Thackeray – Josephus, vol. I: The Life; Against Apion (Loeb, 1926) — archive.org text layer

History/Historians – Greek and Roman · Flavius Josephus — Contra Apionem (Manetho, Chaeremon, Lysimachus, Apion on Egypt) · none · L0 witness

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Attribution: Thackeray – Josephus, vol. I: The Life; Against Apion (Loeb, 1926); public domain in Canada (death year verified: Thackeray d.1930 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914808 d. 1930-06-30; LC heading "1869?-1930" in https://archive.org/metadata/josephuswithengl01joseuoft) — staged at corpus/incoming/histories/historians/josephus-contra-apionem/josephuswithengl01joseuoft.pdf from https://archive.org/details/josephuswithengl01joseuoft (HIST-1, 2026-09-29)); OCR text by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.

Licence: public domain in Canada (author died ≤ 1971, verified; LICENCES.md §7) — US position (recorded, does not gate the class; PD-CA 2026-09-26): PD-US (published ≤1930)

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The text — part 2 of 2

15,429 lines · a line number is a link to itself
refL0 witness
p. 242
14750JOSEPHUS
14751év tots émitndevoTtatos THs BaBvAwvias tézrots
14752139 dmodetEat, atdtos 8° amo TOV €x TOD TodEpov Aadv-
14753pov TO TE ByjAov tepov Kat Ta. Aowra. Koopnoas piro-
14754TiLWws THY Te UTApYovaay €E a apxis TOdw Tad érepav
14755efwbev TpocYapladLevos Kal dvayKdcas,}* Tpos TO
14756pnkere Stvacba tods modopKotvTas TOV ToTApOV
14757avactpédovras emt TIv moAW KaracKevdlew,” Trept-
14758eBaAero Tpets pLev Tijs evoov mohews mrepuBorovs,
14759Tpets de Tijs e£w, Tovtwy [dé] Tovs pe €& OomT
14760hs
147617AivGov Kal aopdArov, Tous 6€ ef avTis TAS. a7iv-
14762140 fov.
14763Kai retxyicas afvoAdyws tv moAW Kal TOUS
14764murABvas Koopjnoas lepompeT@s Tpookateckevacev
14765tots tatpikots BaotAelos erepa Pacideva exopeva
14766exeivwv, @v® ravdornua* Kat tiv Aoi zoAv-
14767Téhevavy pakpov tows €oTar eav Tis eEnynrar, wAnV
14768ovTa ye brepPoAny ws peyaAa Kat UrEpjdava avv-
14769141 eteAéoty npepais Sexamrevte.
14770ev S€ Tots BactAetous
14771TovToUs avaAjppata Aibwa swydra dyouKodopnaas
14772Kal THY Ow aTrodovs OpoLvoTaTHY Tots OpeEct, Kara
14773dutevous Sévdpect mavrodamois, eEeipydoato Kal
14774KaTeoKEevace TOV KaAOUPLEVOV KpELLAOTOV TApadELoOV
14775dua TO THY yuvaika adtod éemiOupely THS dpetas
14776diablécews Tebpapyperny ev Tots Kata THY Myédiay
14777,
14778re
14779TOTOLS.
14780142
14781(20) Tatra pev ovTus® toropy Kev TEplt TOO mpoeipn-
14782pLevov Bacthéws Kal moa mpos TOUTOLS EV TH TPIT
14783BifAw tdv XaddaikGv, év 7 péudetar Trois “EAAn-
147841 Text corrupt.
14785Perhaps for dvayxdcas read davaxawicas
14786with two mss. of A. (or dvaxwécas Gutschmid), omit the
14787preceding xai and transpose the participle after roku.
14788For
14789Tpocxapic. mpocoxupicduevos has been suggested (Herwerden).
147902 accedere Lat.
14791218
p. 243
14792AGAINST APION, I. 138-142
14793their arrival, settlements
14794in the most
14795suitable
14796districts
14797of Babylonia.
14798He then magnificently
14799decorated the temple of Bel and the other temples
14800with the spoils of war, trestored7 the old city, and
14801added a new one outside the walls, and, in order to
14802prevent the possibility in any future siege of
14803taecess being gained{ to the city by a diversion of
14804the course of the river, he enclosed both the inner
14805and the outer city with three lines of ramparts,
14806those of the inner city being of baked brick and
14807bitumen, those of the outer city of rough brick.
14808After fortifying the city on this grand scale and
14809adorning the gateways in a manner worthy of their
14810sanctity, he constructed a second palace adjoining
14811that of his father.
14812It would perhaps be tedious to
14813describe the towering height and general magnifi-
14814cence of this building ; it need only be remarked
14815that, notwithstanding its immense and imposing
14816proportions,
14817it was completed in fifteen days.
14818Within this palace he erected lofty stone terraces,
14819in which he closely reproduced mountain scenery,
14820completing the resemblance by planting them
14821with all manner of trees and constructing the so-
14822called hanging garden“; because his wife, having
14823been brought up in Media, had a passion for
14824mountain surroundings.”
14825(20) Such is the account given by Berosus of this. Further
14826king, besides much more in the third book of his ey 307%...
14827History of Chaldaea, where he censures the Greek
14828* Regarded as one of the seven wonders of the ancient
14829none A fuller account is quoted from Ctesias in Diodorus,
14830is jee
14831dts
148323 gv A.: Urép dv Syncellus: éraipwyv L.
148334 Gutschmid: dvaornua L.
148345 otros Naber.
14835219
p. 244
14836145
14837144
14838145
14839146
14840JOSEPHUS
14841vuxots ovyypapebow Os parnv oloprevols bro Lepu-
14842papews ths “Acoupias KricOjAvar Ty BaBuAdva
14843Kat TO. Gavpdaova KaTacKkevacbjvar mepl avriy on
14844exes Epya pevdas yeypaddor.
14845Kal Kata TadrTa
14846TV pe TOV XaAdatwv avaypadry agvomLorov
14847Ty nTEov: od pnv adda Kay Tois apxelois TOV Pou-
14848viKwv ovpouva tots t70 Bynpwoov Aeyopevois a
14849ava.-
14850VEYpaTrT aL TEpl TOO Tov BaBvAwviey Bacréws, 6 OTL
14851Kal TV Lupiav Kal TV Powikny aTacav exeivos
14852KaTeoTpepato.
14853mept TOUT WY yoov ouppevet Kat
14854MiAdotpatos
14855ev Tats toToplais pep pevos Tis
14856Tvpou TmohvopKtas
14857kat Meyaobévyns ev tH TeTapTy
14858TOV ‘Toucdv, du As amopatvew Teuparar TOV Tpo-
14859evpnpevov Bactréa tav BafvrAwviwy ‘Hpaxdréovs
14860avopeta Kat peyeler mpakewv Suevyvoyévar: KaTa-
14861atpefacba: yap adrov dyat kat AiBins tiv todd
14862Kat “IBnpiav.
14863Ta d€ wept Tod vaod mpoeipnyéva tod év “lepo-
14864cohvpous, OTe KaTeTpyGOn ev d70 TOV BaBvAwviwv
14865ETLOTPATEVTAVT UY, ip&aro d€ mddAw davotkodopet-
14866ofa Kuipou ris ’“Acias tiv BaotAetav mapeAndotos,
14867eK TOV Bypacov capes emdetxOnoerau Tapa-
14868TeDevTwy* Aéyet yap ovTws Oud THs Tpitns: ““ NaBov-
14869xodovocopos juev odv peta TO ap€acba TOD mpoeipy-
14870pevou TELYOUS ELLTETWV els dppworiay petnAAake
14871TOV Brow BeBaotlevxass erT) py’ , THS de Bacrreias
14872KUpitos eyeveTo
148736 vios
14874atrobd
14875EveApapaédovyos.
14876* Ctesias (4th cent.) is the main authority for the story of
14877Semiramis and Ninus, the mythical founders of the Assyrian
14878Empire; cf. Herod. i. 184.
14879» Philostratus, writer on Indian and Phoenician history,
14880known to us only through Josephus; cf. A. x. 228 (allusion
14881to the same passage).
14882220
14883E
14884O
p. 245
14885AGAINST APION, I. 142-146
14886historians ® for their deluded belief that Babylon
14887was founded by the Assyrian Semiramis and their
14888erroneous statement that its marvellous buildings
14889were her creation.
14890On these matters the Chaldaean
14891account must surely be accepted.
14892Moreover, state-
14893ments in accordance with those of Berosus are found
14894in the Phoenician archives, which relate how the
14895king of Babylon subdued Syria and the whole of
14896Phoenicia.
14897To the same effect writes Philostratus
14898in his History, where he mentions the siege of Tyre,?
14899and Megasthenes? in the fourth book of his History
14900of India, where he attempts to prove that this king
14901of Babylon, who according to this writer subdued the
14902greater part of Libya and Iberia, was in courage and
14903in the grandeur of his exploits more than a match for
14904Heracles.4
14905The assertions which were made above * concern-
14906ing the temple at Jerusalem, that it was burnt down
14907by the Babylonian invaders and that its re-erection
14908began on the succession of Cyrus to the throne of
14909Asia, will be clearly proved by a further quotation
14910from Berosus.
14911His words in his third book are as
14912follows :
14913“After beginning the wall of which I have
14914spoken, Nabuchodonosor fell sick and died, after
14915a reign of forty-three years, and the realm passed
14916to his son Evilmaraduch.
14917This prince, whose
14918¢ The writer to whom later Greek authors mainly owed
14919their knowledge of India; was sent by Seleucus I (Nicator)
14920on an embassy to the Indian king Chandragupta (Sandra-
14921cottus) ¢. 300 B.c.
14922:
14923d The same passage is referred to in A. x. 227, and quoted
14924(from Abydenus) in Eus. P.#. ix. 41.
14925¢ §132.
14926The quotation which follows obviously affords
14927no proof of these assertions.
14928221
p. 246
14929147
14930148
14931149
14932150
14933151
14934152
14935JOSEPHUS
14936oUTOs TpooTas TOV TpayyaTwV avouws Kal dcedyas
14937>
14938\
14939e
14940A
14941~
14942\
14943>
14944\
14945”
14946>’
14947~
14948emPovrevbeis bd Tod tiv adeAdiy ExovTos avdrob
14949NnpuyAuodpov" dvnpeOn Baotrevcas ery iB. pera
14950d€ TO avaupeO vat Totrov dvadeEdpevos TH apxny 6
14951emBovdevoas avt@ NnpvyAtcapos €Bacthevoev €
14952er7)
149536’. tovTov vios AaBopocodp8oxos* exuplevoe Lev
14954THs Paotrelas mats av phvas 8’, émPovdrevbeis B€
14955dia TO 7OAAa eudaivew Kaxo7nOn t70 Tov didwy an-
14956eruptravichy.
14957amoAopévov S€ tTovTov avveAfovtes
14958ot emPovAdetcarvtes
14959atta
14960Kowh
14961tiv Baorretav
14962/
14963T
14964/
14965A
14966~
14967>
14968~
14969mepieOnkavy
14970Nafovv7jiw
14971twit
14972tav
14973ex
14974BafvdAdvos
14975ovTt eK THS adbTHs emicvoTAacEwWS.
14976ETL TOUTOU TA
14977\
14978\
14979\
14980/
14981~
14982/
14983/
14984>
14985TEpt TOV TOTApLOV TElyn THS BaBvAwviwv moAews e€
14986onrijs mAivOov Kal aapahrov Karexoopnin.
14987ovons
14988de THs BaotXeias avrod ev TO ETTAKAEKATY)
14989€ ETEL
14990mpoeEeAnAvbms Kipos éx ris Iepaidos pera ‘Surd-
14991pews roAAAs [Kai |* Kataotpesaevos THv Aowryv
14992Baowreiav* racav wpynoey emt THs BaBvAwvias.
14993>
14994vA
14995\
14996T
14997/
14998\
14999A
15000>
15001~
15002aicOopevos
150036€ NaBdvvydos
15004tiv
15005eéedodov
15006adrod,
15007aTaVTIOAS pera Tijs Ouvapews Kal TapaTakapevos,
15008nTTn Ets TH pax Kat dvyav
15009odvyootos
15010cuv-
15011exAciofy eis TH Bopouranvav TOAw.
15012Kopos dé
15013BaBvAdva KatadaBopevos
15014Kat ovvtagas Ta €&w
15015Ths moAews Telyn KaTacKkaibar dia TO Alay adTa
15016Tpayyatikny
15017Kat SvodAwrov daviva. tiv moAWw
15018avélevéev
15019emt Bopotmmav?
15020extroAvopK oa TOV
15021153 NaBovyydov.
15022Tov dé NaBovv7dou ovx drropelvavT os
15023THY mohopktav, dA’ éyyxeipicavTos avrov Tporepov,
15024xpnoduevos Kipos diravOpeizms Kat dovs oiknth-
15025>
15026~
15027,
15028b]
15029/
15030>
15031~
15032piov att@® Kappaviay eférepibey ex ths Bafv-
150331 Eus.: Nypvy\tccopodspou L (and so below).
15034;
150352 Niese: -yodos L.
15036222
p. 247
15037AGAINST APION, I. 147-153
15038government was arbitrary and licentious, fell a
15039victim to a plot, being assassinated by his sister’s
15040husband, Neriglisar, after a reign of two years.
15041On his death Neriglisar, his murderer, succeeded
15042to the throne and reigned four years.
15043His son,
15044Laborosoardoch, a mere boy, occupied it for nine
15045months, when, owing to the depraved disposition
15046which he showed, a conspiracy was formed against
15047him, and he was beaten to death by his friends.
15048After his murder the conspirators held a meeting,
15049and by common consent conferred the kingdom
15050upon Nabonnedus, a Babylonian and one of their
15051gang.
15052In his reign the walls of Babylon abutting
15053on the river were magnificently built with baked
15054brick and bitumen.
15055In the seventeenth year of
15056his reign Cyrus advanced from Persia with a large
15057army,
15058and, after subjugating the rest of the
15059kingdom,
15060marched
15061upon
15062Babylonia.
15063Apprised
15064of his coming, Nabonnedus led his army to meet
15065him, fought and was defeated, whereupon he fled
15066with a few followers and shut himself up in the
15067town of Borsippa.*
15068Cyrus took Babylon, and after
15069giving orders to raze the outer walls of the city,
15070because
15071it presented
15072a very redoubtable
15073and
15074formidable appearance, proceeded to Borsippa to
15075besiege Nabonnedus. The latter surrendering, with-
15076out waiting for investment, was humanely treated
15077by Cyrus, who dismissed him from Babylonia,
15078but gave him Carmania ® for his residence.
15079There
15080@ Mod. Birs Nimrud, south of Babylon.
15081> A district on the Persian Gulf.
15082SOM US. lua.
150834 Kus.: ’Aciav L Lat.
150845 Gutschmid: Bépoirroy L Kus.
15085223
p. 248
15086JOSEPHUS
15087~
15088,
15089+
15090,
15091\
15092:
15093\
15094\
15095a
15096,
15097Awvias.
15098NaBdovvndos pev otv 70 Aourov Tod ypovov
15099duayevopevos ev ekelvn TH Xopa KaTéoTpepe Tov
15100Btov.”’
15101154
15102(21) Tatra ovppevoy € Exe Tals TET Epats BiBrous
15103Thy aAjbevav. yéypamTat yap ev avrais ovt Na ovxo-
15104dovecopos oKT@KadeKaTy THS avrod Paoiretas € erTeL
15105Tov Tap Hiv vaov Apywwoev, Kal Hv apavys em
15106-
15107;
15108A
15109,
15110ee
15111;
15112éTn TevT7KovTa,
15113devtépw de THs Kupov Baotrctas
15114ere, TOV Beyedtwv troBAnbévtwv Sevtépw* amadAw
15115155 THs Aapetov BaotAetas ameTeAéab7.
15116mpocbijaw de
15117Kal Tas TOV Dowixwy dvaypapds: ov yap. mapa
15118Acureov TOV aT odeifew THY meptovotay.
15119cote Oe
15120156 ToLavTT TOV xpovev 7 KaTaplOunats: én ‘TOaBaAov
15121Too Bacwews ezoALlopKyaE NaBovxodovdcopos THY
15122Tupov em ET?) dexarpia. [eT Ta TOUTOV eBacthevoe
15123157 BaaA ern) d€Ka. per, Tobtov dikaorTal KaTeoTa-
15124Gnoav Kat €dikacav “ExviBados BacdAnyov peivas B’,
15125XABns °A Bdaiov pijvas u’, “ABBapos* dpxvepeds
15126pyvas y’; Murzuvos Kal Depaesienes zod °>AB6dn-
15127Aipov ducaoral € ev =’, av peragv eBacirevoe Bada-
15128158 TOopos eviavTOV
15129Eva.
15130TOUTOU tedeuTyoavTos aro -
15131orelAavres peter euupavTo _MeépBadov eK 7Hs Bafv-
15132ABvos, Kat éBactievcev érn 8°. tovtov tedevTH-
15133cavrTos petevéusavto Tov adeAdov atdrod Eipwpov,
151341 Eus.: éx7dé L Lat.
151352 dexatw Eus. P.E.: sexto Eus. (Arm.).
151363 Abalus Lat. Eus. (Arm.).
151372 ** The nineteenth year,”’ according to 2 Kings xxv. 8 and
15138Jer. lii. 12, was the date of the burning of the Temple by
15139Nebuzaradan ; the eighteenth year was that of the capture
15140of the city by Nebuchadrezzar (Jer. lii. 29).
15141* The captivity, reckoned from the fall of Zedekiah
15142224
p. 249
15143AGAINST APION, I. 153-158
15144Nabonnedus spent the remainder of his life, and
15145there he died.”
15146(21) This statement is both correct and in accord- agrees with
15147ance with our books.
15148For in the latter it is recorded (ys
15149ane
15150that Nabuchodonosor in the eighteenth ¢ year of his records.
15151reign devastated our temple, that for fifty ° years it
15152ceased to exist, that in the second ¢ year of the reign
15153of Cyrus the foundations were laid, and lastly that in
15154the second @ year of the reign of Darius it was com-
15155pleted.
15156I must not, however, neglect any of the
15157superabundant proofs available, and will therefore
15158append the Phoenician record.
15159The chronological
15160calculation there appears as follows :
15161Under King Ithobal,’ Nabuchodonosor besieged
15162Tyre for thirteen years.
15163The next king, Baal,
15164reigned
15165ten
15166years.
15167After
15168him
15169judges
15170were
15171appointed and held office as follows : Eknibal, son
15172of Baslech, two months ; Chelbes, son of Abdaeus,
15173ten months ; Abbar the high-priest, three months ;
15174Myttyn and Gerastratus, son of Abdelimus, six
15175years ; after them Balator was king for one year.
15176On his death his subjects sent to Babylon and
15177fetched from there Merbal, who reigned four
15178years ; and on his death they sent for his brother
15179(587 B.c.) to the edict in the first year of Cyrus (538 B.c.),
15180lasted forty-nine years.
15181The seventy years of Jer. xxv. 12
15182(§ 132 above) was a round number.
15183°_ Cf. Ezra iii. 8.
15184@ Of. Ez. iv. 24; but this date marks the resumption of
15185the interrupted work.
15186The building was not completed till
15187four years later (7b. vi. 15).
15188¢ Probably from Menander of Ephesus.
15189f Ithobal II.
15190An earlier king of the name is mentioned
15191ijn § 123.
151929 A. x. 228 (on the authority of Philostratus).
15193VOL. I
15194Q
15195225
p. 250
15196JOSEPHUS
15197os <Baothevoev ET) €lKOOW.
15198emt TOUTOU Képos
15199159 Ilepoay eduvdorevoey.
15200ovKobv 6 ovpras Xpovos
15201evn vo" Kal Tpeis paves mpos adrois: €Bddum* pev
15202yap ére. THs NaBovyodovoccpov Baowretas npgaro
15203moAvopKetv Tvpov, TecoapeoKadeKaT & €reu THs
15204Eipapov Kipos o [lépons TO Kpdtos mapehafev.
15205160 Kat ovpouva pev em To8 vaod Tots 7JL€ETEpols
15206ypappace TO. Xaddatev KaL Tupiov, dporoynpern
15207dé Kal dvavtippyyTos 7 mept TOV etpnweveny jou
15208peaprupta THs ToD yévous Lav dpXxa.oTntos..
15209Tots
15210jLev ouv un obddpa didrovetkors apkécew vroAap-
15211Bavw Ta mpoeipnpeva.
15212161
15213(22) Act & apa Kat Tav dTrLaTOUVT WY pev Tats
15214ev? Tots BapBapous
15215avaypadats povows de Tots
15216"EAAnot TuoTevEy ag vovvrav amomAnp@aa Ty
15217emilyntnow, Kat mapacyeiy
15218moAAods
15219Kat TovTwY
15220emiatapevous TO eOvos Huadv Kat Kal” 6 Katpos jy
15221avrois pvyuovetovtas tapabécba ev idiow abt
15222ouyy papas.
15223162
15224Ilvfayopas Tolvuv 6 Ldytos dpxatos wv, codia
15225Oe Kal TH Teplt TO Oeiov evocBeta TavTwV drrevArp.-
15226pévos dueveyKety TOV dirdocodynodvTwy,
15227od} povov
15228EYVOKOS: TO Tap: nptv d7Ads eoTW, aAAa Kat Cn-
15229163 Awris abttayv éx mAelaTov YEYEVTELLVOS.
15230avToo pev
15231ovv ovdev opodroyetrar ovyypaypa, moAAoi be Ta
152321 Text probably corrupt.
152332 rais év ed. pr.: om. L.
15234* The total of the component figures given above is fifty-
15235five years three months.
15236The total of J osephus seems. to be
15237reached by giving yeraid its classical sense, “‘ between,”’ and
15238excluding the one year of Balator. Reinach, with Gutschmid,
15239226
p. 251
15240AGAINST APION, I. 158-163
15241Hirom, who reigned twenty years.
15242It was in his
15243reign that Cyrus became monarch of Persia.
15244The whole period thus amounts to fifty-four Ares
15245and three months.*_
15246For it was in the seventh ? year
15247of his reign that Nabuchodonosor began the siege of
15248Tyre, and in the fourteenth year of Hirom’s reign
15249that Cyrus the Persian came into power.
15250Thus there
15251is complete agreement, on the subject of the temple,
15252between our own books and those of the Chaldaeans
15253and Tyrians, and the evidence for my assertions as to
15254the antiquity of our race is consistent and incontro-
15255vertible.
15256None but the most contentious of critics,
15257I imagine, could fail to be content with the arguments
15258already adduced.
15259(22) I am, however, it seems, under the further (D) Greek
15260obligation of satisfying the requirements of persons °°"
15261who put no faith in non-Hellenic documents, and
15262maintain that none but Greeks are to be trusted.
15263I
15264must therefore produce a further array of these
15265authors who were acquainted with our nation, and
15266quote the occasional allusions which they make to
15267us in their own works.
15268Now, Pythagoras,° that ancient sage of Samos, who (i.) Pyrs-
15269for wisdom and piety is ranked above all the philo- pie
15270sophers, evidently not only knew of our institutions,
15271but was even in those distant ages 4% an ardent admirer
15272of them.
15273Of the master
15274himself we possess no
15275corrects the total to fifty years three months, to agree with
15276the fifty years of § 154 above.
15277» (?) Read ‘‘ seventeenth.”
15278¢ The famous head of the fraternity of Crotona in S. Italy
15279in the 6th century B.c.
15280@ éx mXelorov elsewhere in Josephus (4. xv. 223) has a
15281temporal sense
15282“‘ long since.’’
15283Whiston, however, renders
15284‘to a very great degree,” and so Reinach.
15285227
p. 252
15286JOSEPHUS
15287mepl avTov loTopyKast, KL TOUTWY eTLON[LOTATOS
15288coTw “Eppumos, av7p mpl maoay toroptay emu
15289164 peAns.
15290déyer
15291Tolwuy
15292eV TO) TpwTa
15293TOV
15294TreEpt
15295IIv@ayopov BiBXiwv dre Ilvfayopas, vos adrob
15296T@V avvovatacta@v TeAevTicavTos, Tovvoya Kadd-
15297da&vros To yevos Kpotwuiatov, tiv exewou puyny
15298édeye ovvdvarpiew avT@ Kal voKTwp Kal pel
15299TPLEpav, kal ore Tapexehedero pny drépyecban TOToV
15300eh ov av? évos oxAdor), Kal Tov dufiwy vdaTwv
15301165 améyeo$ar Kal maons amexew | Bracdnpias. eita.
15302mpoortOnaor [ETO rabra KaL Tad€- “atta
15303Se
15304éxpatte Kat édeye tas “lovdaiwy Kat Opaxav do€as
15305pLyovpevos Kal petadépwv eis eavtov.
15306Aé€yerau
15307yap ws dAnf@s 6 avip exeivos oA\a THv mapa
15308*Tovdators
15309vopipwv
15310els THv adTod
15311peTeveyKetv
15312dirAocodiav.
15313166
15314*Hy 6€ Kat Kata modes obK ayvwoTov nav
15315mdAat TO €Ovos, Kal ToAAa thv ebGv eis Twas 76H
15316dvavredournKer
15317Kal
15318CiAov Tap: evious 7)ELo0TO.
15319167 dqAot Ge 0 O<odpacros €v Tots mept vopav: r€yer
15320yap ore kwAvovow
15321ot Tupieov VOMOL
15322Eevexovs
15323OpKous ourvew, év ois peta tTwwv drwy Kal TOV
15324KaAovpevov
15325¢ Gpkov Koppay Kkarapibpet. Tap ovoevi
153268 av obdros edpebeln Aj pdvois “lovdatois, SyAot
153271 uel’ ed. pr.: cad L.
153282 év ay ed. pr.:
15329é6v L, ob av Niese.
153302 Of Smyrna, 3rd cent. B.c.; wrote biographies of the
15331philosophers and others.
15332» Possibly referring to the fable of the Jewish cult of the
15333ass (Ap. ii. 80, etc.)
15334; “allusion to the story of Balaam (Numb.
15335xxii. 27) is improbable.
15336ae)
15337|
15338a thirsty ” ; exact sense uncertain.
15339The Latin ver-
15340sion has “ dirty” (feculenta);
15341Reinach
15342“ brackish.”
15343J.
15344228
p. 253
15345AGAINST APION, I. 163-167
15346authentic work, but his history has been told by
15347many writers.
15348The most distinguished of these is
15349Hermippus,? always a careful historian.
15350Now, in the
15351first book of his work on Pythagoras, this author
15352states that the philosopher, on the death of one of
15353his disciples, named Calliphon, a native of Crotona,
15354remarked that his pupil’s soul was with him night
15355and day, and admonished him not to pass a certain
15356spot, on which an ass had collapsed, to abstain from
15357thirst-producing © water, and to avoid all calumny.?
15358Then he proceeds as follows :
15359“In practising and repeating these precepts he
15360was imitating and appropriating the doctrines of
15361Jews and Thracians.”’
15362In fact, it is actually said ¢ that that great man intro-
15363duced many points of Jewish law into his philosophy.
15364In ancient times various cities were acquainted
15365with the existence of our nation, and to some of these
15366many of our customs have now found their way, and
15367here and there been thought worthy of imitation.
15368This is apparent from a passage in the work of (ii.) THxo-
15369Theophrastus 4 on Laws, where he says that the laws "'"**""*
15370of the Tyrians prohibit the use of foreign oaths, in
15371enumerating which he includes among others the
15372oath called “ Corban.”
15373Now this oath will be found
15374in no other nation except the Jews, and, translated
15375Miiller quotes from Diogenes Laertius an allusion to the
15376Pythagorean practice of drinking plain water (AiTév Udwp).
15377a Cf. Ux. xxii. 98: ev. xix. 16.
15378¢ e.g. by Aristobulus ap. Eus. P.E. xiii. 12, 664 a.
15379f Pupil and successor of Aristotle as head of the Peri-
15380patetic school.
15381His work on Laws, recapitulating the laws
15382of various nations, seems to have been designed as a pendant
15383to Aristotle’s Politics.
15384Another allusion of his to the Jews
15385is quoted by Eusebius, P.H. ix. 2, 404.
15386S
15387229
p. 254
15388JOSEPHUS
15389>
15390e
15391“A
15392”
15393>
15394~
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15396/
15397/
153986’, ws av elmou tis, €x THS ‘EBpaiwv pebeppnvevo-
15399puevos OtaAgKTov O@pov Geod.
15400168
15401Kat pay ovde? Hpodoros o ‘Aducapvaceds
154027 nyVvon-
15403KEV Tay TO eOvos, aAAd Tpom Twi alveTat
15404pewvynpevos.
15405mept yap Kodywv
15406toropav
15407ev TH
15408/
15409/
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154114
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15413~
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15417169 devTépa BiBAw dyno ovtws: “ wodvor b€ TavTwr,
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15419/
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154227
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15426KoAxor KGL Atyiarvoe kat Aifiozes Tepe
15427TEUVOVTAL Gar” apxijs Ta aidoia.. Poivixes dé Kal
15428Lvpwor ot ev 7H LaAaorivy Kat otro opodoyotat
15429=
15430>
15431’
15432,
15433/
15434,
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15449OVTES
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15451KoAywv
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15462b]
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15479totro Towtow “lovdator.
15480robdro apa yvyyvwoKwy
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15482172
15483Ka Xoupiros dé apxatos® YEvopevos TounTns
15484peuvntar Tod eOvouvs u@v, OTe ouveotpdtevTat
154851 ed. pr.: otte L.
154862 atrol Herodotus.
154873 Eus., Lat.: apxarérepos L.
15488¢ Strictly ‘‘a gift,’ as interpreted in Josephus, A. iv. 73,
15489Mark vii. 11; of oblations to God in the sense of *‘ tabooed,”’
15490and then apparently used of the oath which accompanied the
15491vow.
15492For corban as an oath cf. Matt. xxiii. 16 with J.
15493Lightfoot’s note in Hor. Hebr.
15494> Herod. ii. 104; a passage to which Josephus alludes in
15495A. viii. 262.
15496230
15497a
p. 255
15498AGAINST APION, I 167-172
15499from the Hebrew, one may interpret it as meaning
15500S God's sitt.*
15501Nor, again, has our nation been ignored even by (iii.) Hxro-
15502Herodotus of Halicarnassus, who has an evident, if not °°""~
15503explicit, allusion to it.
15504Speaking of the Colchians in
15505his second book,’ he makes the following statement :
15506“The Colchians, the Egyptians, and the Ethio-
15507pians are the only nations with whom the practice
15508of circumcision is primitive.
15509The Phoenicians and
15510the Syrians of Palestine ° admit that they learnt
15511it from the Egyptians.
15512The Syrians on the banks
15513of the rivers Thermodon and Parthenius,? and
15514their neighbours the Macrones,’ say that they
15515.
15516have adopted
15517it recently from
15518the Colchians.
15519These are the only circumcised peoples in the
15520world, and it is clear that they all imitate the
15521Egyptians.
15522Of the two nations of Egypt and
15523Ethiopia, 1 cannot say which learnt the practice
15524from the other.”
15525Herodotus thus says that the Palestinian Syrians
15526were circumcised ; but the Jews are the only in-
15527habitants of Palestine who adopt this practice.
15528He
15529must therefore have known this, and his allusion is
15530to them.
15531Again, Choerilus, an ancient poet, mentions our (iv.) Cuor-
15532race as taking part in the expedition of Xerxes, king ™“”*
15533¢ If, as is probable, Herodotus refers to the Philistines, he
15534was mistaken, as they were uncircumcised in Biblical times.
15535Josephus is therefore justified in inferring that he alludes to
15536the Jews.
155374 Rivers in Asia Minor.
15538¢ In Pontus.
15539f Of Samos, a younger contemporary and friend of Hero-
15540dotus.
15541A few other fragments of his epic poem on the war
15542of the Greeks and Persians are extant, e.g. in Strabo vii. 9. 303.
15543231
p. 256
15544JOSEPHUS
15545Fépén 7H Ilepodv Barret emi tiv ‘“EAAdéa.
15546karapipnadpevos
15547yap mavTa
15548Ta evn Tedev-
15549Tatov Kal TO HpeTEpov eveTake A€ywr-
15550173 TOv 8 omilev di€Bawe yévos Pavpaorov idécba,
15551yAdooav pev Dowwiccayv aro oropdatwv adiévtes,
155527
155531
15554>
15555>
15556> r /
15557yy
15558r
15559/
15560Le vNL
15561aKovv' & év
15562LodAvpots opect tAatén Tapa”
15563Avy,
15564abypaAgo. Kopudas TpoyoKoupdaoes, adtap vUmeplev
15565mw SapTa mpocwm eddpovv éoxAnKoTa Kava.
15566174 dfAov otv eoTw, as olan, maow 7pe@v avrov jue-
15567proton TO Kal TQ Lodvpa. opn ev 7H TLETEPG.
15568eival ywpa, a KaTouKoD}LeV, KaL TH ‘Aagadrirw
15569Aeyonevyy Ayuwwnv: avTn yap Tac@v Tav év 7H Xvpia
15570Nipvy® wAaTvTEpa Kat wetCwv KabéoTHKeEV.
15571175
15572Kat Xouipitos pev otv ottw péuvytar WU@v- ote
15573d€ od povov AmtoTavTo Tovs “lovdatovs, adda Kal
15574elavpalov dao. att@v éevttxyouev oby ot davdd-
15575rato. TOV ‘EXAjvwv, add’ of éxi codia peddvora.
15576176 TeHavpacpevor, _pqou.ov yvavar. Kieapxos yap °
15577"ApiototéAous @v pabytis Kat TOV €x TOU Tepimd-
15578tov didocodwv oddevos SevTEpos ev TA TPWTW TrEpL
155791 So (or @xeov) Eus.: dixee L.
155802 Eus.: évi L, émi Niese.
155813 A\wrvey Eus.
155822 Josephus adopts an older identification of Solymi and
15583its supposed derivative, Hierosolyma, with the Jews and
15584Jerusalem, and equates the “‘ broad lake’ with the Dead
15585Sea.
15586His inference is more ingenious than sound.
15587The
15588people referred to in the above lines are doubtless the eastern
15589Ethiopians.
15590Choerilus takes over
15591“‘ the Solymian hills ”
15592from Homer, Od. vy. 283 (where they are named immediately
15593after the Ethiopians);
15594he has also in mind the description
15595of his friend Herodotus of the E. Ethiopians in his catalogue
15596of Xerxes’ army (Herod. vii. 70).
15597These differed from the
15598W. Ethiopians “only in their language and their hair.”
15599232
p. 257
15600AGAINST APION, I. 172-176
15601of Persia, against Greece.
15602After enumerating all
15603the other nations, he finally includes ours in these
15604lines :
15605“Closely behind passed over a race of wonderful
15606aspect ;
15607Strangely upon their lips the tongue of Phoenicia
15608sounded ;
15609In the Solymian hills by a broad lake their
15610habitation ;
15611Shorn in a circle, unkempt was the hair on their
15612heads, and above them
15613Proudly they wore their hides of horse-heads,
15614dried in the hearth-smoke.”’
15615It is obvious, I imagine, to everybody that he is
15616referring to us, because the Solymian hills are in our
15617-
15618country and inhabited by us;
15619there too is the so-
15620called Bituminous Lake, which is broader and more
15621extensive than all the lakes in Syria.*
15622Here then we
15623have an allusion to us in Choerilus.
15624Not only did the Greeks know the Jews, but they wv.) Aris-
15625admired any of their number whom they happene
15626TOTLE on
15627the author
15628to meet.
15629‘This statement applies not to the lowest ity of
15630class of Greeks, but to those with the highest reputa-
15631tion for wisdom, and can easily be proved.
15632Cle-
15633archus, a disciple of Aristotle, and in the very first
15634rank of peripatetic philosophers, relates, in his first
1563566
15636They had * straight hair,’ and ‘‘ wore upon their heads the
15637scalps of horses, with the ears and mane attached
15638.
15639.
15640. the
15641ears being made to stand upright’ (ébid.).
15642They spoke
15643Phoenician, because “the Phoenicians, according to their
15644own account, originally dwelt by the Red Sea ”’ (7b. vii. 89)—
15645the
15646“‘ broad lake” of the poet.
15647The round tonsure was
15648practised by the neighbouring Arabs (7b. iii. 8), but was
15649expressly forbidden to the Jews (Lev. xix. 27; cf. Jer. ix. 26).
15650233
15651LEARCHUS
p. 258
15652JOSEPHUS
15653\
15654>
15655/
15656UmVvov PeBricn dyow ApuororeAqy tov §dacKadov
15657avTod mept twos avopos *lovéaiov tatra toropew,
15658avT@ te Tov Aoyov ’ApiototéAer wepitibyno
15659Eort
15660=
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15673A
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15686Kat dtAocodiay opoiws
15687dueAGeiv
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15689~
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15692cages 8 tobi, eimev, “Yrepoxidn,
15693[Pavpaorov
15694|?
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15698/
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15704Kai 6
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15706>
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15708>
15709>
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15723ovKodv, eimev 6 ’ApiototeAns,;
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15799~
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15805Kal TOTE
158061 Gutschmid: zaparideis L, dvaridqo. Eus.
158072 Om. Eus. cod.
158083 Eus.: érayyecov L.
158094 oirws ei Eus., Lat.: ef ti co L.
158105 ‘Tepovcadnu Eus.: hierosolyma Lat.
15811* Quoted also by Eus. P.F. ix. 5.
15812234
15813L
p. 259
15814AGAINST APION, I. 176-181
15815book on Sleep, the following anecdote told of a certain
15816Jew by his master.
15817He puts the words into the
15818mouth of Aristotle himself.
15819I quote the text : 4
15820“ “Tt would take too long to repeat the whole
15821story, but there were
15822features
15823in that man’s
15824character,
15825at
15826once
15827strangely
15828marvellous
15829and
15830philosophical, which merit description.
15831I warn
15832you, Hyperochides,’ he said, * that what I am about
15833to say will seem to you as wonderful as a dream.’
15834Hyperochides respectfully replied, ‘That is the
15835very reason why we are all anxious to hear it.’
15836‘Well,’ said Aristotle, ‘in accordance with the
15837precepts of rhetoric, let us begin by describing his
15838race, in order to keep to the rules of our masters
15839in the art of narration.’
15840‘Tell the story as you
15841please, said Hyperochides.
15842‘ Well,’ he replied,
15843‘ the man was a Jew of Coele-Syria.
15844These people
15845are
15846descended
15847from
15848the
15849Indian
15850philosophers.?
15851The philosophers, they say, are in India called
15852Calani,° in Syria by the territorial name of Jews ;
15853for the district which they inhabit is known as
15854Judaea.
15855Their city has a remarkably odd name :
15856they call it Hierusaleme.
15857Now this man, who was
15858entertained by a large circle of friends and was on
15859his way down from the interior to the coast, not
15860only spoke Greek, but had the soul of a Greek.
15861® Clearchus in his work On Education traced the descent
15862of the Indian gymnosophists from the Magi, and Diogenes
15863Laertius (proem. 9), who is our authority, adds,
15864‘“‘ Some
15865assert that the Jews also are descended from the Magi.”
15866Jews and Brahmans are also associated by Megasthenes
15867(Clem. Strom. i. 15).
15868I owe this note to Th. Reinach.
15869¢ Calanus was the name of a gymnosophist who followed
15870Alexander the Great, and burnt himself to death in presence
15871of his army (Plut. Alex. 65, etc.).
15872230
p. 260
15873182
15874183
15875184
15876JOSEPHUS
15877/
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15881\
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15883/
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16013>
16014~
16015elpnpevov.
16016Kal
16017mp@tov
16018émidei&w
16019Tov
16020ypovov"
16021/
16022\
16023~
16024/
16025\
16026pvynpovever yap THs IIlroAeaiov wept Valav mpos
16027;
16028/
16029/
16030:
16031\
16032Anprrpiov payns, avtn Sé yéyovey evdexdtw [ev
16033zt
16034~
16035"AA
16036/ 8
16037r
16038~
16039>
16040\
16041de
16042A
1604319
16044eve. THS AAcEavdpou tedevtAs, emt
160455é dAvpTados
16046coe
16047\
16048~
16049~
16050eBdouns Kat dexdrns Kal éxatooris, ws totopet
160515 Kactwp.
16052mpoobeis? yap tavtny tiv oAvpmidda
16053dnow: “emt ravrns IItoAeuatos 6 Aayou évixa
160541 dvO@pwros Eus. (-ov L).
160552 apobeis Cobet.
16056* At Atarneus, in Mysia, with his friend Hermias, c. 347—
16057344 B.c.
16058® That Hecataeus (4th-3rd cent. B.c.) wrote on the Jews,
16059whether
16060a separate work or as part of his History of
16061236
16062pC
p. 261
16063AGAINST APION, I. 181-185
16064During my stay in Asia,* he visited the same
16065places as I did, and came to converse with me and
16066some other scholars, to test our learning.
16067But as
16068one who had been intimate with many cultivated
16069persons, it was rather he who imparted to us some-
16070thing of his own.’ ”’
16071These are the words of Aristotle
16072as reported by
16073Clearchus, and he went on to speak of the great and
16074astonishing endurance and sobriety displayed by. this
16075Jew in his manner of life.
16076Further information can
16077be obtained, if desired, from the book itself; I for-
16078bear to quote more than is necessary.
16079This
16080allusion
16081of Aristotle
16082to
16083us
16084is mentioned
16085parenthetically by Clearchus, who was dealing with
16086another
16087subject.
16088Of a
16089different
16090nature
16091is the
16092evidence of Hecataeus of Abdera,? at once a philo-
16093sopher and a highly competent man of affairs, who
16094rose to fame under King Alexander, and was after-
16095wards associated with Ptolemy, son of Lagus.
16096He
16097makes no mere passing allusion to us, but wrote
16098a book entirely about the Jews, from which I propose
16099briefly to touch on some passages.
16100I will begin with
16101fixing his date.
16102He mentions the battle near Gaza
16103between Ptolemy and Demetrius, which, as Castor ¢
16104narrates, was fought eleven years after the death of
16105Alexander, in the 117th Olympiad.
16106For under the
16107head of this Olympiad he says :
16108“ In this period Ptolemy, son of Lagus, defeated
16109- Egypt, appears certain.
16110But it is no less certain that apo-
16111eryphal Jewish productions were fathered upon him.
16112Recent
16113critics (T. Reinach, J. G. Miiller) regard the extracts which
16114follow as genuine.
16115All refer to the time of Alexander and
16116the Diadochi and seem above suspicion.
16117¢ Author of work on chronology, probably 2nd cent. B.c.
16118237
16119(vi.)
16120HECATAEUS.
16121His book on
16122the Jews.
16123312 BIC:
p. 262
16124JOSEPHUS
16125\
16126/
16127/
16128/
16129A
16130>
16131/
16132\
16133kara Talay payn Anpirpiov tov
16134“Avtuydyou tov
16135emuxAnbévta lodvopkynriv.”
16136°*AAéEavdpov de te-
16137Ovdvar mavtes Opodoyotow emi THs EKaTooTHs TEa-
16138capeckaidekatyns dAvpmidbos.
16139SiAov obv OTL Kat
16140>
16141>
16142~
16143\
16144\
16145>
16146/
16147”
16148e
16149~
16150Kat
16151exeivov Kat Kata
16152“AddEavdpov jKpwalev nuav
16153Lin
16154oF,
16155/
16156/
16157Fa3
16158a
16159oy
16160/
16161iA
16162186 70 €Ovos.
16163Héyer Toivuv 6 “Exataios maw Td8e, Ort
16164\
16165A
16166>
16167/
16168/
16169e
16170A
16171a
16172/
16173~
16174peta THY ev Valyn pdynv o IIrodepatos eyevero TOV
16175mept Luplay tomwv
16176eyKpatis,
16177Kat moAdo. Tov
16178avOparov muvOavopevor tiv jmioTyTa Kal piAav-
16179Opwatav tod [rodepaiov ovvarraipew eis Atyumrov
16180atT@ Kal Kowwvety TOV Tpaypatwv jPovdAjbycar.
16181oy
16182(Oe
16183ee
16184e
16185ae
16186)
16187/
16188cc?
16189/
161903
16191\
16192~
16193>
16194187 ‘‘ ay ets fv,”
16195dyoiv,
16196“’Elexias apyrepeds THv
16197“lov-
16198/
16199+
16200\
16201\
16202e
16203/
16204e
16205e
16206/
16207a“
16208Saiwv, avOpwros tiv pev HAKiav Ws éEjKovTas
16209€E
16210éerav, TO & akidpat. TH Tapa Tots opoebvors
16211/
16212\
16213\
16214\
16215b)
16216>
16217/
16218”
16219\
16220\
16221/
16222péyas Kal THY wvynv odK avonTos, ETL dé Kal A€yew
16223duvatos Kal Tois TEepl TOV TpayyaTwv, EeimEp TIS
16224+
16225”
16226/
16227”
16228/
16229ce
16230¢
16231/
16232e
16233val
16234188 dAAos, €umetpos.
16235Kaitor,
16236dyotv,
16237“ot mavTeEs Lepets
16238~
16239/
16240~
16241tav “lovéaiwy of tiv Sexatny TOV ywouevwv Aap-
16242/
16243=
16244Bavovtes Kal Ta Kowd S.toLKodYTES
16245TrEpi ytAtous
16246/
16247~
162481g9 paALoTa Kal mevraKootous elo.’
16249mdadAw b€ Tod
16250TpoELlpy|Levov pn Lovedoov dvd pos a ovTos,
16251ojow,
16252“6 dvGpwros TETEUXOS THS TYyLAS TavTnS Kal
16253cuv7nOns hutv yevopevos, mapadaBuv twas TOV wD
16254e
16255~
16256~
16257~
16258éavtod tiv [te] duadopav avéyva macav advrots:
16259eiyev yap TI KaTOLKnOW av’T@v Kal THY TroALTELaV
16260190 YEYPAppeVny we
16261cira ‘Exaratos OnAot amadw 7s
16262éyomev TpOS TOVS VOpLOUS, OTL TAaVTA TAGKXEW UTEP
16263* dpxcepevs
16264(without article) need not mean “the high-
16265priest.”’
16266Ezechias is not mentioned elsewhere;
16267the high-
16268priest at this epoch was apparently Onias (A. xi. 347).
16269238
p. 263
16270AGAINST APION, I. 185-190
16271in a battle at Gaza Demetrius, son of Antigonus,
16272surnamed Poliorcetes.”’
16273And all agree that Alexander died in the 114th 393 5.c.
16274Olympiad.
16275It is evident, therefore, that our race
16276was
16277flourishing both under Ptolemy and under
16278Alexander.
16279Hecataeus goes on to say that after the battle of On Jewish
16280Gaza Ptolemy became master of Syria, and that {j'2"""
16281many of the inhabitants, hearing of his kindliness and Alexandria.
16282humanity, desired to accompany him to Egypt and
16283to associate themselves with his realm.
16284‘““ Among these (he says) was Ezechias, a chief
16285priest * of the
16286Jews, a man of about sixty-six years
16287of age, highly esteemed by his countrymen, in-
16288tellectual, and moreover an able speaker and un-
16289surpassed as a man of business.
16290Yet? (he adds)
16291the total number of Jewish priests who receive a
16292tithe of the revenue and administer public affairs
16293is about fifteen hundred.”
16294Reverting to Ezechias, he says :
16295“This man, after obtaining this honour ® and
16296having been closely in touch with us, assembled
16297some of his friends and read to them [a statement
16298showing] all the advantages [of emigration];
16299for
16300he had in writing the conditions attaching to their
16301settlement and political status.”
16302;
16303In another passage Hecataeus mentions our regard
16304for our laws, and how we deliberately choose and
16305> The exact sense of the word xa:roi in § 188 and of “ this
16306honour”?
16307in §189 (the high-priesthood
16308or some
16309special
16310appointment awarded him by Ptolemy Soter ?) is not clear:
16311Josephus is probably condensing his authority.
16312239
p. 264
16313191
16314192
16315193
16316194
16317JOSEPHUS
16318Tov p17) TapaPAvar TovTOVs TpoaLpovpeba Kal KaAoV
16319etvat vopilopev.
16320“‘tovyapoty,’ dat, “ Kat KaK@s
16321axovovTes v70 TOV doruyerTovey Kal TOV eload-
16322LKVOUPLEVONY TavTes’ Kal mpomnAareCoprevor mohAdxus
16323tro tav Iepoudv Bactréwy Kal caTpaT@v ov
16324dtvavTar petameobjvar 7H Savoia, adda yeyup-
16325vopevws
16326TEept ToUTwY Kal alkiats Kat GBavarots
16327dewotarois pdAvoTa TavTwVY aTavT@ot, p17) apvov-
16328pevol Ta TaTp@a.”’
16329TapéxeTar S€ Kal TEKNpPLA
16330THS loxvpoyvaLoovr7s THS TEpl TOV vopwv ovK
16331driya. dot yap, “AdeEdvdpov mote ev BaBvAduu
16332yevopevov Kal mpoeAopevov TO TOD ByjAou | TETTO)~
16333Kos lepov avaxaldpar Kal maow avTod Tots oTpa-
16334TLUITALS Opolws dépew TOV yovv mpooTd£arTos,
16335pLovous Tovs “lovdatovs ob mpoccyety,® adda Kai
16336moAAas
16337tropetvar mAnyas
16338Kat Cyuias azoricar
16339pueyaAas, ews awrois uy yvovTa, TOV Baotrea dodvat
16340THY adevav.
16341ert’ ye pny TOV els THY xXpav, dyot,
16342T™pos avrovs Ad uKvoupLeveny vews kal Bw.ovs KaTa-
16343OKEVACEYTWY ATaVvTA TADTA KATéCKaTTOV, Kal TOV
16344pev Cnutav Tois catpamais eێtwov, mepi Twwv be
16345Kal ovyyvapns peteAduBavov.
16346Kal mpocemiTiOnow
1634767 Sikavov emt TovTois attovs
16348éoTr Gavyalew.
16349Aéyer 6€ Kal wept TOD ToAvavEpwroTaToV yeyovevat
16350nav To €Bvos: moAAds pev yap juadv,® dyow,
16351avaomdatous
16352ets
16353BafvAdva
16354Ilépoar
16355amporepov
16356\abvtav |® ézoinoav pupiddas, ode oAtyar be Kat
16357peta Tov >AXeEdvdpov Bavatrov eis Aiyumtov Kat
163581 ravTwr ed. pr.
16359* warp Niese.
163603 Bekker: zpocyxeiv L.
163614 Niese: ézret (sic) L.
163625 Josephus
16363is paraphrasing;
16364hence no need to reject
16365(Niese) or to emend to atrav (Bekker).
163666 Om. Lat., Bekker.
16367240
p. 265
16368AGAINST APION, I. 190-194
16369hold it a point of honour to endure anything rather
16370than transgress them.
16371“And so (he says), neither the slander of their
16372neighbours and of foreign visitors, to which as a
16373nation they are exposed, nor the frequent outrages
16374of Persian kings and satraps can shake their deter-
16375mination;
16376for these laws, naked and defenceless,
16377they face tortures and death in its most terrible
16378form, rather than repudiate the faith of their
16379forefathers.”
16380Of this obstinacy in defence
16381of their laws he
16382furnishes several instances.
16383He tells how on one
16384occasion Alexander, when he was at Babylon and had
16385undertaken to restore the ruined temple of Bel,¢
16386gave orders to all his soldiers, without distinction, to
16387bring materials for the earthworks; and how the
16388Jews alone refused to obey, and even submitted to
16389severe chastisement and heavy fines, until the king
16390pardoned them and exempted them from this task.
16391Again, when temples and altars were erected in the
16392country by its invaders, the Jews razed them all to
16393the ground, paying in some cases a fine to the satraps,
16394and in others obtaining pardon.
16395For such conduct,
16396he adds, they deserve admiration.
16397Then he goes
16398on to speak of our vast population, stating that,
16399though many myriads of our race had already been
16400deported to Babylon by the Persians,’ yet after
16401Alexander's death myriads more migrated to Egypt
16402« This enterprise is attested by Arrian, Haped. Alex. vii.
1640317, and Strabo, xvi. 1. 5, 738.
16404I owe these references to
16405Reinach.
16406b A mistake of Hecataeus for the Chaldaeans ; a Jewish
16407forger (as the writer here quoted is suspected of being) would
16408not have been guilty of such a confusion.
16409VOL. I
16410R
16411Q41
16412On the
16413loyalty of
16414Jews to
16415their laws.
16416On their
16417vast popula-
16418tion.
p. 266
16419195
16420196
16421198
16422199
16423JOSEPHUS
16424Dowteny peTeoTnoay Oud TH ev Lupia ordow. 6
16425d€ avTos OvTOS avnp Kal TO peyebos THS X@pas nV
16426KaToucodpev KaL TO KaAXos toTopnKev"
16427TpLaKo-
16428cias yap pupiddas a
16429apoupa@v oxedov THS dplors Kal
16430TapLPopwTarns yaopas vépovta,’ dyoiv: “ 7) yap
16431“Tovdata TooauTn 7 dros” éotlv.”
16432adda pry ort
16433Kal Ty Tow abray Ta ‘lepoodAvpa kadAtorqy Te
16434KaL weyloTny eK maAaLoTarou KaTouKoopev Kal mepl
164357An fous avdpav Kal TTEpl Ths Too vew KaTacKevis
16436oUrws avtos® Sunyetrau: “ éort yap TOV ‘Tovdaiwy
164377a prev ToAAG oxXvpwpaTa KaTa THY xXwpav Kal
16438KGpat, pia b€ mods dxupa mevTiKOVTA pdALoTa
16439oTadiwy THY TEpleTpoV, AV olKodaL pev avOpurTrwv
16440mept Sudexa pupiddes, Kadodar 8 atti ‘lepoad-
16441hupa.
16442evtatda 8 éoti Kata pécov padiota Tis
16443moAews mreptBoros AiBwos, LLnKoS ws mevrdrAcpos,
16444evpos O€ 7™X@v p's Exo dutAds mUAas: ev & Bwpos
16445€oTt 7 TeTpayevos OT TTOV ouMexrow apyav AiBosv
16446oUTW
16447avykKelwevos, mAEvpay pev exdoryy etkoot
164487XOY, vifos b€ SexdanXy.
16449Kal Tap avdTov olKnpua
16450péya, ov Bepos éoTe Kal Avyviov, audorepa xpvoa
16451dvo tdAavrTa Ty oAKiy. emt TOUTWY gas eoTw
16452dvamdéafeaoTov
16453Kal Tas vUKTaS Kal Tas Tpéepas.
164541 Hudson: z7A7Gos L.
164552 6 avros (after Lat.) Bekker.
16456@ See § 86, note.
16457:
16458> Galilee alone had 204 cities and villages in the time of
16459Josephus ( Vita, 235).
16460¢ The stade was a little longer than ourfurlong.
1646150 stades
16462is an exaggeration.
16463Other estimates are 40 stades (Timo-
16464chares ap. Eus. P.E. ix. 35, Aristeas, 105); 33 (Josephus, B.
16465vy. 159); 27 (‘‘ the land surveyor of Syria,”’ ap. Eus. ib. 36,
16466242
p. 267
16467AGAINST APION, I. 195-199
16468and Phoenicia in consequence of the disturbed con-
16469dition of Syria.
16470The same writer has referred to the extent and On the
16471beauty of the country which we inhabit in the [70°
16472following words :
16473“They occupy almost three million arourae * of
16474the most excellent and fertile soil, productive of
16475every variety of fruits.
16476Such is the extent of
16477Judaea.”’
16478Again, here is his description of Jerusalem itself, on
16479the city which we have inhabited from remote ages, 2°4°"
16480of its great beauty and extent, its numerous popula- Temple.
16481tion, and the temple buildings :
16482“The Jews have many fortresses and villages
16483in different parts of the country,? but only one
16484fortified city, which has a circumference of about
16485fifty stades®
16486and
16487some
16488hundred
16489and_
16490twenty
16491thousand inhabitants;
16492they call it Jerusalem.?
16493Nearly in the centre of the city stands a stone wall,
16494enclosing an area about five plethra® long and a
16495hundred’ cubits broad, approached by a pair of
16496gates.
16497Within this enclosure
16498is a square altar,
16499built of heaped up stones, unhewn and unwrought ;
16500each side is twenty cubits long and the height ten
16501cubits.
16502Beside it stands a great edifice, containing
16503an altar and a lampstand, both made of gold, and
16504weighing two talents ; upon these is a light which
16505is never extinguished by night or day.
16506There is
16507whose figure for the 2nd cent. B.c. is probably nearest the
16508mark).
16509@ ** Hierosolyma.”’
16510¢ The plethron was 100 Greek (about 98 English) feet.
16511* Another exaggeration apparently;
1651260 cubits was the
16513breadth prescribed by Cyrus (Ezra vi. 3).
16514243
p. 268
16515200
16516201
16517202 Ba
16518203
16519204
16520JOSEPHUS
16521ayaAwa 5° otK €oTw obtd’ avabnua TO Tapamay ovde
16522gutevpa tavTeA@s odd€ev, olov aAc@bes 7 Tt TOLod-
16523TOV. dvarptBovor o ev avTa Kal Tas vuKTas kal
16524Tas TiHEpas tepets ayvelas Twas ayvevo vTES Kal TO
16525Tapdmav oivov ob mlwovtes ev TA Lep@.”
16526ETL ye pay
16527ort Kal “AheEdvdpe 7@ Baowret guveoTparevoavTo:
16528Kal pera rabra Tots dvaddxous avrod jewapTupyKev:
16529ois O° avros Taparvxety dnow bn avopos *Tovdatov
16530KATO TH oTparetav yevopevols, TobTo* mapanao-
16531par.
16532A€yer 8 ovtTws: “euod yotv emi tiv *Epu-
16533Gpav badaccayv Badilovtos ovvyKodovie: tis pera
16534Tav
16535GAAwy Tv
16536TapaTeuToOVTWY Huds imméwv
16537‘Llovdatev® ovopia Mocodapos, avipwrros icavos
16538Kata wvy7ny, eUpworos Kat To€oTys* oy) TAVTOW
16539opohoyouperws” Kal TOV ~EMyvev Kal T@v Bap-
16540dpwyv dpiotos.
16541ovtos otv 6 avOpwros bvaPade-
16542Covrwy woAA@v Kata THV OdOV Kal pavTEws TWWOS
16543opvifevopevov Kal mavTas emuaxety a€iodvTOS Npa-
16544Tyhoe, dia TL Tpoopevovar.
16545deiEavTos b€ Tod pav-
16546TEWS atT@ Tov opvila Kai dycavtos, éav prev adToo
16547peg 7 Tpoomevew oupLpepew maow, €av 6 avaoras
16548els Toupmpoobev 7
16549TéTnTAaL Tpodyew, eav & Els TOv-
16550mabey avaywpetv adfis, cwmjoas Kal TtapeAKtcas
16551To Tofov €Bade Kat Tov opvila wardéas améxrewev.
16552ayavaktovvrwy b€ Tod pavTews Kai Twwv adAdAwv
16553Kal KaTapwpevwy
16554atT@,
16555“Ti patveobe,”
16556éby),
16557‘ kakodaimoves;’
16558e€ita TOV opyia.. AaBerv els Tas
16559xetpas, ““7@s yap,” edn, “ otros THY abTob GwTn-
165601 Eus., Lat.: cuvecrparetiovev L.
165612 L Eus.: raira Niese.
165623 ’Iovdaios conj. Niese.
165634 +706 Eus.
165645 Niese (after Lat.): duodoyotmevos L Eus,
16565244
p. 269
16566AGAINST APION, I. 199-204
16567not a single statue or votive offering, no trace of a
16568plant, in the form of a sacred grove or the like.
16569Here priests pass their nights and days perform-
16570ing certain rites of purification, and abstaining
16571altogether from wine while in the temple.” ¢
16572The author further attests the share which the
16573Jews took in the campaigns both of King Alexander
16574and of his successors.
16575One incident on the march,
16576in which a Jewish soldier was concerned, he states
16577that he witnessed himself.
16578I will give the story in
16579his own words :
16580“When I was on the march towards the Red
16581Sea, among the escort of Jewish cavalry which
16582accompanied us was one named Mosollamus,? a
16583very intelligent man, robust, and, by common
16584consent, the very best of bowmen, whether Greek
16585or barbarian.
16586This man, observing that a number
16587of men were going to and fro on the route and
16588that. the whole
16589force was being held up by a
16590seer who was taking the auspices, inquired why
16591they were halting.
16592The seer pointed out to him
16593the bird he was observing, and told him that if it
16594stayed in that spot it was expedient for them all
16595to halt ; if it stirred and flew forward, to advance ;
16596if backward, then to retire.
16597The Jew, without
16598saying a word, drew his bow, shot and struck the
16599bird, and killed it.
16600The seer and some others were
16601indignant, and heaped curses upon him.
16602‘ Why
16603so mad, you poor wretches?’ he retorted;
16604and
16605then, taking the bird in his hands, continued,
16606‘ Pray, how could any sound information about our
16607Bey... 9s tihzek. xliv, 21 2 67..Ap. ii 108:
16608® Hellenized form of Meshullam (Ezra viii. 16).
16609245
16610On
16611Mosollamus,
16612the Jewish
16613archer.
p. 270
16614205
16615206
16616208
16617209
16618JOSEPHUS
16619piav od mpoiday TEpl TAS TpeTEpas Topeias pty
16620av TL byves annyyeMev ; et yap iBivaro mpoyry-
16621vwoKkew To p<Adov, els TOV TOTTOV ToOTOv ovK ay
166227AGe, doBovpevos Ly Togevoas avTov amoKTEly
16623MoodAAapos
166246 O Tovdatos.”
16625"Aa tav pev “Exaratov peapTupiay aAus* Tots
16626yap Bovdopevors meio pabetv TO BuBrécp pgouov
16627coTw evtvyelv.
