancestors in the first instance Selection
11891	:
11892	:
11893	2
11894	of the
11895	} set over this business men of the highest character, custodians.
11896	' devoted to the service of God, but they took pre- ee of
11897	cautions to ensure that the priests’ lineage should marriages
11898	be kept unadulterated and pure.?
11899	A member of the 2 joing
11900	priestly order must, to beget a family, marry a
11901	a
11902	woman
11903	of his own
11904	race,° without regard to her
11905	wealth or other distinctions ; but he must investigate
11906	her pedigree, obtaining the genealogy from the
11907	archives @ and producing
11908	a number of witnesses.
11909	that the historical books of the Old Testament after the
11910	Pentateuch were included
11911	in the second
11912	or
11913	prophetical
11914	portion of the Hebrew Canon and attributed to prophetical
11915	writers.
11916	Beer. Weve xxl. 1 i.
11917	e fb.
11918	4 Of. the pedigree of his own family ae from\—
11919	the
11920	public registers’ by Josephus, Vita, 3-6.
11921	175
p. 200
11922	JOSEPHUS
11923	TOpLEV ob pLovov em avrijs “lovdatas, aad’ o7rov
11924	ToTe OvOTHUA TOU yevous €oTw Tov KaKel TO
11925	akpupes dmoawlerat Tots tepebar TEpl TOUS yapous*
11926	33 Aéyw Sé Tovs EV Atybare KL BoBvAdve Kal ra
11927	mov Tis adAns oikoupevyns Tod yevous Tov lepewy
11928	elo TWes SLlEoTTAappevoL.
11929	TE[LTTOVGL yap els ‘lepo-
11930	ooAvpa euyypuparres mat pobev ToUvo}La, THs TE
11931	yapeTns’ Kal TOV eTavw mpoyovey Kal Tlves ot
11932	34 LaprupodrTes.
11933	morepos 8 El KaTACXOL, kaldmep
11934	707) yeyove moMaxts, ’Avridyou
11935	te
11936	tod
11937	°~Em-
11938	davots eis THY yawpav euPaddvros Kat Hoparntov
11939	Mayvov Kal KuyreAtov Oddpov pddvora b€ Kat ev
11940	35 Tots Kal? mpeas Xpovots, ot mreptierTopevou Tay
11941	lepewy Kawa mA €xK TOV dpxetov ypdppara”
11942	ovvloTaVvTat Kal Soxipalovar Tas drrorepbeiaas
11943	yuvatkas.
11944	ov yap eT Tas aixpaddrous yevopLevas
11945	TpoalevTat moNaxes yeyovutay
11946	atrats TV pos
11947	dddopudoy KOWWwViav
11948	dpopuiuevor.
11949	TEK}LT\|pLov dé
11950	peeyvorov Tijs akpipelas* ot yap dpxvepets ot Tap:
11951	Hptvy aro SrayiAteny
11952	éer@v ovopacTolt matdes
11953	é€K
11954	TOT pos elow ev tats davaypadats.
11955	tots dé TOY
11956	etpnLevenv OTLODY TmapaBacw* dmnyopevTar [LTE
11957	tots Bepots maplotacbar pyTe pmeTéexew THS aAAns
11958	ayloTeias.
11959	37
11960	Eixdtws ovr, uadAov dé avayKatws, dre pyre
11961	Too ypagen” adre€ovoiov maow OVTOS [LTE TWOS
11962	év tots
11963	ypadpopevois
11964	evovons
11965	diadwrias,
11966	adda
11967	1 rs Te yaueris Niese (Lat. nuptae): ris yeypaypévns L:
11968	Tav yewapéevev ed. pr.
11969	2 dpyelwy ypduyata Gutschmid: dpxaiwy ypaupdrwv L.
11970	3 ed. pr.: éwi L.
11971	* rapaBaow Niese (after Lat.): yévorro eis tapaBaow L.
11972	5 Niese: 70 (700 ed. pr.) broypagew L.
11973	36
p. 201
11974	AGAINST APION, I. 32-37
11975	And this practice of ours is not confined to the home
11976	country of Judaea, but wherever there is a Jewish
11977	colony, there too a strict account is kept by the
11978	priests of their marriages ; I allude to the Jews in
11979	Egypt and Babylon and other parts of the world in
11980	which any of the priestly order are living in dis-
11981	persion.
11982	A statement is drawn up by them and sent
11983	to Jerusalem, showing the names of the bride and
11984	her father and more remote ancestors, together with
11985	the names of the witnesses.
11986	In the not infrequent
11987	event of war, for instance when our country was in-
11988	vaded by Antiochus Epiphanes, by Pompey the
11989	Great, by Quintilius Varus, and above all in our own
11990	times, the surviving priests compile fresh records
11991	from the archives ; they also pass scrutiny upon the
11992	remaining women, and disallow marriage with any
11993	who have been taken captive, suspecting them of
11994	having had frequent intercourse with foreigners.?
11995	But the most convincing proof of our accuracy in this
11996	matter is that our records contain the names of our
11997	high priests, with the succession from father to son
11998	for the last two thousand
11999	years.2.
12000	And whoever
12001	violates any of the above rules is forbidden to minister
12002	at the altars or to take any other part in divine
12003	worship.
12004	It therefore naturally, or rather necessarily, follows
12005	(seeing that with us it is not open to everybody to
12006	write the records, and that there is no discrepancy
12007	in what is written; seeing that, on the contrary, the
12008	C7, A. iui. 276, xii.
12009	992.
12010	Yet Josephus
12011	himself, a
12012	priest, married a captive, Vita 414.
12013	tae aca. '6 and xx. 297,
12014	VOL. I
12015	N
12016	LI AT
12017	170-168 B.C.
12018	63 B.C.
12019	c. 4 B.C.
12020	A.D. 66-70.
12021	The twenty-
12022	two books
12023	of Scriptwe.
p. 202
12024	JOSEPHUS
12025	pLovew TOV TmpodyTO@v TA fev avwrdTw Kal TadaLo-
12026	TATA KATA THY ETimVOLaY THY a0 TOD Beod pabov-
12027	Twv, Ta d€ Kal’ atTods ws éeyéveTo cages ovy-
12028	38 Vee es ov peupuddes BiBAtwv etot Tap: jp
12029	AOVLPWVWV KAL LAVOLEvwr, dvo d€ ova. mos Tots
12030	eikoot PiPXia
12031	Tob
12032	TavTos
12033	€xovTa Xpovov TV
12034	39 avaypadnv, Ta Sikalws’ memoTevpeva.
12035	Kal TOU-
12036	TOV TEVTE LEV eo Ta. Mavoéws, & Tovs TE vojous
12037	TEpLEXeL Kal THY am avOpwrroyovias Tapddoow
12038	pexpt THs abtod tedevTAs: obTos 0 xpovos a7o-
12039	40 rele
12040	~TpioxiAiwy
12041	dAlyov
12042	ér@v.
12043	amo
12044	6é
12045	Tis
12046	Mwmvcéws tedevtis pmexpts” “Apragep£ov TOD [era
12047	Be pny llepoay Bactrews ot peta Mavojy 7™po-
12048	AT aL Ta KaT avTovs hie a ouveypaipav ev
12049	Tptol Kal déKa BuBAcous.
12050	t dé Aowrat réocapes
12051	vpvous els Tov feov Kat Tots avOpasrous drroOnKas
12052	41 tod Biov TEpLeXovaw.
12053	amo Oé ” Apragépfou pexpe
12054	Too Kal? mpas xXpovov yéypamTar pev exaora,
12055	mliotews 5 ody oOpotas 7Eiwra Tots po avTav
12056	dua TO pen yeveobar THv TaVv TpodynTa@v axpibF
12057	diadoy7v.
12058	42
12059	AxAov 6 €oTw Pye TOs Tpets mpooysev Tots
12060	idlous
12061	ypappace®
12062	TogovTov
12063	yap
12064	ai@vos
12065	7109
12066	TapwyYynKOTOS
12067	ovTEe
12068	mpocUetvat
12069	tis
12070	ovdev
12071	oUTE
12072	1 + @eia Kus.
12073	2 uexpis (after Lat.) Gutschmid: sexpi r7js L.
12074	3 mpociuey ... ypdupact
12075	Eus.:
12076	rots
12077	idiow
12078	ypaupact
12079	te-
12080	mistevkapuev L, Lat.
12081	@ Artaxerxes I (Longimanus) succeeded Xerxes in 465
12082	B.c.
12083	He is identified elsewhere in Josephus (A. xi. 184)
12084	and in the LXX with Ahasuerus of the beok of Esther,
12085	and is mentioned here because of his supposed connexion
12086	178
p. 203
12087	AGAINST APION, I. 37-42
12088	prophets alone had this privilege, obtaining their
12089	knowledge of the most remote and ancient history
12090	through the inspiration which they owed to God, and
12091	committing to writing a clear account of the events
12092	of their own time just as they occurred)—it follows,
12093	I say, that (8) we do not possess myriads of incon-
12094	sistent books, conflicting with each other.
12095	Our books,
12096	those which are justly accredited, are but two and
12097	twenty, and contain the record of all time.
12098	Of these, five are the books of Moses, comprising
12099	the laws and the traditional history from the birth
12100	of man down to the death of the lawgiver.
12101	This
12102	period falls only a little short of three thousand years.
12103	From the death of Moses until Artaxerxes,* who
12104	succeeded Xerxes as king of Persia, the prophets
12105	subsequent to Moses wrote the history of the events
12106	of their own times in thirteen? books.
12107	The remain-
12108	ing four ° books contain hymns to God and precepts
12109	for the conduct of human life.
12110	From Artaxerxes to our own time the complete
12111	,
12112	history has been written, but has not been deemed
12113	worthy of equal credit with the earlier records,
12114	because of the failure of the exact succession of the
12115	prophets.
12116	We have given practical proof of our reverence for 4
12117	our own Scriptures.
12118	For, although such long ages
12119	have now passed, no one has ventured either to add,
12120	with that work, chronologically the latest of the ‘thirteen
12121	books.”
12122	’ Probably (1) Joshua, (2) Jd. + Ruth, (3) Sam., (4) Kings,
12123	(5) Chron., (6) Ezra+Neh., (7) Esther, (8) Job, (9) Isaiah,
12124	(10) Jeremiah
12125	+ Lam., (11) Ezekiel, (12) Minor Prophets,
12126	(13) Daniel.
12127	¢ Probably (1) Psalms, (2) Song of Songs, (3) Proverbs,
12128	(4) Ecclesiastes.
12129	4 Lit. ‘‘ how we approach.”
12130	179
12131	Jews’
12132	veneration
12133	for their
12134	Scriptures.
p. 204
12135	JOSEPHUS
12136	adedety att@v ovre petabetvar teToAunKev, maou
12137	d€ atpdutoy €oTw «vlds ex THS TpwWTS yevecews
12138	*Tovdators TO vopuilew’ atta Geod doypata
12139	Kat
12140	TOUTOLS Eppevely KaL UTEP avTa@v, et déor, OvjcKew
12141	43 7d€ws. On odv moAAOL woAAdKIs EWpavTaL TeV
12142	alyyadwtwv
12143	oatpéBras
12144	Kal
12145	mavtoiwy
12146	Oavatrav
12147	TpoTous ev Jedrpors UTOMEVOVTES emt TO pedev
12148	pipe mpoécbat mapa Tovs vojLous Kal Tas PETA
12149	TOUTWV avaypagds.
12150	44
12151	“OQ
12152	tis av UTTOpLELVELEV
12153	“EAAjvev
12154	Umep <T@V>
12155	avtod;
12156	add’ otS trép tod Kat mavra Ta Tap:
12157	avrots Pan Oe ovyypappara THY TUxYOvCAY
12158	45 VTOOTHTETAL BAG Bny- Adyous yap avTa. vopiCovow
12159	eval KaTa THY TOV ypabavtwy BovAnow écxe-
12160	duacpévouvs.
12161	Kal
12162	TodTO
12163	SdiKalws
12164	Kal
12165	Tepl TaV
12166	maAaoTtépwv
12167	dpovodow,
12168	emeid7)
12169	Kal
12170	TOV
12171	vov
12172	evlous op@at ToAu@vrTas Tepl ToUTWY ovyypadew,
12173	ois pnt avrtol mapeyévovto pnte mu0écbar mapa
12174	46 TOV
12175	€lddtwv
12176	édiAoTinbyoav.
12177	apyéAer
12178	Kat epi
12179	ToD yevopévov
12180	vov nuiv moAduov twes toTopias
12181	emuypaavtes eEevyvoxacw out els Tovs TOTOUS
12182	mapaPpadrovtes ovtTe mAnocliov TovUTwY TpaTTOLevaY
12183	mpoceABovtes,
12184	adr’
12185	é€k
12186	Tapakovoydtwv
12187	ddXrLya
12188	cuvlévtes TH THs loTtopias ovopate av avadas
12189	everTapouwnoay.
12190	47
12191	(9) ‘Eye d€ Kal TEpl 7 Tob TrohepLov \|
12192	TAVTOS Kal mepl
12193	TOV ev aro” Kara, [Lépos yevopevey adnOh my
12194	dvarypapny
12195	emounadpny
12196	Tots
12197	mpdypacw
12198	avros
12199	7
12200	48 dTac. TapaTvywv. EOTPATHYOU
12201	jeev yap TOV Tap
12202	Hut VadAaiwy dvopalopevwv ews avrexew Svva-
12203	1 76 vouifew Eus.: dvoydatev L Lat.
12204	2 ev atT@ ed. pr.: atte L: ibi (=atrod) Lat.
12205	180
p. 205
12206	AGAINST APION, I. 42-48
12207	or to remove,* or to alter a syllable;
12208	and it is an
12209	instinct with every Jew, from the day of his birth, to
12210	regard them as the decrees of God, to abide by them,
12211	and, if need be, cheerfully to die for them.
12212	Time
12213	and again ere now the sight has been witnessed of
12214	prisoners enduring tortures and death in every form
12215	in the theatres, rather than utter
12216	a single word
12217	against the laws and the allied documents?