16628ovK oKVicw de Kal Tov em ev-
16629nbetas Svacuph@, Kkabdrep avTos olerat, pv hpnv
16630TETTOUNLEVOV TpOv "Avabapyidnv Gvopacan.
166316u-
16632TyOUpEVOS yap TO. 7
16633mept Ltpatovixyy, dv Tpozrov 7AGev
16634pe eis Lupiav ex Maxedovias karaduzotca TOV
16635eaurins avopa. Anpajrpioy, LedrevKov Sێ yapetv adryy
16636ov GeAncavros, orep exe TpocedoKy cer, Tmowou-
16637pevov (de |? Ty, a0 BaBvAdvos oTparetay avrod,
16638TA TEpt TIP ’ AvTioyevav
16639evewrepioey” ei?’ ws
16640dvéotperev 6 Baotrevs, dAvoKopevns Tis “Avtuo-
16641yelas, els LedevKevav dvyotoa, Tapov avTH TAXEWS
16642amomAe, evuTTviw kwdvovre mevatetoa eAnpbn Kal
16643anéGavev' tadta mpoemav o “Ayabapxions Kal
16644ETLOKWITWY
16645TH Zrparovixy TH devovdayroviay
16646Tapadety ware Xpyra. To TEpL TpGv oy Kal
16647yeypapev ovTUs. “ot Kadovpevor *Tovdato. moAw
16648oikobvTeEs oxupwrarny macy, Vv Kadeiv ‘lepood-
16649Avpa oupPaiver TOUS eyxwpious, apyel elOropevot
16650Sv éBddpuns Hpepas Kat pyre’ 7a oda Bacralew
166511 Om. Lat.
166522 Bekker: y7éé L.
166532 Of Cnidos, 2nd cent. B.c., author of many historical and
16654geographical works, in particular one on the Erythraean
16655(Red) Sea.
16656» Stratonice, daughter of Antiochus I (Soter), was married
16657to Demetrius II of Macedonia.
16658When Demetrius contracted
16659246
16660a
16661cin
16662Diea
p. 271
16663AGAINST APION, I. 204-209
16664march be given by this creature, which could not
16665provide for its own safety?
16666Had it been gifted
16667with divination, it would not have come to this
16668spot, for fear of being killed by an arrow of Mosol-
16669lamus the Jew.’ ”
16670But I have given enough evidence from Hecataeus ;
16671any who care to pursue the subject can easily peruse
16672his book.
16673‘There is another writer whom I shall name
16674without hesitation, although he mentions us only to
16675ridicule our folly, as he regards it—I mean Agath-
16676arcides.*
16677He is telling the story of Stratonice,” how
16678she deserted her husband Demetrius and came from
16679Macedonia to Syria, and how, when Seleucus dis-
16680appointed her by refusing to marry her, she created
16681a revolution at Antioch while he was starting on a
16682campaign from Babylon; and then how, after the
16683king’s return and the capture of Antioch, she fled to
16684Seleucia,° and instead of taking sail immediately,
16685as she might have done, let herself be stopped by a
16686dream, was captured and put to death.
16687After telling
16688this story and deriding the superstition of Stratonice,
16689Agatharcides quotes in illustration a tale told about
16690us.
16691The following are his words : 4
16692“The people known as Jews, who inhabit the
16693most strongly fortified of cities, called by the
16694natives Jerusalem,¢ have a custom of abstaining
16695from work every seventh day ; on those occasions
16696a second marriage, about 239 B.c., she fled for aid to her
16697nephew, Seleucus II (Callinicus). A slightly different account
16698in Justin, xxviii. 1.
16699¢ Seleucia Pieria, the Syrian port near the mouth of the
16700Orontes.
16701“ Quoted in a condensed form in A. xii. 6.
16702¢ ** Hierosolyma.”’
16703(vii.) Aca-
16704THARCID ES.
16705On Jewish
16706observance
16707of the
16708:
16709Sabbath.
p. 272
16710JOSEPHUS
16711€v Tois Elpnevols Xpovols pITE yewpylas antecBat
16712pare adAns emerctobac Aevroupyias pndepas,
16713adn’ ev Tots tepots EKTETAKOTES was xetpas evyeoUat
16714210 pEXpL THs éo7répas, elovovTos els THY TOAW IIroAe-
16715pualov Tov Adyov PETA THS duvdpews Kal TOV
16716avoparwy avtt Tod duAatrew tiv TOAW dvaTypovv-
16717: Tw THY dvovay, 7) bev TaTpis etAnpet deoTroT
16718HV
16719TUKpOV, 6 b€ voyLos cEndeyx0 7) paddrov € exw eGuopiov.
1672021170 b€ ovpPav aAqy eKelvwv TOUS aAAous mdvTas
16721dedldaye THViKaDTa dvyeiv eis’ evUmVia Kal THY
16722TEpl TOO vopov Tapadedoperyy b7ovolay, TVviKa av
16723tois avipwrivois Aoyiopois mept THv
16724Sdva7ropov-
16725212 weve eEaclevicwow.'
16726TodTo pev “Ayabapxton
16727Katayehuros a€vov dokel, Tots de LA) peta dvc-
16728pevelas eferalovat eee peya Kat moAA@v
16729aé.ov éyKwpiwv,
16730€l Kal owrnpias Kal mar pidos
16731avopwrot twes vopwv dvdrakiy Kat Thy pos Oeov
16732evoeBeay del TpoTYL@ow.
16733(23) “Ort 6€ odK ayvoobyTes Eviot THY Ovyypadéwv
1673470 efvos POV, adn’ bo Plovov twos 7 bu dAAas
16735airias ovx vyleis THY py nNV mapehumov, TEK[LT pLov
16736oiwar mapeEew.
16737‘lepwmvupos yap 6 TH mepl TOv
16738diad0xwv ltoTopiay cuyyeypadws Kata Tov avTov
16739pev jv “Exataiw xpovov, didos 8 ay *Avtuydvov
16740214 rot Baoitéws THY Lupiayv émeTpozrevev. aA’ opus
16741‘Exataios
16742pev Kal BiBAtov | eypaipe mepl 7pov,
16743‘lepesvupos 8° otdapod Kata TV toTopiay epvn-
16744213
167451 eis L Lat.: om. Grotius, the sense then being ‘‘ to avoid
16746dresanis:
167475.
16748Sy Wash
16749cs!
16750are
16751* Date unknown.
16752Appian
16753refers
16754to the reduction
16755of
16756Jerusalem by Ptolemy I (Syr. 50).
16757® Of Cardia in the Thracian Chersonese, c. 360-265; his
16758248
p. 273
16759AGAINST APION, I. 209-214
16760they neither bear arms nor take any agricultural
16761operations in hand, nor engage in any other form
16762of public service, but pray with outstretched hands
16763in the temples until the evening.
16764Consequently,
16765because
16766the inhabitants,
16767instead
16768of protecting
16769their city, persevered in their folly, Ptolemy, son
16770of Lagus, was allowed to enter with his army ; 4
16771the country was thus given over to a cruel master,
16772and the defect of a practice enjoined by law was
16773exposed.
16774That experience has taught the whole
16775world, except that nation, the lesson not to resort
16776to dreams and traditional fancies about the law,
16777until its difficulties are such as to baffle human
16778reason.”
16779Agatharcides finds such conduct ridiculous ; dis-
16780passionate critics will consider it a grand and highly
16781meritorious fact that there are men who consistently
16782care more for the observance of their laws and for
16783their religion than for their own lives and their
16784country’s fate.
16785(23) That
16786the omission
16787of some
16788historians
16789to
16790mention our nation was due, not to ignorance, but
16791to envy or some other disingenuous reason, I think
16792I amin a position to prove.
16793Hieronymus,’ who wrote
16794the history of Alexander’s successors, was
16795a con-
16796temporary of Hecataeus, and, owing to his friendship
16797with King Antigonus,° became governor of Syria.
16798Yet, whereas Hecataeus devoted a whole book to us,
16799Hieronymus, although he had lived almost within
16800history of the Diadochi from the death of Alexander to that
16801of Pyrrhus was a leading authority on that period.
16802His
16803Syrian appointment is not mentioned elsewhere.
16804¢ Surnamed
16805the
16806One-eyed,
16807c. 381-301
16808B.c., general of
16809Alexander and after his death monarch of Asia.
16810249
16811Malicious..
16812silence of &
16813Hieronymus
16814ete.
p. 274
16815JOSEPHUS
16816povevoe, Kalrou oxedov év Tots TOToLs SiaTeTpLdeds.
16817Toaobrov at Tpoapecets Tov avopwmav OujveyKay:
16818T@ pev yap edoFapiev Kal omovdaias elval pv7ins
16819dév, T@ 5€ mpos tiv adjfevay mdvtws Te ma0os
16820215 odK eVyvwpov éemeckoTHOEV.
16821GapKotar 8 Guws eis
16822TH amodelw THs apyaoTnTos al te Alyumtiwv
16823Kat
16824Xaddaiwy
16825Kat
16826Dowikwv
16827avaypadat
16828mpos
16829exelvals Te ToootTo. THv “EAAjvwv ovyypadeis.
16830216 é7. 5é Kal mpos Tots eipnuevois Oeddiros Kal
16831@ecddoros
16832Kat Myvacéas
16833Kal “Aptorogpavns
16834Kal
16835‘Eppoyerys, Edjpepos Te Kal Kove Kal Zesruptov
16836Kal mohoi twes dAdo Taxa, ov yap eywye mow
16837evreTvynKa
16838Tots
16839PuBAtous,
16840ov TapEepyws
168417)JL@V
16842217 epvnpovedKaow.
16843ot moAAot
16844b€ TeV
16845elpnuevwy
16846avopav THs pe dAnGetas Tov ef a
16847apyis Tpayydr ov
16848OujpapTov, 6
16849OTL [L7) 7
16850Tats tepais Tpeav BiBAous €
16851EVETUXOV,
16852KOWOS pevTou Tept Tis apxaLoTnTos ATavTES [LE-
16853218 peaprupyKaow, bmrép hs TA vov Aéyew mpoeGeuny. 6
16854[LEVTOL Dadnpevds Anparpios, kat Dilwy oO mpe-
16855oBuUTepos Kal EdzroAeos od moAv Tis dAnfevas
16856Oujpaprov. ols ovyylyvwoKelw aEvov: ov yap evi
16857atbrois eTa TAaonS aKpiPelas Tots HeTEpoLs ypap-
16858pact tapakodovbeiv.
16859219
16860(24) “Ev ére prow keddAaiov brodeimerar TOV KaTa
16861THY apynv mpotebevtwv Tob Adyou, Tas SiaBoAds Kat
16862* Josephus perhaps owes his knowledge of these names to
16863second-hand
16864information,
16865whether
16866written
16867(Alexander
16868Polyhistor or Nicolas of Damascus), or orally supplied by
16869literary friends
16870in Rome.
16871Reinach thinks they are
16872all
16873derived from Alexander Polyhistor.
16874This is probable in the
16875case of the two first named.
16876Theodotus (if the author of a
16877hexameter poem on Sichem and the story of Dinah is meant)
16878250
p. 275
16879AGAINST APION, I. 214-219
16880our borders, has nowhere mentioned us in his history.
16881So widely different were the views of these two men.
16882One thought us deserving of serious notice ; the eyes
16883of the other, through an ill-natured disposition, were
16884totally blind to the truth.
16885However, our antiquity
16886is sufficiently established by the Egyptian, Chaldaean,
16887and Phoenician records, not to mention the numerous
16888Greek
16889historians.
16890In addition
16891to those
16892already
16893cited, Theophilus, Theodotus, Mnaseas, Aristophanes,
16894Hermogenes, Euhemerus, Conon,
16895Zopyrion,* and,
16896may be, many more—for my reading has not been
16897exhaustive—have made more than a passing allusion
16898to us.
16899The majority of these authors have mis-
16900represented the facts of our primitive history, because
16901they have not read our sacred books ; but all concur
16902in testifying to our antiquity, and that is the point
16903with which I am at present concerned.
16904Demetrius
16905Phalereus,? the elder
16906Philo, and Eupolemus® are
16907exceptional in their approximation to the truth, and
16908[their errors] may be excused on the ground of their
16909inability to follow quite accurately the meaning of
16910our records.
16911(24) I have still to deal with one of the topics pro-
16912posed at the beginning of this work,? namely, to
16913was probably a Samaritan.
16914Mnaseas is mentioned again in
16915Ap. ii. 112 and A.i. 94.
16916Aristophanes may be the famous
16917Alexandrian
16918librarian.
16919Euhemerus
16920is celebrated for his
16921rationalistic explanation of Greek mythology.
16922> ¢, 345-283 B.c.; an Attic orator and afterwards librarian
16923at Alexandria under Ptolemy I, credited by pseudo-Aristeas
16924and Josephus (Ap. ii. 46) with having been instrumental in
16925obtaining a Greek version of the Pentateuch.
16926But he is here
16927probably confused with another Demetrius, a Jewish historian.
16928¢ Jewish writers on Biblical subjects of the second cent.
16929B.c.;
16930‘* the elder Philo” an epic poet, Eupolemus a historian.
16931assaf.
16932251
16933Further
16934Greek
16935witnesses.
p. 276
16936JOSEPHUS
16937Tas Aovdopias, ais KéypyvTat Twes KaTa TOD yevous
16938TpOv, a. mrobetE at
16939wevdeis,
16940Kal
16941Tots
16942yeypadoat
16943220 TavTas a EauT@v xpijcacbar paprvow.
16944OTL pe
16945obv Kal €Tépots TobTO ToAAois oupBeBnke dua THV
16946Evie Svopeverar, ofjae yuyvwoKkew TOUS aAێov
16947Tats
16948toroptas
16949EVTUYXGVOVTAS.
16950Kal
16951yap ebay
16952TWwes Kal TOV evdokoTaTwy moAewy puTaivew THY
16953evyevetayv Kal Tas ToAtTElas emexeipycav AoLdopeiv,
16954221 Oeomop7os pev TI “AGnvaiwy, tiv be Aakedai-
16955peoviewy IloAvkpazys, 6 de TOV Tpuodurucov ypupas,
16956ov yap 67 Oedmopmos e€oTW Ws olovTal TWWeS, Kal
16957civ OnBaiwy woAw mpocddaxev,’ moAAa be Kat
16958Tiatos €v Tats toTopiats mepl TOV mpoerpnwevwv
16959222 Kal trept dAAwv PePrAacdruynKkev.
16960pddtota d€ TodTO
16961mowodat Tois evdoEoTaTols TpoaTAeKOpeEvot, TWES LEV
16962dua povov Kat KaKo7Jevav, dAdo b€ bia TOU Kawo-
16963Aoyetv" pens afnnoecbar vopiCovres. Tapa. pev
16964ovv Tots avorjrous Tauris od dtapapravovor Tis
16965éAridos, ot 6° tyvatvovtes TH Kpioer TOMY adbTa@v
16966poxOnpiay Karabucalovar.
16967223
16968(25) Tév & eis Huds PAaodnpwayv 7ipEavro pev Ai-
16969yUTT LOL’ BovAdcpevor 6° é€xelvois twes xapilecbar
16970Tapatpémew emexelpnoav tiv adjfevav, ovtTe THY
16971els Alyurtov adiéw ws eyévero TaV TeTéepwv
16972mpoyovwv
16973oporoyodvtes,
16974ovTe tHv e€€odov
16975adAn-
16976/
16977224 Mevovtes.
16978airias
16979dé moAdas
16980€eAaBov
16981tod
16982pucety
169831 So, with Naber, I conjecture, from the Lat. momordit :
16984mpocédaBev L.
169852 Dind.: xevoroyeiv L.
16986@ Of Chios, ¢. 378-300, pupil of Isocrates and an acri-
16987monious historian.
16988252
16989~
1699059
16991ea
p. 277
16992AGAINST APION, I. 219-224
16993expose the fictitious nature of the accusations and (IIL)Calum-
16994aspersions cast by certain persons upon our nation, iA”
16995and to convict the authors of them out of their own Semites.
16996mouths.
16997That
16998many
16999others
17000have,
17001through
17002the Similar
17003animosity of individuals, met with the same fate, is Soups
17004a fact of which, I imagine, all habitual readers of nations.
17005history are aware.
17006Various authors have attempted
17007to sully the reputation of nations and of the most
17008illustrious cities, and to revile their forms of govern-
17009ment.
17010Theopompus? attacked Athens, Polycrates ®
17011Lacedaemon;
17012the
17013author
17014of
17015the
17016Tripoliticus ¢
17017(who was certainly not, as some suppose, Theo-
17018pompus) included Thebes in his strictures ; Timaeus 4
17019in his histories freely abused these and other states
17020besides.
17021These critics
17022are most virulent in their
17023attacks on persons of the highest celebrity, some out
17024of envy and spite, others in the belief that the novelty
17025of their language will procure them notoriety.
17026In
17027this expectation they find fools who do not disappoint
17028them; by men of sound judgement their depravity
17029is severely condemned.
17030(25) The
17031libels
17032upon
17033us
17034originated
17035with
17036the The
17037_
17038Egyptians.
17039To gratify them, certain authors under- eee
17040took to distort the facts; they misrepresented the ators of
17041circumstances
17042of the entry of our
17043ancestors
17044into calumnies.
17045Egypt, and gave an equally false account of their Reasons for
17046departure.
17047The Egyptians had many reasons
17048for malignity.
17049» His Laconica is mentioned hy Athenaeus iv. 139 p; doubt-
17050fully identified with a fourth-century Athenian sophist.
17051¢ The
17052“ Three states book,”’ also called the
17053“ Three-
17054headed book ”’ (Tpixdpavos),
17055a pamphlet attacking Athens,
17056Sparta, and Thebes, put out in the name of Theopompus by
17057his enemy Anaximenes of Lampsacus, who so successfully
17058imitated the style of Theopompus as to bring the latter into
17059universal odium (Pausan. vi. 18. 3).
170604 Nicknamed ’Emuiriuacos, “* fault-finder”’; ef. § 16 note.
17061253
p. 278
17062225
17063226
17064JOSEPHUS
17065Kat dOovetv, TO ev €€ apyfs oT KaTa THY KwWpav
17066att@v edvvdotevoav Huadv of mpoyovor
17067KaKkeilev
17068amadXayévtes emi THY oikelay madAw eddayLovyncay.
17069<i? 7 TovTwV" UmevavTvorns mohAny avTots
17070eVv-
17071ezolnoev €xOpayv, Tooovrov THs TET epas dadhepov-
17072ons evocBelas mpos THY Um exelvwY vevomLoperyY,
17073Ocov Ge0b pvars Cou dAdyoo bieaTH KE. KOWOV
17074puev ‘yap avrots €oTL mdr pLov TO TabTa Jeods vopicew,
17075idia d€ mpos aAAjAous ev tais Tysats adt@v d.a-
17076dépovtar.
17077Kotdor b€ Kal avonto. TavTdTacWw av-
17078Opwrot, Kak@s && apxis etfopevor dofalew mept
17079bedv, pyujoacbat jeev THY cepvornra THS Hp<eTEpas
17080bcodoylas ovK Eexwpnoar, opavres de CnAovpevous
17081v70 Tov epfovynoayv.
17082eis ToooOTov yap 7AGov
17083avolas Kal puuKpoivyias €vio. TOV Tap” avrots, wor
17084ovde tats apyatais avr ay dvaypapats wKvnoay
17085evavTia Aeyew, aAAd Kat odiow avrots evayTta ypa-
17086dhovtes v70 Tuphorytos TOO maGous 7
17087qyvoncay.
17088(26) "Ed’ Ev0s de TPWTOV oT TOV Aoyov, @ @ Kal
17089pedprupe juKpov eumpoabev Tis dpxasoryros exp7-
17090odpny. 0 yap Mavebus otros, 6 Thy AtyumTiaKny
17091toroptav eK TOV tep@v Ypappar ov peDeppnvevew
17092DTEayn[Levos, TpoevTanv Tovs TLETEPOUS TpoyovousS
170937oAAats
17094pupudow em THY Alyurrov
17095éMovras
17096KpaThoa T@v eVOLKOUVTO”, ett” avros opohoyay
17097xpovw mdaAw voTepov éexmecdvtas tiv viv "lov-
17098daiavy Katacyetv Kal Kticavtas ‘lepoodAvpa tov
17099veav KaTackevaoacbar, wéexpe ev ToUTWY HKOAOU-
171001 rotrwy L Lat.: 7&v iepSv Spanheim.
17101*7.¢.
17102in the time of the patriarch Joseph.
17103Josephus
17104254
p. 279
17105AGAINST APION, I. 224-228
17106their hatred and envy.
17107There was
17108the original
17109grievance of the domination of our ancestors over
17110their country,* and their renewed prosperity when
17111they had left it and returned to their own land.
17112Again, the profound contrast between the two cults ®
17113created bitter animosity, since our religion is as far
17114removed from that which is in vogue among them as
17115is the nature of God from that of irrational beasts.
17116For it is their national custom to regard animals as
17117gods, and this custom is universal, although there are
17118local differences in the honours paid to them.?
17119These
17120frivolous and utterly senseless specimens of humanity,
17121accustomed from the first to erroneous ideas about
17122the gods, were incapable of imitating the solemnity
17123of our theology, and the sight of our numerous
17124admirers
17125filled them with envy.
17126Some of them
17127earried their folly and narrow-mindedness so far that
17128they did not hesitate to contradict their ancient
17129chronicles, nay, in the blindness of their passion, they
17130failed to perceive that in what they wrote they
17131actually contradicted themselves.
17132(26) The first writer, on whom I propose to dwell (i.)calum-
17133at some length, is one whose evidence has already Vso"
17134served me a little way back ¢ to prove our antiquity—
17135I mean Manetho.
17136This author, having promised to
17137translate the history of Egypt from the sacred books,
17138begins by stating that our ancestors entered Egypt
17139in their myriads and subdued the inhabitants, and
17140goes on to admit that they were afterwards driven
17141out of the country, occupied what is now Judaea,
17142founded Jerusalem, and built the temple.
17143So far
17144apparently identifies the Hycsos with the ancestors of the
17145Jews (§ 103).
17146’ Or “ nations.”
17147¢ Cf. e.g. Juvenal, Sat. xv., and Ap. ii. 65 below.
17148i
17149Uf
17150290
p. 280
17151229
17152230
17153232
17154JOSEPHUS
17155Once tais avaypadais.
17156emerta b€ Sods eEovatav
17157avT@® dia Tob davar ypaew Ta pvbevdpeva Kat
17158Aeyopeva mept tov
17159“lovdaiwy Aoyous amvldvous
17160TmapevePadev,
17161dvayi€ar BovAcpevos Tey mAjGos
17162Atyurtiov Aempav Kat emt adAXows appworipacw,
17163as 701, puyelv € ex THs Aly’mrov Karayvaobevtwv.
17164‘Apevod yap Bacrea mpoabets, wevdes ovo,
17165Kal dua TOTO Xpovov avrod Tijs Bactretas opicar
17166Ley) ToAUHoAS, Kalrou ye emt TOV aMav Baoréuv
17167axpiBas Ta €Tn TpooTieis,
17168TovTw
17169mpooamret
17170twas pvlodoyias, émAabdjevos oyedov OTL 7rEV-
17171TaKoolols ETEOL Kal SEKAOKTE) TpPOTEpoV LoTOpHKE
17172‘08
17173WV
17174TO
17175:
17176efodov eis “le ooodv a.
17177yevertar THY TOY ToyLevW €
17178p
17179Up
17180Tebprwors _yap jv PBaowreds OTe efjjecar, amo de
17181TOUTOU Tov peTaév" Bacrréwr Kar avTov
17182€oTL
17183TplLaKOOLG
17184evevnKOVTaT pia ery, [EXPL TOV dvo
17185adeAbav Leb KaL Eppatov, @v tov pev Lebwv
17186Aiyurtov,
17187tov
171886€ “Epyasov
17189Aavadov.
17190petovopa-
17191objvai gnow, ov exBaAcy 6 Lédbws éBactAevcev
17192er7) vO Kat pet adrov o mpeaBurepos TOV vidv
17193av7o0 ‘Papibys Es’. ToGoUToUS obv 7 poTepov €Teow
17194ameAfety €€ Alyt’mrov tovs matTépas 7uU@v wpyo-
17195AoynKkws eita Tov “Apévwdw eloToijoas éuBoAyov
171961 rovrov Tay weTakd (after Lat.) Niese: rovrwy peraéd Tay L.
17197« Cf. “ the boil of Egypt ’’ (perhaps elephantiasis), Deut.
17198Xxvill. 27.
17199® Lit. “ adding.”
17200¢ Josephus’s criticism is unreasonable.
17201Manetho clearly
17202distinguished between two expulsions from Egypt: (1) that
17203of the Hycsos who founded Jerusalem (§ 85-90); (2) that of
17204the lepers, etc., under Osarsiph
17205(= Moses) who, with the
17206descendants of the Hycsos, returned and overran the country
17207256
p. 281
17208AGAINST APION, I. 229-232
17209he followed the chronicles ; but at this point, under
17210the pretext of recording fables and current reports
17211about the Jews, he took the liberty of introducing
17212some incredible tales, wishing to represent us as
17213mixed up with a crowd of Egyptian lepers and others, on the
17214who for various maladies* were condemned, as he fant Bae
17215asserts, to banishment from the country.
17216Inventing ®
17217a king named Amenophis, an imaginary person, the Story of
17218_
17219date of whose reign he consequently did not venture Am s°Ph's
17220to fix (although he adds the exact years of the other lepers.
17221kings whom he mentions), he attaches to him certain
17222legends, having presumably forgotten that he has
17223already stated that the departure of the shepherds
17224for Jerusalem took place 518 years previously.°
17225For
17226it was in the reign of Tethmosis @ that they left, and,
17227according to Manetho, the succeeding reigns covered
17228a period of 393 years ® down to the two brothers,
17229Sethos and Hermaeus,/ the former of whom, he says,
17230took the name of Aegyptus and the latter that of
17231Danaus.’
17232Sethos, after expelling Hermaeus, reigned
17233fifty-nine years, and his eldest son Rampses, who
17234succeeded him, sixty-six.
17235Thus after admitting that
17236all those years had elapsed since our forefathers left
17237Egypt, he now interpolates this fictitious Amenophis.
17238(§ 232-250). The identification of the Amenophis under whom
17239the second expulsion took place is doubtful, but Josephus
17240is not justified
17241in calling him ‘‘an
17242imaginary person.”
17243Manetho has already mentioned three kings of that name
17244(§ 95-97).
17245Josephus, notwithstanding his criticism, clearly,
17246by his calculation of an interval of 518 years (= 393
17247+ 59 +66,
17248§ 231f.), identified him with a later Amenophis IV.
17249This,
17250according to most commentators, was also the identification
17251of Manetho.
17252Reinach, however, gives reasons to show that
17253Manetho identified him with Amenophis III (§ 97).
17254@4§94;
17255=Thoummosis, § 88.
17256PCy. SlOS:
17257f Called Harmais §§ 98 ff.
172589 § 102.
17259VOL. I
17260S
17261257
p. 282
17262JOSEPHUS
17263/
17264Baowréa pyar TODTOV emOvu oar fev yevécbar
17265Geary, womep “Op eis TOV Tpo avToou BeBactrev-
17266KOT, aveveyKe
17267dé Hv embupiav
17268Opreov ope
17269pev att@ “Apevorder, watrpos b€ Lladmuos*
17270ovzt,
17271~
17272/
17273h
17274feias 5€ SoxobvTt petecyynKévar PvUoews KaTA TE
17275~
17276>
17277~
17278os
17279233 codiav KL Tpoyvwow TOV ECOMEVOV.
17280ELTTELVY
17281 OUV
17282~
17283~
17284\
17285avT@ tTovTov Tov OpLeaVU}LOV OTL Ouv7jgeTau feovs
17286’
17287~
17288idetv, €f Kabapay am 0 te Ae
17289m™pav KaL TOV aa
17290puap@v avOpetwv tiv xopav amacav Trouncetev.
17291234 nolévta Sé€ tov Baoi\éa wavtas Tovs 7a cwyaTa
17292~
17293-~
17294/
17295AchwBnpevous eK THS Atybarov ouvayayety" yeve-
17296235 afar de TO 7AjGos* pupudoas OKT: Kal TOUTOUS ae
17297tas ABotouias tas €v TO mpos avaTtoAny pepe
17298tod Neidov éufadrety atrov, omws épyalowtTo Kat
17299~
17300>
17301>
17302/
17303Tov dddwy Aiyurtiwy elev Kexwpropevor.®
17304eivar dé
17305~
17306~
17307\
17308Twas é€v avtois Kat T@v Aoyiwv lepéwy dyat rA€7pa
17309an
17310\
17311236 ovveyouevous.*
17312tov
17313be “Apévadw
17314€xeivov,
17315Tov
17316~
17317/
17318codov Kal pavTiKov avopa, tmodeicat® mpos avTOV
17319\
17320\
17321/
17322/
17323~
17324~
17325>
17326/
17327Te Kat Tov Bao.réa yodAov TOV Gedy, et Bracbevtes
17328offyjcovrat: Kat mpooléuevoy eimeiv OTe ovppayy-
17329Govol TiwWes Tois papois Kat THS Aty’mTou Kpa-
17330THGOvowW
17331em
17332€eTy SekaTpia,
17333p17 ToAUjoaL
17334pev
17335\
17336>
17337~
17338~
17339~
17340~
17341avTov eimety TadTa TH Pacrrel, ypadyy de KaTa-
17342/
17343\
17344~
17345>]
17346>
173476
17348Limovta mepi mavTwy éavtov
17349avedciv,
17350ev abvpia
17351=
17352\
17353—
17354A
17355,
17356BA
17357\
17358/
173594
17360237 6€ evar Tov Paciréa.
17361Kameita kata A€Ew ovVTWS
17362/
17363~
17364>
17365~
17366/
17367/
17368yeypagev’ ““tav 8 ev Tais AaTopmiats ws xpovos
173691 ed. pr. (cf. § 243): Tlamos L.
173702 Niese (after Lat.): roi rAnGous L.
173713 ciey xex. (with Holwerda): oi éyxexwpicpévor L.
173724 Dindorf: cuyxexusuévous L.
173735 Dind.: trodetcAa L.
17374* Orus, ninth king of the XVIIIth
17375Dynasty (§ 96);
17376258
p. 283
17377AGAINST APION, I. 232-237
17378This king, he states, wishing to be granted, like
17379Or,” one of his predecessors on the throne, a vision
17380of the gods, communicated his desire to his name-
17381sake, Amenophis, son of Paapis,? whose wisdom
17382and knowledge of the future were regarded as
17383marks of divinity.
17384‘This namesake replied that he
17385would be able to see the gods if he purged the
17386entire country of lepers and other polluted persons.
17387Delighted at hearing this, the king collected all the
17388maimed people in Egypt, numbering 80,000, and
17389sent them to work in the stone-quarries ° on the
17390east of the Nile, segregated from the rest of the
17391Egyptians.
17392They included, he adds, some of the
17393learned priests, who were afflicted with leprosy.
17394Then this wise seer Amenophis was seized with a
17395fear that he would draw down the wrath of the
17396gods on himself and the king if the violence done
17397to these men were detected ; and he added a pre-
17398diction that the polluted people would find certain
17399allies who would become masters of Egypt for
17400pucteen years.
17401Te did; not venture to tell this
17402himself to the king, but left a complete statement
17403in writing, and then put an end to himself.
17404The
17405king was greatly disheartened.
17406Then Manetho proceeds (I quote his actual words) :
17407“When the men in the stone-quarries had con-
17408probably confused with the god Horus.
17409Herodotus (ii. 42)
17410tells a similar story of Heracles in Egypt desiring a vision
17411of the Theban Zeus (Amun).
17412® Apparently
17413a historical
17414person,
17415viz. Amenothes
17416(or
17417Amenophis), son of Hapi, minister of Amenophis III, whose
17418statue
17419with
17420an
17421inscription
17422was
17423discovered
17424by Mariette
17425(Maspero, Hist. ancienne, 1897,
17426ii. 299, 448;
17427quoted by
17428Reinach).
17429ey Herod: it...
17430259
p. 284
17431JOSEPHUS
17432ikavos Oundfev tadraitwpotvTwv, a€vwheis 6 Bact-
17433Neds va pds KardAvow abrois Kal oKémnv azro-
17434Leplon Thy TOTE TOV ToYLevwY epnuwlkeicay woAW
17435Avapw ovveympynoev: ott 8 1 ods (kaTa THY
17436238 Beodoylav
17437dvwhev) Tuduivios.
17438of 8€ eis tadTnv
17439eiceMfovres Kal Tov Tomoy TobToY els amooTacW
17440éyovres,
17441ayepova
17442attav
17443Aeyopevov
17444twa
17445TeV
17446‘HAvorodirav
17447iepéwv “Oodpordov éatioavTo
17448Kat
17449touTw Telapyncovtes’
17450ev Gow
17451wpKwpoTnaay.
17452239 6 de 7 P@TOV peev avTots VO|LOV eBero [LTTE Tpoo-
17453Kuvelv
17454eos
17455pyre Tov
17456pdrdwotra
17457ev Atyiarw
17458Beuictevopevwv tepav Cawv arméxecbar pndevos,
17459mavTa
17460Se Bew
17461Kat
17462avadrotv,
17463cvvamrecbar
17464dé
17465240 pnoevt
17466TAnv
17467TOW
17468CUVW[LOG LEVON.
17469TovavTa
17470de
17471vowobernoas
17472Kal
17473mAcora
17474dAAa
17475padota
17476Tots
17477Atyumriow eGiapots évaytiovpeva exéAevoev zodv-
17478yelpla Ta THS TOAEwWS emicKevalew TElyn Kal TpOS
17479moAeuov éroljous yivecBat Tov mpos “Auévwdw Tov
17480241 Bacwléa.
17481adtros 6€ mpocdaBdopevos pel” eavTod
17482Kal TOV GAAwy lepéwv Kal ovppentappeven emrepre
17483mpéaBers mpos Tovs bro Tebuwcews amedacbévtas
17484Touevas els TOAW tiv Kadovpevnv ‘lepocddupa,
17485Kat Ta Kal? éavtov
17486Kat tovs aAAovs Tovs our-
17487atytacbervras SyAwoas jElov cuveToTpaTevew opo-
17488242 Oupadov én’ Atyumrov.
17489émd€ew? péev otv advrovs
17490emnyyelAato mp&tov ev eis Avapw tiv mpoyoviKny
17491a’t@v
17492matplda
17493Kal Ta emuTHdeva
17494Tots
17495dyAots
17496mapecew
17497adbbdovws, tbreppwayjocobar
17498de dre Sdéor
17499Kal padilws vroyelpiov adbtots TV Kwpav ToLnoew.
175001 ed. pr.: -joavtes L.
175012 éravatewv Cobet,
17502260
p. 285
17503AGAINST APION, I. 237-242
17504tinued long in misery, the king acceded to their
17505request to assign them for habitation and protec-
17506tion the abandoned city of the shepherds, called
17507Auaris, and according to an ancient theological
17508tradition
17509dedicated
17510to Typhon.¢
17511Thither
17512they
17513went, and, having now a place to serve as a base
17514for revolt, they appointed as their leader one of the
17515priests of Heliopolis called Osarsiph,? and swore
17516to obey all his orders.
17517By his first law he ordained
17518that they should not worship the gods nor abstain
17519from the flesh of any of the animals held in special
17520reverence in Egypt, but should kill and consume
17521them all, and that they should have no connexion
17522with ‘any save members of their own confederacy.
17523After laying down these and a multitude of other
17524laws, absolutely opposed to Egyptian custom, he
17525ordered all hands to repair the city walls and make
17526ready for war with King Amenophis.
17527Then, in
17528concert with other priests and polluted persons
17529like himself, he sent an embassy to the shepherds,
17530who had been expelled by Tethmosis, in the city
17531called Jerusalem, setting out the position of him-
17532self and his outraged companions, and inviting
17533them to join in a united expedition against Egypt.
17534He undertook to escort them first to their ancestral
17535home at Auaris, to provide abundant supplies for
17536their multitudes,
17537to fight for them when
17538the
17539moment came, and without difficulty to reduce the
17540country to submission.
17541The shepherds, delighted
17542a Cf. §§ 78, 86.
17543Although Osarsiph plays the part of, and is identified
17544with, Moses (§ 250), the name, as Reinach suggests, looks
17545like a transformation of Joseph, the Egyptian Osiris being
17546substituted for the first syllable, incorrectly regarded as
17547derived from the Hebrew Jan.
17548261
p. 286
17549243
17550244
17551246
17552247
17553JOSEPHUS
17554ot O€
17555tmepyapets
17556yevomevor
17557TavTes
17558mpob pws
17559~
17560>
17561eis kK’ j.upiddas avdp@v
17562ovveEwpynoav
17563Kal [eT
17564>
17565ne
17566ures
17567>
17568”
17569yy
175707
1757132
17572we
17573=
17574od odd FKov
17575ets Avapw.
17576“Apévwdis 8 6 TOV
17577A
17578>
17579/
17580\
17581e
17582>
17583/
17584\
17585\
17586\
17587Aiyumtiwvy
17588Baoitdevs
17589ws
17590emvbeTo
17591Ta
17592KaTa
17593THD
17594/
17595~
17596A
17597exelvwv edodov, od peTpiws avvexv0y THs Tapa
17598“Apevagews TOU Iladzvos pvyabeis TpodnAucews.
17599Kal TpOTEpoV ouvayayov 7AjGos Atyumtiav Kal
176005
17601BovAevoapevos peta TOV ev ToUToLs ayepoveny Td.
17602TE tepa Coa Ta Tpara + pddvoTa €v Tots ‘epots
17603TYLOPLEVE ws €auTov” pereneuiparo Kal TOlS KATO
17604p€pos lepetat Tapyyyerev ws aopareorara TOV
17605Decv cuppa TO. foava. Tov Oe viov Letwy,
17606tov
17607Kat “Papyecony
17608amo
17609“Paibnots
17610tot matpos
17611Wvopacpevov,
17612TevTaeTn
17613ovtTa
17614e€€letTo
17615mpos Tov
17616e
17617~
17618/
17619>]
17620\
17621\
17622\
17623\
17624~
17625€avtod
17626dtdov.
17627attos
176286€
17629diaBas
17630<ovv>
17631Tots
17632dAAots Alyumtiow, ovow eis TpiaKovTa pupiddas
17633avopa@v HAXYLWTATWY,
17634Kal
17635Tots
17636moAeiows
17637am-
17638avTjoas” ov ouveBahev, ara peAdew* Peopayety
17639vopicas TaAwdpopjaas 7)
17640HKEV Els Mendy, avadaBow
17641te tov Te “Azw Kal ta adda Ta exeioe peTamep-
17642dbévra tepa Cia edOds eis Atfiomiav otv aravte TO
17643/
17644\
17645/
17646~
176475
17648/
17649>
17650/
17651/
17652oT0Aw Kat 7AnGer tev AlyuTtiwv aviyOy: yapere
17653yap iv atta vroyxeipios 6 TOV Aifidmwv Bactreds.
17654“a 5
17655e
176568
17657Pe
17658yee
17659\
17660\
17661oA
17662Xr
17663/
17664¢e
17665nt
17666\
17667Os° b7r0 ed jrevos Kal Tovs OxAous TavTas b70 aBaw
17668ois e€ayev 1 xXwpa TOV T™pos avOpurtvny Tpogyy
17669SAE rs Kat TOAEis Kal Kapas mpos TH. TOV
17670pili tie TproKkatoeKa eT@V aro THS apxas
17671atvTov®
17672exmTwow a ovx WTTov
17673O6€ Kal
17674- bi Lat.
176752 Niese: és ye atrov L.
17676- Niese (after Lat.): dravrjcacw L.
176774 un deiv (cf. § 263) Herwerden.
176785 Niese anes Lat.): d6ev L.
17679+eis ryv Ls; a verb such as rapécyev is desiderated.
17680262
p. 287
17681AGAINST APION, I. 243-247
17682with the idea, all eagerly set off in a body number-
17683ing 200,000 men, and soon reached Auaris.
17684“The news of their invasion sorely perturbed
17685Amenophis, king of Egypt, who recalled the pre-
17686diction of Amenophis, son of Paapis.
17687He began
17688by assembling the Egyptians, and, after delibera-
17689tion with their chiefs, sent for the sacred animals
17690which were held in most reverence in the temples,
17691and instructed the priests in each district to conceal
17692the images of the gods as securely as possible.
17693His five-year-old son Sethos, also called Ramesses
17694after his grandfather Ra(m)pses,* he entrusted to
17695the care of a® friend.
17696He then crossed [the Nile,
17697with] 300,000 of the most
17698efficient warriors
17699of
17700Egypt and met the enemy.
17701Instead, however, of
17702engaging them, he, under the belief that he was
17703about to fight against the gods, turned back and
17704repaired to Memphis.
17705There he picked up Apis
17706and the other sacred animals which he had ordered
17707to be brought thither, and at once, with all his
17708army and the Egyptian population, started up
17709country for Ethiopia, whose king was under obliga-
17710tion to him and at his service.
17711The latter made
17712him weleome and maintained the whole multitude
17713with all the products of the country suitable for
17714human consumption,
17715assigned them
17716cities
17717and
17718villages sufficient for the destined period of thirteen
17719years’ banishment from the realm, and moreover °¢
17720* The genealogy here given supports Reinach’s opinion
17721that
17722the King Amenophis
17723of this story (according to
17724Josephus
17725an imaginary person, § 230)=Amenophis
17726III
17727(cf. § 97).
17728® Literally, “‘ his’’; (?) the king of Ethiopia named later.
17729Or
17730above all.”
17731263
p. 288
17732248
17733249
17734250
17735251
17736252
17737JOSEPHUS
17738otpatoredov
17739Aiftomikov
17740mpos dvAakiy émétake
17741tots map “Apevwdews
17742tod PBacwéws
17743emi TeV
17744CAsf
17745a
17746ACS,
17747ae
17748\
17749\
17750\
17751\
17752\
17753>
17754dpiwy THs AlyUmrov.
17755Kal Ta wev Kata THv Aibo-
17756miav tovatrta’
17757ot b€ Lodvpirar KateAPdvtes ovv
17758Tots pLlapois THY Atyurtiov ovTws avociws’ Tots
17759avOparm ous mpoanvexOnoar, WOTE THY TOV Tpoetpy)-
17760peeveny KpaTynaw xpucov paivectar Tots TOTE TA
17761tovtwy aoeBruata Bewpévoiss Kat yap ov pLovov
17762moves Kal KWEas EvéTpnoav, ovdE LepoavdAodbyTeEs
17763>
17764\
17765/
17766/
17767~
17768>]
17769~
17770>
17771\
17772\
17773obdé Avpawopevor Edava Fev jpKobdvto, adda Kat
17774Tots advTols* émTavios THY ceBacTevowevwy Lep@v
177754
17776A
17777Cawv xpdpevor SietéAovv, Kat GdTas Kat odayeis
17778TOUTW lepets Kal mpodrtas yvayKalov yweobat
17779/
17780\
17781a
17782¢
17783\
17784KaL ‘yupvous feBaMov. Aéyerar d€ OTe
17785<O> THY
17786Tohuretav Kal TOUS VOLLOUS avrois xataBahopevos
17787tepevs
17788to yevos “HAvomzoXirns
17789sovopa ’Ocapaid
17790>
17791A
17792~
17793b
17794¢
17795/
17796iS
17797/
17798e
17799amo tod ev
17800‘HXtouvmoAe Geod
17801“Ocipews, ws per-
17802é€Byn «is tTotrTo To yevos, peteTeOn Tovvowa Kal
17803mpoonyopev0n Mwvojs.’’
17804(27) “A pev obv Atybrrwoe dh€épovor TEpl TOV ‘lov-
17805datwy Tabr €oTl Kal eTEPO. mXelova, a Tapinpw
17806ouvTopias evexa.
17807Aéyer d€ 0 Mavébws maAw ore
17808pera Tatra em7Afev o “Apevenpis azo Atfomias
17809pera peyadns dvvdpews Kal 0 vios avTou ‘Papibns,
17810Kal avros Exar dvvapw, Kal oupBadovres ob ovo
17811Tots TOYLEDL KQL TOs pLLapots Evin aay avrovs Kal
17812moAXovs amoKteivavtes ediw€av attods aypt TaV
17813oplwy THs Lvpias.
17814tadTa pev Kal Ta Tovatra
17815Mavédws cuvéypayev'
17816ote 5€ Anpet Kai Pevderau
178171 +xai L.
178182 Bekker: adrois L.
17819264.
p. 289
17820AGAINST APION, I. 247-252
17821stationed
17822an Ethiopian army on the Egyptian
17823frontier
17824to protect
17825King Amenophis
17826and_
17827his
17828subjects.
17829“Such was the condition of affairs in Ethiopia.
17830Meanwhile the Solymites * came down ? with the
17831polluted Egyptians, and treated the inhabitants in
17832so sacrilegious a manner that the regime of the
17833shepherds seemed like a golden age ¢ to those who
17834now beheld the impieties of their present enemies.
17835Not only did they set cities and villages on fire,
17836not only did they pillage the temples and mutilate
17837the images of the gods, but, not content with that,
17838they habitually
17839used
17840the very
17841sanctuaries
17842as
17843kitchens for roasting the venerated sacred animals,
17844and forced the priests and prophets to slaughter
17845them and cut their throats, and then turned them
17846out naked.
17847It is said that the priest who gave
17848them a constitution and code of laws was a native
17849of Heliopolis, named Osarsiph@ after the Helio-
17850politan god Osiris, and that when he went over to
17851this people he changed his name and was called
17852Moses.”
17853(27) Such and much more, which, for brevity’s
17854sake, I omit, is Egyptian gossip about the Jews.
17855Manetho
17856adds
17857that
17858Amenophis
17859subsequently
17860advanced from Ethiopia with a large army, his son
17861Rampses at the head of another, and that the two
17862attacked
17863and defeated
17864the shepherds
17865and _ their
17866polluted allies, killing many of them and pursuing
17867the remainder to the frontiers of Syria.
17868That, with
17869more of a similar kind, is Manetho’s account.
17870Before
178712 j.e. the inhabitants of Hierosolyma (§ 241); ef. §§ 173 f.
17872with note.
17873Or ** back.”
17874¢ Literally, “* gold.”
17875a CPaS 238.
17876265
p. 290
17877JOSEPHUS
17878~
17879>
17880/
17881/
17882’
17883~
17884~
17885Tepipavas emidelEw, mpod.acTetAdpevos EKeivo TOV
17886iv 4
17887A
17888”
178891
17890/
17891iA
17892Yas)
17893voTEpov Tpos aous AexOnoopévwv evexa.
17894d€dwKe
17895\
17896\
17897yap obros mp Kal wpodoynkev €€ dpxis TO” [7
17898wf
17899eval TO yévos Atyurrious, oAN’ avrovs e€wlev
17900eveMfovtas Kpatnoa ths Alydmrov Kat maAw &€&
17901~
17902>
17903A
17904A
17905253 av7HAs
17906ameAeivy.
17907ote
179088° ovK aveptyOncay piv
17909/
17910~
17911j
17912votepov Tov AlyumTiwy ot ta owpata AeAwfn-
17913pevol, Kal OTL eK TOUTWY OvK HV Mwvors oO TOV
17914\
17915>
17916/
17917>
17918.
17919\
17920~
17921’
17922/
17923A
17924Aaov
17925ayaywv,
17926adda
17927moddais
17928éeyeyover
17929yeveais
17930TpoTEepov, TavTa Tepdcouar Sia TV Da avToo
17931Aeyopevwv édéyyew.
17932254
17933(28) [pasnv 67) Tv altiav Tob wAdopatos b70-
17934/
17935/
17936e
17937\
17938/
17939TieTar
17940Katayédactov.
179416
17942Paoctrevs
17943yap, Pyow,
17944> A
17945/
179467
17947A /
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17949@
17950\
17951ts) ~
17952/
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17954Apevwdis eebvpinoe
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17959>
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17961\
17962el pevy Tovs map avtots vevopofeTrnévous,
17963TOV
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17965/
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17967~
179687
17969\
17970255 Aous, €wWpa.
17971Tovs odpavious b€ THs edvvaTo;
17972Kat
17973\
17974P.
17975/
17976dua Te TavTHVv eoxe THY emiOvplav;
17977oTe vy Ata
17978mark
17979/
17980>
17981~
17982\
17983”
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17985,
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17991ewpaker.
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17993>
17994/
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18003Kal TWa TpoTOV avrovs cidev, WoTE KaWHs avT@
18004,
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18012,
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18023\
18024TovTo KatToplwcew
18025o BactAeds treAduPave.
18026Kat
18027~
18028~
18029~
18030/
18031TOs od Tpoeyvw TO advvarov avTod THs éemluptas ;
18032>
18033\
18034>
18035/
18036/
18037\
18038\
18039/
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18043ov yap améBy. twa dé Kat Adyov eixye bia ToOvS
18044>
180457
18046~
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180507 Aemp@vtas
18051adavets
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18053/
18054>
18055/
18056A
18057>
18058/
18059tovs Ueovs;
18060opyilovtra: yap emt Trois acePypacw,
18061:
18062|
18063~
18064~
18065>
18066\
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18068Tots
18069eAaTTwWpact TOV
18070GWEATwWY.
18071OKT
18072bo Or ~I
180731 Niese: addy ous L.
180742 Niese: re L.
18075* Literally, ** (yes,) by Zeus.’
18076This common Greek phrase,
18077266
p. 291
18078~
18079AGAINST. APION,
180801. 252-257
18081proceeding to show the manifest absurdity and un-
18082truthfulness of his statements, I will make one pre-
18083liminary observation, which bears on the replies to
18084be made later on to other authors.
18085Manetho has
18086granted us one fact.
18087He has admitted that our race
18088was not of Egyptian origin, but came into Egypt
18089from elsewhere, conquered it, and afterwards left it.
18090The further Picts that we were not, in the sequel,
18091mixed up with Egyptian cripples, and that Moses, the
18092leader of our people, so far from being one of them,
18093lived many generations earlier, I shall now endeavour
18094to prove from Manetho’s own statements.
18095(28) At the outset, the very hypothesis
18096of. his
18097fictitious story is ridiculous.
18098King Amenophis, he 5
18099says, desired to see the gods.
18100What gods?
18101If those
18102established by their law are intended—bull, goat,
18103crocodiles, and dog-faced baboons—he
18104saw them
18105already.
18106Or the celestial gods—how could he have
18107seen them ? And w hy had he this passionate desire ?
18108Because, forsooth,“ another king ® before him had
18109seen them.
18110He had ¢ therefore learnt from his pre-
18111decessor what they were like and how he saw them ;
18112consequently no new method of procedure was re-
18113quired.
18114Again, the seer, by whose help the king
18115hoped to achieve his end, was a sage.
18116How was it
18117then that he failed to foresee the impossibility of
18118attaining it?
18119For it was not realized.
18120And what
18121ground was there for attributing the invisibility of
18122the gods to the presence of mutilated persons or
18123lepers?
18124Impiety excites their wrath, not physical
18125deformities.
18126Then, how could 80,000 lepers and
18127which sounds strange in a Jewish work, recurs (according
18128to the restored text) in Ap. ii. 263.
18129Or (§ 232):
18130¢ Possibly we should
18131insert dv, ‘“‘ would therefore have
18132learnt.”
18133207
18134seat ga
18135Manetho’s
18136story.
18137It:
18138various
18139absurditie:
p. 292
18140JOSEPHUS
18141de pupiadas Tov AeTpav Kat Kak@s drakeyrevwv
18142T@s olov TE juua oxedov WuLEpa avdAdeyHvaL;
18143Tas
18144d€ TapiKovoey Tod pavtews 0 Baotrets;
18145oO pev
18146yap avrov exédevoev e€opioa: 7Hs Alytmrov tovs
18147/
18148e
18149>
18150>)
18151\
18152>
18153\
18154/
18155NeAwfhynpevovs,
181560 & atrovs
18157els
18158tas AGoTopias
18159Pee
18160A
181614
18162~
18163b]
18164A
18165/
18166>
18167>
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18169258 obi kaapat THY xwpav TpOatpovpLevos.
18170pyar
181716€ Tov pev pavrw atrov aveAeiy TH opymy. Tay
18172beady Tpoopesevov Kal TO. cup By copeva mrepl THY
18173Atyurrov, T@ de Paci VEY PappevaV TH T™pop-
18174259 pyow" katadurety.
18175cita 7s ouK €
18176apxis 0
18177paves TOV avrod Oavatov mponmictato;
18178mas dé
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181937% TL yxetpov
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18196\
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18209mpoeipyto tiv Atyumtov, ovde TOTE THS yYwpas
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18212>
18213\
18214~
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182194
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18222:
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18225,
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18228,
18229>
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18231261 Avapw de KaAovpev ny.
18232cosa abpovabevras QUTOUS
18233NVE{LOVa. pyow efeheobau Tov €€ ‘HAvouTroAews
18234mara yeyovoTev tepéwv, Kal TOoUTOV adrois cto
18235nyjoacba: pate Feovs mpockuveiy pte TaV ev®
18236Atytrtw OpnoKkevopevwy Cdwv améxeobar, mavTa
18237\
18238/
18239/
18240\
18241dé Wew Kat Kateobtew, ovvanrecbar de pendeve
18242TAny TeV UV @DPLOTHEVODY, opKots TE TO 7AjGos
18243EvOnodpevov, 7 pv TOUTOLS Eppevety TOs Vvopots,
182441 ed. pr.: mpocpnow L.
182452 of dpav Herwerden: ov’ ay L.
18246+ Niese:
18247“€ada.
18248268
p. 293
18249AGAINST APION, I. 257-261
18250invalids be collected in practically a single day ¢?
18251And why did the king neglect the seer’s advice ?
18252The latter had bidden him banish the cripples from
18253Egypt, whereas the king put them into the quarries,
18254like one in need of labourers, rather than one who was
18255determined to purge his country.
18256Manetho further
18257states that the seer killed himself, because he fore-
18258saw the anger of the gods and the fate in store for
18259Egypt, leaving to the king his prediction in writing.
18260Then how was it that the seer did not divine his own
18261death from the first > Why did he not at once oppose
18262the king’s desire to see the gods?
18263Was it reasonable
18264to fear misfortunes that were not to happen in his
18265lifetime ? Or what worse fate could have befallen
18266him than the suicide he was in such a hurry to
18267commit ?
18268But let us consider the most ludicrous item in the
18269whole story.
18270Notwithstanding the warning he had
18271received and his dread of the future, the king even
18272then did not expel from the country the cripples, of
18273whose presence he had been already told to purge
18274Egypt, but instead gave them at their request a city
18275called
18276Auaris,
18277once
18278(according
18279to Manetho)
18280the
18281residence of the shepherds.
18282Here, he continues,
18283they assembled, and chose for their leader one who
18284had formerly been a priest of Heliopolis;
18285and by
18286him were instructed not to worship the gods nor to
18287abstain from the flesh of the animals reverenced in
18288Egypt, but to kill and devour them all, and to have
18289no connexion with any save members of their own
18290confederacy.
18291Then, after binding his followers by
18292oath faithfully to abide by these laws, he fortified
182934 This is not mentioned in § 234,
18294269
p. 294
18295JOSEPHUS
18296Kal
18297Teixylocavta
18298tiv Avapw
18299mpos
18300tov Baowréa
18301262 moAcpov e€eveyKelv.
18302Kal mpoorTtbnow OTL ezrepibev
18303els ‘lepoodAvpa tapaxad@v éexelvovs attots ovp-
18304paxety Kat dwcew
18305avtoits THV Avapw tmucyvov-
18306Levos, €ivar yap avryy TOUS €K Tov ‘lepocohvpa
18307adiEopievous Tpoyovikny, ad Hs Oppwpevous adrovs
18308263 Tacav
18309THY Alyvu7rov
18310Kkabefew.
18311eita
18312Tovs pev
18313émeAbeiv elkoot oTpatod pupiaor A€yer, Tov BaotAéa
18314d¢ tav Aiyurtiwy ’Apévwdw otk otdpevov Sbeiv
18315Geopayety eis THY At@torriav eds amroopavat, TOV
18316d¢ “Azw Kal twa Tov ddAwv tepdv Cowv Tapa-
18317teGerxévae Tots lepetor diadvAarrecba KeAcvoarTa.
18318264 eira Tovs ‘lepocodvpitas émeAfovtas Tas TE TrOAELS
18319GVLOTGVaL Kal Ta lepa KaTAKaleW Kal TOUS Lepeas*
18320dmooparrely, ohws Te pundelas améyecbar mapa-
18321265 vopiias Hoe WMOTNTOS.
183226 6€ THY Touretav Kal
18323TOUS vopous avTots kavaPaAdopevos® epevs, dyoiv,
18324nv to yevos “HXwomoAitns,
18325dvoua 8 "Ooapaid
18326amo Tod ev “‘HAvou7roAer feot ’Ocipews, wetabllepevos
18327266 6€ Mavojy atrov Tpoonyopevee. TprokaidenaTw
18328d€ dynow ere Tov ‘Apevady, TOGOUTOV yap avTa@
18329ypovov
18330elvat
18331THs
18332EKTTUTEWS
18333TET PUfLEVOV, é
18334Aifiomias
18335émeOovTa pera moAAjs otpatids
18336Kat
18337cuuPaddovta Tots ToyLeot Kal Tots pLLapots VuKAGAL
18338TE
18339TH paxyn
18340Kal
18341KTelvar
18342moddovs
18343emidim€avTa
18344expt TaV THs Lvpias opwv.
18345267.
18346(29) °Ev trovrows wddw od ovvinow amlavws pev-
18347ddpmevos.
18348ot yap Aezpot Kai TO pet abTav TAOos,
18349el Kal mpoTepov wpyilovTro t@ Baotret Kat Tots
18350Ta Tept avTovs TeTounKoot Kata
18351[Te]|® THD Tov
18352pdvTews mpoaydopevow, add’ ote TOV ASoTomidv
183531 Bekker: irzéas L Lat,
18354270
p. 295
18355AGAINST APION, I. 261-267
18356Auaris and declared war on the king.
18357He also, adds
18358Manetho, sent an invitation to the inhabitants of
18359Jerusalem to make an alliance with him, promising
18360them the city of Auaris, as the ancestral home of any
18361recruits from Jerusalem, and as a base from which
18362to become masters of the whole of Egypt.
18363There-
18364upon, he proceeds, they brought up an army of
18365200,000 men, and Amenophis, king of Egypt, think-
18366ing it wrong to fight against the gods, fled forthwith
18367to Ethiopia, after entrusting Apis and some of the
18368other sacred animals to the custody of the priests.
18369The
18370Jerusalemites
18371then
18372overran
18373the
18374country,
18375destroyed
18376the
18377cities,
18378burnt
18379down
18380the
18381temples,
18382massacred the priests, and in short indulged in every
18383kind of crime and brutality.
18384The priest who gave
18385them a constitution and a code was, according to
18386Manetho,
18387a native of Heliopolis, named Osarsiph
18388after the Heliopolitan god Osiris, but changed his
18389name to Moses.
18390Thirteen years later—that being
18391the destined period of his exile—Amenophis, says
18392our author, advanced from Ethiopia with a large
18393army, attacked and defeated the shepherds and
18394their polluted allies, and pursued them, with great
18395slaughter, to the Syrian frontier.
18396(29) Here again the author is unconscious of the
18397improbability
18398of his fictitious
18399tale.
18400However
18401in-
18402dignant the lepers and their horde may formerly have
18403been with the king and the others who had, under
18404the seer’s directions, so ill-treated them, yet surely
18405on emerging from the stone-quarries and being pre-
184062 ed. pr.: kataBaddouevos L.
184073 Om. Lat.
18408271
p. 296
18409268
18410269
18411270
18412271
18413272
18414273
18415JOSEPHUS
18416e€nAGov Kat 7
18417mohw Tap avtod Kal xepay eAafov,
18418TavTws’
18419av yeyovevoav TpaoTepot
18420mpos avrov.
18421el dé 67)" Kaketvov euicovy, idia pev av atT@®
18422émeBovAevov,
18423ovK
18424av de Tos OTAVTAS Tpavro
184257OheLov, d7jAov OTe mActoras EXOVTES ouyyevetas
18426TogovTol ye TO TAAOos Ovtes. ops be Kat Tots
18427avOpwrrois Todepety SueyvwKotes ovK GV Els TOUS
18428att@v
18429Geovs moAeueiv
18430éroAuncav
18431otd’
18432dtbrevav-
18433Tuwratous efevto vopous Tots mar plows avTa@v Kal
18434ols eveTpagyaay.
18435det 5€ HLGs TO Mavebqp* xdpw
18436exe, 6TL TavTNS THS Tapavoptas odxt tous €€
18437‘lepocoAvpov eAGovras apynyovs yeveotas djow,
18438add’ adrovs exelvous ovras Atyumrious Kal TOUT
18439pddvoTa
18440Tovs
18441lepeas
18442emwonoat
18443Te
18444TadTa
18445Kal
18446OpkwyoTiaa TO TANBos.
18447Keivo pevTor THs ovK aAoyov, TOV bev OlKElwy
18448abtois Kal Tav diAwy ovvatooriva® obdéva pnde
18449Tod moAduov tov Kivdvvov cvvdpacbar, méuysar dé
18450Tovs puapovs ets ‘lepocdAvpa Kal THY Tap éKeivwv
18451erdyecbat
18452cuppaxiav;
18453motas
18454adtrois
18455diAdias 7
18456Tivos
18457avTots
18458olKeLoTHTOS
18459mpotmnpypevyns;
18460Tov-
18461vavTiov yap. joav ToAgutor Kal Tots eOeat® mActoTov
18462Oeepov. 6 b€ oqow evOvs traKovcat Tots om-
18463Loxvoupevols OTL THY Atyurrov xaeEovow, waomrep
18464aita@v od apodpa Tis xwpas epreipws: eXovTw,
184657s Bracbevres EKTETTUKAOW
18466El peev ovv amopws
184677) KaK@s E€mpattov, lows av Kat mapePaAdorTo,
184687oAw
184696€
18470KarTotKotvTes
18471evOaiwova
18472Kal
18473Ywpav
184741 ed. pr.: wavres L Lat.
184752 ei 6 ér. Lat. (apparently).
184763 av atte ed. pr.: ava L.
184774 Mavebou L.
184785 Bekker: cuvarocrjca L.
18479§ Hudson (Lat. moribus): 76ecr L.
18480hs) ~I vo
p. 297
18481AGAINST APION, I. 267-273
18482sented by him with a city and land, their feelings
18483towards him would have been mollified.
18484Even sup-
18485posing their hatred of him still persisted, they would
18486have conspired against him alone, and not have
18487declared
18488war
18489on
18490the whole
18491nation,
18492which must
18493obviously have included very many relations of their
18494numerous body.
18495Granted that they decided on war
18496with the Egyptians, they would never have ventured
18497to make war on their gods, nor would they have
18498framed laws directly opposed to the national code
18499under which they had been brought up.
18500However,
18501we must be grateful to Manetho for stating that this
18502violation of the laws originated, not with the immi-
18503grants from Jerusalem, but with the Egyptians
18504themselves, and that it was their priests in particular
18505who conceived the idea and administered the oath
18506to the people.
18507Again, how absurd to suppose that, while none of
18508their own relations and friends joined in the revolt
18509and shared the perils of war, these pariahs sent to
18510Jerusalem and obtained recruits from that quarter !
18511What alliance, what connexion existed previously
18512between them?
18513On the contrary, these people were
18514enemies, and their customs utterly opposed to their
18515own.
18516Yet, says Manetho, they lent a ready ear to
18517the promise that they should occupy Egypt, as if
18518they were not intimately acquainted with the country
18519from which they had been forcibly expelled!
18520Had
18521they been in straitened circumstances or unfortunate,
18522they might, conceivably, have undertaken the risk ;
18523but inhabiting, as they did, an opulent city and
18524enjoying the fruits of an extensive country, superior
18525VOL. T
18526T
18527273
p. 298
18528274
18529276
18530277
18531JOSEPHUS
18532A
18533/
18534~
18535;
18536YL
18537/
18538\
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18541810
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18543~
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18547A
18548A
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18550~
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18553e
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18557,
18558~
18559eis 7d
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18562Kat
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18566>
18567~
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18569,
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18571/
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18573,
18574”
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18576/
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18581~
18582¢€
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185913
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18598TaAvTA
1859977po
18600THS
18601/
18602\
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18604adi€ews empaTTov
18605Kal mpakew OUwpo-
18606\
18607Kecav ot TO yevos Alytmrit.
18608adda Kat Xpovous
18609VOTEpoV
18610“Apeveangis
18611emeAP av evixnge paxn
18612Kat
18613KTEWWV
18614TOUS 7oeptous HEXpe Ths Lupias 7a
18615Gev.
18616ovTW yap TavTamacW eotw 7 Atyumtos Tots
18617omrofevdnroTobv émiovaw evdAwTos.
18618Kal<To.>* ot
18619Uh
18620~
18621~
18622Tote ToAguw KpatobyTes attiv, Cav muvGavopevot
18623A
186245
186254,
18626A
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18628>)
18629~
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18631/
18632>,
18633\
18634tov “Apévwdw, ovte Tas EK TIS AtOtomias éuBoAds
186355
18636~
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18638»”
18639\
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18642/
186434
18644¢
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18646\
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18648ovte TH GAAny Hrotpacay dvvayw.
18649Oo d€ Kal péexpL
18650THS Lupias
18651avaip@v,
18652dyna, avTOUS jKoAovOnoe
18653\
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18655/
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18658/
18659~
18660i< 4
18661,
18662“wipe
18663dua THs Wdppov THs avvdpov, SAAov ort od padvov
18664,
18665\
18666>
18667an
18668ovde dpayel otpatoTédw dicAOeiv.
186691 érera (after Lat.) Hudson: 74 oiria L.
186702 kairo conj.: kal L
18671274
p. 299
18672AGAINST APION, I. 273-277
18673to Egypt, what inducement could there be to hazard
18674their lives in support of their former foes, those
18675maimed cripples, whom not one even of their own
18676people would tolerate ? For of course they did not
18677foresee that the king would take flight.
18678On the
18679contrary, the author himself has told us that the son
18680of Amenophis * marched to Pelusium to meet them
18681at the head of 300,000 men.
18682Of his approach the
18683advancing enemy would undoubtedly
18684be aware ;
18685how could they possibly conjecture that he would
18686change
18687his
18688mind
18689and
18690flee?
18691After
18692conquering
18693Egypt, our author proceeds, the Jerusalem invaders
18694committed many horrible crimes ; and for these he
18695reproaches them, as though he had not brought them
18696on to the scene as enemies, or as if actions when per-
18697formed by imported foreigners deserved reprobation,
18698which before their arrival were being performed by
18699the native Egyptians, who had sworn to continue the
18700practice.
18701In the sequel, however, Amenophis re-
18702turned to the charge, won a battle, and drove the
18703enemy back, with slaughter, to Syria.
18704So easy a
18705prey, it appears, is Egypt to invaders from whatever
18706quarter!
18707And yet its former conquerors, though
18708aware that Amenophis was
18709alive, neither fortified
18710the passes between it and Ethiopia, notwithstanding
18711their ample resources for the purpose, nor had the
18712rest of their army in readiness!
18713Amenophis, says
18714our author, pursued them to Syria, killing them
18715all the way,
18716across
18717the sandy desert.
18718But the
18719difficulty of marching an army across the desert,
18720even without a battle, is notorious.
18721“ Rather, Amenophis himself, the son being only five
18722years old (§ 245); probably written per incuriam.
18723Reinach
18724reads “he,” regarding
18725‘‘ of Amenophis’”’ as a misplaced
18726gloss on “‘ the king ”’ in the previous line.
18727Rive
p. 300
18728JOSEPHUS
18729278
18730(30) Kara Lev ovv tov Mavebowv ovre ex THS Al-
18731yUmTOV TO yévos Hu@v é€oTw ovTe TOV éeKeiDe
18732Twes aveulxyOnoav: tOav yap Aezp@v Kat vocotvTwv
18733moAAovs pev eikos ev tats Avlotopiats amobaveiv
18734moAvv ypovov eKet yevomévous Kal KaKo7ralobdvTas,
18735moAdovs 8 ev tats peta TadTa payais, mAEtoToUs
18736& ev 7H TeAcvTaia Kal TH dvy7.
18737279
18738(31) Aourov Lot mpos abrov etmety TeEpl Mwvoeéws.
18739TovTrov
18740d€ Tov avopa Ofavyaoroy pev Atytarvoe
18741Kat
18742G@etov
18743vopilovar,
18744PovAovrar
18745de mpoorrote
18746avTots pera Pracgnpias amldvov, Aéyovres “HAwo-
18747moXrny
18748elvac Tov
18749exeifev
18750tepewy eva Sia Ty
18751230 Aézpav cuveEeAnAacpévov.
18752SelikvuTar 8 ev Tats
18753dvaypapats OKTWKALOEKA
18754OUY TOS TEvTaKotoLs
18755TpOTEpov
18756eTEGL
18757Yyeyovas
18758Kal
18759Tovs TET Epous
18760eLayaywv
18761éx tis AlytmTov
18762matépas
18763els THY
18764981 Xwpav THY viv oikovpéeryny th Fav.
18765ote 6 odbde
18766ovpdopa tw Towa’Tn TEpl TO GOpa KEXpH|LEvos
18767jv, eK Tov Aeyopevew tr’ adbrtot SAAds €oTt.
18768Tots
18769yap AempGow armeipnke pre pevew ev roAeu pyr
18770év Kw KaTouKelv, aAAa pLovous TEpiTaTEty KaT-
18771Ecxlopevous Ta lwdTia, Kal Tov arbdpevov avTav
18772282 7) Op4wpodvov YEVOJLEVOV ov Kkafapov TYELTAL.
18773Kal
18774piv Kav Oeparev8 TO voonwa Kat THY avTov
18775dvow amodkdBn, mpoelpnKev Twas ayvelas,’ Kabap-
18776povs
18777myyalwy
18778bdaTwv
18779Aovtpois
18780Kat
18781Evpyaets
18782maons THS Tpuyds, ToAAds te
18783Kedever Kal Tav-
18784rolas emiteAécavta Ouaias Tore TrapeADety eis THV
18785983 tepav moAw.
18786Kaltow® TobvayTiov etKos Tv 7povota
187871 + xai_Lat.
187882 ed. pr.: xai L.
18789276
p. 301
18790AGAINST APION, I. 278-983
18791(30) We have therefore Manetho’s authority for
18792saying both that our race was not of Egyptian origin,“
18793and that there was no mixture of the races.
18794For,
18795presumably, many of the lepers and other sick folk
18796died during that long period of hardship in the
18797quarries, many more in the subsequent battles, and
18798most of all in the final engagement and the rout.®
18799(31) It remains for me to say a word to Manetho
18800about Moses.
18801The Egyptians, who regard that man
18802as remarkable, indeed divine, wish to claim him as
18803one of themselves, while making the incredible and
18804calumnious assertion that he was one of the priests
18805expelled from Heliopolis for leprosy.
18806‘The chronicles,
18807however, prove that he lived 518 years earlier ® and
18808conducted our forefathers out of Egypt into the
18809country which we
18810inhabit
18811to-day.
18812And that he
18813suffered from no physical affliction of this nature is
18814clear from his own statements.
18815In fact, he forbids
18816lepers either to stay in a town or to reside in a village ;
18817they must be solitary vagrants, with their clothes
18818rent ; anyone who touches or lives under the same
18819roof with them he considers unclean.
18820Moreover,
18821even if the malady is cured and the victim returns
18822to his normal condition, Moses prescribes certain
18823rites of purification—to cleanse himself in a bath of
18824spring-water and to cut off all his hair—and requires
18825him to offer a numerous variety of sacrifices before
18826entering
18827the
18828holy city
18829Yet
18830one
18831would
18832have
18833® Cf. §§ 75, 104; 252.
18834’ Reinach supposes that there is a lacuna in this para-
18835graph ; as the text stands the argument is not very clear.
18836¢ Cf. § 230.
18837Manetho never mentions Moses in con-
18838nexion with the expulsion of the Hycsos.
18839@ For the laws on leprosy, here summarized, see Lev. xiii.
18840(especially 45 f.) and xiv.
18841ae
18842Manetho’s
18843admissions
18844Manetho
18845on Moses.
18846His laws on
18847leprosy
18848could not
18849have been
18850made by a
18851leper.
p. 302
18852JOSEPHUS
18853TWL KGL diravOpurria xpjoacbar TOV év TH oup.-
18854dopa TavTy yeyovoTa mpos TOUS opotws?
18855avTa@
18856284 Ovor
18857TUx}VOavTAS.
18858ov provov Se TeEpt TOV
18859Nem pav
18860ovtTws evopoblétncev, arr’ odd€ Tots Kal TO Bpayd-
18861TATOV TL TOU GWHpaTOs HKpwTNnpLacpEevols lepacUat
18862OVYKEXOPIKEV, aA et Kat peta€d tis lepupevos
18863TOLAUTY
18864XpycaLTo ovppopa, my TYyLnV
18865avToV
18866285 adetrero.
18867TOS ovv
18868€lKOS
18869exetvov" TAUTA
18870Vvo[Lo-
18871Gereiv
18872GVOTITWS
18873<7) Tous >* amT0
18874TOLOUTWV
18875OUpL-
18876dopa@yv ovvetAeypévovs mpoceoba* Kal’ éavtav eis
18877oveldds
18878Te
18879Kat
18880PAaByv
18881vopovs
18882ovvTiepevous;
18883286 aAXa pny KaL Tovvopa Nav ambavas pevtaTteUerkev’
18884‘Ocapaig® yap, gnow, EKaAELTO.
18885TOUTO puev OvV
18886eis TH peTabeow ovK evappolet, TO 6 aAnflés
18887ovopa dnAot Tov ek TOD VdaTos cwhévta {[Mwajy
18888|°*
18889TO yap vowp ol Atyorrvot u@u Kadrotow.
18890‘lkavas ouv VEyovEeva vop.ila kardon ov" OTL
18891Mavedws, ews peev jKcohovber Tals apyata ava-
18892ypagats, od moAv tis aAnfetas Ounudpraver, emt
18893d€ TOUS adeaToT0Us pvlous Tpamopevos 7) Ouv-
18894éOnkev adtovs amavws 7 Ti. THY mpos amréxGevav
18895ElpnKOTWY emTlOTEVOEV.
18896288
18897(32) Mera Totrov e€eTdcat BovAopae Xaupypova.
18898Kal yap ovTos Atyurruanyy pdokev ¢
18899ioroptay ovy-
18900ypagew Kal mpoatets TAUTO ovopia Tob Baothéws
18901omrep 6 Mavéedws, “Apevady, Kal TOV VLOV aUTOD
18902289 ‘Payéconv, dyow ott Kata Tovs Umvovs 7H “lous
18903ho OO ~]
189041 ed. pr.: dpoiovs L Lat.
189052 7 ’Kelvov Niese.
189063 ins. Niese.
189074 Niese: mpoéc@ar L.
189085 ’Oapond L.
189096 Probably a gloss.
189107 xarddn\ov Bekker: kai 67\0v & L.
18911@ Lev. xxi. 17-23.
p. 303
18912AGAINST APION, I. 283-289
18913expected, on the contrary, a victim of this calamity
18914to have shown some consideration and fellow-feeling
18915for others equally unfortunate.
18916His legislation on
18917these lines was not confined to lepers.
18918The very
18919slightest mutilation of the person was a disqualifica-
18920tion for the priesthood, and a priest who in the course
18921of his ministry met with such an accident was deprived
18922of his office.*
18923Is it likely that he was so foolish as to
18924make, or persons brought together by such mis-
18925fortunes to approve, laws enacted against themselves,
18926to their own disgrace and injury ? One more remark.
18927Manetho’s transformation of the name is extremely
18928unconvincing.
18929He was called, he says, Osarsiph.
18930This name bears no relation to that which it replaces.
18931The true name
18932signifies “one saved out of the
18933water’;
18934for water
18935is called by the Egyptians
18936~ mou.” ?
18937The conclusion, I think, is sufficiently obvious.
18938So
18939long as Manetho followed the ancient records, he did
18940not go far wrong ; but when he had recourse to un-
18941authenticated legends, he either concocted from
18942them a most improbable story, or elsé trusted the
18943statements of prejudiced opponents.
18944(32) The next witness
18945I shall cross-examine
18946is (ii.) Cuar-
18947Chaeremon.
18948This writer likewise professes to write (onion
18949the history of Egypt, and agrees with Manetho in of the story
18950giving the names of Amenophis and Ramesses to the
18951king and his son.
18952He then proceeds to state that
18953® This etymology, which recurs in A. ii. 228 (with the
18954addition that esés=‘* persons saved ’’) and in Philo, De vit.
18955Mos. i. 4.
18956§17, is now generally abandoned.
18957In Ex. ii. 10
18958the name is derived from Hebr. mashah, ‘‘ draw out.”
18959¢ Ist cent. a.p.; Stoic philosopher, librarian of Alexandria,
18960and afterwards tutor of Nero; besides his chief work, the
18961History of Egypt, wrote on hieroglyphics, ete.
18962279
p. 304
18963JOSEPHUS
18964epary) TO “Apevardger, peppopev7) avToVv
18965OTL TO
18966tepov avTis ev TO Troe pep KaTEgKaTT AL.
18967Dpito-
18968fpavtynv’ dé lepoypappatéa davat, Edy T@V TOUS
18969poAvapovs eXOvTEY avopar Kkalapy thv Atyumtov,
18970290 wavocoba”
18971THs
18972mroas®
18973atrov.
18974eémirAcEavta
18975de
18976TOV
18977emLoWwa@y
18978pupiddas
18979etkoouTevTe
18980exBahetv.
18981jyetobat om avr ay ypappareas Mavoqy TE Kal
18982‘Laonzor, Kal TOOTOV ‘epoypapparea, Alytrtva.
189835° abrois dvopata evar TH pev Mwvoet Troriev,
18984291TH 5é “lworjmw Ieteoid.
18985tovrouvs 8 eis I nAov-
18986ciov eAbeiv Kal emitvxety pupido. TpLAKOVTAOKTO)
18987/
18988¢e
18989\
18990~
18991>
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18999as
19000ov
19001/
19002>
19003\
19004Av
19005,
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19007/
19008BérXew ets tHv Atyumrov diaKkopilew:
19009ois*
19010diAtav
19011292 ovvlejevous
19012em THY Atyurrov
19013OTpaTevoae.
19014TOV
19015\
1901693
19017/
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19026>
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19029ets
19030Athiomiav
19031duyety Katadimovta tH yvvaika
19032EyKvov, qv Kpupopevny ev tiot omnAatows TeKeEtv
19033~
19034+
19035e
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19042maida ovona
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19044>
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19046‘lovdatous eis tiv Lupiav, ovras TeEpl etKoou
19047pupiddas,
19048Kal
19049tov
19050matépa
19051“Apévwdw
19052ék Tis
19053Aiftomias Karadééacbar.
19054293
19055(33) Kat i Tadra pev 6 Xarpnyev. ofa Oe adTobev
19056davepay eivar eK TOV etpneeveny THY apo ipevdo-
19057Aoyiav.
19058adn betas
19059jeev yap TWos
19060v7ToKEWwEerns
19061advvatov jv Ovapuvety em TogovTov,
19062ot b€ Ta
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19064ovvtilevtes
19065ody €Erépois
19066otpdwva
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19068>
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19071~
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19073/
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19075govow,
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19079S0€avtTa
190807AatTovow.
19081>
19082~
19083\
19084S
19085>
19086/
19087~
19088/
19089sf
19090A
19091294 exetvos prev ovv emifupiay tod Baciléws wa Tovs
19092\
19093Ui
19094~
19095~
19096~
19097Geovs ton dyoiv apynv yevécbar THs TOV puapOv
190981 After Lat.:
19099PpiriBairqy L: Ppitipdvrny (here and in
19100§ 295) ed. pr.
191012 Niese: zatcac@a L.
191023 mroias ed. pr.
19103¢ ed. pr.: eis L.
19104280
p. 305
19105AGAINST APION, I. 289-294
19106Isis appeared to Amenophis in his sleep, and re-
19107proached him for the destruction of her temple in
19108war-time.
19109The sacred scribe Phritobautes told him
19110that, if he purged Egypt of its contaminated popula-
19111tion, he might cease to be alarmed.
19112The king, there-
19113upon, collected 250,000 afflicted persons and banished
19114them from the country.
19115Their leaders were scribes,
19116Moses and another sacred scribe—Joseph!*
19117Their
19118Egyptian names were Tisithen (for Moses) and Pete-
19119seph (Joseph). The exiles on reaching Pelusium fell
19120in with a body of 380,000 persons, left there by
19121Amenophis, who had refused them permission to
19122cross the Egyptian frontier.
19123With these the exiles
19124concluded
19125an alliance and marched upon Egypt.
19126Amenophis, without waiting for their attack, fled
19127to Ethiopia, leaving his wife pregnant.
19128Concealing
19129herself in some caverns she gave birth to a son
19130named Ramesses, who, on reaching manhood, drove
19131the Jews, to the number of about 200,000, into
19132Syria, and brought home his father Amenophis from
19133Ethiopia.
19134(33) Such is Chaeremon’s account.
19135From these Discrepan-
19136statements the mendacity of both writers is, I think, eae
19137self-evident.
19138Had they any foundation in fact, such *)4. mon.
19139wide discrepancy would be impossible.
19140But con-
19141sistency with others is not the concern of authors of
19142fiction ; they invent according to their fancy.
19143Thus,
19144according to Manetho, the expulsion of the con-
19145taminated people originated in the king’s desire to
19146* Or perhaps “and Joseph, the latter also a sacred scribe.”’
19147But it is doubtful whether any antithesis between “scribe ”’
19148and ‘sacred tribe” is intended.
19149281
p. 306
19150296
19151297
19152~
19153298
19154299
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19158~
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19164/
19165\
19166/
19167~
19168~
19169\
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19171Neyer Tov mpoeitovTa TH Pactdct tov Kalappov,
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19188A
19189éxelvou
19190Aéyovtos,
19191tovTov
19192de mévTe
19193mpos
19194Tats
19195/
19196>
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19198ett Tolvvy 6 ev Mavélws mpotepov ets
19199Tas Aotopias Tovs piapovs exBadwy, cita adrois
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19201Kal Ta Tpos TOUS
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19204,
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193322 ed. pr.: éxmoeujoa L.
193333 ed. pr.: gevyew L.
193344 ayayetv ed. pr.
19335282
p. 307
19336AGAINST APION, I. 294-300
19337see the gods: Chaeremon invents his own story of
19338the appearance of Isis in a dream.
19339Manetho says
19340that this mode of purification was suggested to the
19341king by Amenophis:
19342Chaeremon mentions Phrito-
19343bautes.
19344Observe
19345too
19346how
19347nearly
19348their
19349figures
19350coincide in their estimate of the crowd ; one speaks
19351of 80,000, the other of 250,000!
19352Again, Manetho
19353begins by throwing the polluted wretches into the
19354quarries, then makes them a present of Auaris for
19355their abode and incites them to war against the rest
19356of the Egyptians, and not until then does he represent
19357them as appealing for aid to Jerusalem.
19358According
19359to
19360Chaeremon’s
19361account,
19362they
19363found,
19364on _ their
19365departure from Egypt, in the neighbourhood
19366of
19367Pelusium, 380,000 persons left there by Amenophis,
19368with whom they retraced their steps and made a raid
19369upon Egypt, resulting in the flight of Amenophis to
19370Ethiopia.
19371But the gem of his narrative is his omission
19372to state who these myriads of soldiers were or whence
19373they came, whether they were native Egyptians or
19374foreign immigrants.
19375He does not even explain why
19376the king would not admit them into Egypt, though
19377his Isis dream about the lepers showed no lack of
19378imagination.
19379With Moses, Chaeremon has associ-
19380ated, as a contemporary and companion in exile,
19381Joseph, who died four generations, that is to say
19382about 170 years, before Moses.4
19383Again, according
19384“ The four generations come from Ex. vi. 16-20, some
19385forty-two years being reckoned to a generation.
19386‘“*P [the
19387Priestly editor of the Pentateuch] consistently represents
19388Moses or his contemporaries as being in the fourth genera-
19389tion (cf. Gen. xy. 16) from one or other of Jacob’s sons ”’
19390(Driver); and yet inconsistently makes the duration of the
19391sojourn in Egypt 430 years (Ex. xii. 40; cf. Jos. A. ii. 204,
19392** 400 years’).
19393283
p. 308
19394JOSEPHUS
19395\
19396e
19397€
19398/
19399e
19400~
19401>
19402/
19403e\
19404\
19405piv
194066
19407‘Papyécons
194086 tod
19409“Apev@dios vios
19410Kata,
19411uev tov Mavébwv veavias ovpmoAeuet TH Tarpt
19412Kal ouvexminte. duywv eis tiv Alfiomiav, obTos
19413Sé wemolnKev avTov peTa TV TOD TaTpos TeAEUTHV
19414év onmyAaiw
19415Twi yeyevnwéevov
19416Kat peta TadTa
19417~
19418\
19419>
19420/
19421VuKa@VTAa
19422paxyn
19423Kat
19424Tovs
19425“lovdatovs
19426els Luptav
19427é€chavvovta, Tov apifov ovtas epi pupiddas K’.
19428301 d& THs edxepelas’ ovTE yap TpOTEpoV olTWes Yoav
19429ai TpidKovTa Kal OKTa pupiddes elev, OvTE TAS
19430ai tecoapdKovta’ Kai Tpeis duedbapynoay, moTEpov
19431év TH paxn Katémecov 7 mpos tov ‘Papéoony
19432/
19433\
19434\
19435\
19436/
19437>
19438\
19439302 pereBdAovto.
19440To
19441Se 67 Gavpaciwitarov,
19442ovde
19443~
19444>
19445tivas Kade tods
19446“lovdaiovs
19447duvatév
19448éort Trap’
19449attod pabeity 7 morépos abtav? tTiBerar tavTHy
19450Tv mpoonyoplay, tats Ke’ pupidor Tov Aerpav
19451nv
19452a
19453/
19454\
19455/
19456-
19457\
19458\
194594
19460>
19461\
194623037) Tals 7’ Kal
19463Xr’ rats wept to IInAovowov.
19464adda
19465\
19466y
19467wy
194683
19469”
19470\
19471/
19472be
19473tas
19474yap eunfes iows
19475av
19476ein bia Acdvav ed€eyxew
19477\
19478e
19479>
19480¢e
19481~
19482>]
19483/
19484\
19485\
19486e
19487>
19488»”
19489rovs th éavtav éAndeypevous: TO yap bm adAwv
19490TV [LETPLWTEpOV.
19491/
19492304
19493(34) “Exevodéw 5€ tovros Avoipwaxov, etAndora
19494ev TV avTiy Tots mpoetpnevors bTOVEow TOO Pev-
19495cuatos Tept TOV Aepdv Kat AeAwBnpevwv, v7eEp-
19496/
19497~
19498meTaukoTa
194996€
19500THY
19501eKelywy
19502amavoTrnTa
19503Tots
19504/
19505nA
19506\
19507\
19508\
19509>
19510mAdopact, djAos ovvTefekws
19511Kata ToAAnY a7-
19512\
19513\
19514~
19515305 €xOevav.
19516Ayer yap emt Boxxdpews tod Atyurriwv
19517\
19518~
19519>
19520Baciéws tov Aacv T&v
19521“lovdaiwv, Aezpovs ovras
195221 ed. pr.: eixoor L.
195232 ed. pr.: avbrots L.
195242 A eareless
19525contradiction
19526of Chaeremon’s
19527statement
19528(§ 292).
19529* The figure given in ed. pr. mustbe right.
19530250,000 lepers
19531+ 380,000 Pelusians=a
19532total of 630,000.
19533Of these only
19534200,000 are accounted for (§ 292).
19535Josephus inquires what
19536became of the remainder.
19537284
p. 309
19538AGAINST APION, I. 300-305
19539to Manetho, Ramesses, son of Amenophis, fought as
19540a young man in his father’s army, and shared his
19541flight and banishment to Ethiopia:
19542according to
19543Chaeremon’s version, he was born in a cave after his
19544father’s death,* and subsequently defeated the Jews
19545and drove them out, to the number of about 200,000,
19546into Syria.
19547What reckless levity!
19548First he omitted
19549to state who the 380,000 were;
19550then he tells us
19551nothing of the fate of the 430,000,2 whether they
19552fell in battle or went over to Ramesses.
19553But—most
19554astounding fact of all—it is impossible to discover
19555from him whom he means by the Jews or to which
19556of the two groups he applies this designation, the
19557250,000 lepers or the 380,000 at Pelusium.
19558However,
19559it would, I think, be foolish to spend more time in
19560refuting authors who refute each other.
19561To have left
19562refutation to others would have shown more decency.
19563(34) I will next introduce Lysimachus.°
19564He brings (iii.) The
19565|
19566up the same theme as the writers just mentioned, jou
19567the mendacious story of the lepers and cripples, but still more
19568surpasses both in the incredibility of his fictions, es
19569obviously composed with bitter animus.
19570His account
19571is this :
19572In the reign of Bocchoris,? king of Egypt, the
19573Jewish people, who were afflicted with leprosy,
19574¢ Alexandrian writer of uncertain
19575date, but later than
19576Mnaseas (2nd cent. B.c.) whom he quotes.
19577We hear more
19578of him in Ap. ii., once (§ 28) as siding with Apion.
195794 A Bocchoris of the XXIVth Dynasty (c. 8th cent.) is
19580mentioned by Manetho.
19581‘That is the date assigned by Apion
19582to the Exodus (4p. ii. 17), and may be that intended by
19583Lysimachus.
19584Josephus, however (#). 16), assigns to Boc-
19585choris a far earlier date; Diodorus also (i. 65) mentions an
19586older Bocchoris.
19587Like Lysimachus, with whose account
19588he shows other parallels, Tacitus, Hist.
19589v. 3, places the
19590exodus in the reign of Bocchoris.
19591285
p. 310
19592306
1959330 =
19594308
19595309
19596JOSEPHUS
19597\
19598\
19599”
19600,
19601,
19602yo
196031
19604ywpovs
19605Kat
19606aAAa voonpatad
19607twa
19608€ExovTas
19609>
19610\
19611,
19612A
19613Fs
19614els
19615Ta
19616lepa Katadetyovtas
19617peTateiy
19618Tpod7y,
19619/
19620TapmOAAwy b5€ avOpwmmwv voondeia TEepiTEecovTwY
19621>
19622~
19623\
19624akapmiav ev 7H Alyiatw yevécbar.
19625Boxyopw de
19626\
19627A
19628>
19629at,
19630‘or
196313).
19632sof
196332
19634t
19635tov Tav Alyurtiwy Baowréa eis
19636*"Appwva® réurpac
19637\
19638=~
19639‘
19640\
19641TEpl THS akapmlas ToUs pLavTevoopevous, Tov Beov
19642>
19643~
19644A
19645>
19646/
196475° avaipetv® ra tepa Kabdpa an’ avopamwy avayvev
19648\
19649~
19650>]
19651~
19652e
19653~
19654Kat dvoceBav, exBaddvra attovs
19655ex TaV
19656lep@v
19657>]
19658/
19659\
19660\
19661els TOTFOUS epnpous, Tous de bepods Kat Aempous
19662Bvbica, wes Too tov dyavaxtobvTos énl TH ToU-
19663Twv Cwh, Kal Ta lepa ayvioat, Kal ovTw TH viv
19664i Tie
19665Tov d€ Boxyopw tovs xpnapovs
19666/
19667~
19668/
19669AaBovta tots
19670Te
19671tepets
19672Kal eémiBwpitas
19673mpoo-
19674/
19675~
19676Kadeoapevov Kedeboat emthoyiy 7 ToLnoapEevovs TV
19677aKkabdaprwv Tots OTpaTuaraus ToUTOUS Tapadobvat
19678KaTagew avtovs els THY Epnyov, Tovs dé Aempovs
19679>)
19680x
19681Yh
19682/
19683>] 8 /
196844
19685a
19686A ~
19687ets poArBdivous yaptas evdjoavtas,*
19688wa Kkabdow
19689>
19690~
19691~
19692\
19693eis TO 7réeAayos.
19694Bvbicb&Twv 5é tav A|etpav Kal
19695~
19696’
19697wi
19698ywpav tovs addAovs avvabpoisbévtas
19699«is TomoVus
19700>
19701/
19702>]
19703~
19704>]
197055
19706>)
19707/
19708,
19709\
19710epjyious extefnvar
19711em”
19712amwdXela, avvaybevtas dé
19713#
19714~
19715/
19716BovAetcacbar wept attav, vuKros b€ emuyevowerns
19717~
19718\
19719¢e
19720/,
19721mop
19722Kat
19723AJyvovs Katoavtas dvdAdtrew
19724éavTovs,
19725>
19726~
19727/
19728THY T emotcay vUKTa vynotevoavTas tAdoKeoBat
19729\
19730A
19731~
19732~
19733~
19734>
19735>
19736/
19737tous Jeovs mepit Tob oGaa atvrovs.
19738TH Sd emovon
19739e
19740~
19741~
19742~
19743nuepa Mavojqy twa ovpBovAeicar atrois mapa-
19744oe
19745,
197465
19747/
19748D1
19749,
19750»”
19751a
19752¢
197536
19754aAAopevous®
19755putay odov Tépvew aypis av
19756[oTov]
19757»”
19758/
19759,
19760e\fwow ets tTomovs olkovpevous, TapaKeAevoacbat
19761an
19762~
19763/
19764Te
19765avTois
19766pyre avOpwmwv
19767twit
19768evvoeiv?
19769pre
197701 ed. pr. (Lat.?): éxévrwr L.
197712 L Lat.: “Auuwvos Bekker (cf. § 312).
197723 Conj. (cf. Lat. respondisse): épeiv
19773L, eiretv ed. pr., dvedeiv
19774Niese.
197754 ? read évdjjoat.
19776286
p. 311
19777AGAINST APION, I. 305-309
19778scurvy, and other maladies, took refuge in the
19779temples and lived a mendicant existence.
19780The
19781victims of disease being very numerous, a dearth
19782ensued throughout Egypt.
19783King Bocchoris there-
19784upon sent to consult the oracle of Ammon ®@ about
19785the failure of the crops.
19786The god told him to
19787purge the temples of impure and impious persons,
19788to drive them out of these sanctuaries into the
19789wilderness, to drown those afflicted with leprosy
19790and scurvy, as the sun was indignant that such
19791persons should live, and to purify the temples ;
19792then the land would
19793yield her increase.
19794On
19795receiving these oracular
19796instructions,
19797Bocchoris
19798summoned the priests and servitors at the altars,
19799and ordered them to draw up a list of the unclean
19800persons and to deliver them into military charge
19801to be conducted into the wilderness, and to pack
19802the lepers into sheets of lead and sink them in the
19803ocean.
19804The lepers and victims of scurvy having
19805been drowned,
19806the others
19807were
19808collected
19809and
19810exposed in the desert
19811to perish.
19812There they
19813assembled and deliberated on their situation.
19814At
19815nightfall they lit up a bonfire and torches, and
19816mounted guard, and on the following night kept a
19817fast and implored the gods to save them.
19818On the
19819next day a certain Moses advised them to take
19820their courage in their hands and make a straight
19821track until they reached inhabited country, in-
19822structing them to show goodwill to no man,’ to
19823@ So Tac. Hist. v. 3, ‘*adito Hammonis oraculo.”’
19824The
19825famous oracle of Amun in an oasis in the Libyan desert.
19826® Cf. Ap. ii. 121; Tac. Hist. v. 5, “ aduersus omnes alios
19827hostile odium.”’
198285 ed. pr.: -pévors L.
198296 om. ed. pr.
198307 Niese: evvojnoev L.
19831287
p. 312
19832JOSEPHUS
19833Taptota ovpPovrevew" adda Ta xelpova, Dedv TE
19834vaovs Kal Bwpovs, ots av mepit¥ywow, avatpémew.
19835310 cvvaweoavTwy be TOV aAAwY TA doxfevra. TTOLOUY -
19836Tas Ola THS Ep7pov mopeveoban, ixavas dé oxhn-
19837bévras édOetv eis THY olKoupevny Xepav, KaL TOUS
19838TE avOpurrous bBpilovras Kat Ta tepa. ovAdvras
19839Kal eumpnoavtas
19840éAbety
19841eis tiv viv
19842“lovdaiay
19843Tpocayopevonevynv,
19844Kticavtas
19845be moAw
19846evTatla
1984731l Katouketv.
19848TO 5é€ dotv TotTo ‘lepdavAa® amo Tis
19849exetvwy diabécews Hvoy.dcbar.
19850votepov 8 adrovs
19851emikpatyoavtas yxpovw diadAa€ar tiv dvopmaciav
19852mpos To <p> dvedilecfat,
19853Kal thy Te moAW
19854‘lepocdAvpa
19855Kai
19856atrovs
19857‘lepocoAvpitas
19858mpoo-
19859ayopevecbau.
19860(35) Otros* o86€ Tov adrov exetvots edpev eimreiv Ba-
19861oda, Kawdtepov 8 ovowa ovvTéeGetkev, Kal Tapes
19862evirviov Kal mpodytnv Atytmriov eis ”“Appwvos
19863amehnAvbev mrepl TOV pupav Kal Aetpa@v ypnopov
19864313 olowy.
19865gdyot yap els Ta lepa ovMeyeoba 7AjGos
19866*Tovdaiwyv.
19867dpa ye TovTO
19868Tots
19869Aempots
19870ovopLa
19871Oguevos 7 povwv t&v “lovdaiwy
19872tots voonjpaot
19873TEPUTEGOVT OY ;
19874Aéyet yap a Aaos Trav *Tov-
19875314 Sate. %
198760 qrotos ;° enAus 7 TO yevos EYX@plos 5
19877dua TL Tolvuv Alyumtious avrovs ovras *lovdatous
19878KaXets;
19879ef d€ E€vor, dua Ti TOfev od A€yeits; TAs
19880d€ Tot BactAdws mrodAods pev abtav Bvobicavtos
19881eis tHv Oddaccav, tovs dé Aowrovs eis eprpous
19882TOTOUS
19883exBadovtos,
19884TooovToL
19885TO mAnBos om
1988653 is) cAcihOycapr ;
198877 TWA.
19888TpOTrov
19889dreENAGov
19890peev THY
19891Oo — bo
198921 Niese: dpicra cupBovretoew L.
19893ed. pr.: Tepocd\uua L.
198943 ins. Hudson.
198954 + oty Lat. (apparently)
198965 6 rotos; Herwerden: ozrotos L.
19897288
198982
p. 313
19899AGAINST APION, I. 309-315
19900offer not the best but the worst advice, and to
19901overthrow any temples and altars of the gods
19902which they found.
19903The rest assenting, they pro-
19904ceeded to put these decisions into practice.
19905They
19906traversed the desert, and after great hardships
19907reached inhabited country: there they maltreated
19908the population, and plundered and set fire to the
19909temples, until they came to the country now called
19910Judaea, where they built a city in which they
19911settled.
19912This town was called Hierosyla * because
19913of their sacrilegious propensities.
19914At a later date,
19915when they had risen to power, they altered the
19916name, to avoid the disgraceful imputation, and
19917called
19918the
19919city
19920Hierosolyma
19921and _ themselves
19922Hierosolymites.
19923(35) Lysimachus actually differs from the previous
19924writers in mentioning a king discovered by himself ;
19925he has invented a fresh name, and, neglecting the
19926dream
19927and
19928tlfe Egyptian prophet, has gone
19929to
19930Ammon for an oracle concerning the victims of scurvy
19931and leprosy.
19932When he speaks of a multitude of Jews
19933congregating in the temples, does he under this name
19934refer to the lepers, or were the Jews the only persons
19935afflicted with these diseases?
19936He says, “ the people
19937of the Jews.’”’
19938What sort of people?
19939Foreigners or
19940natives?
19941If they were Egyptians, why call them
19942Jews?
19943If foreigners, why do you not say where
19944they came from?
19945After the king had drowned many
19946of them in the sea and banished the rest into the
19947wilderness, how came so large a number to survive ?
19948How did they traverse
19949the desert, conquer
19950the
19951* i.e. “ (town) of temple-robbers.”’
19952VOL. I
19953U
19954289
19955The alleged
19956original
19957name of
19958Jerusalem,
19959Hierosyla.
19960Criticism of
19961the story.
p. 314
19962JOSEPHUS
19963Ep7yLov, exparnoay dé THs yopas 7s viv Kat-
19964ouxodpev,
19965Exticay
19966Se Kal mow KOL VEwV wKo0o-
19967316 pnoavro TAG
19968mepyBonTov 5 xpi de
19969Kal
19970Tept
19971TOU yojioBérov LT [ovov elrrety TOUVOUA, dq AGoat
19972de Kal TO yevos Goris HV Kal Tw.
19973Oa vl b€
19974TOLOUTOUS av avtots
19975emrexetpce
19976Tievar
19977vopous
19978Tepl Deay Kal THs 7 mpos avipwr7ous dductas Kara
19979317 T7V Topeiav;
19980«ire yap Atydrrvot TO Yyévos 7oav,
19981ovK av €K TOv TAT plwv dav ouTw) padiws pet -
19982eBaAovro, ELT adaxobev oa, TAVTWS TWES UT-
19983Hipxov avrots vO} dua poaxpas ovv7nbeias mepvday-
1998431g pevor.
19985el pev ovv mept TOV efehacavTaw avrous
19986Gpocav pndémote edvojoew, Adyov eiyey eElKOTa,
19987mao d€ moAeov avopuzois aKypuKTov apacbat Tov-
19988TOUS, €lmep EmpatTov ws attos A€yer KaKas, Tapa
19989mdvtwv Bornfetas Oeopevous, dvovay ovK eee aAAa,
19990Tob wsevdopLevov TAVvV moAAqy TaptoTnow, os ye Kal
19991TOUVOJLG. Gectar 7 TH moet azo Tijs ‘egoovhas avTous
19992eToAnoev elrrely, TOUTO de pera Tatra Tapar pear.
19993319 d7jAov yap ore TOUS [LEV VOTEPOV yevopevors aloxuvny
19994Tovo}La Kal pLicos Epepev, avTot & ot KriCovres
19995civ TOAW KoopHcew avTovs treAapBavov ovTwWS
19996ovopdoavrTes.
199970 O€ yevvatos U70 ToAAS <7THs>* TOD
19998Aovdopetv axpacias od ovviKev Ott lepoavdAciv od
19999KaTa TiHv avTiy dwviv
20000“lovdaio.
20001trois “EXAjow
20002320 dvoudlopev.
20003Tl <av>odv emi? mAEiw tis A€you TpOS
20004Tov wevddopevov ovTus dVALOXBYTEDS ;
20005"AYN emreL07] OUpLLeT pov 7101 TO BiBdtov ciAnge
20006peyebos, erepay Tounodpevos apxynv ta Aowra TOV
20007els TO TpOKELpEeVOV TELpPaGOMaL TpOGaTooobvaL.
200081 ins. Niese.
20009* érc ed. pr. (but cf. ii. 262).
20010290)
p. 315
20011AGAINST APION, I. 315-320
20012country which we inhabit to-day, found a city, and
20013build a temple of world-wide renown?
20014He should
20015not have been content with mentioning the law-
20016giver’s name ; he should have told us of his descent
20017and parentage.
20018And what could have induced him to
20019draw up such laws for them about the gods and about
20020the injuries they were to inflict on mankind during
20021their march?
20022If they were Egyptians, they would
20023not so lightly have abandoned their national customs
20024for others;
20025if they came
20026from elsewhere, they
20027certainly had some laws, cherished by the habits of
20028a lifetime.
20029For an oath of eternal enmity against
20030those who had expelled them there was reasonable
20031ground ; but that men who, in the straits in which
20032he represents them to have been, needed assistance
20033from every quarter, should declare implacable war
20034on all mankind, indicates extraordinary folly, not on
20035their part, but on the part of the lying historian.
20036He
20037has, further, ventured to assert that they gave their
20038city a name derived from their temple robberies and
20039afterwards modified it.
20040Obviously the name brought
20041their descendants into disgrace and odium, but the
20042actual founders of the city thought to do themselves
20043honour by so naming it!
20044The worthy man, in his
20045intemperate abuse, has not observed that we Jews
20046do not use the same word as the Greeks to express
20047robbery of temples.
20048What more need be said to so
20049impudent a liar ?
20050This book, however, having already run to a suit-
20051able length, I propose at this point to begin a second,
20052in which [I shall endeavour to supply the remaining
20053portion of my subject.
20054291
p. 316
20055AOTOX AEYTEPOX
200561
20057(1) Aca pév ody Tob zpotépov BiBAtov, TywmTaré
20058por "Eadpddite, wept Te Tis apyaldTyTos Hav
20059ereédeiea, Tots Dowikwyv Kai Xaddaiwy cat Atyur-
20060Tiwy yprppac TLOTWOGILEVOS TIV dAnGevay Kal
20061moMovs Ttav “EAAjvwv ovyypadets tapacyopevos
20062p.aptupas, TIP Te
20063avTippnow
20064eémomodpyny
20065mpos
20066MaveOGva_
20067Kat
20068Xarpyjpova
20069Kal
20070TWas
20071€ETEpoUS.
200722 apfouar de viv Tous UroheumopLevous TOV yeypa-
20073porwv qi Kall? TpOv ehéyyew.
20074KaiToL mepl THs
20075mpos
20076“Amiwva
20077Tov
20078YPapparucov
20079ay Teppicews”
200803 ern Abe [Lou Svarropeiv, el xp7 omovddoat: Ta pev
20081yap eo Tay tm attod yeypappevwy tots ba
20082aAhwv eipnpevois opora, Ta Oe Atay pvypa@s Tpoc-
20083Tébeixev, Ta TAeiota
20084Sé€ Bapodroyiay
20085exer Kat
20086ToAAny,
20087El O€t Tadnbes
20088ElTELV, GTALOEVCLAY,
20089WS
20090av om
20091avOpurrou ovyKetLeva
20092Kat davAov
20093Tov
20094Tpomrov Kal mapa mdvro. TOV Biov oxAaywyod yeyo-
200954 voros. émel O ot moAXot Tov avOpwrwv dia THY
20096atT@v avotav b10 THY ToLwovTwv adAtcKovTar Adywv
200971 kairo wept ed. pr.: Kai rots L.
200982 So ed. pr.: + reTo\unuévas L: Niese suspects a lacuna.
20099¢ Apion was born in upper Egypt (4p. ii. 29), studied at
20100Alexandria, and taught rhetoric in Rome under Tiberius,
20101Caligula and Claudius.
20102Under Caligula he headed the anti-
20103292
p. 317
20104BOOK II
20105(1) In the first volume of this work, my most esteemed Refutation
20106Epaphroditus, I demonstrated the antiquity of our go27/*
20107race, corroborating my statements by the writings calumnies
20108of Phoenicians, Chaldaeans, and Egyptians, besides eee
20109citing as witnesses numerous Greek historians;
20110I
20111also challenged the statements of Manetho, Chaere-
20112mon, and some others.
20113I shall now proceed to refute
20114the rest of the authors who have attacked us.
20115I am
20116doubtful, indeed, whether the remarks of Apion ¢ the
20117grammarian deserve
20118serious refutation.
20119Some of
20120these resemble the allegations made by others, some
20121are very indifferent ° additions of his own; most of
20122them are pure buffoonery, and, to tell the truth,
20123display the gross ignorance of their author, a man of
20124low character and a charlatan to the end of his days.
20125Yet, since most people are so foolish as to find greater
20126attraction in such compositions than in works of a
20127Jewish deputation sent from Alexandria to the Emperor,
20128when he was opposed
20129to Philo, the spokesman of the
20130Alexandrian
20131Jews (A. xviii. 257
20132ff.).
20133An erudite, but
20134ostentatious, writer, he was best known as an interpreter of
20135Homer (4p. ii. 14).
20136He also wrote a History of Egypt in
20137five books, which included references to the Jews (2b. 10):
20138whether he wrote a separate work on the Jews is doubtful.
20139His researches earned
20140for him the nickname of udxAos
20141(labor), his ostentatious parade that of cymbalum mundi,
20142given him by the Emperor Tiberius.
20143Or. frigid:
20144293
p. 318
20145JOSEPHUS
20146EF, we tho
20147p-aMov 7 TOV pera TWos oTOvdTS yeypappevwr,
20148KGL Xaipovar peev Tats Roopa, axfovrat de
20149Tois
20150€7alvois,
20151avayKaiov
20152mynodpny
20153civar pede
20154TOOTOV dveferaarov KaTaAiTeEl, KaTnyoptay Tpav
201555 avTuKpus ws ev Oikn yeypadota./
20156Kal yap av
20157KaKELVO Tots 7oAAots avOpurzots 6pa mapaKoXov-
20158fotv, 70 Atay eprjdecbat OTay TIS dpEdpevos Bra-
20159odnpety ETEpov avros eAey xT a TeEpl TOV avTO@
201606 TpocovTewy KAKQ@V.
20161€OTL EV OvV Ov pddvov avTou
20162BS Ms tov Adyov ovde cad@s yv@var ti Aéyew
20163BovAerar,
20164oxedov 8, ws ev moAAR Tapayh
20165Kal
20166pevopaTwv avyxvoet, Ta peev ets THY opolay lOéav
20167mimrel Tots mpoeEnt TAGHLEVOUS TEpt THs e€ Atyobmrov
201687 7av TPETEPOV Tpoyove pLeTavaoTadcews,
20169Ta. ro
20170€oTl KaTayopta. TOV ev “AdeEavdpeta KATOLKOUVTOW 7, t
20171‘lovdatwv.
20172Tpirov om emt ToUTous pepLKTaL mepl
20173THS dyoretas Ths KaTG 70 tepov eng Kal TOV
20174aAAwy vopipwy KaTryopia.”
201753
20176(2) “Ore poev ouv ovure Aiytmtiot TO yevos qoav
20177TOV Ol TaTepes oUTE bia. ADV CWELaTWY 7) Towavras
20178dA\as cupdopds twas
20179exeibev e&nAdofycar,
20180ov
20181prevTpiws
20182jLovov, aAAa
20183Kal mépa Tov cuppeTpov
201849 mpoarrodedetx Gat vopilw.
20185meEpt av de mpoortOnow
2018610 0 ‘Anta ery olncopar GUVTOULWS.
20187pyar yap
20188év TH Tpitn Tov Alyumtiaxav tabe.
20189“ Mwojs,
20190ws 7KOvoE Tapa TOV TpeoButepww TOV Atyurtiow,
20191nV ‘HAtoroAizys, 6
20192os Tarptou eGeor KOT IY YUTILEVOS
20193aifpious mpocevxas aviyyev els cious eiyev 7) TOAts?
201941 Bekker: xarzyyopias L Lat.
201952 4 rods ed. pr.: jvwos L: perhaps “HXiov wéXs should be
20196read.
20197294
p. 319
20198AGAINST APION, II. 4-10
20199serious nature, to be charmed by abuse and impatient
20200of praise, I think it incumbent upon me not to pass
20201over without examination even this author, who has
20202written anindictment of us formal enough for acourt of
20203law.
20204For I observe, on the other hand, that people in
20205general also have a habit of being intensely delighted
20206when one who has been the first to malign another
20207has his own vices brought home to him.
20208His argu-
20209ment is difficult to summarize and his meaning to
20210grasp.
20211But, so far as the extreme disorder and con-
20212fusion of his lying statements admit of analysis, one
20213may say that some fall into the same category as
20214those already investigated, relating to the departure
20215of our ancestors from Egypt;
20216others form an in-
20217dictment of the Jewish residents
20218in Alexandria ;
20219while a third class, mixed up with the rest, consists
20220of accusations
20221against our temple rites and our
20222ordinances in general.
20223(2) That our ancestors neigliee were Egyptians by
20224race nor were expelled from that country in conse-
20225quence of contagious diseases or any similar affliction,
20226I think I have already given not merely sufficient,
20227but even superabundant, proof.
20228I propose, however,
20229briefly to mention the details added by Apion.
20230In
20231the third book of his History of Egypt he paakes the
20232following statement :
20233“ Moses, as I have heard from old people® in
20234Egypt, was
20235a native of Heliopolis,? who, being
20236pledged to the customs of his country, erected
20237prayer-houses, open to the air, in the various
20238¢ So Josephus interprets below; possibly Apion meant
20239** the elders
20240”’ (in official sense).
20241’ So Manetho, of Osarsiph, Ap. i. 238.
20242295
20243(a) On the
20244exodus from
20245Kgypt. :
20246On the
20247shrines and
20248sundials
20249erected by
20250Moses of
20251Heliopolis.
p. 320
2025211
2025312
2025413
2025514
20256JOSEPHUS
20257meptBorous, mpos apn Auer qv de mdoas dméorpepev:
20258Oe yap Kal ‘HAtov Ketrau mods. avr de oBeAay
20259€oTNG€ KLOVas, bp ois ay EKTUTOLE. oKagy, oKuG
202608 dvOpidvros" em _aoray diaKeysevn, Ws Ov ev
20261aide TobTov Get TOV dpopov 7Aiw ouprrepuTonet.””
20262TOLAUTH) pe Tis 7 Fovpacri
20263ToD ypapywariKcod
20264dpaows, To be wedopa Aoyon ov Oedpevor, GAN’ éx
20265TOV Epyov TEpupaves.
20266ovTe yap avTos Maojs,
20267OTE THY TpwTHY oKnViVY TO Fed KatTeckevacer,
20268ovfev extUTMpa ToLodTOV Eis adTHV evelnKEV, OUTE
20269Toleiy Tots emetTa mpocéTakev, G6 TE peTa TaAdTA
20270KaTaoKevaoas
20271Tov
20272vaov
20273tov
20274ev
20275‘lepocoAvpots
20276Loropwv
20277maons
20278améoxeTo
20279Towa’Tns
20280TeEpiepylas
20281olay oupmemenev °"Atiwv.
20282aKxodcat d€ drow TOV
20283mpeoPuTepay ore Maojs
202847 ay HaAvorodirgs, OfjAov
20285OTU VEWTEPOS pev Ov avros, exelvols de morevoas
20286Tots Oud THY FAuKiav €TTLOTO/LEVOLS avToV Kal ovy-
20287yevopevots.
20288Kal Tepe poev ‘Opapov TOU mrouroo
20289YPApparucos @v avTos
20290OvUK ay EXOL, Tis avrod
20291Tatpis €o7t, dra BeBarwadpevos etreiv, ovoe rept
20292[vfayopov jLovov ovK exes Kal TpPUnV yeyovoros,
20293Tepl dé Macéws
20294TooovtTw
20295TAnber mpodyovTos
20296exelvous ETHV OUTWS dmodaiverat padiws, muaTevwv
20297akon mpeapuTtépwv,
20298ws dAAds
20299é€oTt Kataevad-
20300pLevos.
203011 Conjecture of translator: avdpos L.
20302* Huet: 67 L.
203033 fuit Lat.: 6 L.
203042 Or “on the various walls.”
20305» For the obelisks of Heliopolis ef. Herod. ii. 111.
20306¢ Or “‘ basin ”’ (Gr. cxagn, the technical term for the con-
20307cave base of a sun-dial).
20308@ Emended text;
20309#.e.
20310a human figure surmounting the
20311pillar.
20312The ms. has “ the shadow of a man.”
20313296
p. 321
20314AGAINST APION, II. 10-14
20315precincts * of the city, all facing eastwards; such
20316being the orientation also of Heliopolis.
20317In place
20318of obelisks® he set up pillars, beneath which was
20319a model of a boat’; and the shadow cast on this
20320basin by the statue ? described‘a circle correspond-
20321ing to the course of the sun in the heavens.”
20322Such is the grammarian’s amazing statement.
20323Its
20324mendacious
20325character
20326needs
20327no comment;
20328it is
20329exposed by the facts.
20330When Moses built the first
20331tabernacle for God, he neither placed in it himself,
20332nor instructed his successors to make, any graven
20333imagery of this kind.
20334When Solomon,
20335later on,
20336built the temple at Jerusalem, he too refrained from
20337any curiosities of art such as Apion has conceived.
20338He tells us that he heard from “ old people ” that
20339Moses was a Heliopolitan.
20340Obviously, as a junior,
20341he believed what he was told by men old enough to
20342have known and associated with him!¢
20343Literary
20344critic as he was, he could not positively have stated
20345what was the birthplace of the poet Homer,’ or even
20346of Pythagoras,’ who lived, one may say, but the
20347other day.
20348But when asked about Moses, who pre-
20349ceded them by such a vast number of years, he, on
20350the strength of the old men’s report, answers with
20351an assurance which proclaims him a liar.
20352¢ Reinach aptly compares Athen. i. § 29 (p. 161):
20353‘‘ Apion
20354the Alexandrian says that he heard from Cteson of Ithaca
20355the nature of the game of draughts played by the suitors
20356(of Penelope).”’
20357f Of. the old distich:
20358‘‘ Smyrna, Rhodos, Colophon,
20359Salamis, Chios, Argos, Athenae, | Orbis de patria certat,
20360Homere, tua.”’
203619 Variously described as a Samian, Tyrrhenian, Syrian
20362(? native of Syros), or Tyrian (Clem. Alex. Strom. i. 14,
20363§ 62, quoted by Reinach).
20364207
p. 322
2036515
2036616
2036717
2036818
2036919
20370JOSEPHUS
20371Ta 6d€ 67 7&v xpdvev ev ois dict tov Mwojpv
20372e€ayayely tovs Aemp@vras Kal Tuphovds Kal Tas
20373Bdacews
203747 TET TPWLEVOUS, odddpa 81) Tots 7™po avTou
20375oupmedcsvnicer, ws ola, O YPAPPLATUCOS 6 6 aKxp.pijs.
20376Mavéebws ev yap Kata THY TeGuaouos Bactretav
20377amadrayivat dyow € Atyirrov TOUS “lovdatovs,
203787po eT@V
20379Tplakoclwy
20380evevnKOVTAaTpL@V
20381TAS Els
20382"A pyos Aavaotd gvuy7s; Avotpaxos d€ Kata Bor-
20383xopy TOV Bao.réa,
20384TOUTEOTL T™po erav XAtov
20385ETTAKOCLWY, Mody be Kal aNdAou Twes ‘ws av-
20386Tots cdogev.
203876 6€ ye TavTwY TLOTOTATOS ° Aztiwv
20388Wploato Ti e€odov aKpyBas Kara, TH ePoouny
20389oAvpTidba Kal TavTHs eTos <ivau Tp@Tov, vv O,
20390djct,
20391Kapynddva
20392Dotkes
20393Exticav.
20394TovTO Be
20395mavTws mpooélnke TO Kapynddva teKprpiov oto-
20396pevos avT@ yevéobar THs aAnfeias evapyéoratov,
20397od ovvaKe b€ Kal” Eavtod Tov eAeyxov émtoTepevos.
20398et yap* muotevew Set Tats Dowixwy avaypadats,
20399ev exeivats Eipwpos o BaotAeds yeypamrat T™pe-
20400oBvrepos THS Kapy7 doves KTiGEWS eTEGL metoar
20401m™pos Tots TEVTHKOVTO KaL exaTov, Tept ov Tas
20402mTioTels
20403avwrépw
20404mapécxyov
20405é€x
20406Ttav
20407Dowikwv
20408avaypaday, 67. LoAop@vtt T@ Tov vaov oiKodopy-
20409caynevw Tov ev “lepocodAvpos didos Fv Eipwpos
20410Kat 7oAAa ovveBaAAeTo zpos THY TOD vaod KaTa-
20411oKevyv.
20412attos
20413b€ 6 Lodropav
20414wKodounoe
20415Tov
20416vaov peta TO €€eAfetvy €€ Alytnrov tovs *lovdaious
20417dwbeKa Kai éEakoalots €Teaw VaTeEpor.
204181 4 epi ris amuotias L Lat.: +7epi ris dokias ed. pr.,
20419‘** on the subject of the colony ” (which should perhaps stand).
20420a Ap. i. 103.
20421> Tb. 305.
20422Apollonius Molo, born in Caria, taught rhetoric in Rhodes
20423298
p. 323
20424AGAINST APION, II. 15-19
20425On the question of the date which he assigns to On the date
20426the exodus of the lepers, the blind and the lame under ous
20427Moses’ leadership, we
20428shall find, I imagine,
20429this
20430accurate
20431grammarian
20432in perfect agreement
20433with
20434previous writers.
20435Well, Manetho states that the
20436departure of the Jews from Egypt occurred in the
20437reign of Tethmosis, 393 years before the flight of
20438Danaus to Argos®;
20439Lysimachus says, under King
20440Bocchoris,? that is to say, 1700 years ago;
20441Molon®¢
20442and others fix a date to suit themselves.
20443Apion,
20444however, the surest authority of all, precisely dates
20445the exodus in the seventh Oly mpiad, and in the first 752-749 B.c.
20446year of that Olympiad, the year in which, according
20447to him, the Phoenicians founded Carthage.
20448This
20449mention of Carthage he has doubtless inserted under
20450the belief that it would afford a striking proof of his
20451veracity ; he has failed to see that he has thereby
20452brought upon himself his own refutation.
20453For, if
20454the Phoenician chronicles may be trusted, it is there
20455recorded that King Hirom lived more than 150 years
20456before the foundation of Carthage.
20457Evidence from
20458those chronicles to this effect has been given earlier
20459in this work, where I showed that Hirom was a friend
20460of Solomon, who built the Temple at Jerusalem, and
20461that he contributed largely towards its construction’
20462But Solomon himself built the Temple 612 years
20463after the departure of the Jews from Egypt.’
20464lus.
20465and at Rome;
20466Cicero and Julius Caesar were among his
20467pupils.
20468His diatribes on the Jews are frequently mentioned
20469in this book.
204704 Also the date of the foundation of Rome.
20471Ap. 1. 126.
20472f Ib. 109 f.
20473g vse Josephus in A. xx. 230; elsewhere (A. viii. 61) he
20474gives the period as 592 years; the Biblical figure (1 Kings
20475vi. 1) is 480.
20476299
p. 324
20477JOSEPHUS
2047820
20479Tov
20480&€ adpiuov
20481trav
20482éeAacbéytwy
20483tov
20484adrov
20485Avowdyw
20486oyediaoas,
20487evdexa yap avtrovs
20488eivat
20489pjou
20490peupudoas, favpactiy
20491twa
20492Kat
20493marvin
20494>
20495>
20496<>
20497\
20498/
20499aTrodlowow
20500airtay, adh’
20501ws dnow TO odBBarov
2050221 avopdcbat.
20503“ odevoarTes,
20504yap dynow,
20505““ €€ TPE
20506pav OOoV BovBavas
20507EaXov Kat Oa TavTHY THY
20508airtay Th €Boouy TIHEPY aVETTAUGAVTO owbevres
20509eis THY YwWpav Ty vov “lovéatay Aeyopnevny, Kal
20510exdAecav
20511TiHv HLEpav
20512odBBarov
20513owlovtes
20514TH
20515Aiyurtiwy
20516yA@ttav:
20517TO yap BovBavos dXyos
2051822 kadotow Alyvario. caBBa.’”’