12218	What Greek would endure as much for the same
12219	cause?
12220	Even to save the entire collection of his
12221	nation’s writings from destruction he would not face
12222	the smallest personal injury.
12223	For to the Greeks they
12224	are mere stories improvised according to the fancy
12225	of their authors; and in this estimate even of the
12226	older historians they are quite justified, when they
12227	see some of their own contemporaries venturing to
12228	describe events in which they bore no part, without
12229	taking the trouble to seek information from those
12230	who know the facts.
12231	We have actually had so-called
12232	histories even of our recent war published by persons
12233	who never visited the sites nor were anywhere near
12234	the actions described, but, having put together a few
12235	hearsay reports, have, with the gross impudence of
12236	drunken revellers, miscalled their productions by the
12237	name of history.°
12238	(9) I, on the contrary, have written a veracious
12239	account, at once comprehensive and detailed, of the
12240	war, having been present in person at all the events.
12241	I was in command of those whom we call Galilaeans,
12242	« Cf. Deut. iv. 2, ** Ye shall not add unto the word which
12243	I command you, neither shall ye diminish from it.”
12244	DOT .Ap. Ws 209;
12245	¢ Cf. B.i. 1 ff.
12246	For a rival history of the war by Justus
12247	of Tiberias see Vita 336 ff.
12248	Here he seems to allude to
12249	untrustworthy histories by Greek writers.
12250	181
12251	Greek dis-
12252	regard for
12253	their
12254	records and
12255	historical
12256	accuracy.
12257	Defence of
12258	the author’
12259	Jewish War.
p. 206
12260	JOSEPHUS
12261	TOV
12262	nV, eyevouny de Tapa “Papatous
12263	ovdAndbeis
12264	aixpdhuros
12265	KOL
12266	ie ua dvdakis
12267	Oveomacvaves
12268	KOL Tiros EXOVTES
12269	Gel Tpooedpevew
12270	avTots nvay-
12271	Kacav, TO bev Tp@Tov Oedepuevor, avlis de Avdeis
12272	/
12273	>
12274	\
12275	~
12276	ouverte piv a0 TIS “AdcEavdpetas Tire mpos
12277	49 THY ‘Tepocodvpay movopxiay.
12278	ev @ xpove” TOV
12279	TparTopevey ovK €or O TH Eun yacw duehvyev"
12280	Kal yap Ta KaTa TO oTparomedov TO “Papatey
12281	OpO@v émipeAds avéypadov Kai Ta Tapa TOV avTo-
12282	50 LoAwy amayyeMopeva pLovos avTos ouview. eiTa
12283	ol
12284	52
12285	axons ev TH “Paopn AaBopevos, maons [Lou THS
12286	mpayparelas
12287	ev Tapackevy
12288	yeyeyvnerns,
12289	xXpn-
12290	odmevos Tit mpos THY “EAAnvida dwviv ovvepyois,
12291	ovTws etolnodpny TOv mpakewv THY Tapadocw.
12292	TooovTov O€ por wepinv Odpoos ths aAnfeias wore
12293	TpWTOvS TAaVTWY TOs adToKpPaTopas ToD moAduov
12294	VEVO[LEVOUS Oveoracvavoyv Kat Titov 7€iwoa AaPetv
12295	pedprupas. Tpwroi yap €owKa”
12296	Ta. BuBrca Kal
12297	SE éxelvous moAAois pev ‘Papate Tois oUp-
12298	emoAeunKoat, moAXois
12299	S€ TeV
12300	TueTépwv
12301	ezt-
12302	ae avd pace Kal
12303	TiS “EMqvuctis codias
12304	peTeoxnKoow, av eoTw ‘LovAvos "ApyéAaos, ‘Hpw-
12305	Os 0 6 GELvoTaTOS, avros 6 Gavpacusraros Bactreds
12306	“Aypimmas.
12307	ovTOL LEV obv ATAVTES eeapTupyoay
12308	ote THs adAnbetas mpovorny eTuseA@s,
12309	ovK dy
12310	droaTeAdpevor
12311	Kal
12312	owwanoavTes,
12313	€l
12314	TL
12315	Kar
12316	dyvouay 7 xapiCopevos petéOnka Tav yeyovotwv
12317	7) TrapeAuov.
12318	1 + yevouévny Eg; (om. Lat. ).
12319	2 Niese: 6é6wxa L
12320	2 B, iii. 408.
12321	> B. iv. (x. 7) 622 ff.
12322	¢ Cf. B. iv. 658.
12323	4 Cf. Vita 361 ff.
12324	182
12325	—
p. 207
12326	AGAINST APION, I. 48-52
12327	so long as resistance was possible ; after my capture
12328	I was a prisoner in the Roman camp.*
12329	Vespasian
12330	and ‘Titus, keeping me under surveillance, required
12331	my constant attendance upon them, at first in chains ;
12332	subsequently I was liberated ® and sent from Alex-
12333	andria with Titus to the siege of Jerusalem.°
12334	During
12335	that time no incident escaped my knowledge.
12336	I kept
12337	a careful record of all that went on under my eyes
12338	in the Roman camp, and was alone in a position to
12339	understand the information brought by deserters.
12340	Then, in the leisure which Rome afforded me, with
12341	all my materials in readiness, and with the aid of
12342	some assistants for the sake of the Greek, at last I
12343	committed to writing my narrative of the events.
12344	So confident was I of its veracity that I presumed to
12345	take as my witnesses, before all others, the com-
12346	manders-in-chief in the war, Vespasian and ‘Titus.¢
12347	They were the first to whom I presented my volumes,
12348	copies being afterwards given to many Romans who
12349	had taken part in the campaign.
12350	Others I sold @ to
12351	a large number of my compatriots, persons well
12352	versed in Greek learning, among whom were Julius
12353	Archelaus,/ the most venerable Herod,’ and the most
12354	admirable King Agrippa himself”
12355	All these bore
12356	testimony
12357	to my scrupulous safeguarding of the
12358	truth, and they were not the men to conceal their
12359	sentiments or keep silence had I, through ignorance
12360	or partiality, distorted or omitted any of the facts.
12361	¢ In the parallel account ( Vita 362) King Agrippa II is
12362	named, with others, as receiving a presentation copy.
12363	f Son of Cheleias and husband of Mariamme, sister of
12364	King Agrippa II; A. xix. 355, xx. 140.
12365	9 Unknown;
12366	not, as Reinach suggests, Herod, king of
12367	Chalcis, who died before the war (A. xx. 104).
12368	% Agrippa II.
12369	183
p. 208
12370	JOSEPHUS
12371	53
12372	(10) DabAor dé TWES avOpwror dua Badrew prov TH
12373	toroptay eTLKEXELPT\|KAOW waomep ev axoAn perpa-
12374	Kiwv yupvacna mpoKetabar voyiCortes, KAT YOpbas
12375	Tapadofou Kal daBodAjs, d€ov ekelvo yryvwoKew,
12376	Ste bet Tov dAdois Tapdboow mpakewv adAnbwav
12377	UmTLGXVOUJLEVOV avtov emiotacbar TavTas 7 poTepov
12378	axpiBas, 7] mapyKoAovlnKoTa
12379	TOUS yeyovoow 7)
12380	54 7apa TOV €lddTwv TuvOavopevov.
12381	o7ep eye) pd-
12382	AvoTa
12383	Tepl dporepas vopiCen TEN TOU KEVaL TOS
12384	Tmpayywaretas.
12385	TIP peev yap dpxa.oroytay, WOTTEP
12386	edynv,
12387	€K TOV tepa@v Ypappear ov
12388	peOnppavevKa
12389	yeyovws
12390	lepevs eK yevous Kal peTEaXT KMS THS
12391	55 diAocodias THS ev exelvous Tots ypapace: TOU
12392	de moA€mov THV toTopiayv
12393	eypapa ToM@v pev
12394	avtoupyos mpagewv, tAciotwyv 6° attomTys yevo-
12395	pevos,
12396	OAws
12397	d€ TeV AeybTwv 7 TpaylevTwV
12398	56 000 OTLobv ayvorjoas.
12399	m@s ovv odK av GFpaceis
12400	Tis Wynoaito Tovs avtTaywvilecbat por Epi THs
12401	adn Betas em
12402	TLKEXELPYKOTGS, ol Kav Tols TOV avro-
12403	Kparopw OTOP yLaow evtvxetv Aéywow, adr’ od ye
12404	Kat Tots nEETEepols TOV avTiToAqLovWTWwY TpAaypLact
12405	TApETVYOV ;
12406	Or ~I
12407	(11) [epi pev otv tovtTwy avayKaiav eTounaauny
12408	TV TapeKBaow
12409	emonpjvaca
12410	BovAcpevos TOV
12411	eraryyeMopeveov Tas ltoToplas ovyypapew THY €v-
12412	58 Yepevav.
12413	ixavas Oe davepov, ws ola, TETOLNKWS
12414	2 Cf. Thue. i. 22, ‘* My history is an everlasting possession,
12415	not a prize composition which
12416	is heard and forgotten.”
12417	Others,
12418	making the
12419	genitives
12420	xarnyopias
12421	.
12422	.
12423	.
12424	dvaBodr7js
12425	dependent on yiuvacua, would render:
12426	“ treating it as an
12427	exercise for the display of perverse accusation and calumny,
12428	such as is set,”’ ete.
12429	184
p. 209
12430	AGAINST APION, I. 53-58
12431	(10) Nevertheless, certain despicable persons have
12432	essayed to malign my history, taking it for a prize
12433	composition @ such as is set to boys at
12434	ecchnal
12435	What
12436	an extraordinary accusation and calumny!
12437	Surely
12438	they ought to recognize that it is the duty of one
12439	who promises to present his readers with actual facts
12440	first to obtain an exact knowledge of them himself,
12441	either through hav ing been in close touch with the
12442	events, or by inquiry from those who knew them.
12443	That duty I “consider myself to have amply fulfilled
12444	in both my works.
12445	In my Antiquities, as I said, I
12446	have given a translation of our sacred books ;? being
12447	and reply 1
12448	his eritics.
12449	a priest and of priestly ancestry, I am w ell versed
12450	in the philosophy ¢° of those writings.
12451	My qualifica-
12452	tion as historian of the war was that I had been an
12453	actor in many, and an eyewitness of most, of the
12454	events ; in short, nothing whatever was said or done
12455	of which I was ignorant.
12456	Surely, then, one cannot
12457	but regard as audacious the attempt of these critics
12458	to challenge my veracity.
12459	Even if, as they assert,
12460	they have read the Commentaries
12461	of the imperial
12462	commanders,? they at any rate had no first-hand
12463	acquaintance with our position in the opposite camp.
12464	(11) My desire to expose the levity of those who
12465	profess to write history has compelled me to digress.
12466	Having now,
12467	I think, sufficiently shown that the
12468	o Cf. A.i. 5, xx. 261.
12469	In the Antiquities (first half), he
12470	implies, he has given his own paraphrase and interpretation
12471	of the Old Testament; but in reality he is largely dependent
12472	on an older Greek version, the Septuagint.
12473	¢ Or “study,” ‘‘scientific treatment”;
12474	Josephus shows
12475	some knowledge of traditional exegesis (Halakoth, etc.).
12476	4 Cf. Vita 342, 358.
12477	185
12478	Topics of
12479	the present
12480	work,
p. 210
12481	59
12482	61
12483	63
12484	JOSEPHUS
12485	GT TaTplos eoTW 7) TEpl TOV TaAaLav avaypady
12486	Tots BapBdpors paddrAov 7 Tots “EMAno, BovAopac
12487	jLuKpa. TpOTEpov dtarexOjvas mpos TOUS emuxerpooy -
12488	Tas veay POV amopalvew THY KaTaoTaoW eK Too
12489	pn) dev TEpl HpL@v, ws daow exeivor, AeAéxyPar Tapa
12490	Tots “EM ypucots auyypapebow.
12491	cira. 6€ Tas pap-
12492	Tupias THS ApXALoTTOS ex TaV map dAdoas ypop-
12493	patrwy tapéEw Kat tovs PePAacdynpyKoTas jua@v
12494	TO yevos amobelEw Alay adoyws* BrAacdynpodivras.
12495	(12) ‘Hyets TOW OUTE Xepav olKodpev mapaAvov
12496	our’ éuTroplais Yalpopev ovde Tats mpos dMous bua
12497	TOUT UY emyugias, aad’ eta peev pay at moAeus
12498	pLaKpav
12499	aro
12500	Jadacons dv@Kuopevar, ywpav
12501	be
12502	ayabnv vewopevor TavTHy exTovodpev, padiora 87
12503	mavTwy
12504	Tept
12505	matdotpodiay
12506	diAoKadobvTes
12507	Kal
12508	to dvdAdttew Tovs vopous Kal THY kara ToUToOUS
12509	mapadedoperny
12510	evaéPevav
12511	epyov
12512	dvaryKaLoTarov
12513	TAVT TOS Tob Biov TET TOU] }LEVOL. _Tpocovens Towvuv
12514	Tots cipnpevors Kal THS TEpt Tov PBiov Hud@v (d.0-
12515	TITOS ovdev® év tots maAatots xpovors® ToLvoov TpLtv
12516	m™pos Tovs “EMavas eee WaoTTEp Atyurrious
12517	pev 7a Tap avTa@v efayopeva KQL mpos avToUs
12518	eloayopeva, Tots be THY TapaAvov Tijs Dowikys
12519	KaTouxodow 7) Tept Tas KamnAelas Kal Tepl Tas
12520	peroptas omove7) O10. 70 proxpyparety. ov by
12521	388 mpos Anotelas, wamep ardor TWES, 7) TO
12522	miéov exyew a€vodv ToAcquobvTes* eTpamynoay jua@v
12523	ot matépes,
12524	Kaito. moAdas Tis xwpas Eexovans
12525	pupidoas avdp@v ovk atoAuwv.
12526	61a TodTo DoiviKes
12527	jeev avTol Kat éumropiay Tots “EAAnow ezevomA€ov-
12528	1 Gdhéyws Hudson: €év rots Xd yas L.
12529	2 4+ qv ed. pr.
12530	+70ed. pr.
12531	* déodvres rps todh€uous Lat. (apparently).
12532	186
12533	3
12534	4
12535	—
p. 211
12536	AGAINST APION, I. 58-63
12537	tradition of keeping chronicles of antiquity is found
12538	rather among the non-Hellenic®% races than with the
12539	Greeks, I propose, in the first place,’ to reply briefly
12540	to those critics who endeavour to prove the late origin
12541	of our constitution from the alleged silence of the
12542	Greek historians concerning us.
12543	I shall then ¢ proceed
12544	to cite testimonies to our antiquity from external
12545	literature, and finally @ to show the utter absurdity
12546	of the calumnies of the traducers of our race.
12547	(12) Well, ours is not a maritime country ; neither (1.) explana,
12548	commerce nor the intercourse which it promotes Honor
12549	the
12550	with the outside world has any attraction for us. Greek
12551	Our cities are built inland, remote from the sea ; and MSterans
12552	we devote ourselves to the cultivation of the pro- Jews.
12553	ductive country with which we are blessed.
12554	Above
12555	all we pride ourselves on the education of our children,
12556	and regard as the most essential task in life the
12557	observance of our laws and of the pious practices,
12558	based thereupon, which we have inherited.
12559	If to
12560	these reasons one adds the peculiarity of our mode
12561	of life, there was clearly nothing in ancient times
12562	to bring us into contact with the Greeks, as the
12563	Egyptians were brought by their exports and im-
12564	ports,
12565	and the inhabitants
12566	of the sea-board
12567	of
12568	Phoenicia by their mercenary devotion to trade and
12569	commerce.
12570	(Nor, again, did our forefathers, like
12571	some others, have recourse to piracy,’ or to military
12572	schemes of aggrandizement, although their country
12573	contained myriads of courageous men.)
12574	It was to
12575	their coming on their ships to traffic with the Greeks
12576	a
12577	‘** Barbarian.”’
12578	® 8§ 60-68.
12579	¢ §§ 69-218.
12580	@ Ap. i. 219-ii. 144.
12581	¢ After Thue. i. 5 (who says that before the time of Minos
12582	piracy was regarded as an honourable occupation);
12583	ef.
12584	Eons, Od. iit; “71: ff.
12585	187
p. 212
12586	JOSEPHUS
12587	tes eDO0s eyvaabnoav, Kai dv éexetwwwr Atydrrwot
12588	Kal mavTes ad’ wv Tov doprov ets Tovs “EAAnvas
12589	64 duexdpulov preydda meAdyn Siatpovtes.
12590	Majdou de
12591	peta tadra Kat Ilépoar davepot Katéotnoav Tis
12592	’Acias éemapEavtes, of b€ Kal péxpe THs €Tépas*
12593	nmelpov
12594	Ilépcar orpatevoavtes.
12595	Opaxes
12596	5€é dua
12597	yeiToviay Kal TO UKvOiKov bro" Tav eis Tov IldvTov
12598	65 €yvwabn mAEdvTWV.
12599	GAws yap AmaVTES OL Tapa THY
12600	Qararrav Kal THVv Tmpos Tats avatoAais Kal? THY
12601	EO7TEpLOV KatouKodvres
12602	Tots ovyypapew TL Bov-
12603	Aopévois YVEIpyLeOTEpor KaTeoTy aay, ot Oe Tavrns
12604	avwTepw Tas olK TEs ExovTes
12605	€ emt mActorov nyvon-
12606	66 Oncav.
12607	Kal TotTo daiverar Kat wept THY Edpwoany
12608	oupBeBnKos,
12609	O7TOU ye Tis ‘Pwpatwy
12610	modews,
12611	TowvTny
12612	eK
12613	paKkpod
12614	Sdvvaylw
12615	KEKTHMEVNS
12616	Kal
12617	TovavTas mpateus katopGovons
12618	ToAepuKas, ovb"®
12619	‘“Hpddotos ovre Oovevdidys otte THV Gya TovTOLS
12620	yevopevwy ovde eis euvnpovevKev, aAX’ oie rote
12621	Kal Loris avrav ets tous “EAAnvas 7 yeas
12622	67 dueEq AD ev. mepl peev yap Vadarav te kal “IBypwv
12623	OUTWS Tyvon cay
12624	ot SdoKobdvTEs axpiBeorarou ovy-
12625	ypagets, av eorw “Egopos, WOTE moAw oleT at
12626	play civae TOUS “IBjpas TOUS ToaovTo pLepos TiS
12627	eo7replov Yijs_ Katouxobyras, Kal TG pre yevopeva
12628	Top’ abrots €0n unre Aeyopmeva ypadew ws exelvav
12629	68 avrots YX pwpevav eToAun cay. atrvov d€ TOO pev tay)
12630	vyyvwmokew TadAnfés tO Alay averipiKTov, Tod Sé
12631	ypadew evd) TO BovrAecbar SoKeiv te wA€ov TOV
12632	1 érépas (=Lat. alteram) Hudson: jperépas L.
12633	2 Niese: d7é L.
12634	3 + pos L.
12635	#+6L.
12636	* So Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1st century B.c.), Ant.
12637	188
p. 213
12638	AGAINST APION, I. 63-68
12639	that the Phoenicians owed their own early notoriety ;
12640	and through their agency the Egyptians became
12641	known and all whose merchandise the Phoenicians
12642	conveyed across great oceans to the Greeks.
12643	At a
12644	later date, the Medes and Persians were brought
12645	before the world by their dominion in Asia, the latter
12646	more particularly by their invasion of the other
12647	continent.
12648	The
12649	Thracians
12650	were
12651	known
12652	as _ near
12653	neighbours, the Secythians through the navigators of
12654	the Euxine.
12655	As a general rule, all the nations with
12656	a sea-board, whether on the eastern or the western
12657	sea,
12658	were
12659	better known by authors
12660	desirous
12661	of
12662	writing history, while those who lived further inland
12663	remained for the most part unknown.
12664	That this
12665	rule holds good also for Kurope appears, for instance,
12666	from the fact that the city of Rome, which had long
12667	before their time attained such power and been so
12668	successful in war, is mentioned neither by Herodotus
12669	nor by Thucydides nor by anyone of their contem-
12670	poraries ; it was only at quite a late date that a
12671	knowledge of the Romans with difficulty penetrated
12672	to the Greeks.
12673	On the Gauls and Iberians such was
12674	the ignorance of persons reputed to be the most exact
12675	of historians,
12676	such
12677	as Ephorus, that this writer
12678	imagined that the Iberians, who occupy so large a
12679	portion of the western world, were a single city ;
12680	while others ventured to ascribe to them customs
12681	destitute of all foundation in fact or tradition.
12682	While
12683	their ignorance of the facts is explained by their
12684	never having had the remotest relations with those
12685	peoples,’ their false statements are due to an am-
12686	Rom. i. 4. 2, “‘ The ancient history of the city of Rome is
12687	still unknown to wellnigh all the Greeks.”
12688	’ Or, perhaps, “by the complete
12689	isolation
12690	[of these
12691	nations] from the world.”
12692	189
p. 214
12693	JOSEPHUS
12694	aM toTopetv. TOS ovVv ETL Bovpalew TpoonKey,
12695	el nde TO TILETEPOV EGvos moAdois éytyvwoKeETo
12696	pnde tis ev Tots ovyypdppace pynpns apoppny
12697	TApEaXer, OUTWS peev dq KLG}LEVOV THS Gardcons,
12698	ovtws dé Piorevew mponpynevov ;
12699	69
12700	(13) Pepe ToWUV mpas ag cody TeKpnpl xpAicbat
12701	Tepl TOV “EAjveor, OTL per) maAavov
12702	€ éoTw avTav TO
12703	yevos, T@ pnbev ev ais TET Epaus dvaypapats Tept
12704	avr av eipjoBat. ap ovxi maVTOS av KateyéAwy
12705	avr ds, ola, Tas tm €uod vov etpyyLevas KopiCovtes
12706	airtas,
12707	Kal _baprupas
12708	av
12709	Tovs
12710	mAnovoxespous
12711	70 TapelyovTo THs ab’t@v apyaioTynTos; Kaya Tolvvv
12712	Teipaooj.at
12713	TovTo
12714	movetv.
12715	Alyvmrio
12716	yap
12717	Kal
12718	Doge pahora or) Xpncopae pdptvow, ovK av
12719	Twos ws wevd7 TI peapruptay dvaBidAAew Ouv7)-
12720	Bévros: dativovtar yap Kat 57 pahora Tmpos 7uLas
12721	dvopevOs diatebevtes Kowh pev amravtes Alytrrvot,
12722	71 Dowikwv 5é Tupio.
12723	epi pévto. XarSdatwy obKére
12724	TAvTO TobTo ; Ouvatpny av Aéyew, emrel Kal 708
12725	yevous 7peGv apxnyot KafeotiKace Kat dua TH
12726	ouyyevevay ev rats avrav avaypapais “Tovdatey
12727	72 pvnpovetovow.
12728	oray d€ Tas Tapa* TovTwY TloTELS
12729	Tapacxw, ToTe Kal TaV ‘EXijvov ovyypapewy
12730	amopave) Tovs penny
12731	"lovdaiwy
12732	memounKoTas,
12733	iva pede Tavryy eTt THY Tpopacw ot BacKatvovtTes
12734	EXwou THs TpOs 7LGs dyridoyias.
12735	73. -< (44) >
12736	ApEopa on) m™pa@rov aro TOV Trap
12737	’ Aiyumriots
12738	ypapparwy.
12739	avdTa prev otv ovx olov Te Tapa
12740	Tiecbar Taxewwv, Mavébws*? & jv ro yévos At-
12741	1 +at7Té To0To\| hoc Lat.
12742	2 conj.: epi L.
12743	3 Eus.: Mave#av L Lat. (and so elsewhere).
12744	190
p. 215
12745	AGAINST APION, I. 68-73
12746	bition to appear better informed than the rest of the
12747	world.
12748	Surely, then,
12749	it should
12750	no longer excite
12751	surprise that our nation, so remote from the sea, and
12752	so deliberately living its own life, likewise remained
12753	largely unknown and offered no occasion to historians
12754	to mention it.
12755	(13) Suppose that we were to presume to dispute
12756	the antiquity of the Greek nation and to base our
12757	contention on the absence of any mention of them in
12758	our literature.
12759	Would they not undoubtedly laugh
12760	us to scorn?
12761	They would, I imagine, offer the very
12762	reasons
12763	which I have just given for such silence,
12764	and produce the neighbouring nations as witnesses
12765	to their antiquity.
12766	Well, that is just what I shall
12767	endeavour to do.
12768	As my principal witnesses I shall
12769	cite the Egyptians and Phoenicians, whose evidence
12770	is quite unimpeachable ; for the Egyptians, the whole
12771	race without exception, and among the Phoenicians
12772	the Tyrians, are notoriously our bitterest enemies.
12773	Of the Chaldaeans I could not say the same, because
12774	they are the original ancestors of our race, and this
12775	blood-relationship accounts for the mention which is
12776	made of the Jews in their annals.
12777	After producing
12778	the evidence supplied by these nations, I shall then
12779	bring forward those Greek historians who have spoken
12780	of the Jews, in order to deprive our jealous enemies
12781	of even this pretext for controversy.
12782	(14) I will begin with the Egyptian documents.
12783	I
12784	cannot quote from the originals ; but in Manetho “ we
12785	# An Egyptian
12786	priest who
12787	lived under the first and,
12788	probably, the second of the Ptolemies, ‘the first Egyptian
12789	who gave in the Greek language an account of the doctrines,
12790	wisdom, history and chronology of his country,’ based on
12791	Egyptian records; his History was divided into three books.
12792	191
12793	(I1.) Witness
12794	of various
12795	nations
12796	to the
12797	antiquity of
12798	the Jews.
12799	(A) Evi-
12800	dence of
12801	the
12802	Egyptian
12803	MANETHO.
p. 216
12804	74
12805	~I OL
12806	78
12807	JOSEPHUS
12808	yUTTLos, av7p THS “EAA nvucis peTEaXTKOS mraudetas,
12809	ws O7jAos €oTU" yéypade yap “EM aor duh THY
12810	mar pLov toToplay
12811	€K dehraw" lepav, ws dnow
12812	abtos, petadpacas,
12813	6s* Kat zoAAa
12814	tov ‘Hpo-
12815	doTov Sh
12816	TOV
12817	Atyurriakay
12818	on
12819	dyvotas
12820	efevopevov. 0 ovTos 61 Towvy
12821	oO MaveGus év TH
12822	devTépa
12823	TaV
12824	AtyurriaKxay
12825	TavTa
12826	mepl 7L@v
12827	ypager- Tapabyjcopar de Ty A€Ew atbrod Kabamep
12828	avTov éKetvov Trapayayeov pdprupa:
12829	= Touzipravos.’
12830	émt TOUTOU OUK O10 ors 6* feds
12831	avrémvevoev Kal TapadoEws eK TOV mpos avaToAny
12832	ep@v avopwrrou 70 yevos donpoe katabappycavres
12833	emt THY xepay €oTpatevoav Kal padios dprayyre
12834	TaUTHY KOTO. Kpdtos etXov, Kal TOUS TyeHovevoay-
12835	Tas ev avTh xXeipwoduevor TO Aowrov Tas TE 7OAELS
12836	Ouas evérpyoavy
12837	Kat Ta Tov
12838	Oedv
12839	cepa Kar-
12840	eoxaisay, maa. b€ Tots émtywplois éyPpotaTa ws
12841	expycar7o, TOUS [Lev ogdlovres, TOV b€ Kal Ta
12842	7
12843	TéeKva
12844	KOL yuvaikas
12845	Els dovAetar ayovres. mépas
12846	de Kat Baowréa eva. e€ avr av ezolnoav, @ ovojia
12847	jv UdXutis.2
12848	Kat odtos ev TH Méudids Kateywero
12849	~
12850	\
12851	THY TE GVW Kal KaTw xwpav Sacporoy@v
12852	Kat
12853	dpovpav
12854	ev
12855	ois
12856	emitndevordtois
12857	KaTtadeizwv®
12858	/
12859	/
12860	A
12861	\
12862	\
12863	A
12864	>
12865	\
12866	>
12867	Tomois.
12868	pdAvota b€ Kal Ta pos avatoAny noda-
12869	Nicaro pépn, mpoopHpevos “Acaupiwv more petlov
12870	ioxvovTwy ecomevnv éemfvpia’
12871	tis av’tod Bact-
12872	/
12873	»
12874	e
12875	A
12876	\
12877	>]
12878	z
12879	~
12880	~
12881	»; A
12882	nA
12883	8
12884	Neias Edodov.
12885	etpav b€ &v voun@d TH
12886	LUeOpoiry
12887	1 6€\rwv Gutschmid: re 7y L.