20519odK dv ovv Tes 7)
20520KatayeAdoere THS dAvapias 7) TovvavTiov pLanceELe
20521TI ev T@ TowadTa ypadew aValoEeLay ; d7jAov yap
20522if
20523/
20524>
20525/
205267
20527/
20528>
20529/
20530ove TavTes eBovBwriacay evdexa pupiades avOpu-
20531>
20532>
20533’
20534A
20535>
20536>
20537A“
20538\
20539\
20540\
2054123 mwv.
20542adr
20543et ev NOQV EKELWOL Tvpdot KOL xywAot
20544KaL TaVTA TpOTOV VvocObVTES, OTTOLOUS avTovs Elval
20545>) A
20546/
20547,
20548>)
20549v
20550~
20551e
20552/
20553~
20554¢€
20555\
20556dyow
20557“Ariwy, odd ay pids n<pas mpoeAGetv o0ov
20558novvnAjoay: El © otoL Badilew dua TOAATs epynpias
20559Kal
20560TpoceTL
20561VLKGV
20562Tous avrTots
20563dvOorapevous
20564paxopevor mavTes, ovK av aOpdo. peta THY EKTHV
2056524 7uépav <PovBwriacay.
20566ovTe yap dvcet Tus yl-
20567VETO <To>* tTovodTov Tots Badilovow e€ avaykys,
20568ada moMat upiddes oTparomeowy emt moh\as
20569mpepas TO oUpLpLeT pov aet Badilovow, ovre Kara,
20570TAUTOMLATOV Elks OUTWS oup Savas: TavTwWY
20571‘yap
2057225 adoywratov.
205736 b€ Bavpaotos ’Amiwv bia pev €€
20574nuepav abrovs eAbety ets tiv “lovdalay mpoeipyke,
20575J
20576\
20577\
20578~
20579’
20580A
20581A
20582~
20583>
20584/
20585mddAw de tov Mwvojv eis TO peta€d THs Atyvarov
20586\
20587~
20588>
20589/
20590a»
20591a“
20592~
20593/
205945
20595kat THS
20596“ApaBias dpos, 6 KaAcirar Liwaov, ava-
205971 Reinach with the Lat.: ca88arwois L.
20598Cf. § 26 f.
205992 ins. Bekker.
20600300
p. 325
20601AGAINST APION, II. 20-25
20602After stating that the fugitives numbered 110,000, On the ;
20603in which imaginary figure he agrees with Lysimachus,? eh cae
20604he gives an astonishing and plausible explanation “s#>bath.”
20605of the etymology of the word “ sabbath ” !
20606' Atter
20607Ja) six days ~march,’ he says, “they
20608developed tumours in the groin, and that was why,
20609after safely reaching
20610the country now
20611called
20612Judaea, they rested on the seventh day, and called
20613that day sabbaton, preserving the Egyptian termin-
20614ology ; for disease of the groin in Egypt is called
20615sabbo.”’
20616One knows not whether to laugh at the nonsense,
20617or rather to be indignant at the impudence, of such
20618language.
20619Clearly all these 110,000 persons were
20620attacked by tumours.
20621But if they were blind and
20622lame and suffering from all kinds of disease, as repre-
20623sented by Apion, they could not have accomplished
20624a single day’s march.
20625If, on the contrary, they were
20626capable not only of traversing a vast desert, but of
20627defeating their adversaries in battles in which they
20628all took part, they would not have succumbed in a
20629body to the tumours after six days.
20630For persons on
20631a forced march are not naturally subject to a malady
20632of this kind; myriads of men in armies maintain a
20633regular pace for many days in succession.
20634Nor can
20635one
20636attribute
20637such an accident
20638to chance;
20639that
20640would be the height of absurdity.
20641This astonishing
20642Apion, after stating that they reached Judaea in six
20643days,® tells us elsewhere that Moses went up into
20644the mountain called Sinai, which lies between Egypt
20645« No figure is given in the extract from Lysimachus above
20646(Ap. i. chap. 34).
20647®’ Apion does not say this in the extract above (§ 21),
20648though his words lend themselves to such an interpretation.
20649301
p. 326
20650JOSEPHUS
20651Bavra
20652dyow
20653jpEpas
20654TEGoApaKovTa
20655Kpuphvat,
20656Kanetbev KavaBavra dobvat tois “lovdaious Tovs
20657VOMOUS.
20658KalTOL 7S
20659olov Te Tous avrous Kal
20660TEGOUpaKovTa. pevew Tpepas ra €PT LO Kal avvepa
20661TOT Kal THV jrerakv Taoav ev Te pas €€ bu-
2066226 eAbeiv; % 8 mepl tiv dvopactay 708 caBBarov
20663YPApLpLaTiKT pet deots dvaidevay Exel ToAAnv
206647
2066527 dewnv apafiav.
20666To yap caf Ber Kal oaBBarov
20667mAetorov dAAjAwy duadéper* TO poev yop odBBarov
20668Kara Ty “Tovdate dudAeKTov
20669avamavois eoTw
20670TO TaVvTOS Epyous TO Oe cafBe, Kabamep éketvos
20671oe a Tap: Atyurrious TO Bovfayvos aXyos.
2067228
20673(3) Tovatra pev TWA mepl Mwoéws Kal Tis €
20674Alytrrov yevopevas Tots ‘Tovdators amadayis 6
20675Atybrruos ° Amiwv exaworToin oe Tapa. Tovs ddAous
20676eTWOT]CGS.
20677Kal TL ye det Gavpalew et Tepl TOV
20678Teepe prevOeTaL Tpoyovay, Aéyov avrovs elvan
2067929 TO yevos Alyurtiovs;
20680adtos yap mept adToo
20681TOUVaVTLoV eevd0eT Oo Kal YEYEUNLEVOS™ ev ‘Odoew
20682Tijs Atyéarov v, mdvTov Alyurtiov mparos ov, ws
20683Gv €l7rot TUS, why pev adnOh marpida Kat TO ‘yEevos
20684e€wpyooato, “AdeEavdpeds de civat Kararbevdopevos
2068530 oporoyet TH pox Onptay Tov yevous.
20686elkOTWs ovv
20687ous purcet Kal Bovherau Aowopetv tovTous Al-
20688yumtious Kare.
20689el pea yap pavdorarous eivau
20690evopniCev Aiyurtious,
20691ovK
20692av TO
20693yevos? adros
20694Epuyev, ws
20695ol ye peyadogppovobyres
20696emi Tats
20697eauT@v
20698TAT pict CEpyUVOVTAL
20699puev
20700a7r0
20701TOUT OW
20702abrot ypynpatilovres, Tovs adixus® 8 avt@v avt-
2070331 zovovjevovs ێyxovar.
20704mpos Hpas de dvoiv Oare-
207051 ed. pr.: yeyevynuevos L.
207062 Lat. genus: 700 yévous L.
207073 ed. pr.: adixous L.
20708302
p. 327
20709AGAINST APION, II. 25-31
20710and Arabia, remained in concealment there for forty
20711days, and then descended and gave the Jews their
20712laws.
20713However could the same body of men stay
20714forty days in a desert and waterless region, and yet
20715cover the whole distance to their destination in six
20716days?
20717The grammarian’s distortion of the word
20718“ sabbath ” betrays either gross impudence or shock-
20719ing ignorance ; there is a wide difference between
20720sabbo and sabbaton.
20721Sabbaton in the Jews’ language
20722denotes cessation from all work, while sabbo among
20723the Egyptians signifies, as he states, disease of the
20724groin.
20725(3) Such are some of the novel features which the on the
20726Egyptian Apion, improving upon other authors, has Saypian
20727introduced into the story of Moses and the departure Jewish race.
20728of the Jews from Egypt.
20729That he should lie about
20730our ancestors and assert that they were Egyptians
20731by race is by no means surprising.
20732He told a lie
20733which was the reverse of this one about himself.
20734Born in the Egyptian oasis, more Egyptian than
20735them all, as one might say, he disowned his true
20736country and falsely claimed to be an Alexandrian,
20737thereby admitting the ignominy of his race.
20738It is
20739therefore natural that he should call persons whom
20740he detests and wishes to abuse Egyptians.
20741Had he
20742not had the meanest opinion of natives of Egypt, he
20743would never have turned his back on his own nation.
20744Patriots are proud to bear their country’s name, and
20745denounce those who lay unjust claim to the title of
20746citizens.
20747In their relation
20748to us, Egyptians
20749are
20750@ The Great Oasis, in upper Egypt (cf. § 41), west of
20751Thebes.
20752303
p. 328
20753JOSEPHUS
20754pov Aiydarvot mem ovacw 7) yap ws emUsE[vUvO-
20755jevol mpooTrovobvTau Ty ouyyEeveray, 7) Kowwvovs
2075632 Huds ~emloT@vTa, THS avTav KaKodokias.
20757oO be
20758tos
20759"Amiwv
20760doxet
20761pev tiv BAacdnpiay tH
20762yervatos
20763“Amiwv
20764doxet prev
20765Tip
20766nb
207671)
20768Kal Auav wotep Twa profov eleAfoar Tapacxetv
20769>
20770~
20771~
20772/
20773>
20774~
20775Aus
20776/
20777\
20778Are§avopetor Tijs bobetans avr@ modvretas, Kat
20779TH amex Jevav avTav €mLOTA|LEVOS THY ™mpos TOUS
20780cuvoikobtvtas avtots emt Tijs ’AdcEavSpeias *lov-
20781dalouvs mpoTrélertar prev exetvois Aovdopeicbar, ovp-
20782/
207831
20784SY:
20785A
20786\
20787LAA
20788A
20789>
20790meptAap Paver’
20791d€ Kat
20792tovs
20793aAdovs
20794amavTas,
20795€v
20796apdorépots avaroxvvTws wevddpevos.
2079733.
20798(4) Tia rolvuey eott Ta Sewa Kal oxétALa TOV
20799ev 'AdeEavO peta Katoikovvtwy “lovdaiwy, a KaT-
20800ce
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20813Lupias @enoay pos ie agii Aadacoav YELTVUE-
2081434 cavTes
20815Tais
20816Tay
20817Kuudatwy
20818éxBodais.
20819ovdKoby
20820/
20821>
20822/
208237
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20832~
20833~
20834\
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20836/
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20842=
20843~
20844>
20845/
20846\
20847/
20848>
20849~
2085035 Aoyotow, eis KaToikKnow To KdAXoTov.
20851*lovdator
20852>
20853>
20854/
20855/
20856>
208575° ef pev Pracapevor Katéaxov, ws pnd voTEpov
20858~
20859/
20860~
20861exmeceiv,
20862avdpelas TeKpnpiov
20863éeaTw
20864avTois:
20865eis
20866/
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20869~
20870of
20871\
20872/
20873>
20874/
20875Katoikynow d¢ avtots cOwKev <TOv> Tomov ’AdeEav-
20876A
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20878~
20879dpos Kat tons mapa Tots Maxedoar Tins émétvxov.
20880>
208813
20882iat
20883oe
208842A
208852
20886\
20887bs
2088836 (odK ofda dS Ti wor
20889av eAcyev “Aziwv, «i? mpos TH
208901 ed. pr.: cupmeprapBavey L,
208912 ei ed. pr.: om. L.
20892@ The Jewish quarter was on the N.E. of Alexandria,
20893separated from the Great Harbour by the promontory of
20894Lochias, on which stood the royal palace (Strabo, xvii. 9.
20895794; cf. $36 below).
20896The necropolis (§ 36) was at the other
20897end, the extreme west, of the city.
20898304
p. 329
20899AGAINST APION, II. 31-36
20900swayed by one of two feelings:
20901either they feign
20902to be our kinsmen in order to gain prestige, or else
20903they drag us into their ranks to share their bad
20904reputation.
20905The noble Apion’s calumny upon us is
20906apparently designed as a sort of return to the Alex-
20907,andrians for the rights of citizenship which they
20908bestowed upon him.
20909Knowing their hatred of their
20910Jewish neighbours in Alexandria, he has made it his
20911aim to vilify the latter, and has included all the rest of
20912the Jews in his condemnation.
20913In both these attacks
20914he shows himself an impudent liar.
20915y (4) Let us investigate the grave and shocking (0) Apion’s
20916/ charges which he has brought against the Jewish chaps
20917Nresidents in Alexandria. ‘‘Theycame,” he says, ‘from Jews of
20918|
20919Syria and settled by a sea without a harbour, close gaa
20920beside the spot where the waves break on the beach.”
20921Well, if fault is to be found with the locality, he is
20922stigmatizing, I do not say his native place, but what
20923he professes to be his native place, Alexandria.
20924For the sea-board forms part of the city, and is, by
20925universal consent, its finest residential quarter.
20926If
20927the
20928Jews owed their occupation and subsequent un-
20929disturbed tenure of this quarter to force of arms,
20930that is a proof of their valour.
20931In fact, however, it
20932was presented to them as their residence by Alex-
20933ander, and they obtained privileges on a par with
20934those of the Macedonians.2
20935(I do not know what
20936Apion would have said if the
20937Jews had been quartered
20938> From other passages in Josephus it would appear that
20939the Alexandrian Jews owed their separate quarters and their
20940privilege of icomodreia to Ptolemy Soter, rather than
20941to
20942Alexander.
20943Cf. B. ii. 487 f. (a “‘ place of their own ”’ is
20944given by the Diadochi), A. xii. 8 (icomodreia by Ptolemy
20945Soter).
20946VOL. I
20947x
20948305
p. 330
209493 ~I
2095038
2095140
20952JOSEPHUS
20953vekpovroAeL KaTWKOUY Kal f1) TpOS Tots BaotALKots
20954>
20955Q
20956~
20957~
20958e
20959\
20960\
20961Hoav lopupevor.)
20962Kal expe vov adt@v 7 dvdn THV
20963mpoonyopiav etyev Maxeddves.
20964et pev ovv ava-
20965\
20966A
20967>
20968\
20969>
20970/
20971~
20972/
20973\
20974yvovs Tas ematoAdas “AAeEdvépou tot Baotléws Kat
20975tas IIroAcatov tot Adyov, Kat T@v pet EKeEtvov
20976ths Atyimrov Baoiéwv evtvywv Tots ypappact,
20977\
20978\
20979/
20980\
20981¢
20982~
20983>
20984>)
20985/
20986\
20987Kal THY oTHAnv THY EoT@oav ev
20988’AdcEavdpeta Kat
20989Ta OlKaLmpaTa Tepiéxovoayv, & Katoap o péyas
20990tots *lovdaious edwxKev, <i ev otv tadrTa, dypt,
20991yiyvwoKkwy Tavavtia ypadew eToAua, TovNnpos Hv,
20992el 6€ wndev HrloTaTO TOUTWY, amaldeUTOS.
20993~
20994~
20995=
20996To d€ 61 Gavpalew mas “lovdator dvtes ’AXeEav-
20997~
20998~
20999/
21000dpets exAjOynoav, THs opmolas amralevotas.
21001TaVvTES
21002yap ol els
21003amoiuKlay
21004twa
21005KaTaKkAnfevtes,
21006Kav
21007~
21008>
21009/
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21011/
21012/
21013>
21014\
21015mActatov
21016aAAjAwy
21017tots
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21019Stadeépwow,
21020azo
21021TOV olkLoTav THY Tpoonyopiav AayPavovow.
21022Kat
21023qi det wept TOv GAAwy A€yew;
21024atdTav yap Hudv
21025j
21026~
21027>
21028~
21029ot THv “AvtTioyerav Katoikobvtes
21030“Avtioyeis ovoua-
21031Covras tHv yap moAwrelav adrois EOwKEV O KTLOTNS
21032/
21033€
21034/
21035=
21036>
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21041\
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21046“Edéow Kat’
21047Kata
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21057adAnv
21058“lwviav
21059rots
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21061moXtTais
21062opewvu-
21063potow, TovTO TapacxdovTwr attots TOV Siaddxywr.
21064¢
21065Peay
21066=)
21067/
21068/
21069~
21070rd
21071~
21072~
210737 6€ “Pwpyatwv dravOpwmia maéow od puKpod deiv
21074Ths at’T@v mpoonyopias petadédwKev,
21075ov pLovov
21076avopaow adda Kai peydAos ebvecw odAots; “TBnpes
210771 xai ed.pr.: om. L Lat.
21078* This sentence is perhaps a later, and misplaced, insertion
21079of the author.
21080Niese and Reinach transpose it to the end of
21081§ 34.
21082306
p. 331
21083AGAINST APION, II. 36-40
21084in the neighbourhood not of the palace, but of the
21085necropolis !)*
21086Down to the present time their local
21087tribe bore the name of “ Macedonians.”
21088If Apion
21089had read the letters? of King Alexander and of
21090Ptolemy, son of Lagus, if he had set eyes on the
21091papers of their successors on the throne of Egypt, or
21092the slab © which stands in Alexandria, recording the
21093rights bestowed upon the Jews by Caesar the Great ;
21094if, I say, he knew these documents and yet had the
21095face to contradict them in what he wrote, he was a
21096knave ; if he had no knowledge of them, an ignorant
21097fool.
21098His astonishment at the idea of Jews being called
21099Alexandrians betrays similar stupidity.
21100All persons
21101invited to join a colony, however different their
21102nationality, take the name of the founders.
21103It is
21104needless to go outside our race for instances.
21105Our
21106Jewish residents in Antioch are called Antiochenes,
21107having been granted rights of citizenship by its
21108founder, Seleucus.¢
21109Similarly, those at Ephesus and
21110throughout the rest of Ionia bear the same name as
21111the indigenous citizens, a right which they received
21112from Alexander’s successors.
21113Have not the Romans,
21114in their generosity, imparted their name to well-
21115nigh all mankind, not to individuals only, but to
21116great nations as a whole?
21117Thus those who were
21118® Or possibly “ orders.”
21119¢ Greek stele; cf. A. xiv. 188.
211207? Seleucus I Nicator, founder of the Seleucid dynasty.
21121Cf. A. xii. 119;
21122the rights of the Antiochene Jews were,
21123when Titus visited the city, inscribed
21124on bronze tables
21125¢B. vai: 110):
21126Eviviore
21127precisely,
21128as)
21129stated’
21130in
211314:)
21132xi.
21133195,):
21134from
21135Antiochus II Theos (262-246
2113638.c.);
21137see Schiirer,
21138G.J.V.
21139(ed. 3), iii. 81 note.
21140307
21141Their
21142claim to
21143Alexandrian
21144citizenship.
p. 332
21145JOSEPHUS
21146yoov OL TAAL Kal Tuppyvot KQL LaBivor ‘Pwpyator
211474] KaAobvTat.
21148El de TOUTOV
21149adatpetrar
21150TOV
21151TpoTrov
2115242
2115343
21154~
21155/
21156>
21157/
21158/
21159/
21160e
21161A
21162TNS
21163modiretas
21164~Amiwy,
21165tavodacbw
21166héywv
21167QUTOV
21168>
21169°
21170/
21171\
21172/
21173e€
21174~
21175>
21176~
21177AdceEavipéa: yevv7n eis yap, WS T7pceiTmov,
21178EV TH
21179/
21180=~
21181A>
211827
21183~
21184nA
21185>
21186\
21187ay :
21188Babvrtatrw tis Aiyiarov mas av “AdcEavdpeds ein,
21189~
21190A
21191/
21192/
21193>
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21195~
21196THS
21197KATO
21198ddcw
21199moXitElas,
21200ws avTos
21201ed TpL@v
21202>
21203/
21204>
21205/
21206/
21207/
21208>
21209Ig
21210HELWKED, AVALPOULEVIS 5 KQLTOL povots Atyurtiows
21211J
21212~
21213Ol KUploe
21214vov
21215‘Paator THS olKoupevns pera
21216>
21217AapBavew 7;
21218joTwoooby mohuretas GrreypynKaow.
212190 o
21220OUTWS €OTL yevvatos, Ws peTeXew afuay avtTos av
21221TUXEW
21222exwvEeTo
21223ouKogayTety
21224emrexelpnce
21225TOUS
21226/
21227duKalws AaBevras.
21228/
21229~
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21236OLKNOOVT OV
21237THV PLETE
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21241/
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21248~
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21254/
21255>
21256~
21257~
21258~
21259doKyialwy
21260ETULEADS
21261OpEeTHS Kal TLOTEWS TOUTO
21262~
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21264/
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21266/
21267Ui
21268Tots TPETEpoLs TO yepas eOWKEV.
21269erie yap Tpav
21270TO EGvos, ws Kal oqow ‘Exaratos mepl POV, OTL
21271dua. THY emelKeLay KQL TOT, nV AUTO TApeTXov
21272*lovéator, tHv Lapapeitw yopav mpooeBniev & exe
21273<4
21274\
21275attots adopoAsy7rov.
21276Goa
21277OE "ArcEdvdpw
21278Kal
21279~
21280¢e
21281/
21282\
21283~
21284>
21285>
21286,
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212886 Adyou zept trav
21289ev
21290’AdcEavdpeia
21291f
21292A
212934
21294\
21295KATOLKOUYTWY
21296edporvnce’’
21297Kal yap Ta KATA THY
21298* This statement, so far as the Iberians are concerned, is,
21299as Reinach points out, an exaggeration.
21300Fifty Spanish com-
21301munities enjoyed full Roman citizenship under Augustus ;
21302Vespasian bestowed the ius Latii (an inferior privilege) on the
21303whole peninsula : Mommsen, Provinces of Rom. Emp. i. 68 f.
21304> § 29.
21305¢ An exaggerated
21306statement,
21307repeated
21308in §72 below.
21309Native Egyptians were treated, ‘alike by the Ptolemies and
21310by the Roman emperors, as on a lower level than the Greeks.
21311But they could obtain rights of Roman citizenship on the
21312following conditions : (1) that they had previously obtained
21313308
p. 333
21314AGAINST APION, II. 40-44.
21315once Iberians,* Tyrrhenians, Sabines are now called
21316Romans.
21317If Apion disallows this class of citizenship,
21318let him cease to call himself an Alexandrian.
21319Born,
21320as I have already mentioned,’? in the depths
21321of
21322Egypt, how can he be an Alexandrian, if, as he
21323claims in our case, honorary rights of citizenship are
21324to be ruled out?
21325Indeed, Egyptians are the only
21326people to whom the Romans, now
21327lords of the
21328universe,
21329have
21330refused
21331admission
21332to any
21333citizen
21334rights whatever.°
21335Yet Apion displays such noble
21336generosity as to claim for himself privileges from
21337which he was
21338debarred, while he undertakes
21339to
21340calumniate those who have fairly obtained them.
21341_
21342For it was not lack of inhabitants to people the
21343city, whose foundation he had so much at heart, that
21344led Alexander to assemble in it a colony of our nation.
21345This privilege he conferred on our people, after
21346careful and thorough scrutiny, as a reward of valour
21347and fidelity.
21348The honour in which he held our nation
21349may be illustrated by the statement of Hecataeus
21350that, in recognition of the consideration and loyalty
21351shown to him by the Jews, he added to their territory
21352the district of Samaria free of tribute.
21353Alexander’s
21354opinion of the Jews of Alexandria was shared by
21355Ptolemy, son of Lagus.
21356He entrusted the fortresses
21357the citizenship of Alexandria, a privilege rarely accorded
21358(Pliny to Trajan, Ep. vi., with Trajan’s reply, Ep. vii.) ;
21359(2) that they were ineligible for admission to the Senate.
21360Reinach, in loc.; cf. Mommsen, Provinces, ii. 241 f.
21361“4 This statement
21362(? of pseudo-Hecataeus)
21363is certainly
21364exaggerated, and perhaps an anachronism.
21365Three small
21366districts of Samaria (not the whole country) were ceded
21367to the Jews, free of tribute, by Demetrius II c. 145 B.c.
21368(1 Mace. xi. 34; cf. x. 30, 38); but the language of 1 Macc.
21369suggests that Demetrius may have been confirming some
21370concession of earlier date.
21371309
21372Privileges
21373bestowed
21374on them by
21375Alexander
21376and
21377successive
21378Ptolemies.
p. 334
21379JOSEPHUS
21380Alyurrov atrois eveyeipice Ppovpia, muoTas apa
21381Kal yevvatos dvAakew drroAapBavev, Kat Kupryqs
21382eyKpat@s apyew BovAcpevos Kal Trav adAwy Tav
21383év th Abin zorewr Ets avras HEpos *Lovdatewv
2138445 emeutbe KaTOUKHGOoV.
21385oO de pet avtov IIroAEuatos,
213866 DiArddeAdos éemuxdnfeis, od povov et TWEs Hoav
21387aixyudAwro.
21388map
21389atT@
21390Tav
21391eTéepwv
21392TavTas
21393ameduier, aAAa Kal xpypyara wohdxes edwpyaaro
21394Kat, 70 jeyioTov, em Buyers eyeVveTo TOD yv@vat
21395TOUS TLETEpOUS vopous Kal Tals TOV lep@v ypad@v
2139646 BiBAos
21397 evTvyeiv.
21398emepife yotv
21399akiav
21400dvopas
21401amooraAjva TOUS €ppevevoovras are TOV VOLLOV,
21402Kal TOO ypapnvar tatTa KaAds TV em yrehevav
21403emétakev ov Tots Tvxobow, aAAa Anpajrprov TOV
21404Madnpéa
21405Kat “Avopeav kat
21406“Apioréa,
21407Tov pev
21408maela TOV Kal” eavtov diadéepovTa*? Anpjrptov,
2140947 Tos O€ THY TOD
21410cupaTtos
21411attod
21412gdvdAaKny
21413ey-
21414KEXELPLOLLEVOUS, em Tijs emyrehetas Tavrns eragev,
21415ovK av Oi7ov TOvs VoOmoUs Kal THY 77 pLov T@v
21416pirocodiay emBupnoas expabety, el TOV Ypwpevwv
21417avtots avdp@v Katedpover Kal pea diav efavwalev.
2141848
21419(5) “Amiwva 6€ oyedov edeEjs mavtes EAabov ot TOV
21420mpoyovwy adtod Maxeddvwv? Baotreis olkerorara
21421mpos nuds dvatefevtes.
21422Kat yap ztpitos LIIrode-
21423patos,
21424Oo Aeyouevos Evepyérns, Katacywv oXnv
214251 ed. pr.: diadepovTwy L.
21426* Tronical: needlessly omitted by Naber and Reinach.
21427* Josephus is dependent, here and in A. xii. 8, on Aristeas
2142813; but several
21429Jewish ue are known to have existed in
21430Egypt (
21431Schiirer, G.J. V., ed. 3,22).
21432One of these, the “‘ Jewish
21433camp ” in the Delta, is mentioned in B. i. 191 (= A. xiv. 133).
21434310
p. 335
21435a
21436AGAINST APION, II. 44-48
21437of Egypt to their keeping,” confident of their loyalty
21438and bravery as guards; and, when he was anxious to
21439strengthen his hold upon Cyrene and the other cities
21440of Libya, he sent out a party of Jews to settle there!
21441, His successor, Ptolemy surnamed Philadelphus, not
21442only surrendered all prisoners of our race within his
21443realm, but was liberal in his presents of money.
21444The
21445highest compliment, however, which he paid us lay
21446in his keen desire to know our laws and to read the
21447books of our sacred scriptures.
21448It is, at any rate,
21449the fact that he sent and requisitioned the services
21450of Jewish deputies to interpret the law to him ; and,
21451to ensure accuracy in transcription, entrusted the
21452task to no ordinary persons.
21453Demetrius of Phalerum,’
21454with Andreas and Aristeas, the first the most learned
21455man of his time, the others his own bodyguards, were
21456his appointed commissioners.4
21457Surely he would not
21458have shown such keen interest in our laws and the
21459creed © of our ancestors, had he despised, instead of
21460holding in the highest admiration, those to whom
21461they are the rule of their lives.
21462(5) Apion has further ignored the extreme kind-
21463ness Shown to us successively by nearly all the kings
21464\of his Macedonian‘ ancestors.
21465Thus, Ptolemy III
21466surnamed
21467Euergetes,?
21468after
21469his conquest
21470of the 247-222
21471B.C.
21472» The Jews of Cyrene in the time of Sulla formed one of
21473the four classes of the inhabitants (Strabo ap. Jos. A.
21474sive bi S})
21475CVAD. 1. 218.
21476¢ 'These statements are derived from the so-called Letter of
21477Aristeas, paraphrased by Josephus in A. xii. 12 ff.
21478¢ Greek “‘ philosophy.”
21479f See note 2 opposite.
214809 Of his achievements in the Syrian War at the beginning
21481of his reign he left a record at Adule on the coast of the Red
21482Sea (Mahaffy, Limp. of Ptolemies, 199); for his sacrifices at
21483Jerusalem Josephus is the sole authority.
21484311
p. 336
2148549
21486JOSEPHUS
21487LXupiav Kata Kpatos ov Tols €V Aiybarw Geots
21488Xapror pea THS viKNS efucey, aAAa. TOpayevopevos
21489els ‘lepoooAvupa zoAdAds, Os nuty vomy.ov E€oTW,
21490€7r
21491meTéAece fucias TH GEG Kai avébykey avaljpara
21492Tis viK7)s agiws. 6 8e Dopyrwp Iivodepatos
21493Kal y] yoy, avToo KAcovarpa THY Bacthetay ody
21494Tay eauTa@v *lovdatous emloTevaay, Kal _oTparnyol
21495maons THs Suvayews Aoav ‘Ovias kat AootBeos
21496‘Tovdator, av °Aziwv oKemT
21497TEL TA OVOPATA, d€ov
21498Ta Eepya Davpalew KQL jL7) Aovdopetv, aAXG. xapy
21499avrots €xew, OTL SieGWoaY THY “AdeEavopevar, 7s
21500ws moAitns avrTumotetra.
21501Tohewouvro yap adr av
21502TH Bacrdicon Kicom arpa Kal KWOVVEVOVTOV am-
21503od€cbat Kak@s, ovToL ovpBacets €
21504eolnoav Kal TOV
21505eupvAtay KAK@V ampAAagay
21506aAAa “ wera. rabra,
21507dno, “’Ovias ert TH ToAw
21508Yyaye oTparov
21509<ovK>*
21510ddAtyov,
21511ovTos
21512excel O€pyov Too
21513Tapa
21514‘Pwyaiwy mpeoBevtot Kai mapdvTos.
21515opbads de
21516Tov, dainv av, Kat pddra dicaiws.
21517o yap DicKwv
21518emukAnfeis
21519IlroAcuaios,
21520amofavovtos
21521att@ Tov
21522adeAdob IroAcuaiov Tob Diropjropos, amo Kup7y-
21523uns e€nAde KAcomatpav exBadretv BovAdpevos THs Ba-
21524ouXcias’ et filios regis, ut ipse regnum iniuste sibimet
21525applicaret ; propter haec ergo Onias aduersus eum
21526bellum pro Cleopatra suscepit et fidem, quam habuit
215271 ins. Holwerda.
215282 Lacuna in L tox§ 114 (see Introduction p. xviii).
21529* By some identified as Onias IV, the founder of the
21530Temple at Leontopolis (c. 154 B.c.); but the name was not
21531uncommon.
21532Of Dositheus nothing is known.
21533® Doubtless deriving Onias from Greek évos.
21534¢ On the death of Philometor
21535in 146
21536B.c., his widow
21537312
p. 337
21538AGAINST APION, II. 48-52
21539whole of Syria, instead of sacrificing to the gods of
21540Egypt in thanksgiving
21541for his success,
21542came
21543to
21544Jerusalem,
21545and there,
21546after our manner,
21547offered
21548/numerous sacrifices to God, and dedicated votive
21549gifts appropriate to such a victory.
21550Again, Ptolemy
21551Philometor and his consort Cleopatra entrusted the
21552whole of their realm to Jews, and placed their entire
21553army under the command of Jewish generals, Onias @
21554and Dositheus.
21555Apion ridicules their names,? when
21556he ought rather to admire their achievements, and
21557instead of abusing them, to thank them for saving
21558Alexandria, of which he claims to be a citizen.
21559For,
21560when the Alexandrians were
21561at war with Queen
21562Cleopatra and
21563in imminent
21564danger of annihila-
21565tion, it was they who negotiated terms and rid
21566them of the horrors of civil war.
21567‘“ But,” says
21568Apion, “Onias subsequently advanced at the head
21569of a large army against the city, when Thermus,?
21570the Roman ambassador, was actually on the spot.”
21571He was right and perfectly justified in so acting, I
21572venture to say.
21573For, on the death of his brother
21574Ptolemy Philometor, Ptolemy surnamed Physcon
21575left Cyrene with the intention of dethroning Cleo-
21576patra and the deceased king’s sons, and iniquitously
21577usurping the crown
21578himself.
21579That was why, on
21580Cleopatra’s behalf, Onias took up arms against. him,
21581refusing to abandon at a crisis his allegiance to the
21582Cleopatra proclaimed king their young son Ptolemy VIII
21583(Philopator Neos).
21584The brother of the dead king, however,
21585Ptolemy IX (Euergetes
21586II, Physcon), was recalled from
21587Cyrene by the Alexandrians, slew his youthful rival, seized
21588the throne, and married
21589the widowed queen, abe sister
21590(Justin, epitome by Trogus Pompeius, xxxviii. 8. 2-4).
215914 Doubtless the Lucius Thermus who acted on behalf of
21592Physcon on a previous occasion (Polyb. frag. xxxiii. 5).
21593313
21594182-146
21595B.C.
21596The Jews
21597Onias and
21598Dositheus
21599made com-
21600? manders-in-
21601chief.
p. 338
2160253
21603JOSEPHUS
21604circa reges, nequaquam in necessitate deseruit. Testis
21605autem deus iustitiae eius manifestus apparuit ; nam
21606Fyscon Ptolomaeus cum aduersum exercitum quidem
21607Oniae
21608pugnare <non>! praesumeret,
21609omnes
21610uero
21611Iudaeos in ciuitate positos cum
21612filiis et uxoribus
21613capiens nudos atque uinctos elephantis subiecisset,
21614ut ab eis conculcati deficerent, et ad hoc etiam bestias
21615ipsas inebriasset,? in contrarium quae praeparauerat
21616euenerunt.
21617Elephanti enim relinquentes
21618sibi ap-
21619positos
21620Iudaeos impetu
21621facto
21622super
21623amicos
21624eius
21625multos ex ipsis interemerunt.
21626Et post haec Ptolo-
21627maeus quidem aspectum terribilem contemplatus est
21628prohibentem se, ut illis noceret hominibus ; concu-
21629bina uero sua carissima, quam alii quidem Ithacam,
21630alii uero Hirenen denominant, supplicante ne tantam
21631impietatem perageret, ei concessit et ex his quae iam
21632egerat uel acturus erat paenitentiam egit.
21633Unde
21634recte hance diem Iudaei Alexandria
21635constituti,
21636eo
21637quod aperte a deo salutem promeruerunt, celebrare
21638noscuntur.
21639Apion autem omnium calumniator etiam
21640propter bellum aduersus Fysconem gestum Iudaeos
21641accusare praesumpsit, cum eos laudare debuerit.
21642Is autem etiam ultimae Cleopatrae Alexandri-
21643norum reginae meminit, ueluti nobis improperans
21644quoniam circa nos fuit ingrata, et non potius illam
21645redarguere studuit:
21646cui nihil omnino iniustitiae et
21647malorum operum defuit uel circa generis necessarios
21648uel circa maritos suos, qui etiam dilexerunt eam, uel
21649in communi contra Romanos omnes et benefactores
216501 ins. Reinach.
216512 debriasset mss.
21652* The incident of the elephants is attributed in 3 Macc.
21653v-vi
21654to
21655Ptolemy
21656IV, Philopator
21657(222-205
21658B.c.).
21659The
21660common origin of both stories is doubtless traceable to a
21661festival of the Alexandrian Jews, analogous to that of Purim
21662314
p. 339
21663AGAINST APION, II. 53-57
21664throne.
21665Moreover, the justice of his action was
21666signally attested by God.
21667For Ptolemy Physcon, Persecution
21668though [not] daring to face the army of Onias, had eine!
21669arrested all the Jews in the city with their wives and Physcon
21670children, and exposed them, naked and in chains, to seal
21671be trampled to death by elephants, the beasts being
21672actually made drunk for the purpose.
21673However, the
21674outcome
21675was
21676the reverse
21677of his intentions.
21678The
21679elephants, without touching the Jews at their feet,
21680rushed
21681at Physcon’s
21682friends, and killed
21683a large
21684number of them.
21685Afterwards Ptolemy saw a terrible
21686apparition, which forbade him to injure these people.
21687His favourite concubine (some call her Ithaca, others
21688Irene) adding her entreaty to him not to perpetrate
21689such an enormity, he gave way and repented of his
21690past actions and further designs.
21691That is the origin
21692of the well-known feast which the Jews of Alexandria
21693keep, with good reason, on this day, because of
21694the deliverance so manifestly vouchsafed to them
21695by God.*
21696Apion, however, whose calumny nothing
21697escapes, ventures to find another charge against the
21698Jews in their war on Physcon, for which they deserve
21699his commendation.
21700- He further alludes to Cleopatra, the last queen of Persecution
21701-
21702:
21703by the
21704Alexandria,? apparently reproaching us for her un- jntamous
21705gracious treatment of us.
21706He ought, instead, to Cleopatra.
21707have set himself to rebuke that woman, who com-
21708mitted every kind of iniquity and crime against her
21709relatives, her devoted husbands,’ the Romans
21710in
21711(cf. 3 Mace. vi. 36).
21712The independent account of Josephus
21713is the less improbable of the two.
21714® 51-30 B.c.
21715For a similar catalogue of her crimes cf. A.
21716xv. 89 ff.
21717¢ Perhaps “her husbands and even
21718her lovers”;
21719the
21720Latin translator having misunderstood the original (Reinach).
21721a15
p. 340
21722JOSEPHUS
21723suos imperatores;
21724quae etiam sororem Arsinoen
2172558 occidit in templo nihil sibi nocentem, peremit autem
21726et fratrem
21727insidiis paternosque
21728deos
21729et sepulera
21730progenitorum depopulata est ; percipiensque regnum
21731a primo Caesare eius filio et successori rebellare
21732praesumpsit,
21733Antoniumque
21734corrumpens
21735amatoriis
21736rebus et patriae inimicum fecit et infidelem circa
21737suos amicos
21738instituit,
21739alios quidem genere regali
21740spolians, alios autem demens! et ad mala gerenda
2174159 compellens.
21742Sed quid oportet amplius dici, cum
21743illum ipsum in nauali certamine relinquens, id est
21744maritum et parentem communium filiorum, tradere
21745eum exercitum et principatum et se sequi coegit ?
2174660 Nouissime uero Alexandria a Caesare capta ad hoe
21747usque perducta
21748est, ut salutem hinc sperare
21749se
21750iudicaret, si posset ipsa manu sua ludaeos? perimere,
21751eo quod circa omnes crudelis et infidelis extaret.
21752Putasne gloriandum nobis non esse, si quaemadmodum
21753dicit Apion famis tempore lIudaeis triticum non est
21754mensa ?
2175561
21756Sed illa quidem poenam subiit competentem, nos
21757autem maximo Caesare utimur teste solacii atque
21758fidei, quam circa eum contra Aegyptios gessimus,
21759necnon et senatu eiusque dogmatibus et epistulis
21760Caesaris Augusti, quibus nostra merita comprobantur.
2176162 Has litteras Apionem oportebat inspicere et secundum
217621 yl, deiciens.
21763:
217642 The Lat. is manifestly absurd.
21765Probably, as Reinach
21766suggests, the Greek had something like e& 6dtvara airiy
21767aitoxerp povevety: a’rnvy was corrupted to atro’s and thence
21768to ’Iovdaious.
21769* Slain by Antony, under Cleopatra’s orders, in the temple
21770ot Artemis at Ephesus (Jos. A. xy. 89) or at Miletus (App.
21771Bell. Civ. v. 9).
21772’ Ptolemy XV, the younger of her two brothers, her
21773316
p. 341
217747
21775AGAINST APION, II. 57-62
21776general, and their emperors, her benefactors ; who
21777slew her innocent
21778sister Arsinoe in the temple,’
21779treacherously assassinated her brother,’ plundered
21780her country’s gods and her ancestors’ sepulchres ¢ ;
21781who, owing her throne to the first Caesar, dared to
21782revolt against his son and successor, and, corrupting
21783Antony by sensual passion, made him an enemy to
21784his country and faithless to his friends, robbing some
21785of their royal rank, discharging? others, and driving
21786them into crime.
21787But what more need be said, when
21788she deserted even him—her husband and the father
21789of their children—in the naval battle,’ and compelled
21790him to surrender his army and imperial title to follow
21791her?
21792In the end, when Alexandria was captured by
21793Caesar,f she was reduced to such extremities as to
21794see no hope for herself but in suicide, after the
21795cruelty and treachery
21796which
21797she had _ practised
21798towards all.
21799If, as Apion asserts, this woman in time
21800of famine refused to give the Jews any rations of
21801/ corn, is not that, pray, a fact of which we should be
21802proud ?
21803She, however, met with the punishment which she
21804\deserved.
21805We, on our side, have the great Caesar
21806to witness to the loyal support which we rendered
21807him against the Egyptians ;% we have also the senate
21808and its decrees and the letters of Caesar Augustus
21809which attest our services.
21810Apion ought to have
21811consulted these letters and examined, under their
21812husband and co-regent, believed to have been poisoned by
21813her at Rome c. 44 B.c.;
21814cf. A. xv. 89.
21815EXOT, A xy</90.
21816¢ 'Text and meaning doubtful.
21817é Of Actium, 31 B.c.
21818f Octavius, 30 B.c.
218199 'The Jewish contingent under Antipater served with
21820Julius Caesar in his war with Alexandria after the death of
21821ronipey, 41°8.c.4 8.1; 187 fie: A. xiv. 127 ff.
21822ot]
21823Privileges
21824bestowed by
21825Roman
21826emperors
21827on Jews of
21828Alexandria.
p. 342
21829JOSEPHUS
21830genera examinare testimonia sub Alexandro facta et
21831omnibus Ptolomaeis,
21832et quae a senatu constituta
21833sunt, necnon et a maximis Romanis imperatoribus.
2183463 Si uero Germanicus frumenta cunctis in Alexandria
21835commorantibus metiri non potuit, hoe indicium est
21836sterilitatis ac necessitatis frumentorum, non accusatio
21837Iudaeorum.
21838Quid enim sapiant omnes imperatores
21839de Iudaeis in Alexandria commorantibus, palam est.
2184064 Nam amministratio tritici nihilo minus ab eis quam
21841ab aliis Alexandrinis translata est ; maximam uero
21842eis fidem olim a regibus datam conseruauerunt, id
21843est fluminis custodiam totiusque jcustodiaet,1 nequa-
21844quam his rebus indignos esse iudicantes.
2184565
21846(6) Sed super haec, “ quomodo ergo,” inquit, “ si
21847sunt ciues, eosdem deos quos Alexandrini non colunt?”
21848Cui respondeo, quomodo etiam, cum uos sitis Aegyptii,
21849inter alterutros proelio magno et sine foedere de
2185066 religione contenditis ? An certe propterea non uos
21851omnes
21852dicimus
21853Aegyptios
21854et neque communiter
21855homines,
21856quoniam
21857bestias
21858aduersantes
21859naturae
21860nostrae
21861colitis multa diligentia nutrientes?
21862Cum
21863genus
21864utique nostrorum unum
21865atque? idem esse
2186667 uideatur.
21867Si autem in uobis Aegyptiis tantae diffe-
21868rentiae opinionum sunt, quid miraris super his, qui
21869aliunde in Alexandriam aduenerunt, si in legibus a
21870principio constitutis circa talia permanserunt ?
218711 Perhaps read prouinciae (Boysen).
218722 nostrorum unum atque] v./. nostrum uestrumque.
21873~
21874¢ Or “ generals.”
21875®’ Germanicus,
21876nephew
21877of Tiberius,
21878visited
21879Egypt
21880in
21881A.D. 19, and ingratiated himself by opening the granaries
21882and reducing the price of corn (Tac. Ann. ii. 59).
21883¢ Cf. B.i. 175 (a Jewish guard in charge of the Pelusiac
21884mouth of the Nile).
21885¢ Cf. for these local religious feuds Juv. Sat. xv. 33 ff.,
21886and Ap. i. 225 above.
21887318
p. 343
21888AGAINST APION, II. 62-67
21889respective
21890heads,
21891the
21892testimonials
21893given
21894under
21895Alexander and under all the Ptolemies, with those
21896emanating from the senate and the most distin-
21897guished
21898Roman
21899emperors.*
21900If Germanicus
21901was
21902unable to distribute corn to all the inhabitants of
21903Alexandria,’ that merely proves a barren year and
21904a dearth of corn, and cannot be made an accusation
21905against the Jews.
21906For the opinion which all the
21907emperors have held of the Jewish residents in Alex-
21908andria is notorious.
21909The administration of the corn
21910supplies has, indeed, been withdrawn from them, as
21911from the rest of the Alexandrians ; but the most
21912signal mark of the confidence reposed in them by
21913the former kings, I mean the charge of the river ¢ and
21914of the entire province (?), has been preserved to them
21915by the emperors, who regarded them as not unworthy
21916of such a trust.
21917(6) “ But,’ Apion persists, “ why, then, if they are
21918{ citizens, do they not worship the same gods as the
21919Alexandrians ?”’
21920To which I reply: “ Why do you,
21921on your side, though Egyptians, wage with one
21922another bitter and implacable war on the subject of
21923‘religion?’’4
21924Indeed,
21925is not the reason why we
21926Pee to call you all Egyptians, or even collectively
21927men, because you worship and breed with so much
21928care animals that are hostile to humanity ? We, on
21929the other hand, obviously form a single and united
21930race.
21931Wide, however, as may be these differences
21932of opinion among your natives of Egypt, why should
21933you be surprised at the allegiance to their original
21934religious laws of a people who came to Alexandria
21935from another country
21936?
21937é 'The text and meaning of this section are doubtful.
21938319
21939Jewish
21940refusal to
21941worship
21942Egyptian
21943gods.
p. 344
21944JOSEPHUS
2194568
21946Is autem etiam seditionis causas nobis apponit,
21947qui si cum ueritate ob hoc accusat Iudaeos in Alex-
21948andria constitutos,
21949cur omnes
21950nos culpat ubique
21951positos
21952eo
21953quod noscamur
21954habere
21955concordiam ?
2195669 Porro etiam seditionis
21957auctores
21958quilibet inueniet
21959Apioni similes Alexandrinorum fuisse ciues.
21960Donec
21961enim Graeci fuerunt et Macedones hance ciuilitatem
21962habentes, nullam seditionem aduersus nos gesserunt,
21963sed
21964antiquis
21965cessere
21966sollemnitatibus.
21967Cum
21968uero
21969multitudo Aegyptiorum creuisset inter eos propter
21970confusiones temporum, etiam hoc opus semper est
21971additum.
21972Nostrum uero genus permansit purum.
2197370 Ipsi igitur molestiae huius fuere principium, nequa-
21974quam populo Macedonicam habente
21975constantiam
21976neque prudentiam Graecam,
21977sed cunctis
21978scilicet
21979utentibus malis moribus Aegyptiorum et antiquas
21980inimicitias aduersum nos exercentibus.
2198171
21982E diuerso namque factum est quod nobis impro-
21983perare praesumunt.
21984Nam cum plurimi eorum non
21985opportune ius eius ciuilitatis optineant, peregrinos
21986uocant eos, qui hoc priuilegium a dominis impetrasse?
2198772 noscuntur.
21988Nam Aegyptiis neque regum quisquam
21989uidetur ius ciuilitatis
21990fuisse largitus, neque nune
21991quilibet imperatorum.
21992Nos autem Alexander quidem
21993introduxit,
21994reges autem
21995auxerunt,
21996Romani
21997uero
21998semper custodire dignati sunt.
2199973
22000Itaque derogare nobis Apion conatus
22001est, quia
220021 Boysen: ad omnes imperasse Mss.
22003320
p. 345
22004AGAINST APION, II. 68-73
22005He further
22006accuses
22007us
22008of fomenting sedition. Jews
22009But,
22010sit be granted
22011“that
22012he
22013is justified
22014“in ane ee
22015bringing
22016this
22017accusation
22018against
22019the
22020Jews
22021of sedition.
22022Alexandria, why then does he make a grievance
22023against the Jews at large of the notorious concord
22024of our race?
22025Moreover,
22026the
22027real promoters
22028of
22029sedition, as anyone can discover, have been citizens
22030of Alexandria of the type of Apion.
22031The Greeks
22032and Macedonians, so long as the citizenship was con-
22033fined to them, never rose against us, but left us free
22034to enjoy our ancient worship.
22035But when, owing to
22036the prevailing disorders, their numbers were swelled
22037by a host of Egyptians, sedition became chronic.
22038Our race, on the contrary, remained unadulterated.
22039It is they, then, who originated these disturbances,
22040because the populace, possessing neither the Mace-
22041donian’s
22042strength
22043of character
22044nor
22045the Greek’s
22046sagacity, universally adopted the evil habits of the
22047Egyptians and indulged their long-standing hatred
22048of us.
22049The reproach which they dare to cast at us is
22050applicable, on the contrary, to them.
22051The majority
22052of them hold their position as citizens of Alexandria
22053under no regular title; yet they call those who
22054notoriously obtained this privilege from the proper
22055authorities “ aliens’!
22056Nota single king, it appears,
22057not a single emperor in our times, ever conferred
22058citizen rights upon Egyptians.
22059We, onthe contrary,
22060owe
22061our
22062position in the city to Alexander,
22063our
22064privileges were extended by the kings, and those
22065privileges the Romans have been pleased to safeguard
22066for all time.
22067Apion has consequently attempted to denounce
22068a Cf. § 41 with note.
22069VOL. I
22070Y
22071321
p. 346
22072JOSEPHUS
22073imperatorum non statuamus imagines, tamquam illis
22074hoc ignorantibus aut defensione Apionis indigentibus ;
22075cum
22076potius
22077debuerit
22078ammirari
22079magnanimitatem
22080mediocritatemque Romanorum, quoniam subiectos
22081non cogunt patria iura transcendere, sed suscipiunt
22082honores sicut dare offerentes pium atque legitimum
22083est.
22084Non enim honoribus! gratiam habent qui ex
2208574 necessitate et uiolentia conferuntur.
22086Graecis itaque
22087et aliis quibusdam bonum esse creditur imagines
22088instituere ; denique et patrum et uxorum filiorumque
22089figuras depingentes exultant, quidam uero etiam
22090nihil sibi competentium sumunt imagines, alii uero
22091et seruos diligentes hoc faciunt.
22092Quid ergo mirum
22093est si etiam principibus ac dominis hunc honorem
2209475 praebere uideantur?
22095Porro noster legislator, non
22096quasi prophetans Romanorum potentiam non hono-
22097randam, sed tamquam causam neque deo neque
22098hominibus
22099utilem
22100despiciens,
22101et quoniam
22102 totius
22103animati, multo magis dei inanimati, ut? probatur
2210476 inferius, interdixit imagines fabricari.
22105Aliis autem
22106honoribus post deum colendos non prohibuit uiros
22107bonos, quibus nos et imperatores et populum Roma-
2210877 norum dignitatibus ampliamus.
22109Facimus autem pro
22110eis continua sacrificia et non solum cotidianis diebus
22111ex
22112impensa
22113communi
22114omnium
22115Judaeorum
22116talia
22117celebramus, uerum cum nullas alias hostias ex com-
221181 honoris mss.: honores Boysen.
221192 jnanimati ut] inanimatu mss.
22120* Josephus probably has in mind Caligula’s order to erect
22121his statue in the Temple at Jerusalem (A. xviii. 261 ff.) and
22122the part played by Apion in the deputation to the emperor
22123at that time.
221242 Cf. §§ 167, 190 f. below,
22125322
p. 347
22126AGAINST -APION, II. 73-77
22127-us on the ground that we do not erect statues of the We do not
22128emperors.
22129As if they were ignorant of the fact or [f°¢"..
22130needed Apion to defend them!
22131He should rather of the
22132have admired the magnanimity and moderation of Bae Sar
22133the Romans in not requiring their subjects to violate eee
22134their national laws, and being content to accept such honours.
22135honours as the religious and legal obligations of the
22136donors permit them to pay.
22137They are not grateful
22138for honours conferred under compulsion and con-
22139straint.
22140‘The Greeks, with some other nations, think
22141it right to make statues: they delight in depicting
22142the portraits of parents, wives, and children ; some
22143even obtain likenesses of persons totally unconnected
22144with them, others do the same for favourite slaves.
22145What wonder, then, to find them rendering this
22146honour to their emperors and masters as well?
22147On
22148the other hand, our legislator, not in order to put, as
22149it were, a prophetic veto upon honours paid to the
22150Roman authority, but out of contempt for a practice
22151profitable
22152to neither God nor man, forbade
22153the
22154making of images, alike of any living creature, and
22155much more of God, who, as is shown later on,? is not
22156fa creature.
22157He did not, however, forbid the pay-
22158ment of homage of another sort, secondary to that
22159paid to God, to worthy men;
22160such honours we do
22161confer upon the emperors and the people of Rome.
22162For them we offer perpetual sacrifices ; and not only
22163do we perform these ceremonies daily,’ at the ex-
22164pense of the whole Jewish community,’ but, while we
22165offer no other victims in our corporate capacity, even
22166¢ Twice daily, according to B. ii. 197.
22167¢ From Philo, Leg. ad Caium, § 157, it appears that these
22168sacrifices were originally instituted by the emperor at his own
22169expense.
22170Cf. Schiirer, G.J.V., ed. 3, ii. 303 (E.T. div. ii. vol.
22171i, 303),
22172323
p. 348
22173JOSEPHUS
22174muni neque pro filiis peragamus, solis imperatoribus
22175hune honorem praecipuum pariter exhibemus, quem
2217678 hominum nulli persoluimus. Haec itaque communiter
2217779
2217880
2217981
22180satisfactio posita sit aduersus Apionem pro his quae
22181de Alexandria dicta sunt.
22182(7) Ammiror autem etiam eos qui ei huiusmodi
22183fomitem praebuerunt, id est Posidonium et Apol-
22184lonium Molonis, quoniam accusant quidem nos, quare
22185nos eosdem deos cum aliis non colimus, mentientes
22186autem pariter
22187et
22188de nostro
22189templo blasphemias
22190componentes incongruas non se putant impie agere ;
22191dum sit ualde turpissimum liberis qualibet ratione
22192mentiri, multo magis de templo apud cunctos homines
22193nominato tanta sanctitate pollente.
22194In hoe enim sacrario Apion praesumpsit edicere
22195asini caput collocasse Judaeos
22196et eum! colere ac
22197dignum facere tanta religione, et hoc affirmat fuisse
22198depalatum, dum Antiochus Epiphanes expoliasset
22199templum
22200et illud caput inuentum
22201ex auro com-
22202positum multis pecuniis dignum.
22203Ad haec igitur
22204prius equidem dico, quoniam Aegyptius, uel si aliquid
22205tale apud nos fuisset, nequaquam debuerat increpare,
22206cum non sit deterior asinus furonibus et hircis et aliis,
222071 id Naber.
22208* Such seems to be the meaning of neque pro filiis; ef.
22209Ezra vi. 10 (** pray for the life of the king and of his sons”’) ;
22210Bar. i. 11.
22211» Posidonius of Apameia,
22212¢.
22213135-51
22214B.c., famous Stoic
22215philosopher and historian, a friend of Pompey and Cicero.
22216¢ As he is called elsewhere; cf. § 16 above.
22217The text has
22218Molonis, i.e. ** (son) of Molon.”’
222194 Liberis, apparently = éXevGepios.
22220¢ This widespread calumny of uncertain origin appears in
22221various forms.
22222Tacitus, Hist. v. 3 f., narrates that Moses,
22223by following a herd of wild asses, discovered water in the
22224324
p. 349
22225AGAINST APION, II. 77-81
22226for the [imperial] family,* we jointly accord to the
22227emperors alone this signal honour which we pay to
22228no other individual.
22229I have now given, I think, a com-
22230prehensive and sufficient reply to Apion’s remarks
22231on the subject of Alexandria.
22232(7) I am no less amazed at the proceedings of the
22233authors who supplied him with his materials, I mean
22234Posidonius® and Apollonius Molon.?
22235On the one
22236hand they charge us with not worshipping the same
22237gods as other people ; on the other, they tell lies and
22238invent absurd calumnies about our temple, without
22239showing any consciousness of impiety.
22240Yet to high-
22241minded men?
22242nothing is more disgraceful than a lie,
22243of any description, but above all on the subject of a
22244temple of world-wide fame and commanding sanctity.
22245Within this sanctuary Apion has the effrontery to
22246assert that the
22247Jews kept an ass’s head,’ worshipping
22248that animal and deeming it worthy of the deepest
22249reverence ; the fact was disclosed, he maintains, on
22250the occasion of the spoliation of the temple by
22251Antiochus Epiphanes,’ when the head, made of gold
22252and worth a high price, was discovered.
22253On this I
22254will first remark that, even if we did possess any
22255such object, an Egyptian should be the last person
22256to reproach us;
22257for an ass is no worse than the
22258cats’ (7), he-goats, and other creatures which in his
22259wilderness, whence the Jews efigiem animalis quo mon-
22260strante errorem sitimque depulerant penetrali sacravere.
22261Dio-
22262dorus (xxxiv. frag.) states that Ant. Epiphanes found in the
22263temple a statue of a bearded man (= Moses) seated on an
22264ass.
22265‘The charge of ass-worship was afterwards transferred
22266to the Christians (Tertull. Apol. 16).
22267f Cf. A. xii. v. 4 (where no mention is made of the ass’s
22268head).
222699 furonibus (word elsewhere unknown).
22270325
22271(c) Calum-
22272nies about
22273the temple
22274ritual.
22275Ridiculous
22276story of the
22277worship of
22278an ass’s
22279d.
22280e170 Be!
p. 350
22281JOSEPHUS
22282g2 quae sunt apud eos dii.
22283Deinde quomodo non in-
22284tellexit operibus increpatus de incredibili suo men-
22285dacio?
22286Legibus namque semper utimur hisdem, in
22287quibus sine
22288fine consistimus,
22289et cum
22290uarii casus
22291nostram ciuitatem sicut etiam aliorum uexauerint,
22292et Pius! ac Pompeius Magnus et Licinius Crassus
22293et ad nouissimum Titus Caesar bello uincentes op-
22294tinuerint templum, nihil huiusmodi illic inuenerunt,
22295sed purissimam pietatem, de qua nihil nobis est apud
2229683 alios effabile.
22297Quia uero Antiochus neque iustam
22298fecit templi depraedationem, sed egestate pecunia-
22299rum ad hoe accessit, cum non esset hostis, et super
22300nos auxiliatores suos et amicos adgressus est, nec
2230184 aliquid dignum derisione illic inuenit, multi et digni
22302conscriptores super hoc quoque testantur, Polybius
22303Megalopolita, Strabon Cappadox, Nicolaus Dama-
22304scenus, Timagenis et Castor temporum conscriptor
22305et Apollodorus ; omnes dicunt pecuniis indigentem
22306Antiochum transgressum
22307foedera
22308Jludaeorum
22309ex-
2231085 poliasse? templum auro argentoque plenum.
22311Haec
22312igitur Apion debuit respicere,
22313nisi cor asini ipse
22314potius habuisset
22315et impudentiam canis, qui apud
22316ipsos assolet coli; neque enim extrinsecus aliqua
2231786 ratiocinatione mentitus est.
22318Nos itaque asinis neque
22319honorem neque potestatem aliquam damus, sicut
223201 Dius mss.:
22321Pius Niese, i.e. Antiochus VII surnamed
22322Eusebes, from his piety at the siege of Jerusalem, c. 135 B.c.,
22323A. xiii. 244.
22324Josephus perhaps wrote eds (= Diuus) through
22325confusion with Antiochus VI surnamed Theos, 4. xiii. 218.
223262 Niese: et spoliasse mss.
223272 Governor of Syria 54-53 B.c.; A. xiv. 105 ff.
22328’ As the emphasis in this context is on the absence of
22329mysteries in Jewish worship, Reinach is probably right in
22330emending effabile to ineffabile, which occurs in §§ 94, 107.
22331In
22332326
p. 351
22333AGAINST APION, II. 82-86
22334country rank as gods.
22335Next, how did it escape him
22336that the facts convict him of telling an incredible
22337lie?
22338Throughout our history we have kept the
22339same laws, to which we are eternally faithful.
22340Yet,
22341notwithstanding the various calamities which our
22342city, like others, has undergone, when the temple
22343was occupied by successive conquerors, { Antiochus]
22344the Pious, Pompey the Great, Licinius Crassus,“ and «. Jes
22345most recently Titus Caesar, they found there nothing
2234631.346.
22347of the kind, but the purest type of religion, the 4-». 70.
22348secrets of which we may not reveal to aliens)
22349That
22350the raid of Antiochus [Epiphanes] on the temple was
22351iniquitous, that it was impecuniosity which drove
22352him to invade it, when he was not an open enemy,
22353that he attacked us, his allies and friends, and that
22354he found there nothing to deserve ridicule ; these
22355facts are attested by many sober historians.
22356Polybius
22357of Megalopolis, Strabo the Cappadocian, Nicolas of
22358Damascus, Timagenes,° Castor the chronicler,’ and
22359Apollodorus”
22360all assert that it was impecuniosity
22361which induced Antiochus, in violation of his treaties
22362with the Jews, to plunder the temple with its stores
22363of gold and silver.
22364There is the evidence which
22365Apion should have considered, had he not himself
22366been gifted with the mind of an ass and the impudence
22367of the dog, which his countrymen are wont to worship.