12888	2 6s Eus.: om. L.
12889	3 After Gutschmid and Reinach:
12890	rod Tiuasos évoua L Eus.
12891	(the last word probably a gloss).
12892	* o Eus.: om.
12893	L.
12894	° Sairys Manetho as cited by others.
12895	8 ed. pr.: kaTradurwyv L.
12896	7 Bekker: émiOupiay L.
12897	192
p. 217
12898	AGAINST APION, I. 73-78
12899	have one who was both a native of Egypt and also
12900	proficient in Greek learning.
12901	‘This is evident from
12902	the history of his nation which he wrote in Greek, a
12903	translation, as he says himself, from the sacred books,@
12904	in which he convicts
12905	Herodotus
12906	of being misled
12907	through ignorance
12908	on many
12909	points
12910	of Egyptian
12911	history.
12912	In the second book of his History of Egypt
12913	this Manetho writes about us as follows.
12914	I will quote
12915	his own words, just as if I had produced the man
12916	himself in the witness-box :
12917	“ Tutimaeus.
12918	In his reign, I know not why, a
12919	blast of God’s
12920	displeasure
12921	broke
12922	upon
12923	us.
12924	A
12925	people of ignoble origin from the east, whose
12926	coming was unforeseen, had the audacity to invade
12927	the country, which they mastered by main force
12928	without difficulty or even a battle.
12929	Having over-
12930	powered the chiefs, they then savagely burnt the
12931	cities, razed the temples of the gods to the ground,
12932	and treated the whole native population with the
12933	utmost cruelty, massacring some, and carrying off
12934	the wives and children of others ° into slavery.
12935	Finally they made one of their number, named
12936	Salitis, king.
12937	He resided at Memphis, exacted
12938	tribute from Upper and Lower Egypt, and left
12939	garrisons in the places most suited for defence.
12940	In
12941	particular he secured his eastern flank, as he fore-
12942	saw that the Assyrians, as their power increased in
12943	future, would covet and attack his realm.
12944	Having
12945	discovered
12946	in the Sethroite nome .a city very
12947	e2Or.; tablets.”
12948	» Possibly
12949	“ massacring the men...
12950	their wives and
12951	children.”
12952	8 Manetho (as elsewhere cited): Sairy L.
12953	VOL, I
12954	O
12955	193
12956	His account
12957	of the
12958	Hycsos
12959	dynasty.
p. 218
12960	JOSEPHUS
12961	TOAW émiKalpoTaTyV, KEelLevny ev pos avatoAny
12962	~
12963	~
12964	>
12965	5
12966	/
12967	TOU
12968	BouBaortrov TOTO LOD,
12969	Kahovpevny ) azo
12970	TWOS apxaias Deodoyias Avapy, TaUTyy EKTLOEV
12971	TE KGL Tots Telxeow oxUpwTaTnv
12972	evolnoey, ev-
12973	ouioas avTH Kal mAGos 6mAuTay eis eikoot Kat
12974	/
12975	Z
12976	/
12977	>
12978	~
12979	/
12980	>
12981	/
12982	1
12983	79 Téooapas peupuddas dvdp@v mpopvAanyp.
12984	evade
12985	Kata
12986	Oépeay
12987	TPXETO Ta peev ovropLeTpav
12988	Kal
12989	pcoGodoptayv
12990	TAPEXO[EVOS, Ta O€ Kal Tats ef-
12991	omAciais mpos doBov Tov €Ewbev emiyeAds yupva-
12992	A
12993	>
12994	ae)
12995	/
12996	”
12997	\
12998	/
12999	>
13000	7
13001	Cwv. dap€as 8 evveaxaideca €r7n Tov Blov ereAcUT GE.
13002	80 peta ToUTOV O€ ETEpos ePacthevoev Técoapa Kal
13003	4
13004	TecoapdKovTa eT Kadrovpevos
13005	Brov,? pel’ ov
13006	+
13007	>
13008	\
13009	a“
13010	\
13011	/
13012	yA
13013	\
13014	~
13015	aAdos
13016	“Amayvas €€ Kal TpiaKovTa ETH Kal pHvas
13017	¢
13018	/
13019	”
13020	\
13021	nase
13022	“A
13023	\
13024	¢
13025	/
13026	\
13027	émTd, emeita b€ Kal
13028	"Azwdis Ev Kal eEjKovTa Kal
13029	>
13030	~
13031	~~
13032	81 lavas mevtiKovTa Kal phnva eva, emt maou Se
13033	Kat “Aoots evvéa Kal TecoapaKovTa Kal wAvas dvo.
13034	Kal ovTor pev EE ev adtrois éeyeriPyoav mparor
13035	+
13036	A ~
13037	3
13038	7
13039	oe
13040	\
13041	~
13042	~
13043	At
13044	/
13045	apyovtes, ToUobryTes*®
13046	aet Kat paAAov tis
13047	Atyvmrov
13048	6A
13049	\
13050	e/
13051	>
13052	~
13053	\
13054	\
13055	/
13056	>
13057	~_4
13058	82 e€apau TIHV pilav.
13059	exadciro d6€ TO ovpTav avTav
13060	0
13061	Ai &
13062	/
13063	5
13064	~
13065	PS) /
13066	>
13067	A ~
13068	J
13069	7
13070	efvos
13071	“Vxous,® todro
13072	d€ €orw Baotdeis TOULEvES
13073	TO yap dK Kal? iepav yABooar Baowrea onpatver,
13074	TO de CWS TOLL €oTe KOL TTOLLEeVvEs Kara, TH
13075	Kowny dudAeKTov, Kal OUTWs ovvTiewevoy yiveTaL
13076	st
13077	/
13078	\
13079	8 \ ef /
13080	s
13081	\
13082	cA
13083	>
13084	)
13085	Kows.
13086	Twes
13087	d€ A€yovaw atrodvs
13088	*ApaBas eivar.
13089	>
13090	>
13091	A
13092	>
13093	/
13094	~
13095	/
13096	83 [ev? 5° adlw avrvypadw od Baotrets onpatvecBar
13097	évOa 6é Lat.
13098	Jul. Africanus: Bywy L.
13099	mopotvres L: text of clause doubtful.
13100	cturay aitav Eus., Lat.: om. L.
13101	‘Txovgows Eus. (and so always).
13102	2 The bracketed clause (already in Eus.) is apparently a
13103	gloss.
13104	Pon
13105	5
13106	194
p. 219
13107	AGAINST APION, I. 78-83
13108	favourably situated on the east of the Bubastis
13109	arm of the river, called after some ancient theo-
13110	logical tradition Auaris,? he rebuilt and strongly
13111	fortified it with walls, and established a garrison
13112	there numbering as many as two hundred and
13113	forty thousand armed men to protect his frontier.
13114	This place he used to visit every summer, partly
13115	to serve out rations and pay to his troops, partly
13116	to give them a careful training in manceuvres, in
13117	order to intimidate foreigners.
13118	After a reign of
13119	nineteen years he died.
13120	A second king, named
13121	Bnon, succeeded and reigned for forty-four years ;
13122	his successor, Apachnas, ruled for thirty-six years
13123	and seven months ; next Apophis for sixty-one,
13124	and Jannas for fifty years and one month; and
13125	finally Assis for forty-nine years and two months.
13126	The continually growing ambition of these six,
13127	their first rulers, was to extirpate the Egyptian
13128	uyc in the sacred language denotes
13129	‘ king,’ ae
13130	SOs in the common dialect means
13131	‘ shepherd ’
13132	‘shepherds’;
13133	the combined words form Hees
13134	Some say that they were Arabians.”
13135	[In another copy, however, it is stated that the
13136	@ Cf.§ 237.
13137	Auaris is perhaps Pelusium.
13138	> The correct form Hycussés means, according to W. E.
13139	Crum (art. Egypt, Hastings, B.D. i. 659 b), “* Sheikhs of the
13140	(south Syrian) Bedawin’’; he regards the interpretation of
13141	the last syllable
13142	as “‘shepherd”’
13143	as a late gloss.
13144	The
13145	domination of the Hycsos lasted from (?) c. 1800 B.c. to ¢
13146	15808.c.
13147	They were finally expelled by Ahmose, the founder
13148	of the eighteenth dynasty.
13149	‘Their connexion with the Jews
13150	is a disputed question, but in the opinion of some critics
13151	(e.g. Dr. H. R. Hall) Josephus is correct in regarding their
13152	expulsion as the original of the Biblical story of the Exodus.
13153	195
13154	a
13155	i“
13156	?
13157	people.
13158	Their race bore the generic name
13159	of \|
13160	Hycsos,2.
13161	which
13162	means
13163	‘king-shepherds.’
13164	For \|
p. 220
13165	JOSEPHUS
13166	\
13167	~
13168	a
13169	A
13170	/
13171	3
13172	\
13173	b)
13174	/
13175	,
13176	dua THS TOD UK mpoonyoptas, aAAa TobvayTiov aty-
13177	,
13178	a
13179	:
13180	,
13181	1
13182	\
13183	\
13184	a
13185	,
13186	padruirous dynAotcbar Toysevas*
13187	TO yap UK maAWw
13188	Alyumtioti Kat To ak Sdacvvopevov aixpadedtous
13189	pyT@s pnvver.\|
13190	Kal TodTO paAAov miBavedTepov pot
13191	A
13192	/
13193	daiverar Kal TaAaas toTopias EexXopevov.
13194	84.
13195	Totrovs
13196	Tots
13197	mpoKkatwvopacpuevovs
13198	Bactréas
13199	[kat] tods TOv moévwv Kadovpévwv
13200	Kal Tods
13201	>
13202	~
13203	~
13204	~
13205	e€ attav
13206	yevouévous
13207	Kpatica.
13208	THs
13209	AtyvmTov
13210	~
13211	/
13212	g5 bnow €Tn mpos Tois TEvTaKoGloLs EvdeKa.
13213	pETO
13214	~
13215	\
13216	~
13217	b]
13218	~
13219	oh
13220	\
13221	~
13222	+
13223	Tratta
13224	d€ Tov
13225	eK THS Onfaidos Kat THs aAAns
13226	>]
13227	,
13228	/
13229	/
13230	\
13231	eee
13232	\|
13233	\
13234	Alytnrov
13235	Baowléwv
13236	yevéofa.
13237	gdyow
13238	emi
13239	Tovs
13240	\
13241	/
13242	Touevas
13243	eTavaoTacw
13244	Kat moAEmov" ouppay va
13245	/
13246	\
13247	/
13248	20%
13249	\
13250	a
13251	86 peyav
13252	Kal
13253	moAvypoviov.
13254	emt
13255	Oe po @
13256	ovopa evan Muodpaypovtwous,° NTT wWLevous* pnt
13257	TOUS ToyLevas® eK Lev THS aAAns Atydrrov moons
13258	>
13259	éxtecelv, KatakAeoOAvar 5
13260	Els ToTOV apoupa@v
13261	/
13262	la
13263	éyovTa pupiwy tiv mepieTpov’ Avapis ovoua TO
13264	~
13265	/
13266	e
13267	/
13268	g7 TOTmW.
13269	TodTov dyow 0 Mavébws
13270	amavtTa
13271	Tetyer
13272	\
13273	*.
13274	~
13275	~
13276	Te peydAw Kal toxup@ mepiPareiv Tovs Troevas,
13277	OmwWs THY TE KTHOW aTacav Exwow ev oXUPa
13278	\
13279	\
13280	/
13281	\
13282	¢e
13283	~
13284	\
13285	be M
13286	gg kal tiv Aelav THVv eavT@v.
13287	Tov
13288	de
13289	Micdpaypov-
13290	1 After Eus.
13291	2 + atrots L Lat.: om. Eus.*
13292	3 me.
13293	: “Ada Pparywoudwars L (Lat.) and so below.
13294	* a7rquévous should probably be read (Niese).
13295	5 + é€ airod L: om. Eus.
13296	39
13297	« If this passage is genuine,
13298	“in another copy > must
13299	mean “in another book (of ee ; ef. § 91.
13300	But
13301	dvriypagov
13302	is not interchangeable
13303	with
13304	BiBXos, and
13305	the
13306	paragraph i
13307	is suspicious on other grounds, viz. (1) its partial
13308	repetition in § 91, (2) the proximity of two marginal notes inthe
13309	Ms. of J osephus, i
13310	in §§ 92 and 98, referring to readings found
13311	196
p. 221
13312	AGAINST APION, I. 83-88
13313	word uyc does not mean “kings,” but indicates, on
13314	the contrary, that the shepherds were “ captives.”
13315	For nyc in Egyptian, as well as uac with an aspirate,
13316	expressly denotes “ captives.’’] ¢
13317	This view appears to me the more probable and
13318	more reconcilable with ancient history.
13319	The kings of the so-called shepherds, enumerated
13320	above, and their descendants, remained masters of
13321	Egypt, according to Manetho, for five hundred and
13322	eleven years.
13323	Then ° the kings of the Thebaid and of the rest of
13324	Egypt rose in revolt against the shepherds, and a
13325	great war broke out, which was of long duration.
13326	Under
13327	a king named
13328	Misphragmouthosis,
13329	the
13330	shepherds, he says, were defeated, driven out of
13331	all the rest of Egypt, and confined in a place called
13332	Auaris, containing ten thousand
13333	arourae.
13334	The
13335	shepherds, according to Manetho, enclosed the
13336	whole of this area with a great strong wall, in order
13337	to secure all their possessions and spoils. Thoum-
13338	*‘ in another copy,”’ i.e. as is clear in § 92, of Josephus.
13339	The
13340	bracketed words Ae: are doubtless a similar gloss which has
13341	crept into the text.
13342	What the “ other copy’’ may have been we
13343	do not know; but Josephus, who contemplated a fuller treat-
13344	ment of this subject (§ 92), may have revised this work as he
13345	revised his Antiquities, and conceivably we have in these
13346	glosses relics of another edition.
13347	‘The last sentence of § 83
13348	apparently forms no part of the gloss.
13349	The “‘ view’ here
13350	referred to is that the Hycsos were Arabians, which Josephus
13351	regards as “‘ more probable ” than that mentioned later, that
13352	they were ancestors of the Jews.
13353	’ In this
13354	paragraph
13355	Josephus
13356	gives a paraphrase of
13357	Manetho.
13358	¢ Vit. “containing a circumference of 10,000 arowrae:”’
13359	The aroura was an Egyptian measure of land (=about half
13360	an acre), which Josephus, by his paraphrase, appears to have
13361	mistaken for a measure of length.
13362	For Auaris cf. § 78.
13363	197
13364	Their ex-
13365	pulsion
13366	from Egypt
13367	and founda-
13368	ion of
13369	Jerusalem.
p. 222
13370	JOSEPHUS
13371	e
13372	~
13373	bacews viov Oovppwow emyetpyoa prev adtovs
13374	dua. 7oAvopKias €Aciv Kata KpaTos, OKTW Kal TEC-
13375	GapaKovTa pupiaoL oTpaTod mpocedpevoavTa Tots
13376	/
13377	~
13378	relyeow: émel d€ THS ToAWpKias’ améyvw, ToLj-
13379	/
13380	\
13381	ow
13382	>
13383	/
13384	cacba ovpBdacets, Wa tHy Alyumrov exdurovTes
13385	89 Grout BovdAovrar mavtes aBAaBets amwéAPwor.
13386	Tous
13387	Se
13388	é€mt tats
13389	opodoyiats
13390	mavoiknoia
13391	peTa TOV
13392	\
13393	KTnCEwWY OvK eAdTTOUS pUPLddwY GYTAS ElKOTL KAL
13394	~
13395	/
13396	Tecodpwv amo ths Aty’arou tiv Epnpov ets Luptiav
13397	90 dtodormophoa.
13398	doPovpévovs
13399	Sé tiv *“Acoupiwy
13400	Suvacrelay, TOTE yap eKelvous Tis “Actas Kpartety,
13401	>
13402	~
13403	~
13404	>
13405	/
13406	/
13407	/
13408	2
13409	ev 77H viv
13410	“lovéaia Kadovpéevn zoAw otkodopyoa-
13411	>
13412	=.
13413	uéevovs TooavTais pupiaow avOpwTwyv apKécovaav
13414	‘lepoodAvpa Tatty dvoudacat.
13415	91
13416	°Ev
13417	addy
13418	5é tar
13419	BiPAw
13420	rev
13421	AtyurriaKdv
13422	Mavéfws
13423	totro dyno <to>
13424	efvos
13425	Tovs Kadov-
13426	pévovs
13427	Toyevas
13428	aixpaddtouvs
13429	ev
13430	Tais
13431	tepais
13432	~
13433	~
13434	\
13435	ait@v
13436	PiPrAos
13437	yeypadba,
13438	A€ywv
13439	opbds:
13440	Kat
13441	yap Tols avwrdTw Tmpoydovols Hav TO ToYLaivew
13442	TaTplov HV Kal vopadiKov exovTes Tov Piov ovTWS
13443	92 exadodvtro
13444	moyeves.
13445	aixypadwrot
13446	te
13447	mdaAw
13448	ovK
13449	aAo
13450	e
13451	\
13452	~
13453	Ai
13454	/
13455	>
13456	/
13457	>
13458	8 /
13459	dyws tro Tav
13460	Alyurtiwy aveypadynaay, emedy-
13461	~
13462	>
13463	\
13464	mEp 6 mpoyovos Huav "lwonmos €avTov Edy mpos
13465	\
13466	,
13467	~
13468	>]
13469	/
13470	>
13471	/
13472	>
13473	cov Paowéa tav
13474	Alyurtiwvy
13475	atyydaAwrov iva,
13476	\
13477	\
13478	>
13479	A
13480	>
13481	\
13482	y
13483	4
13484	Kat
13485	tovs
13486	dadeAdods
13487	eis
13488	tiv AtyumTov
13489	voTEpov
13490	~
13491	>
13492	pereréuaro
13493	Tob Paowéws emitpéfavtos.
13494	adda
13495	1 hv Todopkiay Eus.
13496	198
p. 223
13497	AGAINST APION, I. 88-92
13498	mosis, the son of Misphragmouthosis (he continues),
13499	invested the walls with an army of 480,000 men,
13500	and endeavoured to reduce them to submission by
13501	siege.
13502	Despairing of achieving his object, he con-
13503	cluded a treaty, under which they were
13504	all to
13505	evacuate Egypt and go whither they would un-
13506	molested.
13507	Upon these terms no fewer than two
13508	hundred and forty thousand,* entire households
13509	with their possessions, left Egypt and traversed
13510	the desert to Syria.
13511	Then, terrified by the might
13512	of the Assyrians, who at that time were masters
13513	of Asia, they built a city in the country now called
13514	Judaea, capable of accommodating their vast com-
13515	pany, and gave it the name of Jerusalem.
13516	In another book of his Egyptian history Manetho
13517	states that this race, the so-called shepherds, were
13518	described as captives in the sacred books of his
13519	country.2
13520	In this statement he is correct.
13521	Sheep-~
13522	breeding was a hereditary custom of our remotest
13523	ancestors, and from this nomadic life they came to
13524	be called shepherds.
13525	But their
13526	other name
13527	of
13528	captives in the Egyptian records was given not with-
13529	out reason, since our ancestor Joseph told the king
13530	of Egypt * that he was a captive, and afterwards,
13531	with the king’s permission, had his brethren brought
13532	4 The number of the garrison mentioned in § 78.!
13533	>’ Lit. “‘in their sacred books’;
13534	§ 92 shows that the
13535	Egyptian books are intended.
13536	¢ In the Biblical account he told his cup-bearer (Gen.
13537	xl. 15).
13538	The Florentine ms. adds the following marginal
13539	note:
13540	“In another copy was found this reading:
13541	‘ was
13542	sold by his brethren and brought down into Egypt to the
13543	king of Egypt; and again afterwards, with
13544	the king’s
13545	permission, sent for his brethren.’ ’’
13546	See note % on p. 196.
13547	1g
p. 224
13548	JOSEPHUS
13549	\
13550	\
13551	/
13552	>
13553	+
13554	/
13555	\
13556	>
13557	Pd
13558	TEpt prev TOUTWY ev GAXoLs TOoLnGopaL THY e€€raoW
13559	axpipeorepay.
13560	93
13561	(15) Nuvi dé THs apyavdtynTos TavTys TapaTiBepat
13562	tovs Alyumriovs
13563	pdptupas.
13564	amdaAw
13565	ovv Ta Tov
13566	Mavéfw' mas exer mpos THY TOV xpdvwv Taéw
13567	94 Uroypaww.
13568	dyoi dé ovtws: “petra To e€edOetv €€
13569	Alytarov tov Aaov THv Toyevw ets “lepoooAvpa
13570	6 exBadwv atrovs €€ Atytmrov Bacveds Tébuwors
13571	eBacikevoey
13572	peta
13573	Tatta
13574	ern
13575	ElKooWTEVTE
13576	Kal
13577	pfvas téocapas Kat éredeUTnoev, Kat mrapeAaPev
13578	\
13579	>
13580	\
13581	e
13582	b]
13583	~
13584	e\
13585	/
13586	y
13587	/
13588	THY apxiv
13589	O atvtod
13590	vios XéPpwv ern Sdexarpia.
13591	>
13592	“A
13593	>
13594	/
13595	*
13596	\
13597	~
13598	e
13599	/
13600	~
13601	95 we?
13602	dv
13603	“Apevwdis elkoot
13604	Kal pavas émTd.
13605	TOO
13606	\
13607	3Q
13608	\
13609	>
13610	\
13611	av
13612	“a
13613	\
13614	~
13615	>
13616	/
13617	6€ adeAd7)
13618	“Apecors etkoot
13619	Ev Kal penVvas evvea.
13620	~
13621	\
13622	/
13623	72
13624	\
13625	~
13626	>
13627	/
13628	~
13629	ths b¢-Midpys dwdexa
13630	Kat prvas
13631	evvéa.
13632	Tov
13633	dé MydpapotvOwos eikoow mévTe Kal pAvas déKa.
13634	96 TOO b€ Op@os evvéa Kal pHvas OKT.
13635	ToD &
13636	i.
13637	/
13638	/
13639	\
13640	~
13641	/
13642	~
13643	\
13644	Apévmdis
13645	tpiakovTa
13646	Kat
13647	pivas
13648	béxa.
13649	Tod
13650	dé
13651	*Qpos tpidkovTa
13652	€€ Kat pqvas wévte.
13653	Tod be
13654	buyatnp “AKeyxepns Sadexa Kal phva eva.
13655	THs
13656	97 5€ ‘Pafwris adeAdos evvéa.
13657	tod dé “Akeyxynpys
13658	dweeka
13659	Kal phvas
13660	mevte.
13661	Tod
13662	bé€ “Akeyynpns
13663	er
13664	/
13665	\
13666	~
13667	a
13668	~
13669	kA
13670	ae
13671	Erepos Swoeka Kal pyvas tpets.
13672	Tod dé “Appais
13673	Téooapa Kal pyva eva.
13674	tod de “Payeoons ev Kal
13675	pjvas
13676	técoapas.
13677	tod
13678	bé€
13679	“Apyécons
13680	Muapodv
13681	¢
13682	/
13683	a
13684	\
13685	~
13686	/
13687	~
13688	\
13689	a
13690	/
13691	é€jkovta €€ Kat phvas dvo.
13692	tod
13693	de
13694	“Apéevwdis
13695	98 dexaevvéa
13696	Kal pivas €€. Tod b€ Lébws
13697	oO Kat
13698	‘“Papéoons® immxiy Kal vavtTiuxny exw dvvaynw
13699	1 MaveOdvos L.
13700	2 Sé0ws 6 kai Pay. Eus.: DéOwors cai ‘Payéocons L.
13701	200
13702	——
p. 225
13703	AGAINST APION, I. 92-98
13704	into Egypt.
13705	However, I propose to investigate these
13706	matters more fully elsewhere.“
13707	(15) For the moment I am citing the Egyptians as Bubseauens
13708	witnesses to our antiquity.
13709	I w ill therefore resume Beate
13710	my extracts from Manetho bearing on the chronology.
13711	The following are his words:
13712	‘After the departure of the pastoral people
13713	from Egypt to Jerusalem, Tethmosis,? the king
13714	who expelled them from Egypt, reigned twenty-
13715	five years and four months, and on his death the
13716	kingdom passed to his son Chebron, who reigned
13717	thirteen
13718	years.
13719	After him Amenophis
13720	reigned
13721	twenty years and seven months;
13722	then his sister
13723	Amesses twenty-one years and nine months ;_ her
13724	son Mephres twelve years and nine months ; then
13725	from father to son Mephramouthosis twenty-five
13726	years and ten months, Thmosis nine years and
13727	eight months, Amenophis thirty years and ten
13728	months, Orus thirty-six years and five months ;
13729	his daughter Akenchéres twelve years and one
13730	month;
13731	her brother Rathotis nine years;
13732	then
13733	from father to son Akenchéres twelve years and
13734	five months, Akenchéres II twelve years and three
13735	months, Harmais
13736	four
13737	years
13738	and
13739	one
13740	month,
13741	Ramesses one year and four months, Harmesses
13742	Miamoun
13743	sixty-six
13744	years
13745	and
13746	two
13747	months,
13748	Amenophis nineteen years and six months, and
13749	then Sethosis,° also called Ramesses.
13750	The last- Ram(es)ses
13751	:
13752	Il
13753	ec.
13754	1340-
13755	named king, who possessed an army of cavalry and Erne
13756	“4 Perhaps looking on to §§ 227 ff., where he reverts to
13757	Manetho.
13758	But we should expect tcrepoy or the like;
13759	€év
13760	té\N\os usually refers to a separate work.
13761	» Called Thoummosis above, §88.
13762	Perhaps Thmosis(§ 96)
13763	is the correct form.
13764	¢ Perhaps “ Sethos ”’ (cf. § 231).
13765	201
p. 226
13766	JOSEPHUS
13767	Tov pev adeAdov “Appaiv ézitpomov ths Alydarov
13768	KaTeOTHOEV Kal Tacav pev av’T@ tiv adAnv Ba-
13769	oun
13770	7 mepreO kev eCovotay, puovov de everetaro
13771	OuddnpLa pen popety pende tiv Bachioa prepa TE
13772	TOV TEKVWV GOLKEIY, améxecbat de Kal Tov addwv
13773	99 BaciAtKkav BA
13774	SS
13775	Gare be ee Kuzpov Kat
13776	Dowikyny
13777	Kat madw *Acoupiovs te Kat Mydovs
13778	oTpatevoas amavTas, TOUS pev Sopare, Tous 6¢
13779	OpLaxnTe pope de 77S moMijs Ouvdpews
13780	D droxerplous
13781	eAape, Kal peya dpovijcas emt Tats eUmpaylats ETL
13782	Kat Gapoadeudtepov émemropeveto Tas pos avatoAds
13783	100 70Aets.
13784	TE
13785	~KAL YWpas KaTaoTpepopevos.