22368An outsider can make no sense of his lies.
22369We Jews
22370attribute no honour or virtue to asses, such as is
22371that case translate:
22372‘‘ of which we have no secrets to conceal
22373from aliens.”
22374¢ Historian of Ist cent. B.c.; Josephus knew his work at
22375second hand through Strabo.
22376@ Ap. i. 184.
22377€ 9nd cent. B.c.3; author of Chronica and of the best ancient
22378work on Greek mythology.
22379f Meaning doubtful;
22380I take extrinsecus as =<r@> &Ewbev.
22381327
p. 352
22382JOSEPHUS
22383Aegyptii crocodillis et aspidibus, quando eos qui ab
22384istis mordentur et a crocodillis rapiuntur felices et
22385s7 deo dignos arbitrantur.
22386Sed sunt apud nos
22387asini
22388quod apud alios sapientes uiros onera sibimet im-
22389posita sustinentes, et licet ad areas accedentes come-
22390dant aut uiam propositam non adimpleant, multas
22391ualde plagas accipiunt, quippe operibus et ad agri-
22392gg culturam rebus necessariis ministrantes.
22393Sed aut
22394omnium gurdissimus fuit Apion ad componendum
22395uerba fallacia aut certe ex rebus initia sumens haec
22396implere non ualuit, quando nulla potest contra nos
22397blasphemia prouenire.
2239889
22399(8) Alteramuerofabulam derogatione nostra plenam
22400de Graecis apposuit, de quo hoc dicere sat erit,
22401quoniam qui de pietate loqui praesumunt oportet
22402eos non ignorare minus esse inmundum per templa
22403transire quam sacerdotibus scelesta uerba confingere.
2240490 Isti uero magis studuerunt defendere sacrilegum
22405regem quam iusta et ueracia de nostris et de templo
22406conscribere.
22407Uolentes enim Antiocho praestare et
22408infidelitatem ac sacrilegium eius tegere, quo circa
22409gentem nostram est usus propter egestatem pecunia-
22410rum, detrahentes nobis etiam quae in futuro sunt!
2241191 dicenda mentiti sunt.
22412Propheta uero aliorum factus
22413est Apion et dixit Antiochum in templo inuenisse
22414lectum et hominem in eo iacentem et propositam ei
22415mensam maritimis terrenisque et uolatilium dapibus
2241692 plenam, et? obstipuisset his homo.
22417Illum uero mox
22418adorasse
22419regis ingressum tamquam maximum
22420ei
22421solacium praebiturum ac procidentem ad eius genua
224221 Niese: essent mss.
224232 + quod Naber.
22424¢ Meaning doubtful.
22425» Or, perhaps, “‘ about Greeks.”
22426© homo=o
22427dvépwros (elsewhere used with such nuance).
22428If Antiochus were meant, as Niese supposes, we should
22429expect wir (=0 av7p).
22430328
p. 353
22431AGAINST APION, II. 86-92
22432ascribed to crocodiles and asps by Egyptians, who
22433regard persons bitten by a viper or mauled by a
22434crocodile as blessed souls found worthy of God.
22435With
22436us, as with other sensible people, asses are beasts
22437that carry loads on their backs, and if they invade
22438our threshing-floors and eat the corn, or stop short
22439on the road, they are soundly beaten, as humble
22440ministers for labour and agriculture.
22441Either Apion
22442was the greatest blockhead as a writer of fiction, or,
22443to say the least, he could draw no just conclusion
22444from such facts as he had to start from ;“ for every
22445one of his calumnies upon us is a failure.
22446,
22447(8) He adds
22448a second story, of Greek origin?
22449which is a malicious slander upon us from beginning
22450to end.
22451On this it will suffice to remark that persons
22452who venture upon religious topics ought to be aware
22453that there is less profanity in violating the precincts
22454of a temple than in calumniating its priests.
22455But
22456these authors are more concerned to uphold a sacri-
22457legious king than to give a fair and veracious descrip-
22458tion of our rites and temple.
22459In their anxiety to
22460defend Antiochus and to cover up the perfidy and
22461sacrilege practised upon our nation under pressure
22462of an empty exchequer, they have further invented,
22463to discredit us, the fictitious story which follows.
22464Apion, who is here the spokesman of others, asserts
22465that :—
22466Antiochus found in the temple a couch, on which
22467a man was reclining, with a table before him laden
22468with a banquet of fish of the sea, beasts of the earth,
22469and birds of the air, at which the poor fellow ° was
22470gazing
22471in stupefaction.
22472The king’s entry was
22473instantly hailed by him with adoration, as about
22474to procure him profound relief;
22475falling at the
22476329
22477Another
22478calumnious
22479story: the
22480annual
22481murder of
22482a Greek.
p. 354
22483JOSEPHUS
22484extensa dextra poposcisse libertatem;
22485et iubente
22486rege ut confideret
22487et diceret, quis esset uel cur
22488ibidem habitaret uel quae esset causa ciborum eius,
22489tune hominem cum gemitu et lacrimis lamentabiliter
2249093 suam narrasse necessitatem.
22491Ait, inquit, esse quidem
22492se Graecum, et dum peragraret prouinciam propter
22493uitae causam
22494direptum
22495se
22496subito
22497ab alienigenis
22498hominibus atque deductum ad templum et inclusum
22499illic, et a nullo conspici, sed cuncta dapium prae-
2250094 paratione
22501saginari.
22502Et primum quidem haec sibi
22503inopinabilia beneficia prodidisse et detulisse laetitiam,
22504deinde suspicionem, postea stuporem, ac postremum
22505consulentem a ministris ad se accedentibus audisse
22506legem ineffabilem ludaeorum, pro qua nutriebatur,
22507et hoc illos facere singulis annis quodam tempore
2250895 constituto:
22509et compraehendere quidem Graecum
22510peregrinum eumque
22511annali tempore
22512saginare,
22513et
22514deductum ad quandam siluam occidere quidem eum
22515hominem eiusque corpus sacrificare secundum suas
22516sollemnitates,
22517et
22518gustare
22519ex
22520eius
22521uisceribus,
22522et
22523iusiurandum facere in immolatione Graeci, ut inimi-
22524citias contra Graecos haberent. et tune in quandam
2252596 foueam reliqua hominis pereuntis abicere.
22526Deinde
22527refert eum dixisse paucos iam dies de uitat sibimet
22528superesse atque rogasse ut, erubescens Graecorum
22529deos et superans? in suo sanguine insidias Iudaeorum,
22530de malis eum circumastantibus liberaret.
2253197
22532 Huiusmodi ergo fabula non tantum omni tragoedia
22533plenissima est,sed etiam impudentia crudeli redundat.
225341 de uita conj. Boysen: debita mss.
225352 superantes mss.: text doubtful.
p. 355
22536AGAINST APION, II. 92-97
22537king’s knees, he stretched out his right hand and
22538implored him to set him free.
22539The king reassured
22540him and bade him tell him who he was, why he
22541was living there, what was the meaning of his
22542abundant fare.
22543‘Thereupon, with sighs and tears,
22544the man, in a pitiful tone, told the tale of his
22545distress.
22546He said that he was a Greek and that,
22547while travelling about the province for his liveli-
22548hood, he was suddenly kidnapped by men of a
22549foreign race and conveyed to the temple ; there
22550he was shut up and seen by nobody, but was
22551fattened on feasts of the most lavish description.
22552At first these unlooked for attentions deceived
22553him and caused him pleasure ; suspicion followed,
22554then consternation.
22555Finally, on consulting the
22556attendants who waited upon him, he heard of the
22557unutterable law of the Jews, for the sake of which
22558he was being fed.
22559The practice was repeated
22560annually at a fixed season.
22561They would kidnap a
22562Greek foreigner, fatten him up for a year, and then
22563convey him to a wood, where they slew him,
22564sacrificed his body with their customary
22565ritual,
22566partook of his flesh,¢ and, while immolating the
22567Greek, swore an oath of hostility to the Greeks.
22568The remains of their victim were then thrown into
22569a pit.
22570The man (Apion continues) stated that he
22571had now but a few days left to live, and implored
22572the king, out of respect for the gods of Greece, to
22573defeat this Jewish plot upon his life-blood and to
22574deliver him from his miserable predicament.
22575A tale of this kind is not merely packed with all
22576the horrors of a tragedy ; it is also replete with the
22577@ Vat. wiscera: i.e. all except skin, bones and blood.
22578351
p. 356
22579JOSEPHUS
22580Non tamen a sacrilegio priuat Antiochum, sicut arbi-
22581trati sunt qui haec ad illius gratiam conscripserunt ;
2258298 non enim praesumpsit aliquid tale, ut ad templum
22583accederet, sed sicut aiunt inuenit non sperans.
22584Fuit
22585ergo uoluntate iniquus impius et nihilominus sine
22586deo, quantauis sitt mendacii superfluitas, quam ex
2258799 ipsa re cognoscere ualde facillimum est.
22588Non enim
22589circa solos Graecos discordia legum esse dinoscitur,
22590sed maxime aduersus Aegyptios et plurimos alios.
22591Quem enim horum non contigit aliquando circa nos
22592peregrinari, ut aduersus solos <Graecos>? renouata
22593coniuratione
22594per effusionem sanguinis ageremus? ?
22595100 Vel quomodo possibile est ut ad has hostias omnes
22596Tudaei colligerentur et tantis milibus ad gustandum
22597uiscera
22598illa sufficerent, sicut
22599ait Apion?
22600Vel cur
22601inuentum hominem quicumque fuit, non enim suo
22602101 nomine
22603conscripsit,4
22604aut quomodo eum
22605in suam
22606patriam rex non cum pompa deduxit, dum posset
22607hoe faciens ipse quidem putari pius et Graecorum
22608amator eximius, assumere uero contra Iudaeorum
22609102 odium solacia magna cunctorum? Sed haec relinquo ;
22610insensatos
22611enim
22612non
22613uerbis
22614sed operibus
22615decet
22616arguere.
22617Sciunt igitur omnes qui uiderunt constructionem
22618templi nostri qualis fuerit et intransgressibilem eius
22619103 purificationis integritatem.
22620Quattuor etenim habuit
22621in circuitu porticus,
22622et harum singulae propriam
22623secundum legem habuere custodiam.
22624In exteriorem
22625itaque ingredi licebat omnibus etiam alienigenis ;
22626mulieres
22627tantummodo
22628menstruatae
22629transire
22630pro-
226311 quanta iussit Mss.
226322 ins. Hudson.
22633* egeremus mss.: Reinach would here insert §§ 121-124.
226344 Niese suspects a lacuna.
22635332
p. 357
22636AGAINST APION, II. 97-103
22637cruelty of impudence.
22638It does not, for all that,
22639acquit Antiochus
22640of sacrilege,
22641as
22642its obsequious
22643authors imagined.
22644He suspected nothing of the
22645sort when he invaded the temple;
22646the discovery
22647admittedly surprised him.
22648His iniquity, impiety,
22649and godlessness
22650were,
22651therefore,
22652none
22653the
22654less
22655gratuitous, however many lies may be told about him.
22656_ These reveal their character on their face.
22657Greeks,
22658as is well known, are not the only people with whom
22659our laws come into conflict ; those principally so
22660affected are Egyptians and many others.
22661Is there
22662one of these nations whose citizens have not happened
22663at some time or other to visit our country ? Why
22664should Greeks be the only objects of our periodic-
22665ally repeated conspiracy and bloodthirsty assault ?
22666Again, how is it conceivable that all Jews should
22667assemble to partake of these victims, and that the
22668flesh of one should suffice for so many thousand
22669participants, as Apion asserts?“
22670Why in the world
22671after discovering this man, whoever he was (his name
22672is not given in the story), did not the king convey
22673him in triumph to his country, when by so doing he
22674might have gained a reputation for piety and rare
22675devotion
22676to the Greeks, and encountered Jewish
22677hatred with the powerful support of public opinion ?
22678But I refrain to pursue these inquiries ; fools must
22679be refuted, not by argument, but by facts.
22680All who ever saw our temple are aware of the
22681general design of the building, and the inviolable
22682barriers which preserved its sanctity.
22683It had four
22684surrounding courts, each with its special statutory
22685restrictions.
22686The
22687outer
22688court
22689was
22690open
22691to
22692all,
22693foreigners included ; women during their impurity
22694* Not as reported above.
22695Its
22696ridiculous
22697character.
22698The
22699inviolable
22700laws of the
22701temple
22702ritual.
22703The temple
22704courts,
p. 358
22705JOSEPHUS
22706104 hibebantur.
22707In secundam
22708uero
22709porticum cuncti
22710Iudaei
22711ingrediebantur
22712eorumque
22713coniuges,
22714cum
22715essent ab omni pollutione mundae ; in tertiam masculi
22716Iudaeorum mundi existentes atque purificati;
22717in
22718quartam autem sacerdotes stolis induti sacerdotali-
22719bus;
22720in adytum uero
22721soli principes sacerdotum
22722105 propria
22723stola circumamicti.
22724Tanta uero
22725est circa
22726omnia prouidentia pietatis, ut secundum quasdam
22727horas
22728sacerdotes ingredi
22729constitutum
22730sit.
22731Mane
22732etenim aperto templo oportebat facientes traditas
22733hostias introire et meridie rursus, dum clauderetur
22734106 templum.
22735Denique nec uas aliquod portari licet in
22736templum, sed erant in eo solummodo posita altare
22737mensa turibulum candelabrum, quae omnia et in
22738107 lege conscripta sunt.
22739Etenim nihil amplius neque
22740mysteriorum aliquorum ineffabilium agitur, neque
22741intus
22742ulla epulatio ministratur.
22743Haec enim quae
22744praedicta sunt habent
22745totius populi testimonium
22746108 manifestationemque gestorum. Licet enim sint tribus
22747quattuor sacerdotum
22748et harum tribuum singulae
22749habeant hominum
22750plus quam quinque
22751milia,
22752fit
22753tamen obseruatio particulariter per dies certos, et
22754his transactis alii succedentes ad sacrificia ueniunt
22755et congregati in templum mediante
22756die a prae-
22757cedentibus claues templi et ad numerum omnia uasa
22758percipiunt,
22759nulla
22760re, quae ad cibum
22761aut potum
22762109 adtineat, in templo delata.
22763Talia namque etiam ad
22764* Or “ the victims delivered to them.”
22765» Cf. Mark xi. 16.
22766The sequel shows that the Holy Place
22767(the vaés) is intended.
22768¢ Cf. B.v.216(where only three objects are named, no altar).
22769@ The four priestly clans which returned with Zerubbabel
22770334
p. 359
22771AGAINST APION, IT. 104-109
22772were alone refused admission.
22773To the second court
22774all
22775Jews were admitted and, when uncontaminated
22776by any defilement, their wives ; to the third male
22777Jews, if clean and purified ; to the fourth the priests
22778robed in their priestly vestments.
22779The sanctuary
22780was entered only by the high-priests, clad in the
22781raiment peculiar to themselves.
22782So careful is the
22783provision for all the details of the service, that the
22784priests’ entry is timed to certain hours.
22785Their duty
22786was to enter in the morning, when the temple was
22787opened, and to offer the customary sacrifices, and
22788again at mid-day, until the temple was
22789closed.
22790One further point:
22791no vessel whatever might be
22792carried into the temple,’ the only objects in which
22793were an altar, a table, a censer, and a lampstand,°
22794all mentioned
22795in the Law.
22796There
22797was
22798nothing
22799more ; no unmentionable mysteries took place, no
22800repast was served within the building.
22801The fore-
22802going statements are attested by the whole com-
22803munity, and conclusively proved by the order of
22804procedure.
22805For, although there are four priestly
22806tribes,? each comprising upwards of five thousand
22807members, these officiate by rotation for a fixed period
22808of days; when the term of one party ends, others
22809come
22810to offer the sacrifices
22811in their place, and
22812assembling at mid-day in the temple, take over
22813from the outgoing ministers the keys of the building
22814and all its vessels, duly numbered.
22815Nothing of the
22816nature of food or drink is brought within the temple ;
22817objects of this kind may not even be offered on
22818(Ezra ii. 36; Neh. vii.39).
22819Elsewhere Josephus mentions only
22820the division into twenty-four courses (Vita, 2; cf. A. vii.
22821365 f.), which was normal from the time of the Chronicler
22822(1 Chron, xxiv, 7) onwards.
22823339
p. 360
22824110
22825111
22826113
22827JOSEPHUS
22828altare offerre prohibitum est, praeter illa quae ad
22829sacrificia praeparantur.
22830Quid ergo Apionem [esse] dicimus nisi nihil horum
22831examinantem uerba incredula protulisse ? Sed turpe
22832est;
22833historiae
22834enim ueram
22835notitiam
22836se proferre
22837grammaticus non promisit ? At? sciens templi nostri
22838pietatem hance quidem praetermisit, hominis autem
22839Graeci compraehensionem
22840finxit
22841et pabulum
22842in-
22843effabile
22844et ciborum opulentissimam claritatem
22845et
22846seruos ingredientes ubi nec nobilissimos Iudaeorum
22847licet
22848intrare,
22849nisi
22850fuerint
22851sacerdotes.
22852Hoc
22853ergo
22854pessima est impietas atque mendacium spontaneum
22855ad eorum
22856seductionem,
22857qui noluerint
22858discutere
22859ueritatem.
22860Per ea siquidem mala et ineffabilia, quae
22861praedicta sunt, nobis detrahere temptauerunt.
22862(9) Rursumque tamquam piissimus deridet adiciens
22863fabulae suae Mnaseam.
22864Ait enim illum rettulisse,
22865dum bellum Iudaei contra Idumaeos? haberent longo
22866quodam tempore, in aliqua ciuitate Idumaeorum,? qui
22867Dorii nominantur, quendam eorum qui in ea Apol-
22868linem colebat uenisse
22869ad Iudaeos,
22870cuius hominis
22871nomen dicit Zabidon, deinde quia? eis promisisset
22872traditurum
22873se
22874eis Apollinem
22875deum
22876Doriensium
22877uenturumque illum ad nostrum templum, si omnes
22878abscederent.
22879Et credidisse
22880omnem multitudinem
22881Iudaeorum ; Zabidon uero fecisse quoddam machina-
22882mentum ligneum et circumposuisse sibi et in eo tres
22883ordines
22884infixisse lucernarum
22885et ita ambulasse; ut
228861 conj.: et Mss.
22887* Hudson: Iudaeos (-orum) mss.
228883 Boysen: qui mss.
228895A, 1. 2iG6;
22890336
p. 361
22891AGAINST APION, II. 109-113
22892the altar, save those which are prepared for the
22893sacrifices.
22894Are we then left to conclude that Apion put out
22895this incredible story without any investigation of
22896these facts?
22897But that is disgraceful ; as a learned
22898doctor, did he not profess to present an accurate
22899historical picture ? No; he knew the pious rites of
22900our temple, but passed them over when he concocted
22901this story of a kidnapped Greek, an unmentionable
22902banquet of the richest and most sumptuous fare, and
22903slaves entering precincts to which even the highest
22904Jewish nobles
22905are
22906not admitted, unless they are
22907priests.
22908Here, then, we have rank impiety at its
22909worst, and a gratuitous lie, designed tomislead persons
22910who do not trouble to investigate the facts.
22911For the
22912one aim of the inventors of the unspeakable horrors
22913to which I have alluded is to bring us into odium.
22914(9) This model of piety derides us again in a story
22915which he attributes to Mnaseas.“
22916The latter, accord-
22917ing to Apion, relates that :—
22918in the course of a long war between the Jews and
22919the Idumaeans, an inhabitant
22920of an Idumaean
22921city, called Dorii,2 who worshipped Apollo and
22922bore (so we are told) the name of Zabidus, came
22923out to the Jews and promised to deliver into their
22924hands Apollo, the god of his city, who would visit
22925our temple if they all took their departure.
22926The
22927Jews all believed him; whereupon Zabidus con-
22928structed an apparatus of wood, inserted in it three
22929rows of lamps, and put it over his person.
22930Thus
22931arrayed he walked about, presenting the appear-
22932®’ Dor or Dora on the coast of Palestine, some ten miles
22933north of Caesarea, south of Mt. Carmel.
22934VOL. I
22935Z
22936337
22937A third
22938ridiculous
22939story: theft
22940of the ass’s
22941head by an
22942Idumaean
22943dressed as
22944Apollo.
p. 362
22945JOSEPHUS
22946procul stantibus appareret, quasi stellae per terram?
22947114 77 Topelay mowvpévwy, Tovs pev “lovdatous t70
22948Tov Tmapaddfou THs Oéas KatarvemAnypévovs TOppw
22949pevovtas jovylay ayew, Tov € ZaBioov em ToAAijs
22950jovxias els Tov vaov mapeAfeiy Kat TI Xprojy
22951amTootpat
22952Too
22953ee ere Kedhadyv,
22954ovT®
22955yap
22956doreilopevos yeypadev, Kat maAw
22957eis Adpa*® TO
22958TAYOS aT
22959meNGetv.
22960115
22961*Apa ovVv KaL HpLets av ElTTOLLEV OTL TOV Kavowva,
22962TOUTEOTW
22963€EaUTOY,
22964“Arriev emuoprier KGL ToOLEt
22965THS pwpohoyias cua Kal TOV pevoparov Kara-
22966youov;
22967Kal yap Tomous ovK ovtas ypager Kal
22968116 70Aets otK €ldws peraTiOnow.
229697 pev yap “ldovpaia
22970THS ueTepas ywpas eorTiv opopos, kata Talay
22971Keysevyn, Kat A@pa ratvTns éotiw otdepia méAts.
22972THs pevto. Dowikys mapa 7o KapprAwov
22973dpos
22974AG@pa ods ovopaletar, wndev eTuKowovodoa TOLS
22975"Aziwvos
22976ddAvapypact:
22977Tecodpwv
22978yap Tep@v
22979odov TAS ‘Tdovpraias* adeornKev.
22980Tt OO paw ETL
22981Karinyopel TO ay KOoWovs Exew Tots aAAous Beovs,
22982El pgdtws OUTWS
22983evetoOncay ol TaTepes TmpOV
22984ee tov “AméAAwva mpos abrods Kal peta TOV
22985aoTpwv emi TAS ys WiOncav opady avrov Tept-
22986llg waTobvta;
22987Avyvov yap ovdémw SHAov Ett mpdcbev
22988EwpaKacw ot Tas Toca’Tas Kal THALKavTas Avyvo-
22989Katas emiteAobytTes.
22990GAN’ obd€ Tis att@ Padilovre
22991KATA THV XWpay THV TocovTwWY pUpLddwY BTHVTH-
22992cev, epnpa O€ Kai Ta Teiyn dvAdKwy etdpe ToAEuov
22993119 ovveatynKoTos:
22994€@ tdaAda.
22995Tod vaod 8 at Apa
22996‘TO pev vos jhoav €EjKovTa mHX@V, €lKoot S€ TO
229971 End of lacuna in L.
22998* Hudson: dxav@avos L (and so below).
22999ll ~I
23000338
p. 363
23001AGAINST APION, II. 113-119
23002ance to distant onlookers of stars perambulating
23003the earth.
23004Astounded at this amazing spectacle,
23005the Jews kept their distance, in perfect silence.
23006Meanwhile, Zabidus
23007stealthily passed into the
23008sanctuary, snatched up the golden head of the
23009pack-ass (as he facetiously calls it), and made off
23010post-haste to Dora.
23011May we not, on our side, suggest that Apion is
23012overloading the pack-ass, that is to say himself, with
23013a crushing pack of nonsense and lies?
23014He writes of
23015places which do not exist, and shifts the position
23016on the map of cities of which he knows nothing.
23017Tdumaea, in the latitude of Gaza, is conterminous
23018with our territory.
23019It has no city called Dora.
23020There zs a town of that name in Phoenicia, near
23021Mount Carmel, but that has nothing in common
23022with Apion’s ridiculous story, being at a distance of
23023four days’ march from Idumaea.
23024Again, how can he
23025continue to accuse us of not having the same gods
23026as the rest of the world, if our forefathers were so
23027easily induced to believe that Apollo would visit
23028them, and imagined that they saw him walking with
23029a train of stars upon the earth?
23030Obviously they
23031had never before seen a lamp, these people whose
23032festivals are such a blaze of illumination !¢
23033Not one
23034of all those myriads encountered him as he paraded
23035the country!
23036He found the walls unguarded in war-
23037time!
23038I refrain from further comment, merely re-
23039marking that the gates of the sanctuary were sixty
23040“ In particular the Feast of Tabernacles (see the vivid
23041description of the all-night illumination in the Mishnah,
23042Sukkah, v. 2-4) and the Feast of Dedication, popularly known
23043as the “ Feast of Lights,” 4. xii. 325.
23044Cf. § 282 below.
230453 So Lat.: Adpw L.
230464 Niese: "Iovdalas L.
23047339
p. 364
23048JOSEPHUS
23049mAdTos,
23050KaTadxypvoo.
23051b€ maoar
23052Kal puKpod
23053Seiv
23054aduprAato.- tavtas exAevov ovK éAatrous évTes
23055avopes dvaKoavov Kab exdory Npepay Kal TO
23056120 Kkaradurety Tvouypevas ay aBguitov. padios ovv
23057avras 6 Avxvogopos
23058€ EKELVOS avewtev, ola, povos*
23059Kal THY TOD KdvOuvos
23060@xETO! Kedadnv EXwv.
23061TOTEPOV ovv abrany mad ws Tas avéorperbev 7)
23062AaBav °>Amuov avriy etcekopiicev, wa *“Avtioyos
23063evpyn mpos devtépav ’Aziwve pvbodoyiar;
23064121
23065(10) Karabevderar de? kai 6pKov 7u@v ws opvudv-
23066Twy Tov Geov Tov TomjcavTa Tov ovpavoy Kal THY
23067yiv Kat THY OdAaccay pndevi etvojcew addodvrw,
23068122 pdAvora
23069Se “EXAjow.
23070der
23071S€ Kataibevddpevov
23072amaێ eizetv pdevi evvongew dMogihu, pddvora
230736 Alyurriois: ovtTws yap av Tots: e€ apxis avrob
230747hdopacw TPHOTTEV TA EPL TOV OpKoY, elrep
23075joav tb7o Alyuntiwy T&v ovyyev@v ot matépes
23076nav
23077ovxyt
23078Oia
23079movypiav aA
23080emt
23081ovpdopais
23082123 eFeAndacpevor.
23083tov
23084‘Edjvwv
230856€
23086zAéov
23087rots
23088TOTOLS 7 Tots eur Oevpaow apeoTnKaper, WOTE
23089pndepiav juiv etvar mpos avrous exOpav pnde
23090nAotumiav.
23091tovvavtiov pévtoe ToAAol map’ abra@v
23092els TOUS TueTepovs vopous avvéeBnoav ecicedbeiv,
23093Kal Tes Lev eveewav, elol 8 ot THY KapTeEpiav
23094124 ody bropewartes mdAW améoTnoav.
23095Kai TovTwv*
230961 Text emended by Niese.
230972 ed. pr.: xatapetcacbai twa L.
230983 rodrov L (corrector’s hand) Lat.
23099¢ The dimensions given in B. vy. 202 are 30 x 15 cubits.
23100> Or perhaps ‘all overlaid with gold, almost of the solidity
23101of hammered gold plates.”
23102¢ In B. vi. 293 we are told that it took twenty men to close
23103the east gate of the inner court.
23104Hudson, accordingly,
23105340
p. 365
23106AGAINST APION, II. 119-124
23107cubits high and twenty broad,’ all gilded and almost
23108entirely covered with plates of wrought gold ® ; it took
23109no fewer than 200° men to close them every day, and
23110it was forbidden to leave them open.
23111Our lamp-
23112carrier, I presume, had no difficulty in opening them
23113by himself and making off with the pack-ass’s head.
23114But did he return it to us, or was it Apion who re-
23115covered and reinstated it in the temple for Antiochus
23116to gee: in order to provide him with a second good
23117story ?
23118(10) Then? he attributes to us an imaginary oath, Alleged
23119and would have it appear that we swear by the God celts
23120who made heaven and earth and sea to show no good-
23121to
23122Greeks,
23123will to a single alien, above all to Greeks.
23124Having ©
23125once started false accusations, he should have said,
23126“show no goodwill to a single alien, above all to
23127Egyptians’;
23128for then this reference to the oath
23129would have been in keeping with his original fiction,
23130if, as we are given to understand,
23131the cause
23132of
23133the expulsion of our forefathers by their Egyptian
23134“kinsmen’”’
23135was
23136not their malice, but their mis-
23137fortunes.
23138From the Greeks we are severed more
23139by our geographical position than by our institutions,
23140with the result that we neither hate nor envy them.
23141On the contrary, many of them have agreed to adopt
23142our laws;
23143of whom some have remained faithful,
23144while others, lacking the necessary endurance, have
23145again seceded.’
23146Of these not one has ever said that
23147corrects the figure here to twenty; but
23148Josephus may mean
23149that separate gangs of twenty men each were employed to
23150close the ten gates of the temple.
23151¢ Reinach transfers
23152this paragraph (§§ 121-124), which
23153opens abruptly, to the end of § 99 above, where it seems more
23154in place.
23155Cf. Tac. Hist. v. 5, **adversus omnes alios hostile
23156odium.”’
23157e Cf. §§ 280 ff. below.
23158341
p. 366
23159126
23160— bo ~I
23161128
23162129
23163JOSEPHUS
23164>
23165~
23166CTA
23167ovdels TWTOTE TOV OpKoOV Eimev akovoaL Tap TLV
23168,
23169/
231701
23171iAA
23172\
23173/
231742A
23175/
23176e
23177”
23178apoopevov,'
23179ahAa jovos
23180mie, ws
23181 EoUKEV,
23182WKOUGEV" GUTOS yap 6 auvlets adbrov Wy -
23183(11) Xd0ddpa Tolvv Tis oAAs cuvecews* Kal emt
23184T@ peAdovte pyOjcecbar Oavpalew
23185akiov eorw
23186>
23187~
23188id
23189“Ariwva. TEK}LT pLov yap elvat pyow Tob pyre
23190VOpLoLs Tas xpijobas
23191duxatous pyre
23192tov
23193Oeov
23194evoceBetv ws mpoojKkey [To pn apyew],° Sovevew
23195[
23196V7
23197dé paddAov evecw
23198[Kat] aMore aAAows Kat To
23199Kexpholar cuupopais TLL mepl THY ToAw, avTa@v*
23200o7pAov OTt ToAews HyeLoviuKwraTyns eK Tov avwlev
23201apyew adda pa) “Pawpaios® dovAevew ovveOrope-
23202vwv.
23203Kaito. TovTwY dv Tis avaoxo.To® ToLavTNS
23204peyadavyias.”
23205t&v pev yap aAAwy obK E€oTw ootis
23206avOp wOTwv ovy tKavas Kal? attod dain ToOTOv
23207ba °Aiwvos Achex Gar Tov Adyov: otyous yev ‘yap
23208darhp&ev ep 7)
23209yewovias dua Kaipomtias yeveoBat,
23210Kal TOUTOUS ai peraPoAat madw adAdois SovAevew
23211trélevéav, TO mAciatov b€ didAoV GAAwy braKyKoEV
23212/
23213>
23214vA
23215>
23216+
23217/
23218\
23219\
23220moAAdKis.
23221Alytrrio 8 dpa povor dia TO KaTa-
23222dvyetv, Ws dacw, els THY xwWpav adTav Tovs Heovs
23223\
23224~
23225/
23226>
23227\
23228/
23229Kat
23230owlfvar petaPaddvras
23231«is popdas
23232Onpiwv
23233e€alpetov yépas eUpovto To pyndevi dovAcbcat TOV
23234ths “Acias 7 THs Edpaans kpatyoavTwy, ot pay
23235npepavy
23236€K TOO
23237TavTos
23238ai@vos
23239eXevbepias
23240od
23241tuyovtes,
23242GAA’
23243otdé
23244Tapa TOV
23245otKodcoT0TMV.
23246u
23247\
23248a“
23249>
23250/
23251/
23252ovTwa pev yap avtots expiaavto Ilépcat tpozov,
23253,’
23254oe
23255/
23256>
23257\
23258\
23259/
23260~
23261\
23262oby ama€ povov adda Kat 7oAAaKis wopfobvtTes Tas
232631 guwopévoyv L.
232642 ed. pr.: cvvbécews L.
232653 ins. ed. pr.
232664 ed. pr.: avroi L.
232675 So ed. pre: in L ‘Pwuaios is placed before éx.
232686 Niese: drdcxoiro L (= perhaps * Even a Roman would
23269refrain from so lofty a claim”’).
23270342
p. 367
23271AGAINST APION, II. 124-129
23272he had heard the oath in question pronounced by any
23273ef us.
23274Apion is apparently the only man who has
23275heard it, for the good reason that he invented it.
23276(11) In the argument to which I now proceed
23277Apion’s extraordinary sagacity is most astonishing.
23278A clear proof, according to him, that our laws are
23279unjust and our religious ceremonies erroneous is that
23280we are not masters of an empire, but rather the
23281slaves, first of one nation, then of another, and that
23282calamity has more than once befallen our city.
23283As
23284_
23285if his fellow-countrymen from time immemorial had
23286been the masters of a sovereign state, and had never
23287known what
23288it was
23289to serve
23290the Romans!
23291On
23292Roman lips such a lofty claim might be tolerated.
23293For the rest of the world, there is not a man who
23294would not admit that this argument of Apion closely
23295touches himself.
23296It has been the lot of few, by
23297waiting on opportunity, to gain an empire, and even
23298they have, through the vicissitudes of fortune, been
23299reduced once more to servitude beneath a foreign
23300yoke ; most races have frequently had to submit to
23301others.
23302The Egyptians alone, sovit seems, because
23303the gods, according to their account, took refuge in
23304their country and saved themselves by assuming the
23305forms
23306of wild animals,
23307gained
23308the
23309exceptional
23310privilege of never being the slaves of any of the
23311conquerors of Asia or Kurope—the Egyptians, who
23312have never, since the world began, had a day of
23313liberty, even from their domestic masters!
23314For
23315the rough handling. which they received from the
23316Persians, who not once but on many oceasions sacked
23317a Cf. Ovid, Metamorph. v. 321-331.
233187 Niese: peyadow~uxias L.
23319Anti-
23320Semitic
23321argument
23322drawn from
23323Jewish
23324misfortunes.
p. 368
23325JOSEPHUS
23326models,
23327lepa KaTAUGKdTTOVTES, Tos Tap avTots
23328voptlopevous Beovs Karacpacovres, ovK av OvEeLot-
23329130 cate: pyretobac yap ov TpoonKev THY , Ariwvos
23330amadevotay, os oure Tas “AGjvate TUXas oUTE
23331tas Aakedayoviwy evevonoev, @v TOs Lev aVvdpeLo-
23332/
23333>
23334\
23335A
23336>
23337£
23338~
23339¢
23340/
23341TaTous <ivat, Tovs de evacPeaTaTous TaV
23342‘EAAjvwv
23343131 dzavres A€yovow.
23344€& PBaairéas Tovs ex’ edoeBela
23345diaPonevtas [av eva Kpoicov],’ otais éxpjoavto
23346ovppopats Biov. Eo THY KaTaT Tpyotetoay "AGn-
23347vaiwy
23348aKpomoAw, Tov
23349ev "Egéow vaov, TOV
23350ev
23351AeAdois,
23352aAdovs
23353pupiovs,
23354Kat ovdels fees
23355¢
23356~
23357a
23358~
23359>
23360\
23361~
23362/
23363A
23364132 tatrTa Tots mafovow, aAAa tots Spacacw.
23365Kawwos
23366de KaTIYOpOS
23367nhya@v °Amiwv nepedy Tav
23368ldlwy
23369avTod
23370Tept THY Atyurrov Kak@v
23371ekAalopevos,
23372aAAa Léoworpis atdrov o pvlevdpevos Alytatov
23373Baotreds érvdAwoer.
23374¢
23375~
23376\
23377\
23378¢
23379/
23380>
23381x“
23382v
23383Hpets 5€ Tovs TeTEpous odK av elzoysev Baot-
23384/
23385/
23386\
23387~
23388A
23389A€as, Aavidny
23390Kat
23391Lodopava,
23392modAAa yewpwoa-
23393133 pevous eOv7n ; TOUTOUS peev ouv TmapaNimupLev Ta
23394de yepypa maou ‘Arie TyvonKer, ove Llepody
23395Kal pLeT €KElvoUS YOUpLEveY THs “Acias Maxe-
23396dovev Atytmrior pev edovAevov avdpaTodwv ovdev
23397134 Siadépovtes, Tets b€ OvtTes eAcUOepor mpocéTi Kat
23398Tov TépiE TOAcwY Tpyopev ETH GYEdOV ELKOGL TOU
23399Kat p' pexpt Mayvov
23400Ilopyaniov.
23401Kai mavTwv
23402extroAcunbevtwv
23403mpos “Pwyaiwy® tv mavtayod
234041 Perhaps a gloss.
234052 éxtroheuwhértwy pds Pwyuaious Niese.
234062 Cf. Acts xvii. 22 (quoted in the margin of the s.).
23407» By Xerxes, Herod. viii. 53.
23408¢ The temple of Artemis, burnt down by Herostratus on
23409the night, as was said, of Alexander’s birth, 356 B.c.
23410344
p. 369
23411AGAINST APION, II. 129-134
23412their cities, razed their temples, and slaughtered the
23413creatures they took for gods, I will not reproach
23414them.
23415I must not imitate the ignorance of Apion,
23416who
23417never
23418thought
23419of the
23420misfortunes
23421of the
23422Athenians
23423or the Lacedaemonians, the latter, by
23424common consent, the bravest, the former the most
23425pious,” of the Greeks. I pass over the calamities in the
23426lives of monarchs (like Croesus) renowned for piety.
23427I pass over the burning of the acropolis of Athens,’
23428the temple of Ephesus,’ that of Delphi,? and myriads
23429more ; no one ever reproached the victims, rather
23430than the perpetrators, for these atrocities.
23431It was
23432left for Apion to bring this novel type of accusation
23433against us, quite forgetting the disasters of his own
23434Egypt.
23435Its mythical king Sesostris has doubtless
23436blinded him.¢@
23437For our part, might we not quote our kings, David
23438and Solomon, who subjugated many nations?
23439But
23440let us pass them over and merely refer to a notorious
23441fact, ignored by Apion: that is, that the Egyptians
23442were the slaves and veritable menials, first of the
23443Persians, and then of the Macedonians, the next
23444rulers of Asia;
23445while we were not merely inde-
23446pendent, but had dominion over the surrounding
23447states for about 120 years f up to the time of Pompey
23448the Great.
23449And when war had been declared by the
23450Romans on all the monarchs in the world, our kings
23451@ The older temple was accidentally burnt down c. 548-547
23452B.c.; Josephus refers to some later occasion of incendiarism.
23453¢ Both Sesostris and his son (Herod. ii. 111) are said to
23454have been struck blind.
23455f A slightly exaggerated estimate of the period from the
23456Maccabaean insurrection to Pompey’s entry into Jerusalem
23457(168-63 B.c.) ; eighty years, from c. 143 B.c. (1 Mace. xiii. 41),
23458would have been more accurate.
23459345
p. 370
23460136 7
2346113 ~l
23462138
23463JOSEPHUS
23464Bacwréwy povor bia mlotw ot Tap’ Hiv ovppaxot
23465Kal Piro dvedvAdyOyoav.
23466(12) “AAAa Gavpacrovs dvdpas ov TApEecyyKapev,
23467otov TEXV@V TWwY EvpETas 7 copia dvadepovras.
23468Kal Karapiipiet LeoKparyy Kal Liveva. Kat Kre-
23469dvOqv Kal Towovrous Twds. cira TO Javpacistarov
23470Tots
23471etpnpLevous”
23472avtos
23473éavTovy
23474mpooriOnor
23475Kal
23476paxapiler T7HV ‘Alef avdpecay, 6TL ToLodTov
23477EXEL
23478moNirnp |
23479; ophas TOLOY | “= GOEL yap avT@ paptupos
23480€avTov.
23481Tots Pv yap |
23482ous aTacw bxAayeryos
23483ed0KEL Tovnpos eivat, Kal 7@ Biw Kat TO doy
23484duehbappevos, ware elKOT ws edenoar Tis av THY
23485“AdceEdvopevay,
23486elm TEP emt TOUTW peya eppovet.
23487mept O€ TOV Tap jp avop@v yeyovoTaw ovdevos
23488FTTOV emaivov
23489TUyXavew aftov lcacw
23490ot Tats
23491TLETEPALs dpxaroroyias evTVYXAVOVTES.
23492(13) Ta Oe Aoura TOY ev TH KaTHYyopia VEY PapLpevenv
23493aEvov Vv tows avaToAoynra TapaduTet, iv’ avros
23494avToD Kal Tov adAwv Atyurriov if] 6 KaTqyopav.
23495eyKanet yap o7e Ca Ovopev nLEepa® Kal xotpov
23496ovK eobiopev, Kal TI Trav aldotwy xyAevaler mept-
23497TOMY. TO pev ouv mepl Tis TeV Tepe Coowv
23498avaipécews
23499KoWdov
23500€OTL
23501Kal mpos rods dAAous
23502avOpamous amavtas, Amiwv dé Tois Qvovcw éyKaAav
23503atrov e€njireyEev Ovta TO yévos Alyvmriov: od yap
23504av “EAAny av 7 Makedav exaderawer. ovrot yap
23505eUXOVTAL Ovew exaTopuBas Tots Deois KaL Xp@vrae
23506Tots
23507lepelois mpos edwxlav,
23508Kal ov dia TovTO
23509ovpPéeBnkev épnpotofar tov Koopov T&v Bookn-
235101 Niese (after Lat.): 7&v eipnuévwr L.
235112 Niese (after Lat.): om. L.
235123 Ins. Niese (after Lat.).
23513346
p. 371
23514AGAINST APION, II. 134-138
23515alone, by reason of their fidelity, remained their
23516allies and friends.
23517»
23518(12) “ But ” (urges Apion) we “ have not produced
23519‘
23520any geniuses, for example, inventors
23521in arts and
23522crafts or eminent sages.“
23523He enumerates Socrates,
23524Zeno, Cleanthes and others of that calibre;
23525and
23526then—most astounding master-stroke—adds his own
23527name
23528to the
23529list, and felicitates
23530Alexandria
23531on
23532possessing such a citizen!
23533Indeed he needed this
23534testimonial from himself;
23535for the rest of the world
23536took him for a low charlatan, whose life was
23537as
23538dissolute as his language, insomuch that Alexandria
23539might fairly be pitied if she prided herself upon him.
23540Our own famous men, who are entitled to rank with
23541the highest, are familiar to readers of my Antiquities.
23542(13) The remaining counts in his indictment had
23543better perhaps have remained unanswered, so that
23544Apion might be left to act as his own and his country-
23545men’s accuser.
23546He denounces
23547us for sacrificing
23548/domestic animals and for not eating pork, and he
23549derides the practice of circumcision.
23550Well,the custom
23551of slaughtering domestic animals we share with the
23552rest of mankind ; and Apion, by criticizing those who
23553practise it, betrays his Egyptian birth.
23554No Greek or
23555Macedonian would have been moved to indignation.
23556Their nations, indeed, vow sacrifices of hecatombs
23557to the gods,’ and make a feast off the victims ; yet this
23558has not had the result, apprehended by Apion, of leav-
23559« A charge repeated by Apollonius Molon, § 148 below.
23560® Cleanthes in 263 B.c. succeeded Zeno as head of the
23561Stoic school, founded by the latter.
23562¢ Cf. Hom. Od. xvii. 50.
235634 ed. pr.: huerépwv L Lat.
23564S47
23565Argument
23566that Jews
23567have pro-
23568duced no
23569men of
23570genius.
23571Other in-
23572dictments:
23573animal
23574sacrifices,
23575abstention
23576from pork,
23577circum-
23578cision.
p. 372
23579JOSEPHUS
23580139 patTwv,
23581omep “Amiwy
23582edevcev.
23583ef pevToL
23584Tots
23585Alyurtiwy ebeaw KodAovlovy amavtes, jpiywwrTo
23586pev av 0 Koopos TOV avOpwzev, TOV aypwwraTwv
23587d€ Onpiwy emAnbvvbn, a Geovs ovrou vopiCovres
23588eTULEA@S
23589exTpepovow.
23590Kal py €l Tes avrov
23591NpeTO, TOV mavTow Aiyurtiwy tivas civa Kal
23592codwrdtovs
23593Kat
23594GeooeBeis
23595vopiler, mavTws
23596av
23597141 wpoddynce Tovs lepets: dvo yap abtovs dacw b70
23598TOV Bactrewy e€ apyns Tatra _mpoaterdax Gar, THY
23599Te TOV Geav Geparretay kat THS codias Tay €7L-
23600pehevay. eKEtvOL Tolvuv aTavTEes Kal TE puTepvOVTaL
23601KaL Yolpelwy améxovTat Bpwparwy: od py ovde
23602TOV aay Atyurrioy ovde €is bv Over" Tots Geots.
23603142 dp’ ovv tuddAds jv Tov vobv “Amiwyv trép Atyurtiwv
23604Teas Aowopetv ovvOepevos, exeivey de KaTnyopav,
23605ot ye pe) Lovov xp@vrar Tots bo tovtov AoLd0-
23606povpevois ebecw, adda Kal tovs dAAovs édtdaéav
23607TepiTepveoOar, Hae: eipyKev ‘Hpddoros;
23608143
23609“Ober elkoTws poor Soke? THS Eels TOUS TaTpLous
23610avroo vopous Pracdypias dobvat diKnv “Arriey
23611THY TpeTrovaay
23612mepreT TO yap é€ dvdyKns,
23613EeAkwoews avTa Trepl TO aldotov yevoperns, Kal
23614pndev wdhedybets b76 THs mepitouns adda on7o-
23615144 wevos ev dewais ddvvais améfavev.
23616det yap Tovs
23617<0 dpovodvtas Tois pev olKElols VoOpLoLS TEpPL THY
23618evoePevay aKpiP@s eupevew, todvs b€ Tav aAAwy
23619pq Aovdopetv.
23620oO S€ TovTovs pev edvyev, TOV
23621nueTepwv 6€ Katepevoato.
23622TotTo pev “Amiwvt
23623Tov Biov To réAos eyéveTo, Kal Toro Tap Aud@v
23624evTatla TO 7épas €oTw Tod Adyou.
23625140 YS
236261 jy Bier Niese: cuvdvec L Lat.
23627348
p. 373
23628AGAINST APION, II. 139-144
23629ing the world without cattle.
23630If, on the other hand,
23631mankind had adopted Egyptian customs, the world
23632would have been left without human beings, and
23633been overrun with those wildest of beasts, which
23634they sedulously rear in the belief that they are gods.
23635Again, had Apion been asked who, in his opinion,
23636were the wisest and most god-fearing of all the
23637Egyptians, he would undoubtedly have made the
23638admission, “the priests”’;
23639for they, as
23640is said,
23641originally received two commissions from royalty :
23642divine worship and the charge of learning.
23643But all
23644those priests are circumcised, and all abstain from
23645swine’s flesh.¢
23646Even among the rest of the Egyptians
23647there is not a man who sacrifices a pig to the gods.
23648Was, then, Apion’s mind blinded when, in the interest
23649of the Egyptians, he undertook to revile us and
23650actually condemned them?
23651For not only do they
23652practise
23653the customs
23654which
23655he abuses,
23656but,
23657as
23658Herodotus
23659has informed
23660us,? they have
23661taught
23662others to adopt circumcision.
23663I cannot, therefore, but regard the penalty which
23664Apion paid for maligning his country’s laws as just
23665and appropriate.
23666An ulcer on his person rendered
23667circumcision essential;
23668the operation brought no
23669relief, gangrene
23670set in, and he died in terrible
23671tortures.
23672A wise man’s duty is to be scrupulously
23673faithful to the religious laws of his country, and to
23674refrain from abuse of those of others.
23675Apion was a
23676defaulter to his country’s laws and told lies about
23677ours.
23678Such was his end, and here “et me bring my
23679remarks {upon him] to a close.
23680¢ On the Egyptians’ practice of circumcision see Herod.
23681ii. 37, 104; on their abstinence from pork, except on certain
23682occasions, 7b. ii. 47.
23683’ Herod. ii. 104 (quoted in Ap. i. 169).
23684349
23685Apion’s end.
p. 374
23686145
23687146
23688147
23689~
23690148
23691149
23692JOSEPHUS
23693\
23694be
23695(14) °’Ezet 6€" kat *AzoAAdbvi0s 6 MoAwy Kat Avat-
23696>
23697/
23698paxos
23699Kal twes
23700GAdow Ta pev Ur ayvoias, TO
23701mAciatov bé€ Kata dvopéverav, wept Te TOD vopo-
23702~
23703~
23704/
23705ferjcavtos
23706nutv Mwocéws
23707Kat mept TOV vopov
23708b)
23709A
23710memoinvtat Adyous ovTE SiKalous oUTe aAnfeis, Tov
23711~
23712\
23713fev ws yonta Kal amate@va diaBdaAdovtes, Tovs
23714~
23715~
23716>
23717~
23718vomous b€ KaKlas Hiv Kal ovbdeutas apeTns dd-
23719>
23720\
23721oxovtes eivar didacKdAovs, BovrAowar ovvTdpws Kal
23722~
23723A
23724~
23725/
23726Tept THS OAns Hu@v KaTacTdcews Tod ToALTEv-
23727[aTOS Kal TEpl TOV KaTa Lépos, WS av @ duvares,
23728eivelv.
23729ola. yap é€cecbar davepov Oru Kal mpos
23730>
23731/
23732\
23733A
23734/
23735\
23736pI
23737it
23738/
23739\
23740evoePelay KaL TpOs KOWMviay THY peT AAAH}AWY Kal
23741\
23742\
23743/
23744/
237457
23746\
23747A
23748ampos
23749tiv
23750Kalorov
23751diAavOpwriav,
23752étt
23753b€ mpods
23754duKaLoovvyY Kal THY €v TOls TOVOLS KapTEeplay Kal
23755/
23756”
23757Gavarov
23758mepippovnow
23759dpiota
23760Keievouvs
23761€xopev
23762\
23763~
23764Tovs
23765vopous.
23766mapakadAd
23767Sé Tods éevTev€ojevous
23768TH ypadh pn weTa dbovov wroretobar THY avayvwow"
23769ov yap eyKapuov Hua@v abt@v mpoerdpny ouy-
23770ypapew, aAAa moAAa Kat bevd7 KaTTyOpoUpevols
23771mp Tavrny drodoyiav Oucauoraryy etvat vopila
23772THV a0 TOV vouwv, Kal” ods Cdvres SiateAobpev.
23773+
23774\
23775\
23776/
23777e.
237782
23779ve
23780>
23781dAAws Te Kal THY KaTyyoplav 6 >AmoAAdv0s odK
23782>
23783/
23784a
23785is
23786>
23787/
237887
23789>
23790\
23791/
23792abpoav womep
237936
23794°Ariwv éra€ev, adda oropadny
23795Kal dia TaONS THS ovyypadys® moTé ev ws abous
23796\
23797~
23798>
23799Kat puicavlpwrovs
23800Aovdopet, mote 8 ad
23801detAiav
23802e
23803~
23804>
23805/
23806-
23807\
23808+
23809”
23810<4
23811/
23812Tpetv overdiCet, Kal ToUpTAaAW e€oTW Grov ToALaY
23813Karnyopet Kal arrovovay.
23814Aévet dé Kal agueora-
23815TOUS civat Tv PapBapwv Kat dia TodTO pendev els
23816tov Piov evpnua covpPeBAjobar povovs.
23817tratra Sé
23818/
23819/
23820~
238212
23822>
23823/
23824mavrTa duedeyxOjcecba voilw cadds, ef Tavavtia
23825350
p. 375
23826AGAINST APION, II. 145-149
23827(14) Seeing,
23828however,
23829that
23830Apollonius
23831Molon, (v.)Propesed
23832Lysimachus,
23833and
23834others,
23835partly from
23836ignorance, ene
23837mainly from ill will, have made reflections, which are wee ete.,
23838neither just nor true, upon our lawgiver Moses and account
23839of
23840his code, maligning the one
23841as
23842a charlatan and eee
23843impostor, and asserting that from the other we tion.
23844receive lessons in vice and none in virtue, I desire
23845to give, to the best of my ability, a brief account of
23846our constitution as a whole and of its details.
23847From
23848this, I think, it will be apparent that we possess a
23849code excellently designed to promote piety, friendly
23850relations with each other, and humanity towards the
23851world at large, besides justice, hardihcod, and con-
23852tempt of death.
23853And I beg any into whose hands
23854these pages may fall to read them without bias.%
23855My object is not to compose a panegyric upon our
23856nation ; but I consider that, in reply to the numerous
23857false accusations which are brought against us, the
23858fairest defence which we can offer is to be found in
23859the laws which govern our daily life.
23860I adopt this
23861line the more readily because Apollonius, unlike
23862Apion, has not grouped his accusations together, but
23863scattered them here and there all over his work, re-
23864viling us in one place as atheists and misanthropes,
23865in another reproaching us as cowards, whereas else-
23866where, on the contrary, he accuses us of temerity
23867and reckless madness.
23868He adds that we are the
23869most witless of all barbarians, and are consequently
23870the only people who have contributed no useful in-
23871vention to civilization.
23872All this tirade will, I think,
23873be clearly refuted, if it be shown that the precepts
23874@ Or “ jealousy.”
238751 érel 6 Dindorf after Lat.: émeidy L.
238762 Oia .
23877. ovyypapis ed. pr.: 5H etwas L.
23878Text doubtful.
23879351
p. 376
23880JOSEPHUS
23881TOV elpnevev davety Kal dud. TOV vowoV apy
23882TPOOTETAYLEVA KGL TPATTOMEVA PETA TAONS AKpt-
23883/
23884e
23885=
23886e
23887~
23888>]
23889Q3
23890BA
23891150 Belas bd 7jpav.
23892e 0 apa Bracbetny punobivae
23893~
23894>
23895TOV Tap
23896eTEpOUs drrevavTions! VEVO[LLGLEVONY , Tov-
23897Tov dikato. Ti aitlay éxew elo ot TA Tap Tu
23898-
23899,
23900J
23901>
23902=
23903>
23904207
23905ws yelpw
23906mapapddAdAew
23907a€.vodvtes.
23908ois ovd€TEpov
23909>
23910/
23911/
23912/
23913vf)?
23914e
23915>
23916\
23917amoAredbOyncecbar
23918vopilw
23919rAéyew,
23920ov#
23921ws
23922ovxt
23923/
23924~
23925ToUTous €xopev TOUS VOLOUS, BV eya Trapalycopat
23926\
23927/
23928#7?
23929e
23930>
23931|
23932ie
23933tous KehadawwbdeaTdtovs, ov
23934ws
23935ovxyt padvoTra
23936/
23937~
23938~
23939TAVTWV ELLevOLLEV TOS EaUT@V VOLOLS.
23940151
23941(15) Muxpov obv dvadaBerv TOV Aoyov TOUT av
23942eUTOULL TPQTOV, ort TOV dvopens KGL GTAKTWS Brovv-
23943TWV OL | TAEEWS KGL VOJLOU Kowwvias emBupnrat yevo-
23944pevor Kal TPATOL karapavres ELKOTWS GV TLEPOTNTL
23945152 Kat dicews
23946a apeTi) SueveyK et
23947stv poaprupy beter. apeder
23948TELPOVT AL TQ 7 Tap: avrois EKQOTOL TpOS TO dipxao -
23949TUTOV dvdyew, va pon” pyretoba d0wow érépous,
23950aX’ * abrol Tob chy vopLipes adAous ddyynoaclac.
23951153 TOUTOW d€ TOUTOV €XOVTO TOV TpOTrov, pet? pev
23952€or vopoberov Ta BeArvora | ouvidety KGL TTELoaL
23953TOUS Xpngopevous mept tav br abtob TiHepevenv ,
23954nfous 6€ TO 7GoL Tots do€aow €
23955Ep peta KQL [LITE
23956evTvylais
23957pnTe ovpdopais
23958atTa@v
23959pndev peta-
23960BadAew.
23961154.
23962Dy toivvy tov HueTepov vopoberny TaV orrov-
23963OnmoToby = juvnLovevopevwv
23964vopoberav
23965Tpodyew
23966ApYQvoTnTL.
23967Avkodpyou yap Kal Lohwves
23968Kal
23969ZaXevkos 6 tav Aoxp@v Kat mavtes ot Bavpalo-
239701 ed. pr.: trevavriwv L Lat.
239712 ed. pr.: om. L Lat.
239723 ed. pr.: +ovx L Lat.
p. 377
23973AGAINST APION, II. 149-154
23974of our laws, punctiliously practised in our lives, are
23975in direct conflict with the above description.
23976If I
23977may be forced to allude to legislation of a contrary
23978nature in vogue elsewhere, the blame must rest with
23979those who claim that our laws are, by comparison,
23980inferior to their own.
23981These critics will, I think,
23982have no excuse in future for denying either that we
23983possess these laws, the most salient of which I propose
23984to cite, or that we are the most law-abiding of all the
23985nations.
23986(15) Resuming, then, after this slight digression, I Law versus
23987would begin with the remark that persons who have #”!°s"°**
23988espoused the cause of order and law—one law for
23989all—and been the first to introduce them, may fairly
23990be admitted to be more civilized and virtuously dis-
23991posed than those who lead lawless and disorderly
23992lives.
23993In fact, each nation endeavours to trace its
23994own institutions back to the remotest date, in order
23995to create the impression that, far from imitating
23996others, it has been the one to set its neighbours an
23997example of orderly life under law.
23998That being so,
23999the virtue of a legislator is to have insight to see
24000what is best, and to win over to the laws which he
24001introduces those who are to live under them;
24002the
24003virtue of the masses is loyally to abide by the laws
24004adopted and, in prosperity or in adversity, to make
24005no change in them.
24006Now, I maintain that our legislator is the most Moses the
24007ancient of all legislators in the records of the whole ancient of
24008world.
24009Compared with him, your Lycurguses and !°sis!#tors.
24010Solons, and Zaleucus, who gave the Locrians their eenre
24011laws, and all who are held in such high esteem by ¢, ¢¢0 .¢.
24012VOL. I
24013Qa
24014353
p. 378
24015JOSEPHUS
24016pevou Tapa tots “EAAnow éxbés* 57) Kat pany ws
24017an éxeivov mapapadAcpevor haivovTa yeyovotes,
24018Tov ye pnd avtTo Tovvoya maa eyUyVOOKETO
24019155 TOU vojov Tapa Tots “EM ya. Kal pudprus “Opnpos
24020oveapot THS ToLjcews atT@ XPNCapEVOS.
24021ovde
24022yap yv Kata TovTov, aAda yeas Goplorous TO.
24023thin, dupxetro Kal TpooTaypac. THV Paciréwv-
24024ad ov Kal [EXPL zoAAo0b Ouepewvav eJeow aypaors
24025Xpapevor Kat moAAa TOUTW det Tpos TO ovr-
24026156 TUyXavov peET tarbevres.
240276 & auérepos vopoberns
24028dpxaroraros YEYOVOS, TovTo yap Ojmoubev O40 -
24029oyeital Kal Tapa Tots mavTa Kal’ AUa@v Aéyovow,
24030€auTov Te Tapécyev apioTov Tots TAnVeow HyEepova
24031Kat ovpBovdov, THY TE KaTacKevTV adTots oAnv
24032Tod Piov T@ vow mepaBev* emreLoev Tapa-
24033deEacbar
24034Kat PeBarorarny
24035eis aev® dvdAaybAvar
24036TapecKevacer.
24037(16) “Tdapev dé TOV epyov avTov TO Tparov peya-
24038Aeiov.
24039exeivos yap TOUS Tpoyovous HULOV, eTELTTEP
24040edo€ey avtois T7V Atnipie éxAirotow emt THY
24041TATpLov yhv emavievat, 7oAAds Tas pupiadas Tapa-
24042AaBwv ex modAA@v
24043Kal apyynyavwv Sidowoev
24044eis
24045acddaAevav Kal yap tiv dvvdpov abtovs Kat ToAATy
24046yaprov ede. Siodoimophoar Kat viKjoar moAEpiovs*
24047Kal TEKVG. Kal yovaikas Kat A€lav opob oolew
24048158 Haxopevovs.
24049ev ols amaoL Kal oTparnyos dpuaros
24050eyeveTo Kat atyPovdos ouveTusTaTos Kal maVT OV
24051Kndenav adAnféotatos.
24052dmav S€ To ARBs eis
24053€auTov avypTioba: TapecKevacev, Kal TEpPL TAVTOS
24054— Ot ~I
240551 ws éxés L.
240562 Bekker: zapadaSwyr L.
240573 cis dei Bekker: icacr
240584 Niese: zodéuous L Lat.
24059354
p. 379
24060AGAINST APION, II. 154-158
24061the Greeks appear to have been born but yesterday.
24062Why, the very word “ law ” was unknown in ancient
24063Greece.
24064Witness Homer, who nowhere employs it
24065in his poems.“
24066In fact, there was no such thing in
24067his day ; the masses were governed by maxims not
24068clearly defined and by the orders of royalty, and
24069continued
24070long afterwards
24071the use
24072of unwritten
24073customs, many of which were from time to time
24074altered to suit particular circumstances.
24075On the
24076other hand, our legislator, who lived in the remotest
24077past (that, I presume, is admitted even by our most
24078unscrupulous detractors),° proved himself the people’s
24079best guide and counsellor ; and after framing a code
24080to embrace the whole conduct of their life, induced
24081them to accept it, and secured, on the firmest footing,
24082its observance for all time.
24083(16) Let us consider his first magnificent achieve-
24084ment.