13786	yXpovoU
13787	Te
13788	tKavod yeyovotos “Apyais 6 Katadedfeis
13789	ev
13790	Aiyir7w mavTa tapmadw ois adeAdos’ rapier
13791	Li) Tovey ade@s Expattev’ Kal yap THv PBaowrida
13792	Biaiws €oyev Kat tais aAAats madAaKkicw adedas
13793	dueTeAce ypupevos, mevBopevos de? bro Tov didwy
13794	101 Ouddna. epopel Kal avrijpe T@ adeAd@.
13795	o dé
13796	TETAYPLEeVOS ETL TV lep@v® Tis “Aiyénrov ypaibas
13797	BiBAtov ezeppe TH Ueboioer, SyASv at7G wavra
13798	KGL OTL avrijpev 0 adehdos atT@* “Appais. Tapa-
13799	xpTa ovy UTéoTpewev ets TInAovovov KaL expaTncev
13800	102 THs idias Baourelas.
13801	7) de xwpa eKAnOn amo TOD
13802	avTod ovopatos Atyumtos.”
13803	Aéyer yap OTL O pev
13804	1 adekgdos Gutschmid: ddedgos L.
13805	2 re Niese.
13806	3 Hudson (after Lat. and Eus.): iepéwy L.
13807	4 Niese: avrod L.
13808	2 In § 231 called Hermaeus.
13809	> The ms. has the marginal note:
13810	“‘ In another copy was
13811	found this reading : *‘ After him Sethosis and Ramesses, two
13812	brothers.
13813	The former, possessing a strong fleet, blockaded
13814	202
p. 227
13815	AGAINST APION, I. 98-102
13816	a strong fleet, made his brother Harmais * viceroy
13817	of Egypt ® and conferred upon him all the royal
13818	prerogatives, except that he enjoined upon him
13819	not to wear a diadem, not to wrong the queen, the
13820	mother of his children, and to show similar respect
13821	to the royal concubines.
13822	He then departed on a
13823	campaign against Cyprus and Phoenicia, and later
13824	against the Assyrians and Medes, and with or
13825	without a contest, through the terror inspired by
13826	his mighty army, reduced all these nations to sub-
13827	mission.
13828	Emboldened by these successes he, with
13829	yet greater audacity, continued his advance, sub-
13830	duing the cities and districts of the east.
13831	Mean-
13832	while, some time after his departure, Harmais,
13833	whom he had left in Egypt, unscrupulously defied
13834	all his brother’s
13835	injunctions.
13836	He violated the
13837	queen, freely indulged himself with the concubines,
13838	and, at the instigation of his friends, put on a
13839	diadem and rose in revolt against his brother.
13840	The
13841	keeper of the Egyptian temples thereupon wrote
13842	a letter which he sent to Sethosis, telling him
13843	everything,
13844	including
13845	the
13846	insurrection
13847	of his
13848	brother Harmais.
13849	Sethosis instantly returned to
13850	Pelusium and recovered his kingdom;
13851	and the
13852	country was called after him Aegyptus.”
13853	this maritime opponents who were causing great loss of
13854	lifet [text doubtful].
13855	Not long after he slew Ramesses and
13856	appointed Harmais, another of his brothers, viceroy of Egypt.’”’
13857	See note* on p. 196, and, for the naval action of Sethos(is) in
13858	the Red Sea, Herod. ii. 102, to which Josephus alludes in 4.
13859	viii. 260 ff.; Herodotus calls him Sesostris, Josephus there
13860	identifies him with Shishak, the enemy of Rehoboam.
13861	The
13862	relationship of Ramesses to Sethos(is) is variously stated
13863	in the accounts.
13864	In the text above R. is another name of
13865	Sethos(is); in the marginal note he is his brother; in § 231
13866	below Rampses is his son.
13867	203
p. 228
13868	JOSEPHUS
13869	Lébws exadeizo Atyumros, “Appais b€ 6 adeAdos
13870	avtod Aavaos.
13871	103
13872	(16) Tatra pev 6 Mavéfws.
13873	SAdov & €or ex
13874	TOV elpnuevwy eT@v Tod xpovov oavdAdoyiobevTos
13875	oTt of KaAovpevor TroLeves, TLEeTEpoL Se’ TpPdyovot,
13876	TpLOl Kal EVEVKOVTGA Kal TpLaKOOloLs TpoOcbEy ETEOW
13877	éx THs Aliytnrov amaddayévtes THY Xwpav TavTHV
13878	éexwkyoav 7 Aavaov eis "Apyos adixéobau: Kaitou
13879	104 TOUTOV dpxarorarov “Apyetor vopiCovat.
13880	dvo towov
13881	rs) Mavebws Tptv TA peylora pepapTupyKev eK TOV
13882	Tap Atyurttous VpPapLpaTov, Tp@Tov pev Ti €Te-
13883	polev adi€w eis Aiyumtov, emeita 6€ 77 exeiev
13884	amadidayiv ovtws apxatiav tots xpovols, ws eyyvs
13885	Tov mpotepetv® attiy tav “Ihuak@v erect yAiots.
13886	105 b7rep av om 0 Mavé@ws otk éx tay map’ Aliyumtious
13887	ypapparov, ® ard’ ws attos wpoddynKkey Ex TOV
13888	aOdEeoTTOT WS pvdoroyoupeven ampootélerkev, VoTEpov
13889	e€ehéyEw
13890	Kata pépos amodekvds Tv a7iPavov
13891	avtod wevdodoyiav.
13892	106
13893	(17) BovAopiat Tolvy amo TOUTWY 7301)" peveMBetv
13894	emt TA 7 Tapa Tots Doinew avayeypappeva TEpt TOU
13895	yevous Tpe@v Kal TOS €€ EKELV OV jeapruptas Tapa-
13896	107 oxew. E07 TOLWUV Tapa Tupitous amo ee oAAwv?
13897	eT@V ypappara Onpoota YEypappeva KGL mepvday -
13898	peva Atay emyred@s TEpl TOV Tap avrots yevo-
13899	peeve KL ™pos adAovs® mpaxGevrwv pvHpNs atta.
13900	108 €v TovToLs yéeypamrar OTL O &V ‘TepocoAvpous WKO-
13901	1 6¢ Eus.: om. L Lat.
13902	mou mpotepety Eus., Lat.: tot mpérepor L.
13903	3 arpayuarov L.
13904	4 Eus.: é7c L (Lat. rursus).
13905	5 ad mau. \| wo\\Gv L Lat.
13906	6 Gutschmid: dj ous L Lat.
13907	2
13908	204
p. 229
13909	AGAINST APION, I. 102-108
13910	For Manetho states that Sethos was called Aegyptus
13911	and his brother Harmais Danaus.
13912	(16) Such is Manetho’s account ; and, if the years
13913	which he enumerates are summed up, it is clear that
13914	the so-called shepherds, our ancestors, left Egypt
13915	and settled in our ® country 393 years ° before Danaus
13916	came to Argos.
13917	Yet the “Argiv es regard him as one
13918	of the most ancient of men.4
13919	Manetho has thus
13920	furnished us with evidence from Egyptian literature
13921	on two most important points:
13922	first that we came
13923	into Egypt from elsewhere, and secondly, that we
13924	left it at a date so remote in the past that it preceded
13925	the Trojan War by nearly a thousand years.
13926	His
13927	additional statements, which he derived not from the
13928	Egyptian records, but, as he admits himself, from
13929	fables of unknown
13930	authorship, I shall refute in detail
13931	later on ® and show the improbability of these lying
13932	stories.
13933	(17) I therefore now propose to pass on to the
13934	allusions to our race in the Phoenician chronicles,
13935	and to produce the evidence which they afford.
13936	For
13937	very many years past the people of Tyre have kept
13938	public records, compiled and very carefully preserved
13939	by the state, of the memorable events in their in-
13940	ternal history and in their relations with foreigti
13941	nations.
13942	It is there recorded that the Temple at
13943	a Of. § 231.
13944	Pioneer hises
13945	¢ The total length of the reigns enumerated in chap. 15
13946	from the expulsion of the Hyesos to the accession of Sethosis
13947	is only 333 years.
13948	‘To this Josephus (or his source) seems
13949	to have added sixty years for the reign of Sethosis, the
13950	duration of which is given in § 231 as fifty -nine years.
13951	4 The mythical
13952	Inachus
13953	was
13954	held
13955	to be
13956	still
13957	more
13958	ancient.
13959	€ §§ 297 ff.
13960	205
13961	Importance
13962	of Manetho’s
13963	evidence.
13964	(B) Phoeni-
13965	cian
13966	evidence:
13967	(i) Tyrian
13968	archives.
p. 230
13969	JOSEPHUS
13970	SopunOn vaos tro Lodopevos Tob Bactréws € eTEOL
13971	barrov EKaTOV TECOUPAKOVTA Kal TpLOW Kal pnow
13972	109 OKTw TOD KTicat Tupiovs Kapyyédova.
13973	aveypady
13974	6€ Tap exelvols ovK addoyws* 1 zo vaob Kara-
13975	oxevi) Tod Tap jpiv: Etpwyos yap 6 Tav Tupiwv
13976	Baotreds diros i Tob Bacttéws hay LoAdpwvos
13977	110 Tarr puKTy mpos avTov diriav duadedeypevos.
13978	obTos
13979	otv oupdiroryovpevos
13980	els TH TOD KaTacKevd-
13981	oparos 7@ Lohopave AapmpoTyTa xXpvatov pev
13982	ElKOOL Kal eKaTOV cdwKe TdAavra, teow Oe Kah-
13983	Atorqy vAnv €k ToD dpous, 6 KaXetTaL AtBavos, cls
13984	Tov Opodov arméoretev.
13985	dyTedwprj caro be avrov"
13986	6 Zohopev aMous te ToAAois Kal yf KaTa ywpav
13987	LLL THs DPadtAatas € ev TH XaBovdwy Acyouery. pddvora
13988	6° adrovs eis purtav 7)
13989	h THs codlas cuviyev emifvpia:
13990	TpoPAnpara. yap aAArjAows avramearehhov Avew
13991	Kehevovres, Kal KpeiTTwY ev TOUTOLS TV O Lodopev
13992	<av>* Kal taAAa coduitepos.
13993	aowdlovTar dé pexpe
13994	vov mapa tots Tupiots moAAat tO émuctoA@y as
13995	éxeivo pos adAnjAovs eypaibay.
13996	112
13997	“Oru & od Adyos eat tm euod ovyKeipsevos oO
13998	TEepl TOV Tapa Tots Tuplow ypappaTwv, Tapa-
13999	y
14000	Ajcona pdptupa Aiov, dvdpa zept tHv DowiKiKny
14001	1 oix dd\éyws Eus.: om. L Lat.
14002	2 Naber:
14003	aizto L.
14004	The text of the whole sentence is
14005	doubtful.
14006	3 ins. Niese.
14007	* Calculation derived from the duration of the reigns of
14008	the Tyrian kings; see chap. 18, especially § 126, below.
14009	The date given for the foundation of Carthage varies in
14010	different authorities from c. 1234 to c. 793 B.c.
14011	> Biblical Hiram, occasionally spelt Hirom (nn).
14012	206
14013	E
p. 231
14014	AGAINST APION, I. 108-112
14015	Jerusalem was built by King Solomon 143 years and Temple
14016	~=
14017	eight months before the foundation of Carthage by oe
14018	the Tyrians.*
14019	There was good reason why the
14020	erection of our temple should be mentioned in their
14021	records, for Hirom,® king of Tyre, was a friend of our
14022	king Solomon, a friendship which he had inherited
14023	from his father.©
14024	Sharing Solomon’s zeal for the
14025	splendour of the edifice, Hirom gave him 120 talents
14026	of gold, and also cut down the finest timber from
14027	the mountain called Libanus and sent it to him for
14028	the roof.
14029	In return Solomon, among many other
14030	gifts, made him a present of land in Galilee in the
14031	district called Chabulon.?
14032	But the main bond of
14033	friendship between them was their passion for learn-
14034	ing.
14035	They used to send each other problems to
14036	solve;
14037	in these Solomon showed the greater pro-
14038	ficiency, as, in general, he was the cleverer of the
14039	two.
14040	Many of the letters which they exchanged are
14041	preserved at Tyre to this day.¢
14042	To prove that these assertions about the Tyrian (i) Divs on
14043	archives are not of my own invention, I will call upon Solomon's
14044	riddles.
14045	Dius,f who is regarded as an accurate historian of
14046	ENG. 2 ‘Sam. vali, 1 Kings vy. 1, where
14047	it. is Solomon
14048	who inherits from his father David a friendship with Hiram.
14049	4 1 Kings ix. 10-13.
14050	The
14051	district apparently took its
14052	name from the town or village of Cabul, called Chabolo in
14053	the Life § 213.
14054	¢ Letters between Hiram and Solomon on the building of
14055	the temple are given in \| Kings v., paraphrased in Josephus, 4.
14056	viii. 50-54, and others of a more literary character are quoted
14057	from Eupolemus (2nd cent. B.c.) in Euseb. Praep. Hv. ix. 33 f.
14058	None of these refer to the riddles mentioned below;
14059	the
14060	origin of these may perhaps be sought in the story of the
14061	Queen of Sheba and her ‘‘ hard questions” (1 Kings x. 1).
14062	*f The same extract is quoted in A. viii. 147,
14063	Nothing
14064	more is known of Dius.
14065	207
p. 232
14066	113 7
14067	114
14068	116
14069	117
14070	JOSEPHUS
14071	toroptav axpuBn Veyoveva TETLOTEVILEVOY
14072	obros
14073	Tolvuv ev Tals mepl Dowikwyv taroptais ypaper TOV
14074	Tpom
14075	tov totrov: “ ’ABiBadov TeAevTyCaVTOS: 6 vids
14076	avToo Eipwpos éBactvevoev.
14077	ovTos Ta _Tpos ava
14078	ToAds Lepy THis ToAews TpoceXWwoEV Kal petCov TO
14079	GOTV eolnoev Kal Tob ‘Odvpurriov Atos TO lepov,
14080	Ka? éavTo ov &v vijow, xwoas Tov peTtaed TomToV
14081	ouvie TH TOAEL Kat ypvaots avaywacw EKoopnoer,
14082	>
14083	\
14084	\
14085	>
14086	\
14087	/
14088	e
14089	/
14090	\
14091	\
14092	~
14093	avapas d€ eis Tov AiBavov tAoTouycev Tpos THY TOV
14094	va@v* KaTacKevyVy.
14095	Tov de TupavvooyTa, ‘lepoco-
14096	Avro Lohopava
14097	7 mrepipa gal Tpos TOV Eipwpov
14098	aiviypara, Kal map avtod Aafetv agvoby, TOV de
14099	pe) duvynfevra dSvaKpivar 7@ Avoavrt Xpnpara aro -
14100	Tivew.
14101	opohoyijcavra d€ TOV Eipwpov KaL py) duv7)-
14102	Oevra Adoat Ta alviypara toAAa Tov XpyUaTwY Els
14103	To emulypuov avaAdaa.
14104	«ita de® “ABdypovvev twa
14105	/
14106	+
14107	\
14108	/
14109	~
14110	\
14111	>
14112	\
14113	y
14114	Tupiov avdpa ta mpotebevta ABoar Kai adrov adda
14115	~
14116	“A
14117	\
14118	/
14119	\
14120	~
14121	\
14122	~
14123	mpoBareiv, a py Avoavra TOV Lodowava ToAAa TO
14124	Eipoye mpogamorioas Xpnpare.. Atos pev obtv
14125	oUTW TEpl 7 TOV Tpoelpy Leveny TL Hepaprupy Ker.
14126	(18) *AAAa zpos tovTw Trapabjcopa. Kal Mevay-
14127	dpov tov *Edéavov.
14128	yeypahev b& obtos Tas ed’
14129	e
14130	/
14131	~
14132	/
14133	/
14134	\
14135	\
14136	a
14137	«@
14138	exdoTov TOV Bacdewy mpagers Tas Tapa Tots EMqor
14139	KaL i BapBapors yevopLevas, eK TOV 7
14140	Tap: exdorous® em-
14141	yoplov ypapparoy omovddcas Thv toTopiav pabetv.
14142	ypapuv TolWUV® TEpL Tov ev Tupw BeBaorlevxoraw,
14143	émeita yevouevos Kata Tov Eipwpyov ratra dyoat*
14144	1 setroinxev L.
14145	2 iepav Eus. and Jos. Ant. viii. 147.
14146	3. 67 L.
14147	* Eus., Lat.: éxeivos L.
14148	5 Eus.: 67 L.
14149	@ Or “ tyrant.”
14150	® In A. viii. 149 ‘“* Abdemon.”
14151	208
14152	HT
14153	f
p. 233
14154	AGAINST APION, I. 112-117
14155	Phoenicia, for his witness.
14156	In his history of the
14157	Phoenicians he writes as follows :
14158	‘““ On the death of Abibalus, his son Hirom came
14159	to the throne.
14160	He levelled up the eastern part of
14161	the city with embankments, enlarged the town,
14162	united to it by a causeway the temple of Olympian
14163	Zeus, which was isolated on an island, and adorned
14164	it with offerings of gold;
14165	he also went up to
14166	Libanus and had timber cut down for the con-
14167	struction of temples.
14168	It is said that Solomon, the
14169	sovereign® of Jerusalem, sent riddles to Hirom
14170	and asked for others from him, on the understand-
14171	ing that the one who failed to solve them should
14172	pay a sum of money to him who succeeded.
14173	Hirom
14174	agreed, and being unable to guess the riddles,
14175	spent a large part of his wealth on the fine.
14176	After-
14177	wards they were solved by a certain Abdemun ®
14178	of Tyre, who propounded others.
14179	Solomon, failing
14180	to solve these, paid back to Hirom more than he
14181	had received.”
14182	Thus has Dius attested my previous statements.
14183	(18) I will, however, cite yet a further witness, (ii) LN.
14184	Menander of Enhesus.°
14185	This author has recorded Toners
14186	the events of each reign,in Hellenic and non-Hellenic4
14187	countries alike, and has taken the trouble to obtain
14188	his information in each case from the national records.
14189	Writing on the kings of Tyre, when he comes to
14190	Hirom he expresses himself thus :
14191	¢ The extract below is quoted also in A. viii. 144.
14192	The
14193	writer is probably the same person as the Menander of
14194	Pergamum quoted by Clement of Alexandria (Strom.
14195	i.
14196	p- 140, § 114) as stating that ‘‘ Hiram gave his daughter in
14197	marriage to Solomon “at the time when Menelaus visited
14198	Phoenicia after the capture of Troy.”
14199	@ ** Barbarian.”
14200	VOL. I
14201	P
14202	209
p. 234
14203	JOSEPHUS
14204	q TehevT}oavT os de ae OvedeEaTo THY Baou-
14205	delay adrod 6 vios Eipwpos, os Budcas eTn vy"
14206	118 eBacthevoer
14207	€ er7) Ad". obros EXWOE tov Etdpiywpov
14208	TOV TE YpvoodY Kiova TOV ev Tots TOD Atos avebnKer,
14209	ey,
14210	12
14211	,
14212	>
14213	\
14214	”
14215	I.
14216	38
14217	A
14218	emt te’ vAnv EvAwy ameABow Exoev azo Tod Aeyo-
14219	/
14220	»
14221	/
14222	/
14223	/
14224	>]
14225	A
14226	~
14227	péevov opovs AtBdavov Kédpwa Evra eis tas TOV
14228	lepav oTeyas, KabeAciy Te TO apxata tepa Kavos
14229	vaovs” @Kodopuncey cov Te TOO ‘Hpaxddovs Kal THs
14230	119 “Aoraprys,° mp@tov te Tod “Hpakdéous eyepow
14231	el oaTO ev 7 7@ Wepitiw pnvi* trois te “IruKators*®
14232	emeoTpaTevouTo p17) amodLdotct Tovs ddpovs, ovs
14233	120 Kat troTaéas €avTa@ wadw avéorpedev.
14234	emt TovTov
14235	>
14236	>
14237	/
14238	~
14239	A
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14242	Sy,
14243	6
14244	A
14245	fv “ABdipovvos mats vewrepos, Os ae evixa®
14246	Ta
14247	/
14248	a
14249	3
14250	/
14251	\
14252	Os
14253	,
14254	mpoPpAnpata, & emétatte LoAopwyv o ‘lepocoddpwv
14255	/
14256	x)
14257	My
14258	\
14259	e
14260	/
14261	>
14262	\
14263	/
14264	~
14265	121 PactAeds.”’
14266	udilerar d€ 6 ypovos azo TovTov TOO
14267	Baoitéws dypr tas Kapynddvos Kricews ovTws:
14268	tedeutjcavtos Eipapov duedé€ato tiv BactAetav
14269	BaABalepos’ vids, 6s
14270	Buocas ér
14271	’ €BaciXevoev
14272	Sep
14273	SP cal
14274	Tae
14275	78
14276	A
14277	~
14278	of] A 5 /
14279	ev
14280	/
14281	122 ern wC’.8
14282	peta Ttodrov
14283	“ABdacrTpatos vios Budoas
14284	”
14285	0S
14286	/
14287	4
14288	/
14289	~
14290	e
14291	~
14292	~
14293	ern AW’ éBaciAevcey Eryn 8. TodTov ot zHS Tpodod
14294	avrob viol Téaaapes e7iBovAetoartes aTwMAEcay, BV
14295	6 mpeoBUTEpos
14296	eBacthevoev MeOovodorapros 6
14297	eAaaoraprov, os Bucioas evn vd €Bacirevcev
14298	~
14299	>
14300	/
14301	123 €77 18’. pera TodTov 6 adeAdos atrobd ’Acbapupos
14302	1 ézi re Eus. (Lat.): érecra L: @r 6 Jos. Ant. viii. 145.
14303	2 xawovds vaovs Dind.: kai vaols L.
14304	3 + réuevos aviépevoev L.
14305	4 + ira 76 77s “Aotdaprns L.
14306	§ trois re Ir. Gutschmid (cf. Ant. viii. 146): 6767e Tirvots L.
14307	§ + \iwy Eus.
14308	7 Badeatepos L.
14309	8 érra L Lat.
14310	9 4 érn dexadvo and (for Me@.) ue’ obs “Acrapros L.
14311	@ Connecting old Tyre on the mainland with the new
14312	island city.
14313	210
p. 235
14314	AGAINST APION, I. 117-123
14315	“On the death of Abibalus the kingdom passed
14316	to his son Hirom, who lived fifty-three years and
14317	reigned thirty-four.
14318	He laid the embankment of
14319	the Broad Place,* dedicated the golden pillar in
14320	the temple of Zeus,2> went and cut down cedar
14321	wood on the mount called Libanus for timber for
14322	the roofs
14323	of temples, demolished
14324	the ancient
14325	temples,
14326	and
14327	built
14328	new
14329	shrines
14330	dedicated
14331	to
14332	Heracles
14333	and
14334	Astarte.
14335	That
14336	of Heracles
14337	he
14338	erected first, in the month Peritius.©
14339	He under-
14340	took a campaign against the people of Utica who
14341	refused to pay their tribute, and did not return
14342	home
14343	till he had reduced them to submission.
14344	Under his reign lived Abdemun, a young lad, who
14345	always succeeded in mastering the problems set
14346	by Solomon, king of Jerusalem.”
14347	The period intervening between this king and the
14348	foundation of Carthage is computed as follows :
14349	4 On the death of Hirom the throne passed to his
14350	son Balbazer, who lived forty-three years and
14351	reigned seventeen.
14352	His successor
14353	Abdastratus
14354	lived thirty-nine years and reigned nine.
14355	The
14356	—
14357	four sons of his nurse conspired against him and
14358	slew him.
14359	The eldest of these, Methusastartus,
14360	son of Deleastartus, mounted the throne and lived
14361	fifty-four
14362	years
14363	and reigned
14364	twelve.
14365	He
14366	was
14367	followed by his brother, Astharymus, who lived
14368	’ According to Eupolemus a present from Solomon to
14369	Suron (= Hiram); Eus. P.H. ix. 34.
14370	Herod. (ii. 44) saw a
14371	golden stele in the temple of Heracles, probably the temple
14372	here called that of Zeus ; he mentions two temples of Heracles
14373	and none of Zeus.
14374	¢ The fourth month of the Macedonian year (? January).
14375	4 In this paragraph Josephus apparently paraphrases his
14376	authority.
14377	211
p. 236
14378	JOSEPHUS
14379	4
14380	»”
14381	4
14382	>]
14383	J
14384	”
14385	/
14386	*
14387	5
14388	Budcas ern vy’
14389	€Bactrevoey ern 0’.
14390	obdros am-
14391	wAreto bo Tot adeAdod DédAnTos, 6s AaBow TV
14392	Baotreiav jp€ev pivas n° Pidoas ety v’. TodTov
14393	5
14394	~
14395	5
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14397	e
14398	~
14399	5
14400	vA
14401	e
14402	wa
14403	“a
14404	aveiAev
14405	“I06Bados
14406	6
14407	THs
14408	“Aotapryns
14409	tepevs,
14410	Os
14411	124 Biacas ETN pn’ éBactAevoev ET? Ap’. ToUTOV OLEdE-
14412	Eato Bakélwpos vids, ds Budcas ern pie’ €PactAevoev
14413	oy
14414	oe
14415	4
14416	,
14417	,
14418	/
14419	,
14420	go.
14421	Siew
14422	125 €rn €€.'
14423	tovtTov diadoxos yéyove Mertrnvos*
14424	vios,
14425	6s Buacas ern AB’ eBacirevoev ern KO’
14426	TovTov
14427	duddoxos yéyovev IlvypaXiwv, ds Budcas ern vy"*
14428	,
14429	/
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14431	4
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14433	\
14434	~
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14436	>]
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14440	/
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14442	ev b€ TH Em
14443	avTod EBdouw
14444	ETEL 1) adeAdr avToo duyotca ev TH AtBvy TOAW
14445	OKOOOUyNGEV Kapyyéova.
14446	5 mas oO povos ato TIS Eipajov
14447	/
14448	/
14449	/
14450	}
14451	»”
14452	4
14453	Bactrcias
14454	péxpe
14455	Kapyndovos
14456	Kticews
14457	ETN
14458	pve
14459	ufves yn’. emet 6€ OwoeKdTw ETEL THS avTod Baot-
14460	delas 6 &v ‘lepocoAvpots pxodopnOn vaos, yeyovev
14461	azo THs oucodopj ews Tod vaob pexpe Kapynddovos
14462	KTLIGEWS ern py” Hives n’.
14463	126
14464	Lvuvayerar [677 \|
14465	127
14466	As pev ovv Tapa Dowikwv pLapTupias ti det
14467	mpoobeivar mA€ov; BAémerar yap tadnbés iayupds
14468	wpodoynueévov.
14469	Kat moAv Simov mpoayer THs Tob
14470	ved) KATAaCKEUTS 7) TOV Tpoyovwv jUa@V Els THV
14471	yopav adi€is: ote yap avTiy macav ToAeum Tap-
14472	éhaBov, Tore TOV vewv KaTeoKevacay.
14473	Kal TadTa
14474	cadhds ex TOV tep@v ypappatwv br’ Eod d<ed7jAw-
14475	Ta Old THS apxyatodoyias.
14476	1 7’ (elsewhere ty’) Eus.: ¢’ Theophilus.
14477	2 Marrnvos L.
14478	3 yl. évvéa Li, éxTw, Ke’.
14479	Ss’ L Lat.
14480	> ins. ed. pr.
14481	212
p. 237
14482	AGAINST APION, I. 123-127
14483	fifty-eight years and reigned nine.
14484	He was slain
14485	by his brother Phelles, who seized the throne and
14486	reigned eight months, having reached the age of
14487	fifty, when he was
14488	slain by Ithobal, priest of
14489	Astarte, who lived forty-eight years and reigned
14490	thirty-two.
14491	He was succeeded by his son Balezor,
14492	who lived forty-five years and reigned six.