24085When our ancestors decided to leave Egypt
24086and return to their native land, it was he who took
24087command of all those myriads and brought them
24088safely through a host of formidable difficulties.
24089For
24090they had to traverse a vast, waterless and sandy
24091desert, to defeat their enemies, and to protect their
24092wives, their children and their chattels while engaged
24093in battle.
24094Throughout all this he proved the best of
24095generals, the sagest of counsellors, and the most
24096conscientious of guardians.
24097He succeeded in making
24098the whole people dependent upon himself, and,
24099“ The word
24100yvéuos appears first in Hesiod;
24101older terms
24102were Oéuicres (Homer) and decpol, “* ordinances.”
24103®’ Apion, however, brought his date down to the eighth
24104century (§ 17).
2410530a
24106The work of
24107Moses as
24108general and
24109as religious
24110educator.
p. 380
24111159
24112160 7
24113161
24114162
24115163
24116JOSEPHUS
24117+
24118Ad
24119(o>
24120a
24121~
24122r
24123Ad
241247
24125>
24126eywv
24127meiobévtas
24128[av7t
24129tot
24130Kedevabévtos|*
24131eis
24132b]
24133/
24134>
24135/
241367
24137~
24138/
24139>
24140>
24141>
24142ovoeiav oikelay eAaPev tatrTa mAeoveEiav, add’ &v
24143@ padiora Tod Katpod duvapers prev adrois mept-
241442
24145/
24146BdaAdovrat Kal Tupavvidas of mpoeaTyKOTeEs, eilovar
24147\
24148\
24149/
24150\
24151~
24152~
241532
24154>
24155/
24156>
24157d€ 7a mAAOn peta modAAjs
24158<Chv>®
24159avopias,
24160ev
24161ToUTW THs eEovatas eKeivos KaleaTHKwWS TObVAVYTLOV
24162ra
24163r
24164~
24165]
24166~
24167\
24168\
24169>
24170/
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24172lal
24173anon dev edoeBetv
24174Kat
24175zodAAjv
24176edvopiar*®
24177tots
24178~
24179~
241807
24181Aaots eumapacyeiy, ovtws attos Te Ta padioTa
24182~
24183rr
24184\
24185THY caper iy emdelEew TIP avToo
24186vopilav Kal
24187owrnpiav Tots avTov TyEpove TeTounpevois PeBaso-
24188Tarny mapecew.
24189Kadys otv atT@ Tpoatpecews®
24190Kal mpagewv peydAwy emituyxavopevwr €iKdTwS
24191cM
241924
24193e
24194/
24195A
24196/
24197r
24198A \
241995
24200”
24201Sines nyeova Te
24202Kat
24203ovpPovdAov
24204Beov®
24205exew,
24206Kal TELGAS TPOTEpov EavTOV OTL KATA TV EKELVOU
24207BovAnow dmavTa mpar7e. Kat dvavoeitar, TavTHV
24208weTto delv TPO TaVTOS EuTOLnOaL THY UToAnbw Tots
24209~
24210A
24211mAjbecw: ol yap moTEvoayTes emisKoTrety
24212Geov
24213TOUS eauT@v Biovs ovdev avexovras _efapaprety.
24214ToLwodTOs pe 67) TIs
24215Lavras |° nav oO vopolerns,
24216od yons 008° amateuv, dep Aovwopotytes A€youcw
24217>
24218/
24219>
24220>
24221=
24222\
24223~
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24229“EAAjow atbyotow
24230\
24231\ /
24232/
24233A
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24236\
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24238\
24239+
24240tov Mivw yeyovévat Kat pet
24241adtov"’
24242tovs aAdAous
24243~
24244\
24245/
24246vopobéras.
24247ot ev yap adT@v tous vosous t7ro-
24248\
24249Tievrar TAu, of & eis Tov ’A7roAAW Kat TO AcAdiKov
24250=
24251Sh Sl gt
24252>
24253\
24254”
24255avTod pavtetovt® avédepov, ror TadAnfes ovTws
24256~
24257/
24258exew vopilovtes 1 Telcew padov v7oAapPavortes.
24259>
24260Ss
24261\
24262\
24263tis 8 jv oO padtota Katopfucas Tovs vopous Kal
24264~
24265\
24266~
24267/
24268>
242697
24270THs OuKatoTaTns®
24271mepi
24272Oeod mioTews
24273emitvxwr,
242741 Om. Lat.: airods rob xed. ed. pr.
242752 Niese after Hudson with Lat.: om. L.
242763 Niese (cf. B. i. 403): etvoray L.
24277* Text doubtful.
242785 Lat.: detov L.
242796 Om. Lat.
24280356
p. 381
24281AGAINST APION, II. 158-163
24282having secured their obedience in all things, he did
24283not use his influence for any personal aggrandize-
24284ment.
24285No; at the very moment when leading men
24286assume absolute and despotic power and accustom
24287their subjects to a life of extreme lawlessness, he,
24288on the contrary, having reached that commanding
24289position, considered it incumbent on him to live
24290piously and to provide for his people an abundance
24291of good laws, in the belief that this was the best
24292means of displaying his own virtue and of ensuring
24293the lasting welfare of those who had made him their
24294leader.
24295With such noble aspirations and such a
24296record
24297of successful achievements,
24298he had good
24299reason for thinking that he had God for his guide
24300and
24301counsellor.
24302Having
24303first persuaded
24304himself
24305that God’s will governed all his actions and all his
24306thoughts, he regarded it as his primary duty to
24307impress that idea upon the community ; for to those
24308who believe that their lives are under the eye of God
24309all sin is intolerable.
24310Such was our legislator ; no
24311charlatan or impostor, as slanderers unjustly call
24312him, but one such as the Greeks boast of having had
24313in Minos® and later legislators.
24314For among these
24315some attributed their laws to Zeus, others traced
24316them to Apollo and his oracle at Delphi? either
24317believing this to be the fact, or hoping in this way to
24318facilitate their acceptance.
24319But the question, who
24320was the most successful legislator, and who attained
24321to the truest conception of God, may be answered
24322« Reputed king and legislator of Crete.
243236s
24324PB
24325=
24326=
24327ae
24328=
2432999
24330b
24331“Some,”
24332¢.g. Minos; “ others,”
24333e.g. Lycurgus.
243347 wer avrov ed. pr. with Lat.: werd tatra L.
243358 Text emended by Niese; that of the ms. is corrupt and
24336glossed.
243379 rhs OuxacoraTns Kus.: tis 6 dtxkardratra L Lat.
p. 382
24338JOSEPHUS
24339mapeotw €€ avr av Karavoey TeV VOoLwY avTiTapa-
24340BaAdovras: 707) yap mepi TOUT UW AcKréov.
24341164
24342Odxodv d7etpou pev at Kata pepos Tov eOdy
24343Kal TOV
24344vouwy Tapa
24345tots
24346dmacw
24347avOpwros
24348Ovapopat.
24349Kepahandas
24350<O'> ay émioe tis ot
24351prev yap poovapxtais, ot b€ Tats oAtywv duvacretats,
24352aAAou b€ Tots 7AjGeow emer pewpav THY efovciay
24353165 TOY TOTEVLATWV.
243546 8 TJLETEPOS vopobérns els
24355fev ToUTwWY OvOOTLODY aTreldev, Ws & GV TIS ElTOL
24356Biacapevos
24357Tov Aoyov, Jeoxpariav amedete TO
24358moAtrevpia, Jee THY apxny KaL TO Kparos dvabets.
24359166 Kal metoas els Exelvov amavrTas adopav WS aiTLov
24360pev amavTwy evra. TOV ayabay, a Kowh TE 7aow
24361avipwro tadpyer Kal Gowv étvyov avtol den-
24362févres ev apnxavols, Aabeiv dé TH exeivou yrwyny
24363ovK Evoy OvTE THY TpaTToLEevaN odfev ovM dv av
24364167 Tis Tap avTa@ Ovavonbetn, eva. yoo" avTov amr
24365eine Kal aeyévyrov Kal 7pos TOV aldLov ypdvov
24366avaMotwrov,
243677ao7s
24368ideas arias KdAAer
24369d1a-
24370d€povTa Kal duvaper pev Hiv yvwpysov, ozrotos
24371d€ Kat ovoiay éotW dyvworov.
24372168
24373Tatra wept Oeotd dpovetv of codwrato. map
24374@
24375\
24376>
24377/
24378>
24379/
24380\
24381>
24382\
24383EAAnow ore pev edidax0ncav éxelvov Tas apyas
24384TapacxovrTos, e@ viv Aéyew, Ort 6 €oTt Kada Kat
24385mpeTovTa TH TOD Geod dvoet KaL preyaAerorare,
24386opodpa pepapTupy Kacy: Kab yap [lvfayopas Kal
24387\vafayopas kat IlAatwv ot te pet exetvov amo
24388THs oTods diAdcodor
24389Kat puiKkpod
24390detv amavtes
243911 xed. Gv érion tes Eus.: om. L Lat.
243922 éva yoov L : aX’ Eus.
24393* The word was apparently coined by Josephus;
24394the
24395idea goes back to the O.T.
24396358
p. 383
24397AGAINST APION, II. 163-168
24398by contrasting the laws themselves with: those of
24399others, and to these I must now turn.
24400There
24401is endless variety in the details of the His consti-
24402tution a
24403customs and laws which prevail in the world at large. “theo.
24404To give but a summary enumeration : some peoples °¢Y-"
24405have
24406entrusted
24407the supreme
24408political power
24409to
24410monarchies, others to oligarchies, yet others to the
24411masses.
24412Our lawgiver, however, was attracted by
24413none of these forms of polity, but gave to his con-
24414stitution the form of what—if a forced expression be
24415permitted—may be termed a “ theocracy,’ * placing
24416all sovereignty and authority in the hands of God.
24417To Him he persuaded all to look, as the author of
24418all blessings, both those which are common to all
24419mankind, and those which they had won for them-
24420selves by prayer in the crises of their history.
24421He
24422convinced them that no single action, no secret
24423thought, could be hid from Him.
24424He represented
24425Him as One, uncreated®
24426and immutable
24427to all
24428eternity ; in beauty surpassing all mortal thought,°
24429made known to us by His power, although the nature
24430of His real being “ passes knowledge.
24431That the wisest of the Greeks learnt to adopt these A religion
24432for the
24433conceptions of God from principles with which Moses jhany, not
24434supplied them,’ I am not now concerned to urge ; but Cee
24435phy)
24436they have borne abundant witness to the Booeilencs |
24437for the few.
24438of these doctrines, and to their consonance with the
24439nature and majesty of God.
24440In fact, Pythagoras,
24441Anaxagoras, Plato, the Stoics who eecseded him,
24442and indeed nearly all the philosophers appear to have
24443’ Not born like the Greek gods (see § 2 140 below}.
24444On forme sof. 5. 190;
24445@ Or “ essence.’
24446e This theory, first propounded by Aristobulus (2nd cent.
24447B.C.), Was adopted by Philo and later writers.
24448359
p. 384
24449JOSEPHUS
24450oUTw dalvovTat
24451TE pt THs TOU Geob dvcews
24452ac-
24453169 fpov7nkoTes.
24454aA’
24455ot
24456jeev pos
24457oAlyous
24458piro-
24459170
24460171
24461172
24462173
24463copotvres eis 7ANOn Sofas mpoKaTe:Anpupeva THY
24464dA Bevav Tov ddypaTos efeveyety ove eroAunoay,
2446568 TLeTEpos vopobérns, ate (oF TO. epya TapEexov
24466ovpwva, Tots Adyous,” ov peovov TOUS Kal? avrov
24467emevoev, aAAa Kal Tots: e€ éxeivwv det yev7ao-
24468pevois THY TEept Yeod mlioTw evédvoey apeTakivy-
24469Tov.
24470altiov 6 OTt Kal TH TpPOTM TIS vowobecias
24471Tpos TO Xpnoysov mayer oy iaet |? Todd difveyKev
24472ov yap jépos apEeTHs emolnoev Tay evoePevay, ada.
24473TAUTYS p<epy TaMia, héyw de TYP Oucavoavyyy, THY
24474owdpootrny, TH kaprepiav, TH TOv mohur ay
24475mpos aAAjAous év dract ovpdwriav.
24476dmacar yap
24477at mpakers Kat dvatpiBai Kat Aoyor mavTes emt
24478THY Tpos TOV Geov jpy evoeBeray Exovat THY ava-
24479popay: ovdev yap ToUTwy aveEéracTov ots’ adpioTov
24480mapehuev.
24481Avo pev yap eiow amdons maWelas TpomoL Kal
24482Ths Tept Ta On KaTacKevns, @v Oo pev oyw
24483didacKkadikds, 0 b€ dia THS aoKyioews TOV HOB.
24484ot ev ovv adXou vopobéra Tats yy@pats duéoTrnoav
24485KQL TOV ETEpov avTa@v, ov edo€ev ExdoTots, EAdpevot
24486Tov eTepov TmapéAizov, oiov AaKedayidovioe ev ‘Kal
24487Kpijres efeow ematOevor, ov Aoyors, “AGyvaior de
24488KL oxedov ot dAdou mavres EMaves a jeev xp?)
24489Tparrew 7) pea) TpooeTaaaov dua TOV vopwv, Tod
24490d€ mpos attra dua TOv Epywv ebilew wArvywpovr.
24491(17) ‘O & aqpérepos vopobérns dudw TabdTa cuvyp-
244921 cuug. Tr. doy. L Lat.: rots vouos cbudwva Eus.
244932 Om. dei Eus.
24494360
24495~
p. 385
24496AGAINST APION, II. 168-173
24497held similar views concerning the nature of God.
24498These, however, addressed their philosophy to the
24499few, and did not venture to divulge their true beliefs
24500to the masses who had their own preconceived
24501opinions ; whereas our lawgiver, by making practice
24502square with precept, not only convinced his own
24503contemporaries, but so firmly implanted this belief
24504concerning God in their descendants to all future
24505generations that it cannot be moved.
24506The cause of
24507his success was that the very nature of his legislation
24508made it [always] far more useful than any other ;
24509for he did not make religion a department of virtue,
24510but the various virtues—I mean, justice, temperance,
24511fortitude, and mutual harmony in all things between
24512the members of the community
24513“—departments of
24514religion. Religion governs all our actions and occupa-.
24515tions and speech ; none of these things did our law-
24516giver leave unexamined or indeterminate.
24517All schemes of educatiom and moral training fall Moses
24518into two categories ; instruction is imparted in the Seer
24519one case by precept, in the other by practical exercis- practice.
24520ing of the character.
24521All other legislators, differing
24522in their opinions, selected the particular method
24523which each preferred and neglected the other.
24524‘Thus
24525the Lacedaemonians and Cretans employed practical,
24526not verbal, training;
24527whereas the Athenians and
24528nearly all the rest of the Greeks made laws enjoining
24529what actions might or might not be performed, but
24530neglected to familiarize the people with them by
24531putting them into practice.
24532(17) Our legislator, on the other hand, took great
24533¢ The four cardinal virtues of the Platonic School, except
24534that Harmony (cvudwvia) here replaces the usual Wisdom
24535(ppévqors).
24536361
p. 386
2453717
2453817
245394
24540or
245416
24542~]
24543JOSEPHUS
24544\
24545\
24546>]
24547/
24548”
24549A
24550A
24551poooe Kata moAAjy ezyséderav:
24552ovTe yap KwdyVv
24553~
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24556~
24557amédime THY TOV OGY adoKnow ovTE TOV EK TOD
24558/
24559/
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245625
245632)
24564;
24565A
245665
24567\
24568~
24569vojtov Adyov ampaktov elacev, GAN’ edbvs amo THs
24570,
24571x
24572=
24573=
245745
24575TmpwrTns apEdpevos Tpodyns Kal THs KaTa TOV OiKOV
24576EKLOTWY"
24577duairys, obdev
24578otd€ Tav BpayuTaTtwv
24579abre€ovatov emt Tats BovAroeot TOV Ypnoopevwy
24580Karehumev, aAAa Kal 7eEpl orto, ow améyveobar
24581Xp1) Kal Twa mpoadgepecbar, Kal TEpl TOV Kowwvy)-
24582GOVTWY THs See Epywy TE ouvrovias KOL TOU
24583maAw avamravcews opov OnKev avros” Kal KQVOVG.
24584TOV VOLLOV, iv womep U0 TaTpL TOUTW Kal deamoTy
24585Cures unre BovAdpevor punbev une tm ayvoias
24586dpLapTavene.
24587\
245885
24589\3
24590~
245915
24592J
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24594/
24595Ovdsé
24596yap Hv
24597amo*®
24598THs
24599ayvolas
24600v7oTyLnow
24601/
246024
246035
24604\
24605\
24606vA
24607\
24608=
24609/
24610Katédkimev,*
24611addAa
24612Kat
24613KddAAvoTov
24614Kal
24615avayKaLo-
24616=
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24624TaTov amédetee Taidevja TOV vojLov, ovK elcaTra€
246255
24626/
246275
24628\
24629\
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246323
24633>]
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24635£.
24636aKpoacopevois ovde Sis 7% ToAAdKIs, add’ Exaorns
24637¢
24638,
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246495
24650~
24651/
24652\
24653akpoaow
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24655Tot
24656voyov
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24658Kat
24659~
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24664OL vojoGéerau mapaAuretv.
24665~
24666~
24667~
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24669(18) Kat tocobrov of rAeiotot THv avOpwrwv am-
24670~
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24675\
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24681|
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24684>]
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24687attods
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24693TaVWOlL,
24694TOTE Tap ado pavOdvovow
24695OTL TOV
24696/
24697/
24698A
24699VO|LOV TapaBeBnKkaow.
24700ol TE TAS peyloTas
24701Kat
24702KuplwTaTas Tap avttois apyas SiotKodvTes Opmo-
247031 Eus.: xara 76 (ed. pr.: tov L) oixeiov éxdorw L.
247042 avtois Niese.
247052 tad Eus.
247064 Eus.: qvécxero xatadureiv L.
24707¢ Cf. Philo’s eulogy of Moses for avoiding the one-sided
24708extremes of other legislators (De opif. mundi 1).
24709® Lit. “‘ dumb.”
24710€ Or “ dici-z.
24711862
p. 387
24712AGAINST APION, II. 173-177
24713care to combine both systems.*
24714He did not leave
24715practical training in morals inarticulate
24716®; nor did
24717he permit the letter of the law to remain inoperative.
24718Starting from the very beginning with the food of
24719which we partake from infancy and the private life ¢
24720of the home, he left nothing, however insignificant,
24721to the discretion and caprice of the individual.
24722What
24723meats a man should abstain from, and what he may
24724enjoy ; with what persons he should associate ; what
24725period should be devoted respectively to strenuous
24726labour and to rest—for all this our leader made the
24727Law the standard and rule, that we might live under
24728it as under a father and master,@ and be guilty of no
24729sin through wilfulness or ignorance.
24730For ignorance he left no pretext.
24731He appointed
24732the Law to be the most excellent and necessary form
24733of instruction, ordaining, not that it should be heard
24734once for all or twice or on several occasions, but that
24735every week men should desert their other occupations
24736and assemble to listen to the Law and to obtain a
24737thorough and accurate knowledge of it,’ a practice
24738which all other legislators seem to have neglected.
24739(18) Indeed, most men,
24740so
24741far from living in
24742accordance with their own laws, hardly know what
24743they are.
24744Only when they have done wrong do they
24745learn from others that they have transgressed the
24746law.
24747Even those of them who hold the highest and
24748most important offices admit their ignorance ; for
24749@ Of. Gal. iii. 24 for the law as “ tutor ” (a:daywyés).
24750¢ Josephus follows the Rabbinical tradition (Talm. Jer.
24751Megilla, iv. 1), which ascribed to Moses the introduction of
24752the custom of public reading of the Law on Sabbaths and
24753festivals.
24754Cf. A. xvi. 43; Philo, De opif. mund. § 128 (Cohn):
24755and Dr. Biichler’s art. in J.Q.&. v. 427 (1893).
24756Deut. xxxi. 10
24757provides merely for a septennial reading.
24758363
24759All Jews
24760know their
24761Law.
p. 388
24762JOSEPHUS
24763Aoyotot tiv Gayvoway:
24764emiotatas yap mapaKab-
24765/
24766~
24767~
24768\
24769\OTaVTAaL
24770TIS
24771TOY
24772Tpaypdatwv oikovopias ToUs
24773~
24774¢
24775~
24776178 euTreiplay Exew TOV vopwy brLcxvoupevous. LO
247775° ovtwobv Tis Epoito Tovs vopovs Paov Gay EtzoL
247789
24779~
24780~
24781\
24782~
24783TAVTAS 7) TOUVOLLA TO éavTOD.
24784ToLyapoty amo THs
24785mpuwryns
24786ev8vs atcobjcews
24787adbrovs éxpavOavovtes
24788x
24789~
24790~
24791/
24792Exouev ev tais wuyais womep eyKexapaypevous,
24793>
24794e
24795~
24796Kal o7avios pev 0 TapaPaivwv, advvatos 8 4 THs
24797KoAdcEews TapaiTyats.
24798~
24799~
24800¢e
24801\
24802e
24803/
24804179
24805(19) Totro zp&rov aravrwy tiv Oavpaorny op0-
24806vouuv auiv emeTolnKev.
24807TO ‘yap play pev exew
24808\
24809\
24810>
24811\
24812y,
24813\
24814~
24815~
24816/
24817\
24818\
24819Kal THv avtiy do€av mepi Beot, TH Piw dé Kal
24820tots efeot pndev adAdAjAwy sdiadéepew, Kaddioryy
24821>
24822”
24823>
24824/
24825v7.
24826>
24827~
24828>
24829180 ev 7Oeow avbpw7wv ovpdwviay amoredet.
24830map
24831A
24832>
24833~
24834/
24835/
24836np yap povois ovTe mEpl Beod Adyous aKovceTai
24837>
24838yd
24839e
24840/
24841e
24842~
24843\
24844>
24845zis
24846ddAAjAows
24847d7evavtiovs,
24848omota
24849moAAad
24850zap
24851ETEpois ovK UTO THY TYYOVTWY pLOVOY KATA TO
24852\
24853¢e
24854/
24855/
24856/
24857>
24858\
24859A
24860/
24861mpoomecov ekaoTw Aéyerar mafos, aAAd Kat mapa
24862Tit TOV diAccodwy amoteToAuynTar, TOY ev THY
24863oAnv tod Beod dvow avaipety
24864tots Adyous ém-
24865/
24866y
24867\
24868\
24869e
24870\
24871>
24872A
24873>]
24874\
24875KexeipyKoTwy, dAAwy de TiHV bmEp avopwizwv adrov
2487618] Tpovotay
24877adapovpLeva*
24878ovr
24879é€v Tots
24880em LTNOEU-
24881~
24882/
24883+
24884/
24885>
24886A
24887\
24888\
24889pact. TOV Piwv derar dradopav, aAAa Kowa pev
24890>
24891~
24892os
24893e
24894~
24895éepya mavTwv map npyiv, eis b€ AOyos 0 TH vopw
24896cupdwvav epi Geobd, mavta réywv exeivov edopay.
24897~
24898/
24899KaL pny TEepl TOV Kata Tov Ploy emiTydevpaTwr,
24900Ld
24901~
24902/
24903S
24904/
24905”
24906\
24907Pe
24908/
24909\
24910ort bet TavTa TaAAa Téhos Exew THY edodBevay, Kat
24911YUVaLK@V GKOUGELEV GV Tis Kal TOV OlKETOV.
24912182
24913(20) “Obey 87) Kal TO TpoPepopevoy 7] ap bo TW
24914eyKAnua, TO 57) py) KaWwa@v edpeTas Epywv 7 Aoywv
24915364
p. 389
24916AGAINST APION, II. 177-182
24917they employ professional legal experts as assessors
24918and leave them in charge of the administration of
24919affairs.*
24920But, should
24921anyone
24922of our
24923nation
24924be
24925questioned about the laws, he would repeat them
24926all more readily than his own name.
24927The result,
24928then, of our thorough grounding in the laws from the
24929first dawn of intelligence is that we have them, as
24930it were, engraven on our souls.
24931A transgressor is a
24932rarity ; evasion of punishment by excuses an im-
24933possibility.
24934(19) To this cause above all we owe our admirable Harmony
24935harmony.
24936Unity and identity of religious belief,
24937i iy
24938perfect uniformity in habits and customs, produce a of creed.
24939very beautiful concord in human character.
24940Among
24941us alone will be heard no contradictory statements
24942about God, such as are common among other nations,
24943not only on the lips of ordinary individuals under the
24944impulse of some passing mood, but even boldly pro-
24945pounded by philosophers;
24946some putting forward
24947crushing arguments against the very existence of
24948God,” others depriving Him of His providential eare
24949for mankind.
24950Among
24951us alone will be seen no
24952difference in the conduct of our lives.
24953With us all
24954act alike, all profess the same doctrine about God,
24955one which is in harmony with our Law and affirms
24956that all things are under His eye.
24957Even our women-
24958folk and dependants would tell you that piety must
24959be the motive of all our occupations in life.
24960(20) This, in fact, is the origin of the reproach
24961brought against us by some critics? of our having
24962* Assessors
24963(mdpedpor)
24964were attached
24965to the Athenian
24966archons ; Roman provincial governors had legal advisers.
24967® Sceptics such as Pyrrhon and his disciple ‘Timon.
24968¢ e.g..the Epicureans.
24969@ Cf. 8§ 135, 148:
24970305
p. 390
24971JOSEPHUS
24972dvopas
249737 TApAcXeEt, evredlev oupBeBnrev.
24974ol pev
24975yap aAAou To pdevi TOV TATpiwv eppevew KaXov
24976eivat vopilovot Kai Tois ToAu@o. tadra Tapa
24977Batvew pdXrora. codias Oewor7Ta japrupobow,
24978183 Typeets 6€ TovVvaVvTiov pray evar Kat dpovnow KGL
24979dperiy drreAngpaprev TO pndev OAws brrevavTtov
24980pyre mpatar pajre dvavonOjvar Tots e€ apxas
24981vopobernGetow.
24982omep elKOTWS GV El? TEK [LT Lov
24983rob KdAALoTa Tov vouov TéOHVaL* TA yap 7 TOOTOV
24984éyovTa TOV TpoTTOV al mreipar Seopeva Siopfdcews
24985edéyxovow.
24986184
24987(21) ‘Hyiv d€ Tots Twevabeiow e€& apyis TeBivau TOV
24988vOpLov Kata Oeod BovAnow oto evoeBes Hv TobTov
24989tay puddrrew.
24990Ti yap avrob TUS ay perawy-
24991ceLer, 7 Tt KaAAvov eCedpev, Tt Tap eTEpO ws
24992dprewov [LETIVEYKED | dpd ye Ty oAnv KaTéoTaow
24993185 Tob TohurevpLaros ; Kal Tis av kahhiov
249947 i) 6LKaLO-
24995Tépa YVOUTO Tis Beov prev Tyepove rev ode"
24996TETOLNLEVIS, TOIs Lepedar SE KOWT eV TO peyvora.
24997OvoiKetv _emuTpeTovons, TO O€ TaVTWY
24998dpxvepet
24999mdAw
25000abt memiotevKvias THv TOV dAdo tepéwv
25001186 7yyepoviay;
25002ovs od Kata mAodrov otdé TLaW aA-
25003dais mpovyovTas abttoudtous 7AeoveElats TO TP@TOv
25004evOds 6 vopobérns emt thy TYysnv? era€ev, aAr
25005Goo. TOV pet adtod mefot Te Kal cwhpootvn TOV
25006dAAwy diédepov, TovTos THY TEpL TOV Feov pddALoTa
25007187 Geparreiay eveyelpicev.
25008TodTo*® 5 jv Kal ToD vo-
25009pov Kat TOV dAdAwy emuTndevpatwv aKpiPys eme-
25010péreia* Kal yap emoTTaL TaVTWY Kal OiKaOTAL TOV
250111 + qyeicOa Kus.
250122 ras Tyngs Niese.
250133 Eus.: tovrov L: rovros ed. pr. (so Lat. apparently).
25014366
p. 391
25015AGAINST APION, II. 182-187
25016produced no inventors in crafts or literature.
25017In the our
25018eyes of the world at large there is something fine in Bee st we
25019breaking away from all inherited customs ;_ those alleged
25020who have the temerity to defy them are credited ekar
25021with the possession of consummate ability.
25022To us, ™&s:
25023on the other hand, the only wisdom, the only virtue,
25024consists in refraining absolutely from every action,
25025from every thought that is contrary to the laws
25026originally laid down.
25027This may fairly be claimed as a
25028proof of their excellent draftsmanship ; codes which
25029are not of this character are proved by experience
25030to need amendment.
25031(21) For us, with our conviction that the original our
25032institution of the Law was in accordance with the will {Reorratic
25033of God, it would be rank impiety not to observe it, could not be
25034What could one alter in it?
25035What more beautiful "2"
25036one could have been discovered ? What improve-
25037ment imported from elsewhere ? Would you change
25038the entire character of the constitution?
25039Could
25040there be a finer or more equitable polity than one
25041which sets God at the head of the universe, which
25042assigns the administration of its highest affairs to the
25043whole body of priests, and entrusts to the supreme
25044high-priest the direction of the other priests ? These
25045men, moreover, owed their original promotion by the
25046legislator to their high office, not to any superiority
25047in wealth or other accidental advantages.
25048No; of
25049all his companions, the men to whom he entrusted
25050the ordering of divine worship as their first charge
25051were those who were pre-eminently gifted with per-
25052suasive eloquence and discretion.
25053But this charge
25054further embraced a strict superintendence of the Law
25055and of the pursuits of everyday life ; for the appointed
25056duties of the priests included general supervision, the
25057367
p. 392
25058188
25059JOSEPHUS
250603
25061/
25062~
25063ap.dioPpyroupevwv Kal KoAaoTai TOV KaTeyvwope-
25064vwv ot lepets erayOyoav.
25065OG
25066/
25067Av
25068>
25069>
25070\
25071/
25072/
25073e
25074/
25075/
25076(22) Tis av otv apy7 yévoiro Tavs OowrTépa ; Tis
25077\
25078~
25079~
25080~
25081dé Ty eG pGAAov apydlovoa, mavTos pev TOO
25082/
25083m7Anfous
25084KaTecKevacpevov
25085mpos THY evdoéePelar,
25086>
25087/
25088\
25089~
25090e€atperov dé Tv éemyserccay THY lepéwy TemLoTEU-
25091/
250924
25093~
25094~
25095peeve, womep be teXeTIs Twos THS GAns ToALTELas
25096189 olkovopovuperns;
25097a yap oAlywv Hyep@v apifuov
25098190
25099191
25100emitnoevovtes aAAow’ dvddtrew od SvvavTat, pu-
25101OTH PLA. Kal Tederas ézovoyalovtes, Tatra pel
25102TO0v7s | Kal yropns apetabérov? duddtropev 7ets
2510361a TOU TavTos at@vos.
25104Tives obv elow al Tpoppycets Kal dmayopevaets® ; ;
25105amAat Te Kal yvopysor.
25106mpwTyn S TyetTar 7 TeEpt
25107Beobd A€yovaa or* Deds Exer TA GUpTrAaVTA, TavTEANS
25108Kal pakdpios, avTos avT@ Kal mGow adrapKys,
25109apx7) Kal pwéoa Kat TéAos odTOs THY TaVTWY, Epyots
25110pev KOL yaplow
25111evapy7s Kal TAVTOS ovTwoaoby
25112Pavepwrepos, popeay de Kab jeyeBos jet apa-
25113Tos. 7400. peev yap vA m™pos elKOVa. TH ToUTOU
25114Kav 7 mohureAns dry.os, maca de TEXYT) ™pos
25115plncews
25116emivovay
25117atexvos:
25118ovdEev
25119OpLoLoY OUT
25120eldojev OUT emWootmev oT eikalew é€oTW dGotor.
251211 Eus.: d\\éduAo L Lat.
251222 Eus.: dueram(e)icrov L, ed. pr.
251238 6: aiévos Eus. codd.
251244 mpoayopetceas Eus.
251255 Niese: 6 L.
251266 dgavéstaros Eus.
25127« There is a similar passage in Hecataeus’s sketch of
25128Judaism
25129(ap. Diod.
25130Sic.
25131xl sub jin.), which
25132Josephus
25133apparently has in mind, on the selection of the priests
25134and their duties, and the supremacy of the high-priest.
25135368
p. 393
25136AGAINST APION, II. 187-191
25137trial of cases of litigation, and the punishment of
25138condemned persons.*
25139(22) Could there be a more saintly government
25140than that ? Could God be more worthily honoured
25141than by such a scheme, under which religion is the
25142end and aim of the training of the entire community,
25143the priests are entrusted with the special charge of
25144it, and the whole administration of the state re-
25145sembles some sacred ceremony®?
25146Practices which,
25147under the name of mysteries and rites of initiation,
25148other nations are unable to observe for but a few
25149days, we maintain with
25150delight and unflinching
25151determination all our lives.
25152What, then, are the precepts and prohibitions of The first
25153our Law?
25154They are simple and familiar.
25155At their ore Me
25156head stands one of which God is the theme.
25157The Jere eee
25158universe is in God’s hands ; perfect and blessed, self- God.
25159sufficing and sufficing for all, He is the beginning,
25160the middle, and the end of all things.°.
25161By His works
25162and bounties He is plainly seen, indeed more manifest
25163than ought else;
25164but His form and magnitude
25165surpass our powers of description.
25166No materials,
25167however costly, are fit to make an image of Him ;
25168no art has skill to conceive and represent it.
25169The
25170like of Him we have never seen, we do not imagine,
25171and it is impious to conjecture.
25172We behold His
25173® Or “ rite of initiation.”
25174© For ~ the beginning and the end” cf. Apoc:. i. 8} xxi. 6.
25175For “the middle’’ Reinach quotes a rabbinical tradition
25176(Talm. Jer. Sanhed. 18a) that God is represented by the
25177word for
25178“‘ truth” (nox), because
25179it consists
25180of the first,
25181** middle ”’ (incorrect), and last letter of the Hebrew alphabet,
25182but suspects that the three letters (Aleph, Mem, Taw) are
25183really a transcription of the initials of the Greek words
25184apxX7, @éov, TENOS.
25185VOL. I
251862B
25187369
p. 394
25188JOSEPHUS
25189192 €pya BAézopev attot dds, obpavov, yhv, jAov,
25190voara, Cov VEVETELS, KapT@v dvadocels. Tatra
25191feos eroinoey ov yepolv, ov Tovols, OU TWWwY OvV-
25192<pyacopevwr" emben bets, aA
25193atrot. bedjoavTos
25194Kadds nV eis ye yovora..
25195totrov
25196fepamevtéov
25197aoKobvrTas
25198apeTiv:
25199tTpomos yap Oeot Oepametas
25200OUTOS OOLWTATOS.
25201193
25202(23) Eis vads évds Oeot, didov yap dei mavti TO
25203Gmowov,
25204KoWOos
25205amdavTwv
25206Kowod
25207Oeod amavTwv.
25208totrov
25209fepamevovow ev 61a mavTos
25210ot Lepets,
25211194 nyeiTar S€ TOUTWY O TPATos del KaTA yeévos.
25212OvUTOS
25213pera, TOV CUVLEpEwy Gicet TH Ge, dvdd&er tovs
25214VO|LOUS, Oucdoet TEept TOV auduoByroupevew, KO-
25215Adceu Ttovs eheyxfevras.
252160 TovTw p17) TELlopevos
25217195 UpeEer Sixyv ws els Beov adbrov “daeBav.
25218Ovouev
25219Tas Qucias otK els pébnv éavtois, aBovAnrov yap
25220196 eG 7dde,
25221aAXr
25222els cwdpoovryy.
25223Kal él Tats
25224Guoiaus xXpt) Tmp@Tov
25225OrrEp TIS Kowns evxeoBar
25226curnptas, et? Urrep eauTav: emt yap Kowwvig
25227yeyovapev, Kal TAUTHVY O TpoTYyYL@V TOD Ka’ adrov
25228197 idtov pdAvor’ <av> ein Oe Kexapiopevos.
25229Séynois
252305° €oTw mpos tov Bedv, oty bmws 6° rayaba,
252311 Niese: cuvepyacauévey L Eus.
252322 6.60 Eus.
252332 Plato (Tim. 41 c, 42 ©) represented God as employing
25234collaborators in the work of creation.
25235He was followed by
25236Philo (De opif. mund. § 72 Cohn), who from Gen. i. 26 (“let
25237us make man’’) infers a plurality of Gyuovpyot
25238for the
25239creation of man, whereas for the rest of creation ov’devés
25240€den64 Tov cuvepyjcovros.
25241Josephus has used the Timaeus
25242above (4p. i. 7); but his language is here so similar to that
25243of Philo that he may be combating the latter.
25244. Gen. ist.
25245370
p. 395
25246AGAINST APION, II. 192-197
25247works:
25248the light, the heaven, the earth, the sun,
25249the waters, the reproductive creatures, the sprouting
25250crops.
25251These God created, not with hands, not with
25252toil, not with assistants of whom He had no need ; @
25253He willed it so, and forthwith they were made in all
25254their beauty.”
25255Him must we worship by the practice
25256of virtue ; for that is the most saintly manner of
25257worshipping God.
25258(23) We have® but one temple for the one God
25259(for like ever loveth like),4 common to all as God is
25260common to all.
25261The priests are continually engaged
25262in His worship, under the leadership of him who for
25263the time is head of the line.
25264With his colleagues he
25265will sacrifice to God, safeguard the laws, adjudicate
25266in cases of dispute, punish those convicted of crime.’
25267Any who disobey him will pay the penalty as for
25268impiety towards God Himself.
25269Our sacrifices are
25270not
25271occasions
25272for drunken
25273 self-indulgence—such
25274practices are abhorrent to God—but for sobriety./
25275At these sacrifices prayers for the welfare of the
25276community must take precedence of those for our-
25277selves ; for we are born for fellowship, and he who
25278sets its claims above his private interests is specially
25279acceptable to God.
25280We should beseech God not to
25281give us blessings, for He has given them spontane-
25282¢ The Greek has no verb here;
25283the present and future
25284tenses in §§ 193-5 are noteworthy in a work written after
25285A.D. 70, which brought the temple cult to an end.
25286SC7y-Avistot. “the ix. 3.3 ( Jikeus dearjitolike’);,cirach
25287mas 15)(19).
25288¢ Of. § 187.
25289f So Eusebius. Cod. L, which throughout this portion has
25290interpolations, reads *“‘ and would be an excuse for insolence
25291and extravagance—but sober, orderly, noble (perhaps read
25292‘simple ’), in order that we may show special sobriety when
25293sacrificing.”
25294371
25295The temple
25296and the
25297cult.
p. 396
25298JOSEPHUS
25299dédwKe yap atTos éxwv Kal Taow els pécov KaTa-
25300Téekev, aN omws Séxecbar Svvapeba Kai ra-
25301198 Bovres
25302vAdtTwyev.
25303ayveias
25304emt
25305Tats
25306Ovatats
25307ducipnKev 6 vouLos am Kndous, amo AEeyxots,’ amo
25308Kowuias THs ™pos yuvaika Kat ToAA@v
25309dddAwv
25310[a jeaKpov av €lin ypadew.
25311To.wodTos poe 6 _mepl
25312Jeod Kal Tis exelvov Ocparretas Aoyos Hiv éorw,
253136 6 atros apa Kal vopos |.
25314:
25315199
25316(24) Ties 5 of TEpt yepov vOuLoL; pig poovny
25317oidev 6 vopLos THY Kara, gvow THV Tpos yuvaika.,
25318Kal TavTnV <i edAAoe TéxvwY Eveka yiveobar.
25319THY
25320d€ mpos appevas appévwv eotvynke, Kal Oavatos
25321200 rodmiTijuLov el Tis emiyerpnoeev.
25322yapeiv bé KeAever
25323flay Tpourt TpoaEexXovTas, punjde Bvatows apmayats,
25324pd av Seo KaL aTTaTn metoavTas, aa, png
25325Tevew Tapa Tov dobvau _Kuptov Kal KATA ouyyevevav
25326201 THY ELT HOELOV.”
25327“yey, Xelpwr, dno, avdpos els
25328aTavTA.
25329ToLyapodv dTaKoveTw, ay mpos uBpw, arn’
25330iv apyntat: Geos yap avdpt TO Kparos edwxev.
25331|4
25332TavTn ovvetvar det Tov yravTa povn, TO bé THY
25333aAAov zeipdv avdaiv.
25334et b€ Tis TodTo mpd€eev,
25335ovoeuia
25336Gavdtov
25337mapaitnow,
25338ovr
25339et Pidcatto
25340maplévoy érépw 7
25341Tpowporoynpevay,” OUT €l TelceLe
25342202 yeyapnevnv.
25343TeKva Tpehdew arTavTa mpoceTa€ev,
253441 Xexois Naber: \éxous L Eus.
253452 The bracketed words are absent from the best mss. of
25346Eus. and are perhaps a gloss.
253473 rnv émityo. L: érirnéeiov Eus. codd.
253484 Passage suspected by Niese; cf. Ephes. v. 22 and other
25349N.T. parallels.
253505 Niese: mpocwuodoynuervny L.
25351* Cod. L adds:
25352‘‘ which it would be tedious to mention.
25353372
p. 397
25354AGAINST APION, II. 197-202
25355ously and put them at the disposal of all, but for
25356capacity to receive, and, having received, to keep
25357them.
25358In view of the sacrifices the Law has pre-
25359scribed purifications for various occasions:
25360after a
25361funeral, after child-birth, after conjugal union, and
25362many others.@
25363(24) What
25364are
25365our marriage laws?
25366The Law
25367recognizes no sexual connexions, except the natural
25368union of man and wife, and that only for the pro-
25369creation of children.? Sodomy it abhors, and‘punishes
25370any guilty of such assault with death.
25371It commands
25372us, in taking a wife, not to be influenced by dowry,
25373not to carry off a woman by force, nor yet to win her
25374by guile and deceit, but to sue from him who is
25375authorized to give her away the hand of one who is
25376not ineligible on account of nearness of kin.4
25377The
25378woman, says the Law, is in all things inferior to the
25379man.?
25380Let her accordingly be submissive, not for
25381her humiliation, but that she may be directed ; for
25382the authority has been given by God to the man.
25383The husband must have union with his wife alone ;
25384it is impious to assault the wife of another.
25385For any
25386guilty of this crime the penalty of death is inexorable,
25387whether he violates a virgin betrothed to another or
25388seduces a married woman.’
25389The Law orders all the
25390offspring to be brought up, and forbids women either
25391Such is our doctrine, and the Law is to the same effect, con-
25392cerning God and His worship.”
25393> Restriction not specified in the Pentateuch, but implied
25394by the Talmud (passages cited by Reinach).
25395Cf. the practice
25396of one order of Essenes, B. ii. 161.
25397¢ Lev. xx. 13; xviii. 22 with 29.
253984 For the forbidden marriages of near of kin Lev. xviii.
253996 ff.; the other injunctions in this sentence rest on tradition.
25400é Gen. iii. 16.
25401* Lev. xx. 10; Deut. xxii. 22-27.
25402373
25403Laws
25404relating to
25405marriage.
p. 398
25406JOSEPHUS
25407Kal yuvaev dmetmre penr ap.PAobv TO o7rapev pyre
25408diadbeipew,
25409aAN’ nV Pavetn TEKVOKTOVOS
25410GV ein,
25411poxiy adavilovca Kal 70 yeVOS éA\atTovca.
25412ToL-
25413yapovv oud EL Ts emt Acxods" Plopav mapeAGor,
25414203 kaflapos etvau TOTE TpoonjKel.
25415Kal [ETA THV VOpt-
25416204
25417t
25418a
25419jLov cuvovotay av6pos KGL YOVAUEOS aohovoacbar.
25420puxns yap exe ToOTO [LE PLopLOV ™pos adAnv ywpav
25421bréAaBev™ Kal yap eupvopyevn owpace kaKxo7rabe’,
25422Kal ToUTWwY av Favdtw diaKxpileica. didTEp ayvetas
25423€ml Tact Tots ToLwovToUS erage.
25424(25) Od pay ovo" emt Tals TOV Talowy yevereow
25425eeTpebev edwyias ouvtedeiv Kal mpopdcets qrovet-
25426afar pens, adda _cappova Thy apxnv ed0v0s THs
25427Tpopis erage. KQL Ypappara TaLoevew excéAevoev
25428<Kat>® Ta TEpl TOUS vopous® Kal TOV Tmpoyovey Tas
25429mpagers eziotacban, Tas prev wa pyGvra, Tots oe
25430iva ovvTpepopevor pyre Tapapatvwor pate oKnbw
25431ayvotas EXWOL.
25432(26) Tis ets Tovs TeTeAcuTHKOTAS 7 mpouvoncev Ocias
25433od zoduTedeiats evradiow, ov KaTaoKevais pv7)-
25434peetooy emipavav, ard TO. jee Tept TV Kndeta
25435Tots oltketoTaTols emuTeAciv, maa b€ Tots Tapiobat®
25436Kat
25437mpoceAbeiy
25438Kai
25439cuvarodtpacba.
25440Kabaipew
254411 Nexods Naber: Aéyous L Eus.
254422 Text of this clause uncertain: I follow Eus. with Niese.
25443The other texts are:
25444wuyfs
25445re yap xai capatos éyylivera
25446porvopos ws mpos G&\Anv
25447xwpav wroBadévTwy L:
25448hoe enim
25449partem animae polluere iudicauit Lat.
254503 Ins. Niese.
254514 Eus.: mepi re ros vouous dvactpémecbar L.
254525 Kus.: zepioict, ** survivors,” L Lat.
25453@ Not in the Law.
25454+ Lev. xv. 18.
25455° ** There is transference of part of the soul or life-principle
2545637 4
254577 el
p. 399
25458AGAINST APION, II. 202-205
25459to cause abortion or to make away with the foetus ;
25460a woman convicted of this is regarded as an in-
25461fanticide, because she destroys a soul and diminishes
25462the race.*
25463For the same reason none who has inter-
25464course with a woman who is with child can be con-
25465sidered pure.
25466Even after the legitimate relations
25467of husband and wife ablutions are required.?
25468For
25469the Law regards this act as involving a partition of
25470the soul [part of it going] into another place? ; for
25471it suffers both when being implanted in bodies,? and
25472again when severed from them by death.
25473‘That is
25474why the Law has enjoined purifications in all such
25475cases.
25476(25) Again the Law does not allow the birth of our
25477children to be made occasions for festivity and an
25478excuse for drinking to excess.’
25479It enjoins sobriety
25480in their upbringing from the very first.
25481It orders
25482that they shall be taught to read, and shall learn both
25483the laws and the deeds of their forefathers, in order
25484that they may imitate the latter, and, being grounded
25485in the former, may neither transgress nor have any
25486excuse for being ignorant of them.
25487(26) The pious rites which it provides for the dead
25488do not consist of costly obsequies or the erection of
25489conspicuous monuments.
25490The funeral ceremony is
25491to be undertaken by the nearest relatives, and all
25492who pass while a burial is proceeding must join the
25493procession and share the mourning of the family.’
25494from the father.’’
25495I am indebted for this explanation of an
25496obscure passage to Dr. T. E. Page.
25497@ An Essene (and Platonic) view ; cf. B. ii. 154 f.
25498¢ The Talmud, however, recognizes family feasts at birth
25499and circumcision (Reinach).
25500*~ Deut. vi. 75, x1. 19.
255019 Talmudic regulations, not in the Law.
25502For sharing in
25503mourning cf. Sir. vii. 34.
25504:
25505375
25506Education
25507of children.
25508Funeral
25509ceremonies.
p. 400
25510JOSEPHUS
25511d€ Kal TOV olKov Kal TOUS €VOLKODYTUS G70 _K7j00us
25512[wa metarov amexy Tov doxety Kabapos eivat Tis
25513ddvov
25514é epyaodpevos | J.
255152006
25516©6(27) T ovewy TYLA PETA THY 7
25517mos feov devTepav
25518erate Kal TOV oui dyreyBopevov Tas Tap avTa@v
25519xdapitas adn’ els o7Loby €AAcizovra. Aevotjoopevov
25520Tapadiowor.
25521Kal TaVvTOS Too mpeapuTépov TYyULHV
25522exew TOUS veous you, ezrel mpeaBvratov 6 Oeds.
25523207 kpUmTew ovdev EG mpos didous: od yap civar diAtav
25524Ti [1] TAVTA TLGTEVOVOaY.
25525Kav ovpLPH Tis ExOpa,
25526TaTroppyta” Aéyew Kex@doe.
25527dixalwy
25528el dpa
25529TUS
25530AdBou, Qavatos 7 Cypia. TEpLopa@v ier ny
25531208 Ponbetv evov v7evuvos.
255326 pn) ee TLS ovK
25533avaipnoeTat, Tay arAoTpiowv odbdevos aiseTat, TOKOV
25534od Aneta.
25535Tatra Kat Toda TovTois SpoLa THY
25536mpos aAAjAous 7u@v ovvéxer Kowwviay.
25537209
25538(28) [lds d€ Kat tis zpos adAodddAovs emekelas
25539eppovTicey 6 vopobeérns, afvov ety: pavetrat yap
25540apior a
25541mavTWwY
25542Tpovonadjevos
25543OTWsS pyre 7a
25544oiKeta Svadfelpeopev [LTTE Plovijawpev Tots [LeT-
25545210 éxew TOV TET Epo TpoatpovjLevors.
25546OaoL peev yap
25547eféXovaew tro Tovs advrovs 7p vojous Cay vT-
25548eMfovres déxerar didodpdvws, o3 TH yever povov,
255491 Probably a gloss.
255502 Niese: tovrwy dméppyra Eus.
25551¢ Cf. Numb. xix. 11 ff.
25552®’ The fifth commandment (Ex. xx. 12;
25553Deut. v. 16)
25554follows first after those relating to God.
25555Cf. Aristeas, § 228
25556(€vrtodkn weyicrn);
25557Rabbinical parallels in Abrahams, Stud.
25558in Pharisaism, i. 26.
25559© Deut. xxi. 18 ff.
25560@ Lev. xix: 32.
25561¢ Cf. Dan. vii. 9 (the “‘ ancient of days’’), and perhaps
25562Lev. xix. 32.
25563* An Essene doctrine, B. ii. 141 ; not in Pentateuch.
25564376
25565r
25566a
25567oe
p. 401
25568AGAINST APION, II. 205-210
25569After the funeral the house and its inmates must be
25570purified ¢ [in order that anyone guilty of murder may
25571be very far from thinking himself pure].
25572(27) Honour to parents the Law ranks second only
25573to honour to God,’ and if a son does not respond to
25574the benefits received from them—for the slightest
25575failure in his duty towards them—it hands him over
25576to be stoned.’
25577It requires respect to be paid by the
25578young to all their elders,’ because God is the most
25579Ancient of all.¢
25580It allows us to conceal nothing from
25581our friends, for there is no friendship without absolute
25582confidence ; in the event of subsequent estrange-
25583ment, it forbids the disclosure of secrets.
25584A judge
25585who accepts bribes suffers capital punishment.
25586He
25587who refuses to a suppliant the aid which he has power
25588to give is accountable to justice.”
25589None may appro-
25590priate goods which he did not place on deposit,’ lay
25591hands on any of his neighbour's property,’ or receive
25592interest.”
25593These and many similar regulations are
25594the ties which bind us together.
25595(28) The consideration given by our legislator to
25596the equitable treatment of aliens also merits atten-
25597tion.
25598It will be seen that he took the best of all
25599possible measures at once to secure our own customs
25600from corruption, and to throw them open ungrudg-
25601ingly to any who elect to share them.
25602To all who
25603desire to come and live under the same laws with us,
25604he gives a gracious welcome, holding that it is not
256059 Ex. xxiii. 8; Deut. xvi. 19, xxvii. 25 ; but capital punish-
25606ment is nowhere mentioned.
25607% Deut. xv. 7 ff. (as a moral precept only).
25608# Cf. Lev.. vi. 2.
25609J Fix. xx. 15, etc.
25610Fel. peminn 20 5) 1UEVe sexy, OO t.5 Deut xxii, 20 (except
25611from a foreigner),
25612377
25613Honour of
25614parents and
25615other
25616regulations.
25617Attitude to
25618aliens.
p. 402
25619211
25620213
25621214
25622JOSEPHUS
25623ada KaL TH Tpoapecer Too Biov vopiCaw eivan Ty
25624OlKELOTHTA.
25625Tovs O° eK Tapepyou TpocovTas ava-
25626ptyvucbas TH ov Deta. ovK ndedncev.
25627(29) TaAna de mpoelpykev, Ov 7) peTddoats
25628€ €OTW
25629avayKala Tao. Tapéxew Tois Oeoprevors 7p vowp
25630Tpopyy, o000s ppacew,
25631aTapov
25632pi) TrEpLopay,
25633ér vetkels d€ Kal Ta ™pos Tovs moAeuiovs KpilévTas
25634etvae: ov yap «4 THY yh avr av mupmoAetv ovde
25635TEpvew 7TEpa devia, aad KaL oxvevew a7relpnKE
25636ToUs & TH paxn TegovTas KaL Tov alypaduTov
25637mpovvoncer, omrws avr ay uBpis ami}, padiota de
25638yuvatk@v.
25639ovtTws 6 iuepotyTa Kat diravOpwriav
25640npads e€eTaldevoev, ws pndé TOv adAdywv Cawyv
25641oAvywpeiv, adda povay éedqKe’ TovTwWY xpHow THY
25642vopy.ov, macav 6 érépav exwdrAvoev: a & wo7ep
25643(KETEVOVTS. 7 mpoagedyet
256447 Tals olKtaus ametmev avedetv.
25645ovde veoTTOIs TOUS yoveas avTav emérpewe ouv-
25646efarpety, get0ecbar de Kay TH moAcpia TOV epya-
25647Copeveny Cou Kal pt) Povevew.
25648oOUTW TravTaxoDEy
25649Ta mpos emLeLKELay Tepteakeparo, dvdacKaduKcots
25650pev Tots TpoErpyLevols xXpycdpevos vopols, Tovs 6
25651aw KaTa TOV TapaPawovTwy TYyLwpyTLKOUs Ta~as
25652avev Tpopacens.
25653(30) Znpta yap em Tots mhetorous TOV TrapaBauvov-
25654Tw 0 Bavatos, av povyevon Tis, av Budonra Kop,
256551 agjxe Eus.
256562 For “‘the stranger within the gates” cf. Ex. xx. 10,
25657maa 21. cic.
25658®’ Perhaps alluding to the exclusion of the alien from
25659Passover, Ex. xii. 43 (Reinach).
25660¢ So A. iv. 276 (generally) ; Deut. xxvii. 18 (to the blind).
25661Josephus had doubtless heard the calumny upon his nation
25662378
p. 403
25663AGAINST APION, II. 210-215
25664family ties alone which constitute relationship, but
25665agreement in the principles of conduct.*
25666On the
25667other hand, it was
25668not his pleasure that casual
25669visitors should be admitted to the intimacies of our
25670daily life”
25671(29) The duty of sharing with others was inculeated
25672by our legislator in other matters.
25673We must furnish
25674fire, water, food to all who ask for them, point out
25675the road,’ not leave a corpse unburied,’ show con-
25676sideration even to declared enemies.
25677He does not
25678allow us to burn up their country” or to cut down
25679their fruit trees,’ and forbids even the spoiling of
25680fallen combatants;®
25681he has taken measures
25682to
25683prevent
25684outrage
25685to prisoners
25686of war,
25687especially
25688women.’
25689So thorough a lesson has he given us in
25690gentleness and humanity that he does not overlook
25691even the brute beasts, authorizing their use only in
25692accordance with the Law, and forbidding all other
25693employment of them.”
25694Creatures which take refuge
25695in our houses like suppliants we are forbidden to
25696kill.¢
25697He would not suffer us to take the parent
25698birds with their young,’ and bade us even in an
25699enemy's country to spare and not to kill the beasts
25700employed in labour.
25701Thus, in every particular, he
25702had an eye to mercy, using the laws I have mentioned
25703to enforce the lesson, and drawing up for trans-
25704gressors other penal laws admitting of no excuse.
25705(30) The penalty for most offences against the Law
25706is death:
25707for adultery,’ for violating an unmarried
25708mentioned in Juvenal, Sat. xiv. 103 f. (* non monstrare uias,”’
25709ele:):
25710C7 Weutexa..23';, Tobit i. 1% if.
25711€ Not in the Law.
25712fo Deutaxx i192
25713Tip: x. VO tr.
25714& 4.e. on the Sabbath, 7b. v. 14.
25715+ 16. xxii. 6.
25716a Lev..ex. 10:
25717379
25718Humanity
25719of the Law.
25720Penalties.
p. 404
25721216
25722217
25723218
25724219
25725220
25726JOSEPHUS
25727dv dppevi ToAunon metpay mpoodépew, av bropeivyn
25728mabey
257296 meipacbeis.
25730ort
25731Sé€ Kal emt SovdAous
25732opotes 0 VO}LOS
25733dmrapairyTos.. aAAa Kal mepl
25734peTpev el’ TUS KAaKOUpYT|GELEV i) orab cv, 7] Tept
25735Tpacews adiKov Kal dohw YEVvopEvys, Kav bhéAnrat
25736Tes aAAoz prov, Kav
25737O 7) _karebnKev
25738dveAdnrar,
25739TmavT ov EloL KoAdcets ovx ola jap €Tépots, aad’
25740emt TO petlov.
25741mept pev yap yovéwy abdiKias 7
25742Ths eis Oedv aoeBeias, Kav pedAjon*® tis, edOvs
25743amoMurau.
25744Tots pévrou ye vopipos Broboe yépas €oTw ovK
25745apyvpos
25746ovode
25747xXpuaes, o¥ KoTivov
25748orepavos 7)
25749ceXivov Kal Tova’Tn Tis avaKnpvéis, add’ adrtos
25750EKAOTOS AUTA TO ouveloos Exwv paptupoby memt-
25751orevKev, TOD pee vopobérov TpopyrevoavTos, TOU
25752de Deob THY mloTw loxupav® TAPEGXTKOTOS, OTL
25753Tois Tovs vopous SiadvAdEao. Kav et dé€ou OvjoKew
25754drép attav mpobvpws amobavobct dédwKev 6 Oeos
25755yeveoar
25756Te mahw Kal Biov dyuetven AaPetv eK
25757TEPLTPOTTT)S
25758COKVOUV 5° av eyo TavTa. ypapew, el
25759pei) dua TOV Epywv dmacw yy pavepov ott 7roAAot
25760Kat moAAdKis On TOV HEeTEepwv TEpL TOD pNde
25761pha db0éyEacla: mapa tov vopwov mavta mabey
25762yevvaiws mpoetAovTo.
25763(31) Katrou ye ef put) cvpBeBiixer yrospysov Hav 76
257641 wy Eus. cod.
257652 wéd\Ay Eus.
257663 Eus.: éxupay L.
257672 Deut. xxii. 23 (if betrothed).
25768o Ley. xx a
25769¢ Cf. Ley. xix. 11-13, 35-36 ; Deut. xxv. 13 ff.; no punish-
25770ments are there named.
257712 Ch Dente sais
25772Gey, aayts.
25773¢ As in the Olympic games.
25774380
p. 405
25775AGAINST APION, II. 215-220
25776woman,* for outrage upon a male,’ for consent of
25777one so tempted to such abuse.
25778The Law.is no less
25779inexorable for slaves.
25780Even fraud in such matters
25781as weights or measures, or injustice and deceit in
25782trade,
25783or purloining another man’s property,
25784or
25785laying hands on what one did not deposit—all such
25786crimes have punishments® attached to them which
25787are not on the same scale as with other nations, but
25788more severe.
25789For example, the mere intention of
25790doing wrong to one’s parents or of impiety against
25791God is followed by instant death.@
25792For those, on the other hand, who live in accord- The reward
25793ance with our laws the prize is not silver or gold, no f°"
25794crown of wild olive ® or of parsley’ with any such
25795public mark of distinction.
25796No; each individual,
25797relying on the witness of his own conscience and the
25798lawgiver’s prophecy, confirmed by the sure testimony
25799of God, is firmly persuaded that to those who observe
25800the laws and, if they must needs die for them,
25801willingly meet death, God has granted a renewed
25802existence and in the revolution of the ages the gift
25803of a better life.”
25804I should have hesitated to write
25805thus, had not the facts made all men aware that many
25806of our countrymen have on many occasions ere now
25807preferred to brave all manner of suffering rather than
25808to utter a single word against the Law.’
25809(31) Now suppose that our nation had not happened
25810f As in the Isthmian and Nemean games.
258119 Greek “* public proclamation.”
25812” Here, as in his speech at Jotapata (B. iii. 374), Josephus
25813gives expression to the belief, which he held as a Pharisee,
25814in a future life; in the latter passage he uses the full phrase
25815éx mepitpor7s aiwywy, which explains é« mepitpor7js here.
25816For
25817the Pharisaic belief cf. A. xviii. 14.
25818‘ Cf. Ap. i. 43, ii. 233; B. ii. 152 f. (of Essene martyrs).
25819381
p. 406
25820JOSEPHUS
25821»”
25822i< 4
25823b)
25824/
25825e
25826/
25827>
25828~
25829efvos azacw
25830aviperTos trapyew
25831Kav
25832davep@
25833Ketoban Ti eGehovavov 7p-@v Tots vopots axohou-
25834221 Oiav, aAAd tis 7) ovyypaspa. eyo abros dveywwoKe
25835TOUS “EMyow, 1 TOU ye’ mEpiTvxelv €Ew Tijs ye
25836oKOMEVT|S yijs epackey avoparrous TOLAUT HV bev
25837EXovar d0€av ovTw oemvyy TEpl TOD Jeod, ToLovToUs
25838Oe vopous molvv al@va BeBaiws
25839E[pLE LEV] KOOL,
25840mavras av oat Gavpacar bua Tas cuvexets Tap
25841222 avtois petaBodAds.
25842ayreher TOV ypapan TL Tapa-
25843mAjaov els moAiTeiav Kal vopous eTUX ELT TGYT OW
25844ws Gavpaota ovvbevtwy Katyyopotat, dacKovtes
25845atvrovs AaBety advvatous trobéces. Kat Tovs pev
25846EA
25847/
25848/
25849a
25850~
25851ddovs
258527 Trapanetrray proaddgovs, OGOL
25853TL TOLOUTOV
25854223 €v Tots ypdppacw en
25855mpayparevoavro, TlAdreov de
25856Gavpalopevos mapa tots “EXAnow ws Kat ocep-
25857VOTHTL Biov OueveyKa Kal Ouvdpe Aoywv Kal
25858mevBot 7 mavTas bmepapas Tovs ev purooogia yeyo-
25859voras, b70 Tov dackovTwy Sewdy eivar TA TOAITUKG
25860puuKkpod
25861deity
25862yAevalopevos
25863Kal
25864Kwywodovpevos
25865224 duareAel.
25866Kaito.
25867TaKelvov
25868cKkoTa@v
25869ovyxva@s*
25870Tis
25871av evpo. pdova ovta* Kal THS° THY TOAA@Y Eyyrov
25872A /
258736.
25874>]
25875‘
25876be
25877IIA é
25878e
25879Ao
25880a
25881ouv7fetas.®
25882avros
25883de
25884aTwv
25885wyodoynKev
25886OTL
25887\
25888>
25889~
25890\
25891~
25892/
25893>
25894\
25895~
25896y+
25897tiv adAnfi mept Beot dd€av eis THY TaV OxAwy
25898ayvo.ay’ obK nv aapades eEeveyKeiv.
25899i
25900225
25901“Ada
25902ra pev I[lAdtwvos
25903Adyous twes
25904eivar
25905A
25906/
25907A
25908\
25909;
25910/
25911Kevovs vopilovor, Kata mroAAnv e€ovaotay KexadX-
25912ypadynpevous, pddtota b€ Tv vopolera@v Avk-
259131 Om. ye Eus.
259142 cuyypayyacw L Lat. Eus. cod.
259153 I suggest cvxre@.
259164 ed. pr.: paov évra L, paov Eus.
259175 Naber: vas Eus., 7ais L.
259186 guvnfeias L.
259197 L Lat.: advo Eus.
25920q
25921382
p. 407
25922AGAINST APION, II. 220-225
25923to be known to all the world and our voluntary We put into
25924practice
25925obedience to our laws were not a patent fact, and what Greeks
25926suppose that some one had delivered a lecture to the 2 oe
25927Greeks which he admitted to be the outcome of his ideals.
25928own imagination, or asserted that somewhere outside
25929the known world he had met with people who held
25930such sublime ideas about God and had for ages con-
25931tinued steadily faithful to such laws as ours;
25932his
25933words would, I imagine, astonish all his hearers, in
25934view of the constant vicissitudes in their own past
25935history.
25936In fact, those who have attempted to draft
25937a constitution and code on any such lines are accused
25938of inventing something miraculous, based, according
25939to their critics, on impossible premisses.
25940I pass over
25941other philosophers who have handled such topics
25942in their writings.
25943I need name
25944only Plato, who, current
25945admired, as he is, by the Greeks for his outstanding eT m
25946dignity of character, and as one who in oratorical Repubiic.
25947power and persuasive eloquence outmatched all other
25948philosophers, is yet continually being, I may almost
25949say, scoffed at and held up to ridicule by those who
25950claim to be expert statesmen.
25951And yet, on examina-
25952tion, his laws will be found to be frequently @ easier
25953than ours, and more closely approximating to the
25954practice of the masses.
25955Plato himself admits that
25956it is hazardous to divulge the truth about God to the
25957ignorant mob.
25958There
25959are, however, men
25960who regard
25961Plato’s Weare mors
25962dialogues as futile,’ brilliant but very fanciful com- {f¥77,0"
25963positions, and the legislator for whom they have the Spartans.
25964¢ Or (reading cvxv@) “‘ far.”
25965® Plato, Tim. 28c:
25966“‘ When we have found him [viz. the
25967maker of the universe], to speak of his nature to all men is
25968impossible.”
25969¢ Greek “ empty.”
25970383
p. 408
25971JOSEPHUS
25972otpyov teBavudKacr, Kal THY Uaapryv amavrTes
25973tpvovow,
25974OTe Tots éxelvou
25975vopLots emt AetoTov
25976226 evercapTepnoey.”
25977ovKoby TobTO puev cpohoynobe
25978TEK7 ploVv apetns eivat TO meiOecbar Tots vopots
25979ot 6€ Aaxkedayoviovs
25980Oavyalovres
25981Tov éxelvwv
25982xpovov avtimapaBadAerwoayv tots mAcioow 7 d10-
25983227 ytAlois ETEor THS HpeTEepas woAiTElas, Kal TpOGETL
25984Aoyilécbwoav, ote Aaxedaysdviot dcov ed éavTayv
25985ypovov elyov tiv eAevfepiay axpiBGs edo€av Tovs
25986vopous dvaduddrrew, evel [LevTOL
25987TrEpt avrovs
25988€yevovTo peraBodat THs TUXNS peuxpod det a
25989amdvTwv
25990228 emeAdbovro TOV vope. jpets 5° év tvyats yeyo-
25991votes pupiais dua tas Tav PaoilevodvTwy
25992THs
25993"Acias
25994pretaBoAas
25995otd’
25996€v Tois
25997eaydTols
25998THY
25999dew@v Tovs vojouvs mpovdopev, ovK apytas ovdE
26000tpudjs*? attovs ydpw mepiétovtes, GAN
26001et Tis
26002eGéAo.
26003oKoretv, toAAD tur
26004THs SoKovons
26005emt-
26006reTtayGa: Aaxedayoviors Kaptepias® peilovas a-
26007229 OAovs Kal Tévous Hp emutBevras.
26008Ol Lev ye Hare
26009viv epyalopevor pare Tept Texvas TovoovTes,
26010aAAa mdons epyactas aero, Avrrapot Kal TO
26011owuata mpos KadXXos acKkobytes, emt THs moAEws
26012230 Oufjyov, adAous darnperats mpos dmavra Ta. tod Biov
26013Ypwpevor KaL TV Tpophy erouuyy Tap ekelvov
26014Aap Bavovres, ep ev" o7) TOvTO peovov 70 kahov
26015épyov Kal diAdvipwrov dmavtTa Kal mpdatTew Kal
26016macxew vTomevovTes, TO KpaTetvy TaVTWY Eh OUS
26017231 av aotparevwow.
26018OTt b€ unde TodTO KaTwpIwoar,
26019€@ éyew: od yap Kal? eva pdvov, adda zroAAot
26020TmoAAdKis abpdms t&v Tod vopov mpooraypatwv
260211 évexaprépnoav Eus. (Lat.).
260222 Dindorf: rpodjs*L.
260233 Cotélier:
26024saprupias L.
260254 Bekker: fy L.
26026384
p. 409
26027AGAINST APION, II. 225-231
26028highest admiration is Lycurgus ; the praises of Sparta
26029are sung by all the world, because she remained for
26030so long faithful to his laws.
26031Be it, then, conceded that
26032obedience to law is a proof of virtue; but let the
26033admirers of the Lacedaemonians set the duration of
26034that state over against the period of upwards of two
26035thousand
26036years
26037of our
26038constitution?
26039Let them
26040further reflect that the Lacedaemonians thought
26041good strictly to observe their laws only so long as
26042they retained their liberty and independence, but
26043when they met with reverses of fortune forgot well-
26044nigh all of them.
26045We, on the contrary, notwith-
26046standing the countless calamities in which changes
26047of rulers in Asia have involved us, never even in the
26048direst extremity proved traitors to our laws; and
26049we respect them not from any motive of sloth or
26050luxury. A little consideration will show that they
26051impose on us ordeals and labours far more severe
26052than the endurance commonly believed to have been
26053required of the Lacedaemonians.
26054‘Those men neither
26055tilled the ground nor toiled at crafts, but, exempt
26056from all business, passed their life in the city, sleek
26057of person and cultivating beauty by physical train-
26058ing ; for all the necessaries of life they had others to
26059wait on them, by whom their food was prepared and
26060served to them ; and the sole aim for which they were
26061prepared to do and suffer everything was the noble
26062and humane object of defeating all against whom
26063they took the field.
26064Even in this, I may remark in
26065passing, they were unsuccessful.
26066The fact is that
26067not isolated individuals only, but large numbers have
26068frequently, in defiance of the injunctions of their
26069@ 7.e. from Moses to Titus.
26070VOL. I
260712G
26072385
p. 410
26073JOSEPHUS
26074dpeAjoavtes abtovs peta TOV O7Awy Tapédocay
26075TOUS TroAcpLio1s
26076232
26077(32) ”
26078“Ap: otv Kal Tap mp, od Aéyw ToGoUTOUS,
26079aAAa dvo 7) Tpeis Eyvw Tis? mpodoras /EVO}LEVOUS
26080Tov vopnov 7 Oavatov dofybevras, ovxt TOV piorov
26081éxeivov A€yw Tov oupBatvovra Tots paxopevors,
26082aAAa TOV peta Adpns TaV TUPLATW, OTrotos e€tvat
26083233 doxet mavT OV xarerurraros ; ov éywye voptlo
26084TWas KpatnoavTas Type ovx b70 puicovs 7poc-
26085dhépew Tots v7oxeuptots, aA’ ws Javpaorov Tt
26086Oéapa BovAopevous | idely, et TwWés €low dv permrou
26087OL povov eivat KaKov adrots TETLOTEVKOTES, et iy
26088mpatat TL Tapa TOUS €avT@v vOpLOUS 7) doyov etme
26089234 7ap exelvous mapapiacbeiev.
26090o¥ xpi de Oavpa-
26091Cew el ™pos Pdveerov dvdpetus EXO[LEV Oep Tov
26092VOpLev Tapa TOUS aArous dmavras: ovee yap TA
26093paora
26094doxobyTa TOV TET Epa emUT OE UAT OW
26095dAdo. padiws dropevovew, avroupytay Aéyon KaL
26096Tpodijs Awroryra Kal TO pLndev eth} pnd os eTUXeV
26097EKGOTOS €TT wrefupnKas® payev 1
26098q] Tet, 7 ouvovata
26099mpoceAbeiy 7 modvTedcia, Kai maAWw apylias dz0-
26100235 petvar Ta€w apetaKivynTov.
26101GAd’ of Tots Eipeow
26102Op.0ce xXwpodvTes Kal Tovs TroAcquiovs e€ Eepodov
26103TpeTOpLevol TOlS TMpooTaypact
26104Tots meEpt SiaiTys
26105odk <av> avrTiPrdbevav.
26106aiv d€ madAw é€x Tod
26107mept tadTa
261087TH vouw mebapyeiv
26109ydéws KaKel
26110TepleoTw emidetkvucbat TO yevvaiov.
26111236
26112(33) Eira Avoipayou kat Modwves Kai tovodrot
26113Twes adda ovyypadets, addKyL0L CodioTal, welpakiwv
261141 éyrw tis ed. pr.: éyvov L.
261152 ci i Niese; ei L: 4 Lat., ed. pr.
26116386
26117a
26118ae
26119“had
26120Vah
p. 411
26121AGAINST APION, II. 231-236
26122law, surrendered in a body with their arms to the
26123enemy.?
26124(32) Has anyone ever heard of a case of our people,
26125not, I mean, in such large numbers, but merely two
26126or three, proving traitors to their laws or afraid of
26127death?
26128I do not refer to that easiest of deaths, on
26129the battlefield, but death accompanied by physical
26130torture, which is thought to be the hardest of all.
26131To such a death we are, in my belief, exposed by
26132some of our conquerors, not from hatred of those at
26133their mercy, but from a curiosity to witness the
26134astonishing spectacle of men who believe that the
26135only evil which can befall them is to be compelled
26136to do any act or utter any word contrary to their
26137laws.
26138There should be nothing astonishing in our
26139facing death on behalf of our laws with a courage
26140which no other nation can equal.
26141For even those
26142practices of ours which seem the easiest others find
26143difficult to tolerate : I mean personal service, simple
26144diet, discipline which leaves no room for freak or
26145individual caprice in matters of meat and drink, or in
26146the sexual relations, or in extravagance, or again the
26147abstention from work at rigidly fixed periods.’
26148No;
26149the men who march out to meet the sword and charge
26150and rout the enemy could not face regulations about
26151everyday
26152life.
26153On the
26154other
26155hand,
26156our
26157willing
26158obedience to the law in these matters results in the
26159heroism which we display in the face of death.
26160(33) For all that, the Lysimachuses and Molons
26161and other writers of that class, reprobate sophists
26162* e.g. at Sphacteria (Thue. iv. 38).
26163® 7.e. the Sabbaths.
261643 Hudson: brrorefuunkws ed. pr. (-xev L).
26165387
26166Our heroic
26167endurance.
p. 412
26168JOSEPHUS
261695
26170~
26171e
26172/
26173e
26174~
26175/
26176>
26177/
26178aTaTeaves, Ws Tavu Has Pavdotatovs avOpuTtwv
26179=
26180=
26181>
261824
26183>
26184>
26185x”
26186>
26187,
26188\
26189A
26190237 Aovdopotow.
26191éeyw 8 otK av éBovdrdunv epi TOV
26192Tap érépoits vopinwv e€eralew: Ta yap avTav
26193~
26194~
26195b)
26196/
26197Tpetv guar TEW mdz pLov €oTU, ov TOV d.\Ao7 pie
26198KaTnyopelv, Kal TEpl ye TOD pnTe yAevalew pare
26199>
26200Pracdnpetv Tovs vop.lojéevous
26201Jeods Tap
26202€Té-
26203pots GVTLKpUS jp fe) vopoberns areipy Key, avis
26204238 Evexa Tpoonyoplas Tob Beod.
26205Tay dé KaTyyopwv
26206\
26207~
26208~
26209/
26210dua THS avTuTapalécews Tuas eAéyyew olopevwv
26211ovy oldv Te KaTaowwmav, GdAAws TE Kal TOO Aoyou
26212f
26213>]
26214e
26215>
26216e
26217~
26218vA
262191
26220~
26221,
26222~
26223peAXovtos oby bd Hudv AexOjocoba’
26224viv adrayv
26225/
26226>
262275
26228e
26229\
26230XN
26231~
26232>
26233/
26234\
26235/
26236cuvtevtwr, aA’ bro moAA@v eipypévov Kat diay
26237eDOOKYLOUYTUD. :
26238239
26239Tis yap ta&v Tapa Tots “EMqow emt cogia
26240TeUavpacpevew OvK ETITETYLNKE KO TOLNT@V Tots
26241emipaveatatos Kal voyobeTayv Tots pdAvora mremt-
26242oTevpevols, OTL ToLavTas ddEas mrept Ded €€ apyfs
26243240 Tots 7AjGeow eyKATEOTELPGY ; apne Lev O7TOGOUS
26244>)
262455
26246/
26247av avTot Dedjowow dToPawopevol,® e€ aM Awy
26248de ywopevous Kal KOTO mavTolous TpoTrous yevécewy,
26249TovTovs d€ Kal diapodyTes TOOLS Kal dLaiTals,
26250ov
26251~
26252Y
26253~
26254A
26255woTep Tov Cwwv Ta yévn, TOs ev UTO yHV, TOUS
262565° é€v Gadarrn, tos pévto. mpeofutdtovs attav
26257~
26258A
26259241 €v TH Taptdpw dedepevovs.
26260daois dé Tov obpavov
26261~
26262/
26263améveysav, TOUTOLS TaTépa ev TH AOywW, TUpavvoV
26264~
26265/
26266d€ Tols epyois Kat deaomdTyyv ediotavTes, Kal did
26267TovTo
26268ovviotapevny
26269emiBovrAny
26270em
26271avrov
26272dro
26273\
26274~
26275A
26276/
26277“a
26278>
26279~
26280yuvaikos
26281Kal adeApod Kai
26282Ovyatpdos, qv eK THs
262831 Niese: é\eyxOjcecba L.
262842 Lowth: evdoxtuotrres L.
262853 Niese (after Lat.): drogjvacéa L.
26286388
26287LL
26288PBL
26289ALE
26290ha
26291~~
262922e
p. 413
26293AGAINST APION, II. 236-241
26294and deceivers of youth, rail at us as the very
26295vilest of Criticism of
26296mankind.
26297Gladly would
26298I have
26299avoided
26300an
26301in- ‘f¢religion
26302vestigation of the institutions of other nations ;
26303; for Greeks.
26304it is our traditional custom to observe our own laws
26305and to refrain from criticism of those of aliens.
26306Our
26307legislator has expressly forbidden us to deride or
26308blaspheme the gods recognized by others, out of.
26309respect for the very word “God.”
26310But since our
26311'
26312accusers expect to confute us by a comparison of the
26313rival religions, it is impossible to remain silent.
26314I
26315speak with the more assurance because the statement
26316which I am about to make is no invention of my own
26317for the occasion, but has been made by many writers
26318of the highest reputation.
26319Who, in fact, is there among the admired sages Their gross
26320of Greece who has not censured their most famous and immoral
26321poets and their most trusted legislators for sowing in the gods.
26322the minds of the masses the first seeds of such notions
26323about the gods?
26324They represent them to be as
26325numerous as they choose, born of one another and
26326engendered in all manner of ways.
26327They assign
26328them
26329different
26330localities
26331and habits,
26332like animal
26333species, some living under ground,? others in the sea,°
26334the oldest of all being chained in Tartarus.2
26335Those
26336to whom they have allotted heaven have set over
26337them one who is nominally Father, but in reality a
26338tyrant and despot ; with the result that his wife and
26339brother and the daughter, whom he begot from his
26340i
26341a Ex. xxii. 28 (“Thou shalt not revile God ”’), as interpreted
26342by the LXX (eovs ot kaxoNoyjoes), by Josephus again in A. iv.
26343207, and by Philo (with the same idea of hallowing the Name),
26344Vita Mos. ii. (26) 205; De spec. leg. i. (7) 53 Cohn.
26345® Hades, Persephone, etc.
26346¢ Poseidon, Amphitrite, Proteus.
26347@ The Titans.
26348389
p. 414
26349242
26350243
26351245
26352246
26353JOSEPHUS
26354€avtod Kedadns éeyévynoev, Wa 67) ovAdAaPovrtes
26355avtov
26356KalleipEwow,
26357Womep
26358atros
26359éKelvos
26360Tov
26361TaTépa Tov €avTod.
26362(34) Taira dixaiws pepipenws 7 mois Gévodow ot
26363Ppov7jcet Ovagepovres.
26364Kal mpos ToUTOLS KaTO-
26365yeddow, ei tov Oedy Tods pev ayevelous Kal
26366petpaKia, Tovs 6€ mpeaButépovs
26367Kat yeveravras
26368etvau xp7) SoKxetv, adXous de TeTdy Ga 7pos Tats
26369TEXVGLS, a ese Twa, THY 8 vdaivoveay, TOV
26370d€ moAcquotvTa
26371Kat pet avOpuTwv paydopevor,
26372Tvs de xapilovras 7) TOELKH Xalpovras, ctr’
26373avrots eyyvyvopéevas mpos aAArAous ordcets Kal
26374TEpt avOparrov dirovertias, pexpt Tod p17 jeovov
26375aAAjArous Tas yxelpas mpoodépew,
26376adda Kal on
26377avopwrwv tpavyatilopevous odvpecfar Kat Kako-
26378mabeiy.
26379to dé 67 7avTwv acedyéoTepov, THY TeEpL
26380Tas pikes aKpaciay Kal Tovs épwras m@s ovK
26381atomov
26382puKkpod
26383deity
26384dmact
26385mpocdysar
26386Kat
26387Tots
26388dppeot. tov OeGv Kat tats OnAeias;
26389«i8’ 6 yev-
26390VaLOTATOS Kal Tp@Tos, aVTOS O TaTIpP, Tas aTaTN-
26391Beicas om attop
26392Kal yevouevas éyKtous Kab-
26393elpyvupevas: 7 Karamovrilopevas
26394Teplopa,
26395Kal
26396TOUS €€ avToo yeyover ras
26397oute owlew Svvarat,
26398KpaTovpevos UTO THs Elwapuevns, OUT adaKpuTL
26399tovs Qavdarous avr av Dropevew.
26400Kaha ye TavTa
26401Kat TovTois aA\a* ETOLEVOL, jrouxelas pev ev ov-
26402pava Breropevns ouTws CVALGXVVTWS bio TOV
26403fev, dote Twas Kal CyndAodv opodoyetv Tovs én
26404abtH Sedeevous.
26405TL yap ovK eeAAov, OmETE Hd
264061 rovros €\Xa Hudson (with Lat.): tots ddXos L.
26407Iliad, i. 399 f.
26408390
26409ety %.
p. 415
26410AGAINST APION, II. 241-246
26411own head,® conspire against him, to arrest and im-
26412prison him, just as he himself had treated his own
26413father.
26414(34) Justly do these tales merit the severe censure
26415which they receive from their intellectual leaders.
26416Moreover, they ridicule the belief that some gods
26417are beardless striplings, others old and bearded ; ?
26418that some are appointed to trades, this one being a
26419smith,’ that goddess a weaver,’ a third a warrior
26420who fights along with men,’ others lute-players 7 or
26421devoted
26422to archery
26423;% and again that they are
26424divided into factions and quarrel about men, in so
26425much that they not only come to blows with each
26426other, but actually lament over and suffer from
26427wounds inflicted by mortals.”
26428But—and here out-
26429rageousness reaches its climax—is it not monstrous to
26430attribute those licentious unions and amours to well-
26431nigh all the deities of both sexes ? Furthermore, the
26432noblest and chief of them all, the Father himself,
26433after seducing women?
26434and rendering them pregnant,
26435leaves them to be imprisoned or drowned in the sea ;
26436and is so completely at the mercy of Destiny that he
26437cannot either rescue his own offspring or restrain his
26438tears at their death.
26439Fine doings are these, and
26440others that follow, such as adultery in heaven, with
26441the gods as such shameless onlookers that some of
26442them confessed that they envied the united pair/
26443And well they might, when even the eldest of them,
26444>» *Tovem semper barbatum, Apollinem semper imber-
26445bem,” Cic. De nat. deor. i. 30 (83).
26446¢ Hephaestus.
264474 Athene, Hom. /liad, xiv. 178 f.
26448ee Peres.
26449Ff Apollo.
264509 Apollo and Artemis.
26451& Hom. Iliad v. 335 ff., 375 ff.
26452t e.g. Danaé, Io, Leto, Semele.
26453+. Cf. Hom, Od. v. 118) i.
26454391
p. 416
26455247
26456248
26457249
26458250
26459251
26460JOSEPHUS
264616 mpeapvraros Kal Baotreds ovr Tijs ™pos
26462THY yuvaika pi€ews éemucyeiv TIP Oppnv Ocov yoov
26463eis TO Owpyatiov ameABeiv;
26464ot de 87 SovdevovTes
26465tots avlpwmo
26466feot Kat viv pev otKodopodvtTes
26467a
26468a
26469~
26470~
26471\
26472/
26473+
26474A
26475/
26476el poh, viv 6€ moysatvovtes, aAAou b€ TpoTrov
26477KaKoupyov ev xaAK@ deopwTnply Oedepevor, Twa.
26478TOV ev PpovowvTa ovK av Tapoguveray Kal Tots
26479tabtta ovviciow
26480énim AREA Kal moAAgy <brjBevav
26481KaTayvOval TOV mpoceuevwv;*
26482ot de Kal Setpov
26483\
26484/
26485x”
26486\
26487A
264887
26489\
26490>
26491twa Kat doPov, non be Kat Avooay Kal amdrnv
26492KaL TL yap ovxl TOV KaKioTwy Tabav eis Oeod
26493pvow KaL poppy dveTAacav: tots 6 evdypo-
26494Tépols TOUTWY
26495Kal Odew Tas 70Ae
26496emretoav.
26497Tovyapooy eis oAAjy avayKny Kalioravtat Tovs
26498pev Twas
26499Tov Bedv vopilew Sor 7jpas ayabay,
26500TOUS de kahety dmorpomaious, eita Oe TovTous,
26501WoTEp TOUS TrovnpoTdrous TOV avo porto, Xapuor
26502Kal Oapois a7ocElovTaL, peya. ve Anecbar KaKkov
26503tn aitav ee
26504el py polov adrois
26505Tapaoxovev.
26506(35) Ti roivuv 70 aittov THs TooavTyS avwyadtas
26507Kat wept TO Oetov mAnppedcias;
26508eyw prev da0-
26509/
26510\
26511/
26512\
26513>
26514~
26515~
26516~
26517/
26518>
26519AapBavw zo pate tiv adAnfA tot Geotd dvow e&
26520apxis ovvideivy att@v Tovs vopobéras, py doov
26521kat Aafeiv jdvviPncav axpiPH yvHow s.opicartas,
26522mpos
26523TovtTo
26524momnoacla.
26525tiv aAAnv tééw
26526Tob
26527/
26528‘
26529>
26530>
26531iA
26532+
26533~
26534modizevpatos,
26535aA’
26536womep addq tu tev davdo-
26537TaTwv edjKayv Tois ev TounTats ovaTwas av Bov-
265381 Niese: mpoeuévwy L.
265392 Jliad xiv. 312 ff.
26540’ Poseidon and Apollo, Iliad xxi. 442-5.
26541—_
26542ad
p. 417
26543AGAINST APION, II. 246-251
26544the king, could not restrain his passion for his consort
26545long enough to permit of withdrawal to his chamber.”
26546Then there are the gods in bondage to men, hired
26547now as builders,2 now as shepherds®;
26548and others
26549chained, like criminals, in a prison of brass.6
26550What
26551man in his senses would not be stirred to reprimand
26552the inventors of such fables and to condemn the
26553consummate
26554folly of those who believed them ?
26555They have
26556even
26557deified Terror and Fear,’ nay,
26558Frenzy and Deceit (which of the worst passions have
26559they not transfigured into the nature and form of a
26560god ?), and have induced cities to offer sacrifices to
26561the more respectable ’ members of this pantheon.
26562Thus they have been absolutely compelled to regard
26563some of the gods as givers of blessings and to call
26564others
26565“ (gods) to be averted.’
26566They then rid
26567themselves of the latter, as they would of the worst
26568scoundrels of humanity, by means of favours and
26569presents, expecting to be visited by some serious
26570mischief if they fail to pay them their price.
26571(35) Now, what is the cause of such irregular and Cause of
26572erroneous conceptions of the deity ? For my part, I Meseur
26573moral ideas :
26574trace it to the ignorance of the true nature of God eee lence
26575with which their legislators entered on their task, and py the.
26576to their failure to formulate even such correct know- !esislators
26577ledge of it as they were able to attain and to make
26578the rest of their constitution conform to it.
26579Instead,
26580as if this were the most trifling of details, they allowed
26581Apollo, 2b. 448 f.
26582The Titans.
26583Deimos and Phobos, attendants of Ares, /liad xv. 119.
26584Or “‘ auspicious.”
265859 Greek drorporaious, i.e. avertentes,
26586‘“‘averters of evil.”
26587Josephus, as is clear from the context, gives it a passive
26588meaning, “‘ whose evil influence is to be averted.”
26589Se)
26590393
p. 418
26591JOSEPHUS
26592Awvrat Geodvs elodyew mavTa macxovtas, tots Se
26593pytopot ToAuroypadety Kara pjpropa TOV Eévew
26594252 Ge@v Tov emuTHOELOV. ToAGs | de Kat Cwypadou Kal
26595mAdoTat THs els TovTO Tapa Tov ‘EAAjvev ac-
26596éAavoar
26597efovoias, avTos
26598€eKaaTOS zw poppy
26599eTWoay, Oo pev ex TAO 7AdTTWY, 6 b€ ypadwr,
26600of de eNta O7] Favpralopevo TOV Onpoupyav
26601TOV edepavra KQL TOV Xpucov exovar Tis del Kaw
26602oupytas THY vrobecw.
26603Kat Ta pev TOV lep@v ev
26604epnuia tavTeA@s
26605eiow, Ta O€ eumepiomovdacTa
26606kabldpaear
26607TravTobaT
26608Tats
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26611yeynpaKacw:
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26614254 Aéyew" aAAou Oe Kawvot TWES etoayopevoL Opnoxeias
26615Tuyxdvovow
26616[ws ev mapexBdoer
26617wv TpoeimopLev
26618Tous TOTOUS Sonpucslevras Kkatadurety |** KOL Tov
26619tep@v Ta ev epnpodvTat, 74 d€ vewoTl KaTa TI
26620TOV avOparev® Bovhnow EKAOTOS iopverar, d€ov®
26621TovvayTtov THY Tept Too Jeod dd€ay atrods Kal THV
26622Tpos avTov TYLA dpLeTaKU]TOV Ovapuddrrew.
26623255 _(36) ‘AoA esvuos jLev OUV O MoAwy TOV AVOT;TOWV
26624cis nV KAL TETUPWLLEVWY.
26625TOUS LEVTOL KAT aAnBevav
26626ev tots
26627“EAAnvexots
26628prooopycarras
26629OUTE
26630TOV
26631Tpoeypn LevenV ovdev
26632dueAabev, ouTe Tas puxpas
26633mpopacets T@v adAnyopiayv Tyvoncay dome p Tov
26634pev ELKOTWS KaTeppovnoay, els de tiv adnbA Kat
26635mpeTovoay TEpt Tob feot dogav 7
26636py cvuvedwvycav.
26637256 ad 7s opynbets 6 [Acre ouTe Tav aArwy ot6d-
26638éva wontav gdyo. deiv els tiv ToAurelav mapa-
26639to Ou (at)
266401 The bracketed words are glosses, which have crept into
26641the text of L and are absent from the Latin.
26642394
p. 419
26643AGAINST APION, II. 251-256
26644the poets to introduce what gods they chose, subject and licence
26645to all the passions, and the orators to pass decrees Fosts and
26646for entering the name of any suitable foreign god on artists.
26647—
26648the burgess-roll.
26649Painters also and sculptors were
26650given great licence in this matter by the Greeks, each
26651designing a figure of his own imagination, one mould-
26652ing it of clay, another using paints.
26653The artists who
26654are the most admired of all use ivory and gold as the
26655material for the novelties which they are constantly
26656producing.*
26657And now the gods who once flourished
26658with honours are grown old,* that is the kinder way
26659of putting it; and others, newly introduced, are the
26660objects of worship.
26661Some temples are left to desola-
26662tion, others are but now. being erected, according
26663to individual caprice ; whereas they ought, on the
26664contrary, to have preserved immutably their belief
26665in God and the honour which they rendered to Him.
26666(36) Apollonius Molon was but one of the crazy analogies
26667fools.
26668The genuine exponents of Greek philosophy frtween
26669were well aware of all that I have said, nor were Plato and
26670they ignorant of the worthless? shifts to which the oes
26671allegorists have resort.
26672That was why they rightly
26673despised them and agreed with us in forming a true
26674and befitting conception of God.
26675From this stand-
26676point Plato declares that no poet ought to be admitted
26677¢ The ms. at these points adds the following glosses:
26678** Some temples are completely desolate ; the most celebrated
26679are being renovated, with all manner
26680of purifications ”’ ;
26681‘* and those who flourished after them have been relegated
26682to a secondary position’’;
26683“‘ so that, as (?) we said before
26684in a digression, the sites are left desolate.”
26685b (Greek.
26686frigid.”
266872 rov avd. L: a’royv Lat.
266883 + roivuy L (om. ed. pr.).
26689395
p. 420
26690bo Or ~I
26691258
26692259
26693260
26694261
26695262
26696JOSEPHUS
26697/
26698\
26699\
26700a
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26702/
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26704/
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26706“Opnpov edojpws arroméumeTat
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26709pddiora
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26714ypyéTEpov
26715vowobérny Kav TH pndev ovTW Taldev[LA4 Tpoc-
26716TaTTew Tots moAiTats ws TO TaVTAas aKpiB@s Tovs
26717vopous ekpavOdvew,
26718Kal pry Kat Tepi TOO pH
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26730vopols Tpovvencev.
26731av ovdev Aoytcapevos 6 MéAwv
26732’"AmoAAdyios Hav KaTnyopnoev,
26733OTL pn Tapa-
26734/
26735\
26736+
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26738/
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26740~
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26750/
26751/
26752~
26753/
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26759>
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26773"EdAjow evdokywratwv.
26774Aakedaysdviot b€ Kat
26775EevnAacias movovpevor dueTéAovy Kal Tois avTaV
26776>
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26781>
26782/
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26784>
26785amoénetv TroAitais odK émétpetov, Siadbopay e&
26786apdotv thopwpevor yevicecbar mept Tovs vopous.
26787Exelvols prev ovv TAX Gy’ SvoKoAiay Tis dvELOioELEY
26788elKOTWS* ovdEVL yap oUTE THS ToATElas OUTE TIS
26789map avtois peTedidocay diatpibs.
26790jets dé Ta
26791pev tov aAAwy CydAodv ote a€iodpev, Tovs pevTot
26792petéxew TOV qeTepwv BovdAopévovs Hd€ws Sexo-
26793pcfa.
26794Kat TodTo av ein TEeKpTpLov, oipar, Pid-
26795avOpwrias apa Kat peyadopvyias.
26796(37) “Ed zepi Aaxedaynoviwy emi mreiw Aéyew. ot
26797\
26798\
26799>
26800A
26801¢e
26802~
26803/
26804/
26805>]
26806A
26807dé Kow7y civar THY cavTa@v ddEavtes THAW *ABnvator
268081 Niese: raya L.
26809396
p. 421
26810AGAINST APION, II. 256-262
26811to the republic, and dismisses even Homer in lauda-
26812tory terms, after crowning and anointing him with
26813unguents, in order to prevent him from obscuring by
26814his fables the correct doctrine about God.*
26815In two
26816points, in particular, Plato followed the example of
26817our legislator.?
26818He prescribed as the primary duty
26819of the citizens a study of their laws, which they must
26820all learn word for word by heart.
26821Again, he took
26822precautions to prevent foreigners from mixing with
26823them at random, and to keep the state pure and
26824confined to law-abiding citizens.°
26825Of these facts
26826Apollonius Molon tock no account when he con-
26827demned us for refusing admission to persons with
26828other preconceived ideas about God, and for declining
26829to associate with those who have chosen to adopt a
26830different mode of life.
26831Yet even this habit is not
26832peculiar to us;
26833it is common to all, and shared not
26834only by Greeks, but by Greeks of the highest reputa-
26835tion.
26836The Lacedaemonians
26837made
26838a practice
26839of The
26840_
26841expelling foreigners and would not allow their own cee
26842citizens to travel abroad, in both cases apprehensive By Se 4
26843of their laws being corrupted.
26844They might perhaps?"
26845be justly reproached for discourtesy, because they
26846accorded to no one the rights either of citizenship or
26847of residence among them.
26848We, on the contrary,
26849while we have no desire to emulate the customs of
26850others, yet gladly welcome any who wish to share
26851our own.
26852That, I think, may be taken as a proof
26853both of humanity and magnanimity.
26854(37) Of the Lacedaemonians I will say no more.
26855But the Athenians, who considered their city open
26856« Plato, Rep. iii. 398 4;
26857and on poets generally 7. ii.
26858sub fin.
26859» Cf. Aristobulus ap. Eus. P.E. xiii. 12.
26860¢ Plato, Legg., esp. xii. 949 & ff.
26861397
p. 422
26862JOSEPHUS
26863TOs Tepl TOUTO etxov, “AzroMesvios Tyvonoe,
26864OTL KAL TOUS pHa pOvov Tapa TOUS €KEelvwY VOpLOUS
26865PbeyEapevous Tept decay dmapauryT ws €xoAacar.
26866263 Tivos yap €Tépov xdpw LuKparns améBavev;
26867od
26868yap or) mpoedloov THV 7OAWw Tots Toheptous ovoe
26869TOV tep@v éavAncev obd€v, add’ ott Kawovs 6pKouUsS
26870@pvve Kal Te Saysovioy atT@ onpaivew edhacke
26871v7 Ata. malo, cae Evloe déyovar, dia Tatra KarT-
26872/
26873264 eyraoOn KC@VELOV TLV aobavety.
26874Kal Siadbetpew
26875dé TOUS véous
26876oO KaT7Hyopos avTov qTVaTo, Ths
26877mar plov moditelas
26878Kal TOV vOpew OTL Tmponyyev
26879avrous KaTappovely. LuKparis jLev ov mohirns
26880265 ‘AGnvatos &
26881av® TovavTHy v
26882vTrepEWve TYL PLAY
26883’ Ava€é-
26884ayopas de KAaCopevios nv, GAN’ ort voplovra
26885"AGnvatwy rev jAvov eivar Beov 6 8% adrov edn
268867
268874
26888>
268898 iw
26890Aa.
26891>
26892~
26893>
26894“2h
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26896eivar
26897didzupov,
26898Odvatov atrob map’ dAlyas
26899/
26900PA
26901\
26902/
26903~
26904/
26905266 Ujdous
26906KaTéyvwoav.
26907Kat
26908Avaydpa
269097a
26910Mryriw
26911TaAavrov eémexrpv€av,
26912et tis adtov avéAo, eet
26913Ta Tap avtois pvotipia xAevalew éAéyeTo.
26914Kal
26915/
26916>
26917\
269187
26919”
26920\
26921va
26922IIpwrayopas
26923«t yn Oartov edvye, avddAndbeis av
26924ereOv7iKcel, ypaibat Tt dd€as oty opoAoyovpevov
26925=
26926~
26927/
26928\
26929~
26930/
26931267 Tots “A@nvatous mept Geav.
26932zt b€ det Jovpacew,
26933el mpos avdpas ovTws a€.omiorous der ejoay, ol
26934ye pndoe yvvatkav
26935edetoav7o;
26936Nivov® yap tiv
269371 Niese (cf. i. 255): packer 7 duaTraigfwy L.
269382 Niese: “A@nvaiwy L.
269393 Naber: 60’ L.
26940* Hudson: pirdov L.
26941> A brilliant emendation of Weil for the ms. viv.
26942She is
26943mentioned by Demosthenes, Adv. Boeot. 995, 1010 and by
26944scholiasts on De falsa leg. 431 and elsewhere.
26945a * By the dog ”’ (vi roy xtva) was his favourite oath.
26946® Lit. “* by Zeus.”
26947¢ Plato, Apol. 31 pb.
269484 Meletus.
26949¢ Apol. 23 n.
269505398
p. 423
26951AGAINST APION, II. 262-267
26952to all comers—what was their attitude in this matter ?
26953Apollonius was ignorant of this, and of the inexorable
26954penalty which they inflicted on any who uttered a
26955single word about the gods contrary to their laws.
26956On what other ground was Socrates put to death?
26957He never sought to betray his city to the enemy, he
26958robbed no temple.»
26959No; because he used to swear
26960strange oaths % and give out (in jest, surely,’ as some
26961say) that he received communications from a spirit,’ he
26962was therefore condemned to die by drinking hemlock.
26963His accuser @ brought a further charge against him of
26964corrupting young men,’ because he stimulated them
26965to hold the constitution and laws of their country in
26966contempt.
26967Such was the punishment of Socrates, a
26968citizen of Athens.
26969Anaxagoras’ was a native of
26970Clazomenae, but because he maintained that the
26971sun, which the Athenians held to be a god, was an
26972incandescent mass, he escaped by a few votes only
26973from being condemned by them to death.
26974They
26975offered a talent for the head of Diagoras of Melos,’
26976because he was reported to have jeered at their
26977mysteries.
26978Protagoras,” had he not promptly fled,
26979would have been arrested and put to death, because
26980of a statement about the gods in his writings which
26981appeared to conflict with Athenian
26982tenets.
26983Can
26984one wonder at their attitude towards men of such
26985authority when they did not spare even women?
26986They put Ninus the priestess
26987to death, because
26988f Circa 499-427; he owed his escape to the influence of
26989Pericles.
269909 A contemporary of Anaxagoras and known in antiquity
26991as ‘‘ the atheist.”
26992h Of Abdera, 5th cent. p.c.
26993The book on which he was
26994impeached began with the words:
26995‘* Respecting the gods, I
26996am unable to know whether they exist or do not exist.”
26997399
26998Impiety
26999severely
27000punished
27001by the
27002Athenians
p. 424
27003JOSEPHUS
27004poe dmeKTEWay, €7TEL Tes avr AS KaTnyopnoey,
27005TU f€vous EUvEL Deovs: vouw & Hv totTo Tap
27006avtois KexwAvpévov Kal TYyuwpla Kata TOV E€vov
27007268 eloayovTew Beov CoploTo | Odvaros.
27008ot b€ TowovTw
27009VO[LW Xpopevor d7jAov OTL Tous tav dAAwy odtK
27010évoplov etvat Beovs: o¥ yap av avtots mAevwy
27011amoAavew edfovovr.
27012>
27013!
27014~
27015269
27016Ta pev otv “Abnvaiwy éxyétw’ KadAds.
27017XUxvbar
27018/
27019>
27020.
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27022~
27023d€ ddvois yatpovtes
27024avOpwrwv
27025Kai Bpayd Ttav
270264
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27029~
27030x
27031Onpiwv Siadpépovtes, Ouws Ta Tap
27032avTois olovTaL
27033~
27034/
27035\
27036\
27037e
27038\
27039~
27040e
27041¥
27042cone
27043mt
27044deity meptotéAAew, Kal Tov vo THV
27045“EAAjvwv emi
27046/
27047/
27048\
27049>
27050/
27051>
27052/
27053codia Gavpacbévta, tov
27054“Avayapow, émaveAOovra.
27055A
27056cs
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27058]
27059\
27060>
27061~
27062,
27063\
27064os
27065¢
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270692
27070mpos avtovs avetAov, ever TOV
27071“EAAnvixay ebay
270727D
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27078\
27079\
27080edofev Kew
27081avdtAcews.
27082moddovs b€ Kal Tapa
270837
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27085\
27086\
27087Ildpoais ay tis evpou Kat Oud THY adbray aiTiav KEKO-
27088270 Aacpévous.
27089adda dAAov ore Tots Ilepody EXape
27090VOHLoLs oO “AmroMevios KAKELVOUS eGavpwacer, ore
27091Tijs dvOpetas avrayv améhavoav ob “EAAnves Kal
27092Tis opoyvapoovrns 7s eixov_ mept Oedv, TavTT)S
27093ev
27094[ovv] & Tots
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27096dvSpeias
27097d€ dovredcar
27098mapa
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27100éAGovtes.
27101amdvTwy
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27103Kal
27104TOV
27105emiTndevLaTwWY
27106pLYLATTS
27107>
27108/
27109~
27110~
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27112>
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27117Kal Taldas eKTéuvov.
27118>
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27120~
27121\
27122/
271234
27124“”
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27126/
27127271
27128Ilap’ uty d€ Bavaros wprotat, Kav adoyov tis
271297
27130~
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27132~
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27135¢
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27142OUTE CiAos TOV mapa tois dAdo TeTYynevan.
271437
27144>
27145~
27146272 ovdE TiV avdpelay joKHCapev eT TH TOoAEpWoUS
271471 Niese: @xero L.
271482 Gedy Lat.
271492 Visited Athens in the time of Solon; cf. Herod. iv. 76.
27150® Cf. for such Persian practices Herod. vi. 32.
27151400
p. 425
27152AGAINST APION, II. 267-272
27153some one accused her of initiating people into the
27154mysteries of foreign gods;
27155this was forbidden by
27156their law, and the penalty decreed for any who
27157introduced a foreign god was death.
27158Those who had
27159such a law evidently did not believe that the gods of
27160other nations were gods; else they would not have
27161denied themselves the advantage of increasing the
27162number of their own.
27163So much may be said to the credit of the Athenians.
27164But even Scythians, who delight in murdering people
27165and are little better than wild beasts, nevertheless
27166think it their duty to uphold their national customs ;
27167and Anacharsis,* whose wisdom won the admiration
27168of the Greeks, was on his return put to death by his
27169compatriots, because he appeared to have come back
27170infected with Greek habits.
27171In Persia, also, numer-
27172ous instances will be found of persons being executed
27173for the same reason.
27174Apollonius, however, had an
27175affection for the laws of the Persians and a high
27176opinion of the people ; evidently because Greece had
27177a taste of their courage and the benefit of their agree-
27178ment with herself in religious beliefs!
27179The latter
27180she experienced when she saw her temples burnt to
27181the ground, their courage in her bare escape from
27182subjection to their yoke. Apollonius actually imitated
27183all the Persian practices, outraging his neighbours’
27184wives and castrating their children.?
27185With us such maltreatment even of a brute beast
27186is made a capital crime.
27187And from these laws of
27188ours nothing has had power to deflect us, neither fear
27189of our masters, nor envy of the institutions esteemed
27190by other nations.
27191We have trained our courage, not
27192¢ An exaggeration of the law in Lev. xxii. 24 (Deut.
27193mat, l)'s cf. Asiv. 290 f.
27194VOL. I
27195AD
27196401
27197and even by
27198Scythians
27199and
27200Persians.
27201Our Icyalty
27202to our laws.
p. 426
27203JOSEPHUS
27204dpacbar ydpw AeoveElas, GAN’ emt TH TOUS voOpous
27205diadvAdrrew.
27206tas yotv aAdas éAatTwoers Tpaws
27207UTOMEVOVTES, ETTELOGY TWES TLGS TA VOMyLA KUWelV
27208dvayKalwat, TOTE Kal Tapa dvvapw aipovpeba
27209mroA€pous KaL [Lexpl TOV eoxdTo Tats ovpdopats
27210273 eykaprepodper.
27211dua TL yap av Kal CnAwoayev
27212TOUS
27213eT Epa vojLous op&vres pede" Tapa Tots
27214fepévois
27215adtovs
27216TETTPHILEVOUS 5 7™@s yap ovK
27217eneAAov Aakedarpovioe jev Tis dveTyLiKTou KaTa-
27218yvwoccbar moXitelas Kal THS TEplL Tovs ‘yapLous
27219OAvywpias,
27220"HAetou
272215€ Kai
27222OnfPato.
27223tHs mapa
27224dvow
27225Kat
27226|ayay }* avédnv
27227mpos Tovs
27228appevas
27229274 pigews ; & yoov mada xah\ora Kal ouppopurrara
27230mparrew dreAdpBavov, Tadr ef Kal py wavTaTact
27231275 Tois Epyois medevyacw, oty opodroyotow, adda
27232KaL TOUS TeEpl avTa@Y Vvoyous amropvuvTa® TOCODTOV
27233TOTE Tapa Tots “EMyow ioyvcavTas, WOoTE Kal
27234Tots Geos Tas TOV dppevev pl€eus evrenpoay,
27235KaTG TOV avrov de Adyov KaL TOUS Tav yunoto
27236adeAd@v ydpous, tavtTnv amodoyiay avtois TaV
27237aToTWwY Kal Tapa dvow 7dovav ovvTbertes.
27238276
27239(38) “ES viv wepi TOv Tyswpidv Aéyew, Coas ev
27240e€ apyts edocay ot mActoror vopoberar Tots movnpots
27241dvadvcets,* em pouxetas pev Cnptas Xpypeatav,
27242emt Pbopas dé Kal yajLous vopobernoarres, 6oas
27243de>
27244mepl tis daeBelas
27245mpoddoers
27246mepiexovow
27247apvnoews, el Kal Tis emtyerprociey e€eTalew.
27248707
27249yap mapa tots mAeloow pedérn yeéyove Tod Tapa-
27250277 Paivew tovs vopous.
27251od piv Kal map piv, adda
272521 Dindorf: yjre L.
272532 Om. Lak
272543 Niese: dzouiyvuvta L Lat.
272554 d:advces Cobet.
272565 Dindorf (with Lat.): xai L.
27257402
p. 427
27258AGAINST APION, II. 272-277
27259with a view to waging war for self-aggrandizement,
27260but in order to preserve our laws.
27261To defeat in any
27262other form we patiently submit, but when pressure
27263is put upon us to alter our statutes, then we deliber-
27264ately fight, even against tremendous odds, and hold
27265out under reverses to the last extremity.
27266And why
27267should we envy other nations their laws when we
27268see that even their authors do not observe them ?
27269The Lacedaemonians were, of course, bound in the
27270end to condemn their unsociable constitution and
27271their contempt for marriage, and the people of
27272Elis and Thebes the unnatural vice so rampant
27273among them.
27274At any rate, if they have not in fact
27275altogether abandoned them, they no longer openly
27276avow practices which once they considered very
27277excellent and expedient.
27278But they go further than
27279this, and repudiate their laws on the subject of these
27280unions—laws which at one time carried such weight
27281with the Greeks that they actually attributed to the
27282gods the practice of sodomy and, on the same
27283principle, the marriage of brother and sister, thus
27284inventing an excuse for the monstrous and unnatural
27285pleasures in which they themselves indulged.
27286(38) In the present work I pass over the various Other |
27287penalties, and all the modes of compounding for evade and
27288them which the majority of legislators provided in {}02"
27289their codes at the outset for offenders—accepting fines laws.
27290in case of adultery, marriage in that of immorality
27291—and, in matters of impiety, all the subterfuges
27292which they left open for denying the facts, if anyone
27293took the trouble to open an inquiry.
27294Nowadays,
27295indeed, violation of the laws has with most nations
27296become a fine art.
27297Not so with us.
27298Robbed though
272994.03
p. 428
27300JOSEPHUS
27301“
273027
27303\
27304/
27305\
27306~
27307BA
27308>
27309~
27310Kav mAovTov Kal moAewv Kat TOV aAdAwy ayabday
27311otepnbGpev, 6 yodv vowos jutv abavaros diapever,
27312\
27313>
27314\
27315>
27316/
27317”
27318A
273194
27320vA
27321>
27322/
27323Kal OvOELS lovéatey ovTE paKpay OUTwS av amréABou
27324Tijs mar pidos ovre TLK pov poBnOjcerat Oeororny,
27325278 ws pT) ™po exelvov dedvevar TOV vopov. et pev ov
27326dud THY apeTiVY THY vopwy ovTws ™pos avrovs
27327duakeieba, ovyxwpycdtwcay
273286 oT Kpariorous EXO-
27329jlev vomous.
27330€t be pavdous ovTws TLGS €LLLEVELW
27331d7oAapPdvovot, Ti ovK av attol diKaiws mabotev
27332Tovs KpeltTovas ov dudAdttovtes ;
27333279
27334Emel toivuv 6 troAds xpdvos moreveTa TaVTWY
27335civau SoKyaar7s adn feoraros, TobTov av Tolm-
27336cain eye pd prupa. Tijs ApEeTHS TpLa@v Tob vopo-
27337Oérov Kal THs om EKELVOU puns mept Tod Beod
27338mapadolelons.
27339azmelpov yap Tod xpovov yeyovoros,
27340”
27341>
27342\
27343/
27344~
27345~
27346+
27347e
27348/
27349el Tis avtov mapaPdaAAo tats THY aAAwy 7ALKiaLs
27350~
27351\
27352/
27353a.)
27354AL
273554
27356~
273574
273582
27359280 vopoberav, Tapa avr
27360dv" evpor TobToOv (39) <OTU>
27361og’ TL@V TE dunheyxOnoav ot vopor Kal Tots GAAos
27362dmacw avOpurous det Kal paddov attav CHAov
27363e[LTETIONKGOL.
27364281
27365Ipa@rou pev yap ot Tapa Tots "EdAnot dido-
27366copijaavres 7O pev doxely TA TATpLO dvepuarrov,
27367év d€ Tots mpayyace’ Kal TO pirocodetv exeivan*
27368KaTnKoAovinoay, Gpova pev mrepl Beod dpovodvres,
27369evTéAevav Se Biov Kat THV TpOs dAArjAous Kowwviav
27370282 biddoKovTes.
27371OD pLnV ara Kal Aj Geow 707
27372modvs
27373CrAos yeyovev
27374é€k paKpod THs WmweTepas
27375>
27376evdaeBelas;
27377ov0
27378€oTw
27379od ToAts “EAAjvwv
27380ovd
273811 zav7’ av Niese: mavras L.
273822 ins. Niese.
273833 ypaypact con}. Niese.
273844 éxeivors Bekker (with Lat.).
27385404
p. 429
27386AGAINST APION, II. 277-282
27387we be of wealth, of cities, of all good things, our Law
27388at least remains immortal ;@ and there is not a
27389Jew
27390so distant from his country, so much in awe of a cruel
27391despot, but has more fear of the Law than of him.
27392If, then, our attachment to our laws is due to their
27393excellence, let it be granted that they are excellent.
27394If, on the contrary, it be thought that the laws to
27395which we are so loyal are bad, what punishment
27396could be too great for persons who transgress those
27397which are better ?
27398Now, since Time is reckoned in all cases the surest
27399test of worth,? I would call Time to witness to the
27400excellence of our lawgiver and of the revelation
27401concerning God which he has transmitted to us.
27402An
27403infinity of time has passed since Moses, if one com-
27404pares the age in which he lived with those of other
27405legislators ; yet it will be found (39) that throughout
27406the whole of that period not merely have our laws
27407stood the test of our own use, but they have to an
27408ever increasing extent excited the emulation of the
27409world at large.
27410Our earliest imitators were the Greek philosophers,
27411who, though ostensibly observing the laws of their
27412own countries, yet in their conduct and philosophy
27413were Moses’ disciples,’ holding similar views about
27414God, and advocating the simple life and friendly
27415communion between man and man.
27416But that is not
27417all.
27418The masses have long since shown a keen desire
27419to adopt our religious observances ; and there is not
27420¢ Cf. in a contemporary work Bar. iv. 1:
27421“ the law that
27422endureth for ever.”
27423» Of. Soph. Ajax 646
27424ff. “All
27425things the long and
27426countless years of Time first draw from darkness, then bury
27427from light,” ete. (a play of which there are other reminis-
27428cences in Josephus),
27429¢ Cf. §§ 168, 257.
274304.05
27431Our laws
27432have stood
27433the test of
27434time and
27435been widely
27436imitated.
p. 430
27437283
27438284
27439JOSEPHUS
27440TTecoby ovde BapBapos,” ovoe ev éOvos, vba pH
27441TO THS éBdopdéos, iy dpyoopev Teets, eos? Oua-
27442TEpOlTnKEV , Kal
27443al yqoretat
27444Kal Avxvev ava-
27445Kavoets Kat 7oAAG Tov eis Bp@ow Tpiv od vevo-
27446peegpLeveny TApaTeT 7 pnT aL. _byetobat de Teup@vT a
27447Kal TI mpos adAArjAovs Tpeav OjLovolay Kal TI
27448Tov ovToy dvddoow Kal TO prrepyov ev ais
27449TEXVELS Kal TO KapTepLKov év Tats omep TOV vows
27450dvdyKats. TO yap Gavpacusraror, oru Xwpis Tob
27451Tijs 70ov7s evayuryod deAearos® atros Kal? eauTov
27452loxvoev 6 vopos, Kal womrep 0 Deos dud. TmaVvTOos
27453Tob KOopov TmepoiTnKeEV, ovTws © 6 VOLS dua mdvT oy
27454avOpurov BeBdoucev. avros d€ TIS EKAOTOS TV
27455marpioa Kal TOV OiKOV emuaKoT GV TOV abrod Tots
27456bm éuod Aeyopevois ovK dmLoTH GEL. xP) TOLVUV
27457mavtTwy avOpaTwv Karayv@va Tovnptay eGehov-
27458ovov, el taAAdtpia Kal datdAa zpo TOV olKEtwv
27459Kat KaAdyv Cn Aoby emiTefupnKacw, 7) tavcacbat
27460286 BacKatvovras jp TOUS
27461KaTyYyopobyTas.
27462ovde
27463287
27464yap emipbovov Twos avTimovovpela mpadypwaros TOV
27465avTaV TYL@VTES vopoberny Kal Tots om exelvov
27466mpopytevdetar mept Tob Geod TETLOTEUKOTES” Kal
27467yap el Ba) ouvlewev avTol TIS dperis TOV VOHOV,
27468TavTws* av to Tob mAnGous THv CydAovyTwy peya
27469dpovely én adtots mponyOnue.
27470(40) “AMa yap TeEpt pev TOV VOMWY Kat Tijs moA-
27471Tetas Thy akpiph me7olnpwat Tmapadoow ev tots
27472mept apyaodoyias por ypadeior.
27473vuvi 6 avTav
274741 BapBapov Niese.
27475* fos] 70 €Oo0s 6é L.
274763 Se\éaros Niese: ot deXeacTos L.
274774 Niese: amdvrwv L.
27478406
p. 431
27479AGAINST APION,
27480II. 282-287
27481one city, Greek or barbarian, nor a single nation, to
27482which our custom of abstaining from work on the
27483seventh day * has not spread, and where the fasts
27484and the lighting of lamps? and many of our prohibi-
27485tions in the matter of food are not observed.
27486More-
27487over, they attempt to imitate our unanimity, our
27488liberal charities, our devoted labour in the crafts, our
27489endurance under persecution on behalf of our laws.
27490The greatest miracle of all is that our Law holds out
27491no seductive
27492bait of sensual
27493pleasure,’ but has
27494exercised this influence through its own inherent
27495merits ; and, as God permeates the universe, so the
27496Law has found its way among all mankind.
27497Let
27498each man reflect for himself on his own country and
27499his own household, and he will not disbelieve what I
27500say.
27501It follows, then, that our accusers must either
27502condemn the whole world for deliberate malice in
27503being so eager to adopt the bad laws of a foreign
27504country in preference to the good laws of their own,
27505or else give up their grudge against us.
27506In honouring
27507our own legislator and putting our trust in his pro-
27508phetical utterances concerning God, we do not make
27509any arrogant claim justifying such odium.
27510Indeed,
27511were we not ourselves aware of the excellence of our
27512laws, assuredly we should have been impelled to
27513pride ourselves upon them by the multitude of their
27514admirers.
27515(40) I have given an exact account of our laws and Recapitula-
27516constitution in my previous work on our Antiquities, “°™
27517@ Aristobulus finds traces of the Sabbath even in Homer
27518and Hesiod ! (Eus. P.H. xiii. 12).
27519> Of. § 118.
27520© Of. § 217.
27521407
p. 432
27522288
27523289
27524291
27525292
27526JOSEPHUS
27527>
27528/
2752927°?
275304
27531SS
27532>
27533A
27534A
27535\
27536=
27537ezepvyicbnv éd Soov qv avayKaiov, ovTe Ta TOV
27538dAAwy dbéyew ovTe TA Tap Hpi eyKwpualew Tpo-
27539\
27540~
275412Q/
27542Géuevos, aA wa Tods Tept HUdv adikws yeypa-
27543/
27544>
27545/
27546\
27547>]
27548\
27549>
27550~
27551\
27552>
27553/
27554dotas eAéyEw mpos adriv avaidas tiv adnfevav
27555mediAoverkyKOTas.
27556Kal o7] por OOK memAnp@oGar
27557\
27558\
27559dua Tijs ypaoys
27560t ikavas a. TpouTrEgXopny .
27561Kal yap
27562dpxavorntt mpoumapxov eredeiEa TO yi TOV
27563\
27564KaTHyOpwY
27565OTL VEWTATOV éoTw elpy KOTO,” Kal
27566moMovs ev Tots ovyypappacw cpt LovevKoras
27567T_@v dpxatous Tapecxounv® paptupas,
27568éKelvwv
27569OTL pndets €oTL Ova PeBarovpeveny.
27570adAa pry Ai-
27571yuTrTious epacay TL@V TOUS TMpoyovous’
27572E€dEly-
27573Onoav & ets Atyurrov éMovres Erépwhev.
27574Sia de
27575ipnv cwpatwrv atrovs éxBAnbAvar KatepevoarvTo*
27576Tpoaipecel
27577Kal TEpLovcia pwyns edavycay
27578eémi®
27579TH olKelay vmooTpepavTes yHV.
27580ol pev ws gav-
27581/
27582e
27583~
27584\
27585/
27586>
27587/
27588~
27589\
27590Adrarov TpQv Tov vopoberny eAowWopnoay TO be
27591Ths apetns mado. pev
275926 Oeds, pet
27593exeivov
27594de
27595pLapTus 0 xpévos eUpyTar yeyevnevos.
27596\
27597~
27598/
27599>
27600>
27601/
27602/
27603/
27604(41) Ilepi rv vopwy otk édénoe AOyou zAetovos.
27605atTol yap éwpabynoav & att&v
27606otk
27607acéPevay
27608\
27609>
27610/
27611>
27612ae
27613/
27614/
27615IQs
27616SN
27617pev edaePevav 6° adnfeataryy SidacKovtes, 00d Emi
27618>
27619~
27620ptcavOpwriav, aA’
27621emt tiv TOV OvTwY KoWwwviay
27622mapakaNobytTes, adikias éxOpot, SiKkaroovyys emt-
27623An
27624>
27625/
27626A
27627/
27628>
27629/
27630>
27631perets, apyiavy
27632Kat moAvTéAevav e€opilovtes, avT-
27633dpkeis Kal diAomrovous eivar didacKovTes, TOAELwV
27634ev amrelpyovtes els mAcove€iav, avdpetous de vrep
27635~
27636>
27637\
27638avtta@v eivac mapacKkevalovres, amapaitnTolt mpos
276391 + xai yap L (om. Lat.).
276402 Cobet (with Lat.): zapécxouer L.
276413 eis Niese.