14493	He,
14494	in turn, was succeeded by his son Mettén, who
14495	lived thirty-two years and reigned twenty-nine ;
14496	and he by Pygmalion, who lived fifty-eight years
14497	and reigned forty-seven.
14498	It was in the seventh
14499	year of his reign that his sister @ took flight, and
14500	built the city of Carthage in Libya.
14501	The whole period from the accession of Hirom to
14502	the foundation of Carthage thus amounts to 155 years
14503	and eight months;
14504	and, since the temple at Jeru-
14505	salem was built in the twelfth year of King Hirom’s
14506	reign,’ 143 years and eight months elapsed between
14507	the erection of the temple and the foundation of
14508	Carthage.
14509	What need is there to add further Phoenician
14510	evidence ? The agreement of the witnesses, as will
14511	be seen, affords strong confirmation of their veracity.
14512	Of course our ancestors arrived in the country long
14513	before the temple was built;
14514	for it was not until
14515	they had conquered the whole land that they erected
14516	it.
14517	The facts, derived from the sacred books, have
14518	been clearly stated in my Archaeology.“
14519	2 Elissa, commonly known as Dido.
14520	» There has been some corruption in the figures for the
14521	individual reigns, which do not amount to the total here given.
14522	¢ The source for this statement is unknown.
14523	In A. viii. 62
14524	the date given for the commencement of the building is the
14525	eleventh year of Hiram’s reign.
14526	@ A, viii. 61 f.
14527	213
14528	=O
p. 238
14529	JOSEPHUS
14530	128
14531	(19) Aééw 5€ viv 7107 TO. Tapa Xahdators dva.-
14532	engrate Kat toTopovpeva mept TLOV, dep Exel
14533	nV Spodoyiav Kal Tepl rOv dAAwy Tots Tere
14534	129 a YpEppLact. pedprus d€ TOUTWY BypGoos, aviip
14535	Xadéaios pev TO yévos, yrwpiwos de Tots TEpt
14536	maLdetav eA a oe e7ELO1) TEL TE GOTPOVO-
14537	pias Kal TEpl 7
14538	mapa Xadédatous procopovpevav
14539	avTos eis TOUS *EANqvas ebyveyKe Tas ovyypadas.
14540	130 ovros Tolvuy
14541	Oo Bypaaos tats dpxavordrass em -
14542	akoAovlay dvaypapats mept TE TOU yevopevou KaTa-
14543	KAvopov Kat THS EV avT@ plopas TOV avopurrey,
14544	Kkallazep Mavojs, ourws toropyKev Kat mepl THIS
14545	Adpvaxos, ev 7, N@yos 0 Tob yéevous jpav apxnyos
14546	dveowOy
14547	mpocevexGeions avris rats aKpwpetats
14548	131 TOV "Appeviow 6 opa@v. ci7a TOUS G70 Na@xov KaTa-
14549	héywv Kal Tovs xpovous adtots mpoaTieis exit NaBo-
14550	7aAdocapov TapayiveT at, TOV \| BafvAdvos kat Xad-
14551	132 daiwy Baowréa, KaL TAS TOUTOU mpages adyyou-
14552	peevos: Aéyet TWa TpoToVv mepufas emt Ty Atyurtov
14553	A
14554	e
14555	/
14556	KaL el TIV TETEepav viv TOV vloV TOV éavTod
14557	NafBovyodovecopov pera ToAAfs duvdpuews, ere
14558	OnmEep adecT@tas avtovs e7vUeTo,* madvTwY EeKpa-
14559	THOE Kal TOV vaov evérpnae Tov ev ‘lepocoddpois,
14560	dAws TE TaVTA TOV Tap Hav Aaov avacTiHaas Eis
14561	BaBvAdva perodixicev ovveby b€ Kal THY TOAW
14562	épnuwljva xpovov era@v ePdop.7jKovTa pwexpe Kdpov
14563	133 700
14564	Ilepo@v PactAéws.
14565	Kparjoa.
14566	b€ gdyow Tov
14567	BaBvAdvuov Aliytarov Xvpias Dowixyns *Apafias,
14568	/
14569	e
14570	,
14571	~
14572	/
14573	\
14574	\
14575	dvtas
14576	vmepPaddpevov
14577	tats
14578	mpafeot
14579	tovs
14580	apo
14581	1 NaBSoxodpécopor (after Eus.) Niese; and so below.
14582	* Emend. (after Eus. and Lat.) L. Bos: twé@ero L.
14583	214
p. 239
14584	AGAINST APION, I. 128-133
14585	(19) I will now proceed to the allusions made to
14586	us in the records and literature of the Chaldaeans ;
14587	on various points these are in close agreement with
14588	our own scriptures.
14589	My witness here is Berosus,¢ a
14590	Chaldaean by birth, but familiar in learned circles
14591	through his publication for Greek readers of works
14592	on
14593	Chaldaean
14594	astronomy
14595	and
14596	philosophy.
14597	This
14598	author, following the most ancient records, has, like
14599	\
14600	(C) Chal-
14601	daean
14602	evidence :
14603	BEROSUS.
14604	Moses, described the flood and the destruction of On the
14605	mankind thereby, and told of the ark in which Noah,
14606	the founder of our race, was saved when it landed on
14607	the heights of the mountains of Armenia.
14608	Then he
14609	enumerates Noah’s descendants, appending dates,
14610	and so comes down to Nabopalassar, king of Babylon
14611	and Chaldaea.
14612	In his narrative of the actions of this
14613	monarch he relates how he sent his son Nabuchodo-
14614	nosor with a large army to Egypt and to our country,
14615	on hearing that these people had revolted, and how
14616	he defeated them all, burnt the temple at Jerusalem,?
14617	dislodged and transported our entire population to
14618	Babylon, with the result that the city lay desolate for
14619	seventy years until the time of Cyrus, king of Persia.
14620	He adds that the Babylonian monarch conquered
14621	Egypt, Syria, Phoenicia, and Arabia, his exploits
14622	surpassing those of all previous kings of Chaldaea
14623	* Beros(s)us, priest
14624	of the temple of Bel at Babylon,
14625	c. 330-250
14626	B.c., wrote a history of Babylon (XaNéaika or
14627	BaBvAwvika) comprising at least three books (§ 142), besides
14628	works on astronomy and astrology.
14629	®’ An extract from his account of the flood is given in
14630	A. i. 93.
14631	‘The name mentioned by Berosus was not Noah,
14632	but, as we learn from Syncellus, Xisuthrus.
14633	¢ The burning of the temple, not mentioned in the extract
14634	which follows, is presumably interpolated by Josephus, and
14635	erroneously placed in the reign of Nabopalassar,
14636	215
14637	flood.
14638	625-604 B.C,
14639	Nebuchad-
14640	rezzar
14641	604-561 B.c.
14642	CAD OBC:
p. 240
14643	JOSEPHUS
14644	avtod' Xadébaiwv Kat BaBvdwvic BeBaotAevKoras.
14645	134 [ei0” €€fs troKar TaPas oAtyov 6 Bnpacos maAw
14646	135
14647	136
14648	137
14649	mapatiberat
14650	ev TH THS
14651	dpXavornTos
14652	toTopto-
14653	ypadia.\|*
14654	avra be Tapabjcopat Ta TOU Bypacov
14655	ToUTOV EXovTAa TOV TpoTroV: “ axovoas 6° 0 TarT)/p
14656	ee NaBoraAdcapos OTt ° TETAY}LEVOS carpamns
14657	TE Atytar Tw) Kab Tots mept THV Lupiay Tay KotAny
14658	KQL T7V Dowireny Tomots amooTaTys yeyover, od
14659	Ouvdpevos avTOS
14660	ETL KkaxoTrabety, ovoTnoas T@
14661	vi@ NaBovyodovocdpy ¢
14662	ovre eTL ev TAucia pepn Twa
14663	THs Svuvdpews eerrepibev én avrov. ouppgas dé
14664	NaBovxodovdcopos TO amooraTy Kat mapatagd-
14665	jeevos avTot T éxupievoe Kal Ty Xepay e€ apx7s
14666	b770 THY av7@v® Baotiretay émoujoato.
14667	T@ TE Tarpl
14668	avrod ovvepy Naforradacapy KaTa TOUTOV
14669	TOV
14670	KQLpov dppworjcavre
14671	év 7H BafvdAwviwr monet
14672	petadAdEar
14673	Tov
14674	Btov evn BeBaotrevxore
14675	KOs
14676	aicbouevos de pet od TOAD THY Tob TarTpos 7 Tehev-
14677	THY Nasiaccbarisdask KaTaorT}aas Ta Kara TV
14678	Atyurrov Tpayyara Kal T1V Aoumy xwopar, Kal
14679	TOUS aixpadcir ous ‘Tovdate te kat Dowikwv Kat
14680	Lvpwv Kat \| TOV KATA THY Alyumtov €bv@v ovv-
14681	rdgas Tit TOV didwy peta THs Bapurarns durdjews
14682	Kal TAS Aourijs. wpedetas avakopilew ets TV Ba-
14683	viwviar, avros oppncas oAvyootos Tape yevEeTo
14684	138 dua (THs EprpLov Eis BaBvAdva. katadaBov 6€ Ta
14685	Tpdadypara Ovoovpeva
14686	timo Xaddaiwy
14687	Kat da-
14688	THpoupev a THY Baowretay t b70 TOO BeAriorov avrav,
14689	Kupievoas® oAoKAjpov Tips TATPLKHS apYAs Tots pmev
14690	aixparwros Tapayevomevors
14691	ouvérakev® azoKkias
14692	1 ed. pr.: abtav L.
14693	216
p. 241
14694	AGAINST APION, I. 133-138
14695	and Babylon.*
14696	But I will quote Berosus’s own words,
14697	which are as follows :?
14698	‘“ His father Nabopalassar, hearing of the defec- on Nabu-
14699	tion of the satrap in charge of Egypt, Coele-Syria, “Motos”
14700	and Phoenicia, and being himself unequal to the
14701	fatigues of a campaign, committed part of his army
14702	to his son Nabuchodonosor, still in the prime of
14703	life, and
14704	sent him
14705	against the
14706	rebel.
14707	Nabu-
14708	chodonosor engaged and defeated the latter in a
14709	pitched battle and replaced the district under
14710	Babylonian rule.
14711	Meanwhile, as it happened, his
14712	father Nabopalassar sickened and died in the city
14713	of Babylon, after a reign of twenty-one years.
14714	Being informed ere long of his father’s death,
14715	Nabuchodonosor
14716	settled
14717	the
14718	affairs
14719	of Egypt
14720	and the other countries.
14721	The prisoners—Jews,
14722	Phoenicians,
14723	Syrians,
14724	and
14725	those
14726	of Egyptian
14727	nationality—were consigned to some of his friends,
14728	with orders to conduct them to Babylonia, along
14729	with the heavy troops and the rest of the spoils ;
14730	while he himself, with a small escort, pushed across
14731	the desert to Babylon.
14732	There he found the ad-
14733	ministration in the hands of the Chaldaeans and
14734	the throne reserved for him by their chief noble-
14735	man.
14736	Being now master of his father’s entire
14737	realm, he gave orders to allot to the captives, on
14738	« Here follows the gloss: “ Then again [a passage] a little
14739	lower down in Berosus is cited in his history of antiquity ”’
14740	(or perhaps “ in the narrative of the Antiquities.”’ with refer-
14741	ence to A. x. 219).
14742	> 'The passage is quoted also in A. x. 220 ff.
14743	2 The bracketed words, omitted by Eus. and Lat., are an
14744	obvious gloss in cod. L.
14745	3 avrod Eus. cod. and JA. x. 221.
14746	4 Kus.: elkoovtevvéa L.
14747	64 ¢& L.
14748	6 Text follows A. x.
14749	217

Provenance

title: Thackeray – Josephus, vol. I: The Life; Against Apion (Loeb, 1926) — archive.org text layer
dialect: none
source: text layer of corpus/incoming/histories/historians/josephus-contra-apionem/josephuswithengl01joseuoft.pdf (archive.org OCR; tools/build_repository.py histories())
licence: public domain in Canada (author died ≤ 1971, verified; LICENCES.md §7) — US position (recorded, does not gate the class; PD-CA 2026-09-26): PD-US (published ≤1930)
share: public
attribution: Thackeray – Josephus, vol. I: The Life; Against Apion (Loeb, 1926); public domain in Canada (death year verified: Thackeray d.1930 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914808 d. 1930-06-30; LC heading "1869?-1930" in https://archive.org/metadata/josephuswithengl01joseuoft) — staged at corpus/incoming/histories/historians/josephus-contra-apionem/josephuswithengl01joseuoft.pdf from https://archive.org/details/josephuswithengl01joseuoft (HIST-1, 2026-09-29)); OCR text by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.
file: History/Historians – Greek and Roman/Flavius Josephus — Contra Apionem (Manetho, Chaeremon, Lysimachus, Apion on Egypt)/josephuswithengl01joseuoft.text-layer.L0.txt

Cite as:

Thackeray – Josephus, vol. I: The Life; Against Apion (Loeb, 1926) — archive.org text layer. text layer of corpus/incoming/histories/historians/josephus-contra-apionem/josephuswithengl01joseuoft.pdf (archive.org OCR; tools/build_repository.py histories()). Layers as published by the Kemetic project (Yousef Hanna), 2026: Coptic · Cairene · Kemetic, /doc/history/historians-greek-and-roman/flavius-josephus-contra-apionem-manetho-chaeremon-lysimachus-apion-on-egypt/josephuswithengl01joseuoft.text-layer/. Thackeray – Josephus, vol. I: The Life; Against Apion (Loeb, 1926); public domain in Canada (death year verified: Thackeray d.1930 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914808 d. 1930-06-30; LC heading "1869?-1930" in https://archive.org/metadata/josephuswithengl01joseuoft) — staged at corpus/incoming/histories/historians/josephus-contra-apionem/josephuswithengl01joseuoft.pdf from https://archive.org/details/josephuswithengl01joseuoft (HIST-1, 2026-09-29)); OCR text by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.

What the layers are

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L0.5 transliteration
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L1 Cairene
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English
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