27642408
p. 433
27643AGAINST APION, II. 287-292
27644Here I have alluded to them only so far as was
27645necessary for my purpose, which was neither to find
27646fault with the institutions of other nations nor to
27647extol our own, but to prove that the authors who
27648have maligned us have made a barefaced attack on
27649truth itself.
27650I have, I think, in the present work
27651adequately fulfilled the promise made at the outset.”
27652I have shown that our race goes back to a remote
27653antiquity, whereas our accusers assert that it is quite
27654modern.
27655I have produced numerous ancient wit-
27656nesses, who mention us in their works, whereas they
27657confidently affirm that there is none.
27658They further
27659maintained that our ancestors were Egyptians ; it
27660has been shown that they migrated to Egypt from
27661elsewhere.
27662They falsely asserted that the Jews
27663were expelled from that country as physical wrecks ®
27664it has been made clear that they returned to their
27665native land of deliberate choice, and thanks to their
27666exceptional physical strength.
27667They reviled
27668our
27669legislator as an insignificant personage ; his sterling
27670merits have found a witness of old in God, and, after
27671God, in Time.
27672(41) Upon the laws it was unnecessary to expatiate. Encomium
27673A glance at them showed that they teach not impiety, 97 jawe.
27674but the most genuine piety ; that they invite men
27675not to hate their fellows, but to share their posses-
27676sions;
27677that they are the foes of injustice and
27678scrupulous for justice, banish sloth and extravagance,
27679and teach men to be self-dependent and to work
27680with a will; that they deter them from war for the
27681sake of conquest, but render them valiant defenders
27682of the laws themselves ; inexorable in punishment,
27683Ap. i. 2 lt.
276842 Or * for Bodine impurity.”
27685409
p. 434
27686JOSEPHUS
27687Tas TYyLwplas, aOOp.oTou Ayo TapacKkevais, Tots
27688Epyous Gael BeBavovpevor- TatTa yap [adel] Tipets
27689293 Tapéxouev THY Ypappar on evapyeotepa.
27690d.do7ep
27691éya) Yapojoas ay etzouuw mAcioTwy dua Kai Kad-
27692Motwy yds elonyytas
27693tots dAdo yeyovevat.
27694Tl yap evoeBelas amapaPatov KdAdiov;
27695ti d€ Tob
27696294 7evapyety
27697toils vopors
27698SiKaLoTepov; 7 TL oUp-
27699popwrepov Tod zpos aAAjAovs Opovoeiv, Kal pT
27700ev ovpdopais Sduictacbar pyr ev edtuyiais oTa-
27701ova lew e€uBpilovras, GAN’ év toAduw pwev Javarov
27702KaTagpovety, ev elpyvn Oe TExXVaLs 7 yewpytats
27703mpocavexew, mavTa
27704b€ Kal mavTayod memetcbat
27705295 TOV
27706Deov emOTTEVOVTA
27707Oerrew 5 TavT
27708«i pev
27709Tap eTEpots 7) eypady TmpoTepov" 7 epuddxOn Be-
27710Bavorepov, Tpsets av exelvols xepy wdeidowev ws
27711pabyntrai yeyovores: et be KGL Xpepevor pddvora,
27712TAVT WV Prerropeba KaL THY mpuray evpeow avr av
27713Beery ovoav emedeiEapev,
27714“Amiwves pev Kal
27715MoAwves Kat mavtes door TH evdecfar Kat Aou-
27716dopeiv yaipovow &€cAnréyy8woar.
27717296
27718Lot
27719Sé€, “Emadpodite,
27720pddvota
27721tHv adnfevav
27722ayaT@vTt, Kat dua Gé Tots dpolws BovAncopévors*
27723Tept TOD yévous Hudv eldévar, TobTd Te® Kal TO
27724mpo adrod yeypadlw B.BAiov.
277251 Dindorf: zp&rov L Lat.
277262 Niese : SovXevcapévous L.
277273 ed. pr.: om. L.
27728410
27729_h~
p. 435
27730AGAINST APION, II. 292-296
27731not to be duped by studied words,’ always supported
27732by actions.
27733For actions
27734are our invariable
27735testi-
27736monials,
27737plainer than
27738any documents.
27739I would
27740therefore boldly maintain that we have introduced
27741to the rest of the world a very large number of very
27742beautifulideas.
27743What greater beauty than inviolable
27744piety ? What higher justice than obedience to the
27745laws?
27746What more beneficial than to be in harmony
27747with one another, to be a prey neither to disunion in
27748adversity, nor to arrogance and faction in prosperity ;
27749in war to despise death, in peace to devote oneself to
27750crafts or agriculture ; and to be convinced that
27751|
27752everything in the whole universe is under the eye
27753and direction of God?
27754Had these precepts been
27755|
27756either committed to writing or more consistently
27757observed by others before us, we should have owed
27758them a debt of gratitude as their disciples.
27759If, how-
27760ever, it is seen that no one observes them better
27761than ourselves, and if we have shown that we were
27762the first to discover them, then the Apions and
27763Molons and all who delight in lies and abuse may be
27764left to their own confusion.
27765To you, Epaphroditus, who are a devoted lover of Dedication.
27766truth, and for your sake’ to any who, like you, may
27767wish to know the facts about our race, I beg to
27768dedicate this and the preceding book.
27769¢ Or ‘“‘ unsophisticated in oratorical display.”
27770» da cé, “for your sake,” but half suggesting “‘ through
27771your kind offices ”’ (6:4 cod) in helping to advertise the work.
27772411 -
p. 436
27773eee
27774ite
27775a
27776eee
27777on
27778ee
p. 437
27779GALILEE & SURROUNDING DISTRICT
277805
27781Gaulanitis, Batancea etc. = Kingdom of Agrippa IT.
27782Decapolis: nil endent
2778335°
27784=|
2778530"
27786i
27787Sn np
27788e
277897
27790Caesarea Philippi
27791XG
27792Xy
27793a)
27794s
27795Vebaiina
27796I,
27797NG
27798Seleucia
277993§+
27800:
278018
27802Ls
27803=
27804:
27805“te BATANAA
27806an
27807A ik | te ts
27808<
27809D
27810X PTOLEMAIS
27811ig
27812on
27813>
27814&
27815anaes
27816Ke)
27817Bethisaida lulias
27818=
27819&
27820fat sn, . Sogarie oe
27821e =
27822=
27823<
27824.
27825_—
278263
27827Masti, Qu lp
27828x
27829PLAIN Gol
27830M
27831S
27832SSPHORS
27833"he es
27834St,
27835S
278363
27837a
27838I>
27839es
27840id
27841SCALE
27842OF MILES
2784330)
27844oO
278455
2784610
2784715
27848rel
27849=
27850el
27851el suet
27852}
2785336°
27854STANFORO'S GEOG* ESTABT, LONDON.
27855The rest under. Roman Frocurators.
p. 438
p. 439
27856INDEX I. GENERAL
27857For the Life (V.=Vita) and the Contra Apionem (Ap.) references are to
27858the sections shown in the left margin of the Greek text and in the top
27859margin of the English text; for the Introduction, to the pages.
27860ABBAR, Ap. i. 157
27861Abdastratus, Ap. i. 122
27862Abdemun, Ap. i. 115, 120
27863Abibalus, Ap. i. 118, 117
27864Abrahams, I., Ap, ii. 206
27865Acharabe (village in Galilee),
27866V.
27867188
27868Actium, battle of, Ap. ii. 59
27869Acusilaus, Ap. i. 13, 16
27870Adamah, V, 321
27871Adria, sea of, V. 15
27872Aebutius, V. 115 ff.
27873Aegyptus = Sethos,
27874eponymous
27875hero of Egypt, Ap. i. 102, 231
27876Agatharcides, Ap. i. 205 ff.
27877Agrippa (son of Josephus), V. 5.
27878(For Herod Agrippa see Herod.)
27879Akenchéres, Ap. i. 96
27880Akenchéres I and II, Ap. i. 97
27881Alexander the Great, Ap. i. 183 f.,
27882192, 200, ii. 35, 37, 62, 72
27883Alexander Polyhistor, Ap. i. 216n.
27884Alexandra, Queen, V. 5
27885Alexandria, V. 415; Ap. i. 48, ii.
2788636 (palace and
27887necropolis),
2788837
27889(stele at); Alexandrian
27890citizen-
27891ship,
27892ii.
2789332, 38ff.,
2789469, 71f.;
27895Alexandrian
27896Jews,
27897ii.
2789833-78
27899(feast of, ii. 55)
27900Aliens, Jewish attitude to, Ap. il.
27901209
27902Aliturus, V. 16.
27903Allegorists, Greek, Ap. ii. 255
27904Alphabet, introduction of, Ap. i.
2790510 f., 22.
27906Amenophis I, Ap. i. 95
27907Amenophis II, Ap, i. 96,
27908Amenophis III, Ap. i. 97
27909Amenophis
27910(? III ? IV),
27911Ap.
27912i.
27913230 ff. , 254 ff., 288 ff.
27914Amenophis, son of Paapis (seer),
27915Ap. i= 232 ff, 243
27916Ameroth
27917(village in Galilee),
27918V.
27919188
27920Amesses, Ap. i. 95
27921Ammon, oracle of, Ap. i. 306, 312
27922Anacharsis, Ap. ii. 269
27923Ananias, V. 197, 290, 316, 332
27924Ananus, high priest,
27925V. 193 ff.,
27926216, 309
27927Anaxagoras, Ap. ii. 168, 265
27928Anaximenes, Ap. i. 221 n.
27929‘* Ancient,” ‘‘ the most” (of God),
27930Ap. ii. 206
27931Andreas, Ap. ii. 46
27932Animals,
27933Egyptian
27934worship
27935of,
27936Ap.-i. 225, 239, 244, 249, 254, ii.
2793766, 81, 86, 128 f., 139 ; representa-
27938tion of, forbidden to Jews, V.
2793965.
27940Cf. Images
27941Antigonus, Ap, i. 213
27942Antioch, Ap. i. 206 f.; Jews in
27943Antioch, ii. 39
27944Antiochus IT, Ap. ii. 39 n.
27945Antiochus IV, Epiphanes,
279464p. i.
2794734, ii. 80, 83 f., 90 ff.
27948Antiochus VI, Theos, 4p. ii. 82 n.
27949Antiochus VII, Eusebes, 4p. ii. 82
27950Antiochus (Sicilian historian), Ap.
27951iy Ut.
27952Antonia, fortress of, V. 20
27953Antony, Mark, 4p. ii. 58 f.
27954Apachnas, Ap. i. 80
27955Apion, Ap, li. 2-144, 295
27956413
p. 440
27957GENERAL INDEX
27958Apis, Ap. i. 246
27959Apollo, Ap. ii. 112, 117, 162
27960Apollodorus, Ap. ii. 84
27961Apophis, Ap. i. 80
27962Appian, Ap. i. 210 n., ii. 57 n.
27963Arabia, Ap. ii. 25
27964Arabians (the Hycsos), Ap. i. 82
27965Arbela or Cave of A. (village in
27966Galilee), V. 188, 311
27967Arcadians, Ap. i. 22
27968Archelaus, King, V. 5
27969Archelaus, Julius, Ap. i. 51
27970Archives, of Galilee, V. 38; Jew-
27971ish, containing pedigrees, Ap. i.
2797231, 35
27973Argos, historians of, Ap. i. 17;
27974flight of Danaus to A., Ap. i.
27975103, ii. 16
27976Aristeas, Ap. i. 197 n., ii. 44 n.,
2797746, 206 n.
27978Aristobulus, Ap. ii. 168 n., 257 n.,
27979282 n.
27980Aristophanes (librarian), Ap. i. 216
27981Aristotle, Ap. i. 167 n., 176 ff., ii.
27982193 n.
27983Armenia, Ap. i. 130
27984Aroura (Egyptian measure of land),
27985Ap. i. 86, 195
27986Arrian, Ap. i. 192 n.
27987Arsinoe (sister of Cleopatra), Ap.
27988a 57
27989Artaxerxes (=Ahasuerus), Ap. i.
2799040
27991Asamonaeus, the children of (=the
27992Maccabees), V. 2, 4
27993Asia, Ap. i. 64, 90, 145, 182, ii.
27994128, 133, 228
27995Asochis, plain of, V. 207 ; town of,
27996V. 233, 384
27997Ass, fable of Jewish cult of, Ap. i.
27998164 n., ii. 80 f., 86 f., 114, 120
27999Assis, Ap. i. 81
28000Assistants, literary, of Josephus,
28001Ap. i. 50; not needed by God in
28002creation, Ap. ii. 192
28003Assyrians, Ap. i. 77, 90, 99
28004Astarte, worship of, at Tyre, Ap. i.
28005118, 123
28006Astharymus, Ap. i. 123
28007Athenaeus, Ap. i. 221 n., ii. 13 n.
28008Athenians, their neglect of public
28009records, Ap. i. 21; attacked by
28010Theopompus, i. 221; misfortunes
28011of, ii. 130 f.; laws of, ii. 172;
28012414
28013severely
28014punish
28015impiety,
28016ii.
28017262 ff.
28018Atmosphere, effect of, on presenta-
28019tion of records, Ap. i. 9
28020Atthides(works on Attica), Ap.i.17
28021Auaris, Ap. i. 78, 86, 237 ff., 260 ff.,
28022296
28023Augustus (Octavius), Ap. ii. 60 f.
28024Auspices, taking the, Ap. i. 202 f.
28025Baat, king of Tyre, Ap. i. 156
28026Babylon, Ap. i. 136 ff., 142
28027Babylonian chronicles, Ap. i. 28;
28028cf. Chaldaean
28029“Babylonian
28030Jews,”
28031V.
2803247,
2803354
28034(with note), 177, 183
28035;
28036Balator, Ap. i. 157
28037Balbazer, Ap. i. 121
28038Balezor, Ap. i. 124
28039Bank, royal, of Galilee, V. 38
28040Bannus, hermit, V. 11
28041“Barbarians”
28042(opposed
28043to Hel-
28044lenes), Ap. i. 58, 116, 161
28045Batanaea, V. 54, 183
28046Beersubai (village in Galilee), 7. 188
28047Bel, temple of, Ap. i. 139, 192
28048Berenice, Queen, V. 48, 119, 180 f.,
28049343, 355
28050Berosus, Ap. i. 129-153
28051Berytus, V. 49, 181, 357
28052Besara (near Ptolemais), V. 118 f.
28053Bethmaus (near Tiberias), V. 64, 67
28054Bethsaida Julias, V. 398 f., 406
28055Birthdays, Jewish observance of,
28056Ap. ii. 204
28057Bituminous
28058Lake (Asphaltitis—
28059Dead Sea), Ap. i. 174
28060Bnon, Ap. i. 80
28061Bocchoris, Ap. i. 305 ff., ii. 16
28062Borsippa, Ap. i. 151 f.
28063;
28064Bribery of judges, Ap. ii. 207
28065Brigands, V. 21, 28, 46, 77 f., 105 f.,
28066145 ff., 175, 206
28067Bubastis (on arm of Nile), Ap. i. 78
28068Biichler, A., Ap. ii. 175
28069Capmus, Greeks
28070learnt alphabet
28071from, Ap. i. 10
28072Cadmus of Miletus, Ap. i. 13
28073Caesar, Julius , Ap. ii. 37, 61
28074Caesarea, V. 414; Jews and Syri-
28075ans of C. V. 52-61
28076Caesarea Philippi, V. 74 f.
p. 441
28077GENERAL INDEX
28078Calani, Indian philosophers, Ap. i.
280791
28080Callias, Sicilian historian, Ap. i. 17
28081Calliphon, 4p. i. 164
28082Cana (village in Galilee), V. 86
28083Capellus, Julius, or Capella, V. 32,
2808466 f., 69, 296
28085Capernaum, V. 403 n.
28086Captivity, Jewish, Ap. i. 132
28087(70
28088years), 154 (50 years)
28089Carmania, Ap. i. 153
28090Carmel, Mount, Ap. ii. 16
28091Carthage, foundation of, Ap. i. 108,
28092T2195 f, ii 17 f.
28093Cassiodorus, p. xviii
28094Castor, Ap. i. 184, ii. 84
28095Cepharnocus (=Capernaum?),
28096V.
28097403
28098Cerealius, V. 240
28099Cestius Gallus, governor of Syria,
28100V. 23 f., 28, 30, 49, 214, 347, 373,
28101394
28102Chabolo (Cabul ; village), V. 218 f.,
28103227,
28104234;
28105Chabulon
28106(district),
28107Ap. i. 110
28108Chaeremon, 4p. i. 288-303, ii. 1
28109Chaldaeans, their ancient records,
28110Ap. i. 8 f., 28; Greeks indebted
28111to, i. 14; ancestors of Jewish
28112race,
28113i. 71; their
28114evidence to
28115antiquity of Jews, i. 128-160
28116Chandragupta, Ap. i. 144 n.
28117Chares, V. 177, 186
28118Chebron, Ap. i. 94
28119Chelbes, Ap. i. 157
28120Choerilus, Ap. i. 172 ff.
28121Chronological statements and cal-
28122culations, Ap. i. 1, 36, 39, 93 ff.,
28123103 f., 126, 155 ff., ii. 19
28124Circumcision, enforced on aliens,
28125V. 113; Herodotus
28126on, Ap. i.
28127169 ff., ii. 137, 141 f. (of Egyptian
28128priests)
28129Cleanthes, Ap. ii. 135
28130Clearchus, Ap. i. 176 ff.
28131Cleitus, V. 170 ff.
28132Clement
28133of Alexandria,
28134Ap.
28135ii.
2813614n.
28137Cleopatra,
28138consort
28139of Ptolemy
28140Philometor, Ap. ii. 49 ff.
28141Cleopatra,
28142last queen of Egypt,
28143Ap. ii. 56-60
28144Coele-Syria, Ap. i. 135, 150 ff., 179
28145Colchians, Ap. i. 168 f.
28146Colonists take name of founders,
28147PANS Mero Gull.
28148Commentaries
28149of
28150Vespasian
28151and
28152Titus, V. 342, 358, Ap. i. 56
28153Compsus, V. 33
28154Conon, historian, Ap. i. 216
28155Constitution, Jewish, Ap. ii. 145 ff.
28156Corban (as oath), Ap. i. 167
28157Corinthian candelabra, V. 68
28158Corn-stores
28159in Galilee,
28160V. 71 f.,
28161118 f.
28162Crassus, Licinius, Ap. ii. 82
28163Crete, V. 427; Cretan method of
28164training, Ap. ii. 172
28165Crispus, V. 33, 382, 388, 393
28166Croesus, Ap. ii. 131
28167Crotona, Ap. i. 164
28168Crucifixion, V7. 420
28169Crum, W. H., Ap. i. 82
28170Ctesias, Ap. i. 16 n., 141 n., 142 n.
28171Cyprus, Ap. i. 99
28172Cyrene, ship of, V. 15; insurrec-
28173tion in, V. 424; Jewish settle-
28174ment in, Ap. li. 443 ii. 51
28175Cyrus, Ap. i. 132, 145, 150, 154,
28176158 f.
28177DaBARITTA, V, 126, 318
28178Damascus, massacre
28179of Jews in,
28180Vie 2
28181Danaus (=Harmais), Ap. i, 102 f.,
28182Zale idealG
28183Darius, Ap. i. 154
28184Dassion, V. 131
28185David, Ap. ii. 132
28186Dead Sea.
28187See Bituminous Lake
28188Decapolis, the Syrian,
28189V. 341
28190f.,
28191410
28192Deimos, Ap. ii. 248
28193Deleastartus, Ap. i. 122
28194Delphi,
28195temple
28196of, Ap. ii.
28197oracle of, ii. 162
28198Demetrius II, Ap. i. 206, ii. 43 n.
28199Demetrius Phalereus, Ap. i. 218,
28200li. 46
28201Demetrius Poliorcetes, Ap. i. 184 f.
28202Deposits, Ap. ii. 208, 216
28203Destiny (7 ei(appeévn), Ap. ii, 245
28204Diadochi, the, Ap. i. 213
28205Diagoras, Ap. ii. 266
28206Diaspora, the Jewish, Ap. i. 82 f.,
28207194
28208Dicaearchia (= Puteoli), V. 16
28209Dido, Ap. i. 125
28210131 ;
28211415
p. 442
28212GENERAL INDEX
28213Diodorus
28214Siculus,
28215Ap, i.
28216ii. 80 n., 187 n.
28217Diogenes Laertius, Ap. i. 179 n.
28218Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ap. i.
2821966 n.
28220Dius, Phoenician historian, Ap. i.
28221112 ff.
28222Domitia, V. 429
28223Domitian, p. xi, V. 429
28224Dora
28225(Dorii), V. 31, Ap. ii. 112,
28226114, 116
28227Dositheus, Ap. ii. 49
28228Dracon, Ap. i. 21
28229Dreams, V. 208 f., Ap. i. 207, 211, 289
28230305 n.,
28231EcsBaTANA (in Batanaea), V. 54 ff.
28232Education of Jewish children, Ap.
28233i. 60, ii. 204; two systems of, ii.
28234171 ff.
28235Egypt, Upper and Lower, Ap. i.
2823677; satrap of, i. 135
28237Egyptians, circumcision of, Ap. i.
28238169 ff., ii. 141; brought into early
28239contact with Greeks, i. 61, 63;
28240their evidence
28241to antiquity of
28242Jews,
28243i. 70, 73-105;
28244libels
28245on
28246Jews, i. 223 ff. ; attitude to Jews,
28247ii. 31; Egyptian priests,
28248i. 28,
28249li. 140 f. ; Eg. records and sacred
28250books, i. 8 f., 14, 28, 73, 91, 228;
28251citizen rights refused to, ii. 41,
2825272; Egyptian fortresses entrusted
28253to Jews, ii. 44.
28254See also Animals
28255Eknibal, Ap. i. 157
28256Elephants employed in persecution
28257of Jews, Ap. ii. 53 f.
28258Elis, vices of people of, Ap. ii. 273
28259Epaphroditus, p. xi, V. 430, Ap.
28260i. 1, ii. 1, 296
28261Ephesus, Jewsin, Ap. ii. 39; temple
28262of, ii. 131
28263Ephorus, 4p. i. 16, 67
28264Epicureans, Ap. ii. 180 n.
28265Essenes, V. 10; doctrines of, Ap.
28266ii. 203 n., 207 n.
28267Esther, book of, Ap. i. 40 n.
28268Ethiopia, Ap. i. 246 ff., 292, 300;
28269Ethiopians,
28270circumcision
28271of, i.
28272169 f.;
28273Eastern
28274Ethiopians,
28275i.
28276174 n.
28277Enuhemerus, Ap. i. 216
28278Eupolemus, Ap. i. 118 n., 218
28279Europe, Ap. i. 66, ii. 128
28280Eusebius, p. x, xviii f.
28281416
28282Euxine sea, Ap. i. 64
28283Evilmaraduch, Ap. i. 146
28284Exodus
28285from
28286Egypt,
28287distorted
28288accounts of the, Ap. i. 223, 229 ff.,
28289ii. 8 ff. ; various dates assigned to
28290the, ii. 15 ff.
28291Ezechias, chief priest, Ap. i. 187, 189
28292Fast, announcement of public, V.
2829329
28294Felix,
28295procurator
28296of Judaea,
28297V,
28298336
2829957’
28300Fleet, 2 sham, V, 165 ff.
28301Flood, the, mentioned by Berosus,
28302Ap. i. 130
28303Funeral
28304ceremonies,
28305li. 205
28306Future life, Ap. ii. 218 f.
28307Jewish, Ap.
28308GaBa, V. 115, 117 f.
28309Gabara, V. 44, 82, 123 ff. (one of the
28310three chief cities of Galilee), 202,
28311233, 235, 240, 265, 313 ; apparently
28312identical with the “village” of
28313Gabaroth, V. 229, 242 f.
28314Gadara, V. 42, 44, 349
28315Gaius
28316Caesar
28317(Caligula),
28318p.
28319vii,
28320V. 5, Ap. ii. 2 n.
28321Galilaeans passim
28322in V. as sup-
28323porters of Josephus; Ap. i. 48
28324Galilee, Lower, V. 188; Upper, 67,
2832571, 187; capital of, rival claim-
28326ants, 37 f.; three chief cities of,
28327123; total number of cities and
28328villages in, 235; frontiers of, 115,
28329241, 270, 285, 318: et passim
28330Gamala, V. 46 f., 58-61, 114, 177,
28331179, 183, 185, 398
28332Garden, hanging, of Babylon, Ap.
28333a 141
28334Garis (village of Galilee), V. 395,
28335412
28336Gaulanitis, V. 187
28337Gaul, historians’ ignorance of, Ap.
28338i. 67
28339Gaza, Ap. ii. 116; battle
28340of, i.
28341184 ff.
28342** Genealogies,” the Greek, Ap. i. 16
28343Gennesaret, Lake of, V. 96, 153,
28344165 ff. (304), 327, 349
28345Gerastratus, Ap. i. 157
28346Germanicus, Ap. ii. 63
28347Gischala, V. 43 ff., 70, 75 f., 101, 122,
28348189, 235, 308, 317
p. 443
28349GENERAL INDEX
28350Glosses in text of Josephus, Ap. i.
28351§3, 92, 98, 134, ii. 195, 198, 253 f.
28352God, Jewish doctrine Of Ay
28353Tie
28354165 ff., 181, 190 ff., 284
28355Greeks
28356untrustworthy
28357as
28358anti-
28359quarians, Ap. i. 6 ff.; their dis-
28360regard of public records, i. 20 ff.,
2836144f.; their regard for style rather
28362than
28363accuracy,
28364i. 23 ff.;
28365rare
28366mention of Jews in Greek his-
28367torians,
28368i. 2 ff.; explanation of
28369their
28370silence,
28371i. 60ff.;
28372Greek
28373historians who mention the Jews,
28374i, 161-218; Greek historians criti-
28375cized by Berosus, i. 142; alleged
28376annual murder of a Greek
28377by
28378Jews, ii. 89 ff. ; real Jewish atti-
28379tude to Greeks, ii. 123; Greek re-
28380ligion severely criticized, ii.237 ff.
28381HAL, H. R., Ap: i. 82
28382Hands, severing of, as punishment,
28383Velie (lett
28384Hapi, Ap. i. 232 n.
28385Harmais, father
28386Ap. i. 97
28387Harmais, brother of Ramesses IT,
28388Ap. i. 98 ff.; called Hermaeus,
28389of Ramesses
28390I,
28391Harmesses Miamoun, Ap. i. 97
28392Harmony, Jewish, Ap. ii. 179 ff.
28393Hashmon, V. 2 n.
28394Hecataeus of Abdera, Ap. i. 183-205,
28395214, ii. 43, 187 n.
28396Heliopolis, Moses as native (priest)
28397of, Ap. 1. 238; 250, 261, 265, 279,
28398ii. 10
28399Hellanicus, Ap. i. 16
28400Heracles, temple of, at Tyre, Ap. i.
28401118
28402f.;
28403Nabuchodonosor
28404com-
28405pared to, i. 144
28406Hermippus, Ap. i. 163 ff.
28407Hermogenes, Ap. i. 216
28408Herod the Great, V. 54n., 115 n.
28409Herod
28410the tetrarch,
28411founder
28412of
28413Tiberias,
28414V. 37; his palace at
28415Tiberias, 65
28416Herod
28417Agrippa
28418I
28419guavas) CEB EE By)
28420Herod Agrippa II (‘the king”),
28421V. 34, 88 f., 48, 52-61, 74, 112, 114,
28422131, 149, 154 ff., 180 ff., 220, 341-3,
284233538 ff.,
28424359f.
28425(allusion
28426to his
28427death), 362-6 (two of his letters
28428(‘‘the
28429great
28430VOL. I
28431quoted), 381 ff., 397 f., 407, 410,
28432Ap. i. 51; his realm, V. 126 and
28433349 (with notes)
28434Herod, son of Gamalus (of Tiberias),
28435V. 33
28436Herod, son of Miarus (of Tiberias),
28437V. 33
28438Herod (of Tiberias, perhaps identi-
28439cal withone of the two foregoing),
28440V. 96
28441Herod (‘‘the most venerable,” un-
28442identified), Ap. i. 51
28443Herodotus, criticized universally,
28444Ap. i. 16, by Manetho, 73; does
28445not mention Rome, 66; on cir-
28446cumcision (quot.), 168 ff., ii. 142;
28447illustrations from, i. 98n., 118 n.,
28448142s Lie Ds,
28449lle) Le STF
28450141 n.
28451Hesiod, Ap. i. 16
28452Hieronymus, Ap. i. 213 ff.
28453Hierosyla (and Hierosolyma), Ap.
28454i. 311 (318 f.)
28455Hierusaleme, Ap. i. 179
28456High priests as keepers of sacred
28457records, Ap. i. 29; list kept of,
28458for 2000 years, i. 36 ; functions of,
28459li. 104, 185, 193 f.
28460Hippodrome at Tarichaeae, V. 132,
28461138
28462Hippos, V. 42, 153, 349
28463Hirom (=Hiram),
28464Ap.
28465i.
28466TNE} shies Ny tei atk, ils) Se
28467Hirom II, Ap. i. 158 f.
28468Historian, functions of, V. 336-9 ;
28469cf. Greeks
28470Homer, posthumous collection of
28471his poems, 4p. i. 12; birthplace
28472of, ii. 14; nowhere uses the word
28473vopos, li. 155; dismissed by Plato
28474from his republic, ii. 256; misc.,
28475epelleme ew
28476G2
28477a lA Ope
28478oS ene
28479241-8 n.
28480Homicide, Athenian laws on, Ap. i.
2848121
28482Homonoia (place-name), V. 281
28483Hyesos dynasty, Ap. i. 75-83
28484Hyperochides, Ap. i. 177
28485Hyrcanus, high priest, V. 3
28486Hyreanus. son of Josephus, V. 5,
28487426
28488109 ff.,
28489IBERIANS, historians’ ignorance of
28490the, Ap. i. 67 ; alleged Babylonian
284912E
28492417
p. 444
28493GENERAL INDEX
28494subjugation
28495of,
28496i. 144;
28497Roman citizenship, ii. 40
28498Idumaea(ns), Ap. ii. 112, 116
28499Illuminations at Jewish festivals,
28500Ap. ii. 118 (282)
28501Images, making of, prohibited, Ap.
28502li. 75,191; cf. Animals, Statues
28503Imitation of Jewish customs by
28504Gentiles, Ap. i. 166 (ef. 225), ii.
28505281 ff.
28506Indian history of Megasthenes, Ap.
28507i. 144;
28508Indian philosophers,
28509i.
28510179
28511Inspiration
28512of Jewish
28513prophets,
28514AD At. 3t:
28515Inventiveness,
28516alleged
28517lack
28518of
28519Jewish, Ap. ii. 135, 148, 182
28520Tonia, Jews in, Ap. ii. 39
28521Irene, Ap. ii. 55
28522Isis, Ap. i. 289, 294, 298
28523Isthmian games, Ap. ii. 217 n.
28524Ithaca (woman), Ap. ii. 55
28525Ithobal I, Ap. i, 123
28526Ithobal II, Ap. ii. 156
28527given
28528James, bodyguard of Josephus, V.
2852996, 240
28530Jamnia (village in Galilee), V7. 188
28531Jannaeus, son of Levi, V. 131
28532Jannas, Ap. i. 80
28533Japha (largest village in Galilee),
28534V. 230, 233, 270
28535Jebb, R. C., Ap. i. 11
28536Jeremiah, officer of Josephus, V.
28537241, 399
28538Jerusalem:
28539the public assembly
28540(xd xowsév), V. 65, 72, 190, 254,
28541267, 309, 341, 393; the leaders
28542(ot zp@zor), 217, 310; the Sanhe-
28543drin, 62; royal palace, 46, 407;
28544siege of, V. 348, 350, 354, 358, 412,
28545416 f., Ap. i. 48; alleged founda-
28546tion of, by the ‘‘shepherds,” i.
2854790, 228; description of, by Heca-
28548taeus, i. 196 ff. ; ‘‘ the holy city,”
28549i. 282
28550Jesus, son of Gamalas, high priest,
28551V. 193, 204
28552Jesus, son of Sapphias, chief magi-
28553strate of Tiberias, V. 66 f., 134 ff.,
28554271,
28555278,
28556294ff.,
28557300f.,
28558and
28559perhaps 246
28560Jesus, a brigand chief, V. 105 ff.,
28561and perhaps 200
28562418
28563Jesus, kinsman of Justus of Ti-
28564berias, V. 178, 186
28565Joazar
28566(or Jozar),
28567colleague
28568of
28569Josephus, V. 29 (63, 73, 77)
28570John of Gischala, son of Levi, V.
2857143 ff., 70 ff., 82, 85 ff., 101f., 122 f.,
28572189, 203, 217, 233, 236 ff., 246, 292,
28573301, 304, 306, 313 ff., 368 ff.
28574Jonathan, high priest, brother of
28575Judas Maccabaeus, V 4
28576Jonathan, member of deputation
28577sent to oppose Josephus, V. 197,
28578201, 216 ff., 229 ff., 245 ff., 301 ff.,
28579316, 332
28580Jonathan, promoter of sedition in
28581Cyrene, V. 424
28582Jonathan, son of Sisenna, V. 190;
28583Jordan, V. 33, 399, 405
28584Joseph, the patriarch, Ap. i. 92,
28585224 n., 238 n., 290 (=Peteseph, a
28586sacred scribe), 299
28587Josephus
28588the historian:
28589life, p.
28590vii ff.; qualifications as priest,
28591Ap. i. 54; the Antiquities, p. xi,
28592Ap..i. 14., 54, 127, 1 136" 28K
28593the Jewish War, p. xi, V. 27,
28594361-367, 412, Ap. i. 47 ff.; the Life,
28595p. xiii ff. (an appendix to Ant.,
28596links with Ant. xx.); the Contra
28597Apionem,
28598Pp.
28599Xvi;
28600projected
28601works, p. xii; his literary assist-
28602ants, Ap. i. 50; his revision of
28603his works, Ap. i. 83 n.
28604Joseph(us), grandfather of J. the
28605historian, V. 5
28606Josephus,
28607‘‘the midwife’s
28608son,”
28609V. 185
28610Jotapata, V. 188, 234, 332, 350, 353,
28611357, 412, 414
28612Jozar
28613(or Joazar),
28614opponent
28615of
28616Josephus,
28617V. 197, 324 f., 332;
28618(possibly identical with Joazar,
28619former colleague of Jos., above).
28620Judaea, Manetho’s account of its
28621occupation by the Jews, Ap. i.
2862290, 228; its extent according to
28623Hecataeus, i. 195
28624Judas, colleague of Josephus, V. 29
28625(63, 73, 77)
28626Julias.
28627See Bethsaida
28628Justin, Ap. ii. 50 n.
28629Justus, son of Josephus, V. 5, 427
28630Justus, bodyguard of Jos., V. 397
28631Justus of Tiberias, son of Pistus,
p. 445
28632GENERAL INDEX
28633V. 34, 36-42, 65, 88, 175 ff., 279,
28634336-367, 390, 410; his history of
28635the Jewish war, p. xiv, V. 40,
28636857-360, Ap. i. 46 n.
28637Juvenal,
28638p. xi;
28639parallels
28640from,
28641Veg ti, Apps i. 225. ii 65.21
28642KAPHARATH
28643(village
28644of Galilee),
28645V. 188
28646LABOROSOARDOCH, Ap. i. 148
28647Lacedaemon
28648attacked
28649by Poly-
28650crates, Ap. i. 221; Lacedaemon-
28651jians, their bravery and misfor-
28652tunes, ii. 130; their training, 172 ;
28653unduly admired, 225-231;
28654their
28655expulsion of foreigners, 259 f.;
28656273
28657Laqueur, p. 1x, xii, xiv f., xix
28658‘Law,’ the word, not found in
28659Homer, Ap. ii. 154 f.
28660Law (laws) of Moses: copy of, pro-
28661duced,
28662V. 134; the five books,
28663Ap. 1. 39; given on Sinai, ii. 25;
28664translation
28665of, under Ptolemy
28666Philadelphus,
28667ii. 45 ff. ; Jewish
28668regard for, i. 60, 190 ff., 212, ii.
28669149 f.; the Law as father and
28670master, ii. 174; Sabbath reading
28671of, and Jewish familiarity with,
28672ii. 175 ff.; laws on leprosy,
28673i.
28674281 f.; summary sketch of, ii.
28675190-219; humanity of, ii. 211 ff. ;
28676penalties,
28677ii. 215
28678ff.; exacting
28679requirements
28680of,
28681ii.
28682228;
28683the
28684Law
28685immortal,
28686ii.
286872773;
28688enco-
28689mium on, ii. 291 ff. ; the oral law
28690(7a. vourwa), V. 161 (bearing arms
28691on the Sabbath), 191 (Pharisees
28692experts on); misc., V. 198, Ap.
28693ii. 106, 184 ff.
28694Lebanon (Libanus),
28695V. 52, Ap. i.
28696HOSES us
28697Leontopolis,
2869849 n.
28699Lepers, Egyptian, Ap. i. 229 ff.,
28700304; Moses’ laws on, i. 281 f.
28701Levi, officer of Josephus, V. 171,
28702319
28703Libya, Ap. i. 144;
28704Jews in, ii. 44
28705Lightfoot, J., Ap. i. 167
28706Locrians, laws of the, Ap. ii. 154
28707temple
28708of, Ap.
28709ii.
28710settlement of
28711Lycurgus, Ap, ii. 154, 225
28712Lysimachus, Ap. i. 304-320; ii. 16,
2871320, 145, 236
28714MAccaBEES, Fourth Book of, p. xii
28715Macedonians
28716(of Alexandria and
28717Egypt), Ap. ii. 35 f., 48, 69 f.,
28718BBY, WERE
28719Macrones, the, Ap. i. 170
28720Manetho, Ap. i. 16 n., 73-105, 227-
28721287, 294 ff, ii. 1, 16
28722Marriage of Jewish priests, Ap. i.
2872331 ff. ; Jewish marriage laws, ii.
28724199 ff.
28725Matthias, son of Simon, ancestor
28726of Josephus, V. 4
28727Matthias
28728Curtus,
28729Josephus, V7. 4
28730Matthias, father of Josephus, V. 5,
287317, 204
28732Matthias, brother of Josephus, V. 8
28733Medes, Media, Ap. i. 64, 99, 141
28734Megasthenes,
28735historian
28736of India,
28737Ap. i. 144
28738Memphis, Ap. i. 77, 246
28739Menahem, V. 21, 46
28740Menander of Ephesus, 4p. i. 116 ff.,
28741155 n,
28742Mephramouthosis, Ap. i. 95
28743Mephres, Ap. i. 95
28744Merbal, A». i. 158
28745Methusastartus, Ap. i. 122
28746Metten, Ap. i. 125
28747Middle, God
28748the, of all things,
28749Ap. ii. 190
28750Minos, Ap. ii. 161
28751Misphragmouthosis, Ap. i. 86
28752Mnaseas, Ap. i. 216, ii. 112
28753Modius, Aequus,
28754V. 61, 74, 114,
28755180 f.
28756Molon, Apollonius, Ap. ii. 16, 79,
28757145, 148, 236, 255, 258, 262, 270,
28758295
28759Mommsen, T., Ap. ii. 40 f.
28760Moses, etymology of, Ap. i. 286;
28761called Osarsiph by Manetho,
28762i.
28763250; Tisithen by Chaeremon, i.
28764290; Manetho on, i. 279; Lysi-
28765machus on, i. 309; called a native
28766of Heliopolis by Manetho, i. 238,
28767and by Apion,
28768ii. 10, 13; the
28769most ancient of legislators, his
28770sterling merits,
28771ii. 154 ff. ; the
28772books of, i. 89.
28773See Law.
28774ancestor
28775of
28776419
p. 446
28777GENERAL INDEX
28778Mosollamus
28779(Meshullam),
28780Ap. i.
28781201 ff.
28782Mou=‘*‘ water,” Ap. i. 286
28783Miller, J. G., p. xix, Ap. i. 183
28784Mysteries, Greek, Ap. ii. 189
28785Myttyn, Ap. i. 157
28786Naber, S. A., p. xvii ff.
28787Nabonnedus, Ap. i. 149 ff.
28788Nabopalassar, Ap. i. 131, 135 f.
28789Nabuchodenosor (= Nebuchadnez-
28790zar), Ap. i. 132, 135 ff., 146, 154,
28791156, 159
28792Nemean games, 4p. ii, 217 n.
28793Neopolitanus, V. 120
28794Neriglisar, Ap. i. 147
28795Nero, V. 13, 16, 88, 408 f.
28796Nicolas of Damascus, Ap. i. 216 n.,
28797ii. 84
28798Niese, B., p. xvii f., et
28799passim
28800Nile, charge of, entrusted to Jews,
28801Ap. ii. 64
28802Ninus, priestess, Ap. ii. 267
28803Noah (in Berosus), Ap. i. 130
28804Oasis, Egyptian, Ap. ii. 29
28805Oaths, Jewish, V. 275, Ap. i. 167
28806(corban); alleged Jewish oath of
28807hostility to Greeks, ii. 95, 121 ff. ;
28808of Socrates, ii. 263
28809Oil, use of Grecian, prohibited to
28810Jews, V. 74
28811Olympic games, Ap. ii. 217 n.
28812Onias, general of Ptolemy Philo-
28813metor, Ap. ii. 49 fi.
28814Onias, high priest, Ap. i. 187 n.
28815Orus (Or), Ap. i. 96, 232
28816Osarsiph (= Moses), Ap. i. 238, 250,
28817265, 286
28818Osiris, Ap. i. 238 n., 250, 265
28819Ovid, Metamorph., Ap. ii. 128 n.
28820PaaPtis, Ap. i. 232, 243
28821Page, T. E., Ap. ii. 203
28822Palestine not a maritime country,
28823Ap. i. 60
28824Parents, honour of, Ap. ii. 206
28825Parthenius, river, Ap. i. 170
28826Pelusium, Ap. i. 78 u., 101, 274, 291,
28827297, 302
28828Peritius, Macedonian month, Ap. i.
28829119
28830420
28831Persecution (torture) of,
28832Jews, Ap.
28833i. 43, 191 f., ii. 219, 232 ff.
28834Persian dominion in Asia, Ap. i. 64,
28835150 ; deportation of Jews (errone-
28836ous statement), 194; punishment
28837of impiety,
28838ii. 269;
28839practices,
28840270; war with Greece, i. 13, 18,
28841172, ii. 270; conquest of Egypt,
28842ii. 129, 133
28843Peteseph (=Joseph), Ap. i. 290
28844Pharisees, V. 10, 12, 21, 191, 197;
28845their belief in a future life, Ap.
28846ii. 218 n.
28847Phelles, Ap. i. 123
28848Pherecydes of Syros, Ap. i. 14
28849Philip, son of Jacimus, lieutenant
28850of Agrippa II, V. 46 ff., 59, 177,
28851179 fi., 407 ff.
28852Philistus, Sicilian historian, Ap. i.
2885317
28854Philo, “the elder,” Ap. i. 218
28855Philo of Alexandria, Ap. 1. 286 n.,
28856i, 2n5, 77 n:, 113 n., Linn, 12,
28857237 n.
28858Philosophers,
28859Greek, disciples of
28860Egyptians and Chaldaeans, Ap. i.
28861|
2886214; in accord with Moses, ii. 168,
28863281 ff.
28864Philostratus, Ap. i. 144
28865Phobos (and Deimos), Ap. ii. 248
28866Phoenician
28867contact with
28868Greece,
28869their alphabet and use of writing,
28870Ap. i. 10, 28; commerce, 61, 63 ;
28871practice
28872of circumcision,
28873169;
28874language
28875spoken
28876in
28877Ethiopia,
28878173 with n.; records, §f., 143,
28879155 ff.; evidence to Jewish his-
28880tory,
28881i. 70, 106-127,
28882ii. 18f.;
28883campaign of Ramesses II against
28884Phoenicia,
28885i. 99; of Nabucho-
28886donosor, 135; town of Dora in
28887Phoenicia, ii. 116
28888Photius, p. x
28889Phritobautes, Ap.
28890i. 289, 295
28891Piracy, Ap. i. 62
28892Pisistratus, Ap. i. 21
28893Pistus, father of Justus of Tiberias,
28894V. 34, 88, 175
28895Placidus, V. 213 ff., 227, 411
28896Plain, the Great (of Esdraelon),
28897V. 115, 126, 318
28898Plato, Timaeus, use of, Ap. i. 7 ff.,
28899ii. 192 n., 224; current criticism
28900of his Republic,
28901ii. 223 ff.; dis-
p. 447
28902GENERAL INDEX
28903misses poets from the republic,
28904256; in accord with Moses, 168,
28905257
28906Pliny, the elder, p. xi
28907Pliny, the younger, Ap. ii. 41 n.
28908Polybius, Ap. ii. 50 n., 84
28909Polycrates, Ap. i. 221
28910Pompey ‘‘the Great,” Ap. i. 34, ii.
2891182, 134
28912Poppaea, V. 16
28913Population, vast Jewish, Ap. i. 194
28914Pork, abstention from, Ap. ii. 137,
28915141
28916Posidonius, Ap. ii. 79
28917Prayers, Jewish, Ap. ii. 196 f.
28918Priests, Jewish, 24 courses of, V. 2,
28919Ap. ii. 108 n.; 4 tribes of, ii. 108 ;
28920liberation of, by Jos., V. 18 ff. ;
28921marriage of Ap. i. 30 ff. ; number
28922of, i. 188, ii. 108 ; hours of service
28923of, in Temple, ii. 105; qualifica-
28924tions
28925and functions
28926of, i. 199,
28927284, ii. 185 ff., 193 f.
28928Prophets, Jewish, as writers and
28929keepers of records, Ap. i. 29, 37
28930(inspiration of), 40, 41 (failure of
28931succession since Artaxerxes)
28932Proselytes, Ap. ii. 123, 210, 261
28933Proseuche (prayer-house), at Tiber-
28934jas, V. 277, 280, 298 ff.; alleged
28935to have been erected by Moses
28936at Heliopolis, Ap. ii. 10
28937Protagoras, Ap. ii. 266
28938Ptolemais, V. 105, 118, 218 ff., 342,
28939410
28940Ptolemy I, son of Lagus, Ap. i.
28941183, 185 f., 210, ii. 37, 44
28942Ptolemy II, Philadelphus, Ap. ii.
2894345 ff.
28944Ptolemy III, Kuergetes, Ap. ii. 48
28945Ptolemy IV, Philopator,
28946Ap. ii.
2894755 n.
28948Ptolemy VII, Philometor, Ap. ii.
2894949, 51
28950Ptolemy IX, Physcon, Ap. ii. 51 ff.
28951Ptolemy XV, Ap. ii. 58 n.
28952Ptolemy, officer of Agrippa II, V,
28953126, 128
28954Purifications, Jewish, Ap. i. 199,
28955ii. 198, 203
28956Purim, Ap. ii. 55 n.
28957Puteoli (= Dicaearchia), V. 16
28958Pygmalion, Ap. i. 125
28959Pythagoras, indebted to Egypt and
28960Chaldaea,
28961Ap.
28962i. 13; imitated
28963Jewish
28964doctrines,
28965i. 162 ff.,
28966ii.
28967168;
28968birth-place
28969of, uncertain,
28970li. 14
28971QUARRIES, stone, in Egypt, Ap. i.
28972235, 237, 257, 267, 296
28973Quintilius Varus, Ap. i. 34
28974RABBINICAL traditions, Ap. ii. 175,
28975190, 199, 204 f.
28976Ramesses I, Ap. i. 971
28977Ramesses
28978II (=Sethosis), Ap.
2897998 ff. (also perhaps 288 ff., 992,
28980300 f.)
28981Rampses, Ap. i. 231, 245, 251
28982Rathotis, Ap. i. 96
28983Red Sea, "Ap. i. 201
28984Refugees,
28985treatment
28986of, V. 113,
28987149 ff.
28988Registers, Jewish public, V. 6
28989Reinach, T., p. xix et passim
28990Riddles
28991of Solomon, Ap. i. 111,
28992114 f.
28993Rome, visit of Jos. to, V. 18 ff. ;
28994Jos.
28995at Rome
28996after
28997the
28998war,
28999V, 423 ff., Ap. i. 50; Jewish re-
29000volt from, V.17f. et passim; Ee
29001unknown to the Greeks, Ap.
2900266; Roman citizenship given fe
29003Jos., V. 423; to various nations,
29004Ap. ii. 40; refused to Egyptians,
2900541 (with n.);
29006magnanimity
29007of
29008Romans, 73; Jewish daily sacri-
29009fices for R. Emperors, 77 ; Jewish
29010alliance with Romans, 134
29011SaBBATH, Soldiers discharged
29012on,
29013V. 159, ef. 275; bearing arms on,
29014forbidden, 161, Ap. i. 209; meet-
29015ing
29016in prayer-house on, V. 277 ff. ;
29017midday meal on, 279; Apion’ s
29018false etymology of word, Ap. ii.
2901920f., 26 f.; reading of Law on,
29020175: observance of, li, 234, 282
29021(among Gentiles), i. 209 f. (ridi-
29022culed by Agatharcides)
29023Sabbo, Ap. ii. 21, 27
29024Sabines, Ap. ii. 40
29025Sacchaeus, V. 239
29026Sacrifices, custom of, not peculiar
29027to Jews, Ap. ii. 137 f.; Jewish,
29028195 f.
29029Saddueees, V. 10
29030421
p. 448
29031GENERAL INDEX
29032Salitis, Ap. i. 77
29033Samaria, shortest route from Gali-
29034lee to Jerusalem
29035via,
29036V. 269;
29037alleged cession of, to Jews, by
29038Alexander the Great, Ap. ii. 43
29039Sanhedrin, V. 62
29040Sceptics, the Greek, Ap. ii. 180 n.
29041Schiirer, E., Ap. ii. 77
29042Scriptures (‘‘sacred books ”), copy
29043of, presented by Titus to Jose-
29044phus,
29045V. 418;
29046the Antiquities
29047based on, Ap. i. 1, 54; care be-
29048stowed on, i. 29 ff. ; the 22 books,
2904937 ff. ; Jewish reverence for, 42 f. ;
29050unknown to Greek writers, 217 f. ;
29051cf. Law
29052Scythians, Ap, i. 64, ii. 269
29053Scythopolis (Bethshan), V. 26, 42,
29054121, 349
29055Secrets, disclosure of, forbidden by
29056the Law, Ap. ii. 207
29057Sedition, Alexandrian Jews accused
29058of causing, Ap. ii. 68
29059Selame (village in Galilee), V. 188
29060Seleucia (in Gaulanitis), V. 187, 398
29061Seleucia (Pieria, Syrian port), Ap.
29062i. 207
29063Seleucus I, Ap. i. 144 n., ii. 39
29064Seleucus II, Ap. i. 206 f.
29065Semiramis, Ap. i. 142
29066Sepphoris, V. 30, 37 ff. (capital of
29067Galilee), 64, 82, 103 ff., 123 f., 188,
29068203, 232 (largest city in Galilee) ;
29069cf. 346 ff., 373-380, 394 ff, 411
29070Septuagint, Ap. i. 54 n., ii. 46
29071Sesostris, Ap. i. 98 n., ii. 132
29072Sethos(is) (=Ramesses II), Ap. i.
2907398-102, 231, 245
29074Sethroite nome of Egypt, Ap. i. 78
29075Seventy, council of, Galilaeans, V.
2907679
29077fe
29078‘* Shepherds,” the (=Hycsos dy-
29079nasty), Ap. i. 82, 84 ff., 91, 94,
29080230, 237 ff., 248, 251, 260, 266
29081Shishak, Ap. i. 98 n.
29082Sicilian historians, Ap. i. 17
29083Silas, officer of Josephus, in com-
29084mand at Tiberias, V. 89 f., 272
29085Simon Psellus, ancestor of Jose-
29086phus, V. 3
29087Simon,
29088high priest,
29089brother
29090of
29091Judas Maccabaeus, V. 3 f.
29092Simon of Gabara, V. 124
29093Simon, soldier of Josephus, V. 137
29094422
29095Simon, brother of John of Gischala,
29096V. 190, 195, 201
29097Simon, son of Gamaliel, V. 190 ff.,
29098216, 309
29099Simon, member of embassy sent to
291004
29101Josephus, V. 197, 324 ff.,
2910232,
29103Simonias (on Galilee frontier), V.
29104115
29105Simonides Agrippa, son of Jose-
29106phus, V. 427
29107Sinai, Ap. ii. 25
29108Socrates, Ap. ii. 135, 263 f.
29109Soemus, V. 52
29110Sogane, in Gaulanitis,
29111V. 187; in
29112Galilee, 265 f. ; text and locality
29113uncertain, 44
29114Solomon, Ap. i. 108 ff., 114 f., 120,
29115ii. 12, 19, 132
29116Solon, Ap. ii. 154
29117Solyma (in Gaulanitis), V. 187°
29118Solymian hills, Ap. i. 173 f.
29119Solymites (=inhabitants of Jeru-
29120salem), Ap. i. 248
29121Sophocles, Ap. ii. 279 n.
29122Sorcery, V. 149 f.
29123Soul and body, Ap. ii. 203
29124Sparta.
29125See Lacedaemonians
29126Stadium at Tiberias, V. 92, 331
29127Statues not erected by Jews, Ap.
29128li. 73 ff.
29129Stoics
29130have features in common
29131with the Pharisees, V. 12; and
29132with the mosaic theology, Ap. ii.
29133168
29134Strabo, Ap. i. 16 n., 172n., 192 n.,
29135ii. 44 n., 84
29136Stratonice, Ap. i. 206 ff.
29137Suetonius, p. x
29138Sulla, officer of Agrippa II, V. 398,
29139401, 405
29140Sundials of Moses, Ap. ii. il
29141Syrians,
29142massacres
29143of Jews
29144by,
29145V. 25; of Caesarea, hostile to
29146Jews, 52, 59; of Palestine men-
29147tioned by Herodotus as practising
29148circumcision, Ap. i. 169, 171
29149TABERNACLE, Ap. ii. 12
29150Tabor, mount, V. 188
29151Tacitus, p. xi; illustrations from,
29152Ap. i. 305 f., 309, ii. 63, 80, 121
29153Talmud.
29154See Rabbinical traditions
29155Tarichaeae,
29156V. 96f.,
29157127, 132 ff.,
p. 449
29158GENERAL INDEX
29159151, 157, 159 ff., 188, 276, 304,
29160404 ff,
29161Tartarus, Ap. ii. 240+
29162Taxation, exemption of Josephus’s
29163property from, V. 429
29164Tekoa, V. 420
29165Temple of Solomon,
29166building of,
29167Ap. 1. 108 (Tyrian evidence), 126,
29168li, 12, 19; destruction
29169and re-
29170building of, Ap. i. 132, 145, 154 ;
29171description of second temple by
29172Hecataeus,
29173i. 198 f.; temple of
29174Herod, used as asylum, V. 20;
29175as prison, V. 419; its four courts,
29176Ap. ii. 102 ff. ; gates, 119; temple
29177ritual,
29178193 ff.;
29179calumnies
29180con-
29181cerning the ritual, 79-120
29182Temples, Greek, old and new, Ap.
29183ii. 254
29184Tethmosis (elsewhere called Thoum-
29185mosis), Ap. i. 94, 231, 241, ii. 16
29186Thales, Ap. i. 13
29187Thebaid, the Egyptian, Ap. i. 85
29188Thebes (in Greece), Ap. i. 221, ii.
29189273
29190““Theocracy,” the constitution of
29191Moses a, Ap. ii. 165
29192Theodotus, Ap. i. 216
29193Theophilus, Ap. i. 216
29194Theophrastus, Ap. i. 167
29195Theopompus, Ap. i. 221
29196Thermodon, river, Ap. i. 170
29197Thermus, Lucius, Ap. ii. 50
29198Thmosis, Ap. i. 95
29199Thoummosis (=Tethmosis), Ap. i.
2920088
29201Thracians, Ap. i. 64, 165
29202Thucydides, accused of error, Ap.
29203i. 18;; does not mention Rome,
2920466; illustrations from, i. 53, 62,
29205231
29206Tiberias, V. 32 ff., 37 (former capi-
29207tal of Galilee), 64, 67 f., 82, 85 ff.
29208(hot baths at), 123 f., 155 ff., 188,
29209903, 271 ff., 296, 313 f., 326 ff.,
29210340 ff. (responsibility for revolt
29211from Rome), 381-389
29212Tiberius, Ap. ii. 2 n.
29213Timaeus, Ap. i. 16 f., 221
29214Timagenes, Ap. ii. 84
29215Timochares, Ap. i. 197 n.
29216Tisithen (= Moses), Ap. i. 290
29217Tithes, priestly,
29218V. 63, 80; Ap. i.
29219188
29220Titus, V. 358 f. (Commentaries of),
29221363, 416 ff., 428, Ap. i. 48, 50,
29222il. 82
29223Tonsure, Ap. i. 174 n.
29224Trachonitis, V. 538, 112
29225Tripoliticus, Ap. i. 221
29226Trojan War, Ap. i. 11 f., 104
29227Tutimaeus, Ap. i. 75
29228Typhon, Ap. i. 237
29229Tyre, V. 44, 372, 407; besieged by
29230w Nebuchadnezzar, Ap. i. 144, 156,
29231159; temple of Zeus at, 113, 118 ;
29232Tyrians, enemies
29233of Jews, 70;
29234Tyrian archives, 107 ff. ; Tyrian
29235laws, 167
29236Tyrrhenians, Ap, ii. 40
29237Urica, Ap. i. 119
29238VARUuS, viceroy of Agrippa II, V.
2923948 ff., 180
29240Vespasian, V. 5, 342 (Commentaries
29241of), 352, 355, 359, 407-415, 423,
29242425, Ap. i. 48, 50, ii. 40 n.
29243Vessels,
29244carrying
29245of,
29246into
29247the
29248Temple prohibited, Ap. ii. 106
29249Virtues, the four cardinal, Ap. ii.
29250170
29251Watts built or repaired, V. 128,
29252142 ff., 156, 186 ff., 317, 347
29253Wolf, Prolegomena, Ap. i. 12 n.
29254XaxoruH (on 8. frontier of Galilee),
29255Vi 227
29256Xerxes, Ap. i. 40, 172
29257Zasipus, Ap. ii. 112 ff.
29258Zaleucus, Ap. ii. 154
29259Zamaris, V. 54n,
29260Zeno, Ap. ii. 135
29261Yeus,
29262Ap.
29263ii.
29264162,
29265241,
29266245
29267f.;5
29268temple of, at Tyre, i. 113, 118 ;
29269‘by Zeus,” i. 255, ii. 263
29270Zopyrion, Ap. i. 216
292714.23
p. 450
29272INDEX II. BIBLICAL PASSAGES
29273QUOTED IN THE NOTES.
29274References are to the Books and Sections of the Contra Apionem,
29275except in the few allusions to the Life, which are indicated by V.
29276Genesis
29277iL. 26; 31.
29278iii. 16.
29279xl. 15.
29280Exodus
29281ii. 10.
29282KxiL 25:
29283XXii. 28 (Lxx).
29284xxiii. 4.
29285Leviticus
29286i
29287x. Oy
29288xiii-xiv.
29289xv. 18.
29290xviii. 6 ff.
29291XViii. 22, 29.
29292Kx: $1-15) 3518
29293xix. 16.
29294Nixa 71.
29295RIRs O27.
29296xx. 10.
292970. Be
29298xxi. 7 ff.
29299Xxil. 24.
29300xxiv. 13.
29301xxv. 36 f.
29302Numbers xix. 11 ff.
29303xxii. 27.
29304Deuteronomy iv. 2.
29305ae te
29306vy. 16.
29307424
29308li. 192
29309ii. 208
29310i. 164, ii. 237
29311V. 128
29312ii. 207
29313ii. 208
29314i. 199
29315i. 281 f.
29316ii. 203
29317ii. 200
29318ii. 199
29319ii. 216
29320Deuteronomy
29321vi. 7.
29322xi. 19.
29323eh fy Ki
29324xvi. 19.
29325Xxz 19;
29326xxi. 10 ff.
29327xxi. 18 ff.
29328EX 23:
29329xxii. 6.
29330XXii. 22-27.
293312 Samuel
29332VoL:
293331 Kings
293342 Kings
29335xxv. 8.
293361 Chronicles xxiv. 7.
29337Ezra
29338ii. 36.
29339iii. 8.
29340viii. 16.
29341Nehemiah
29342Vii. 39.
29343Jeremiah
29344ix, 26;
29345xxv. 12.
29346i. 12529;
29347Ezekiel
29348xliv. 21.
29349|
p. 451
29350INDEX OF BIBLICAL PASSAGES
29351Daniel
29352Vii Ose
29353ite 206
293541 Maccabees
29355xiii. 41.
29356ii. 134
293573 Maccabees
29358Venison
29359Tobit
29360igs Litiis
29361Shy eal
29362Keclesiasticus (Sirach)
29363Matthew
29364SNe
29365Ose lege OM
29366Vile ote
29367eele 205
29368Mark
29369yale Tikes
29370TG aly
29371xiii. 15 (19).
29372ii. 193
29373Xd Gs
29374die LOG
29375Baruch
29376btyea I
29377hays
29378Acts
29379Vids LG
29380Ven 1
29381edlg
29382sh Wri
29383KVil. 22,
293841. 130
293851 Maccabees ii. 34 ff.
29386V. 161
293871 Corinthians
29388yaw,
29389fy bel
29390Koss
29391WA
29392Galatians
29393Ili. 24,
29394ii. 174
29395XO; 38, M1. 345
2939611.43
29397Revelation i. 8, xxi. 6.
29398ii. 190
29399Printed in Great Britain by R. & R. Crark, Limivep, Ldinburgh.
p. 452
294002
p. 453
29401THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
29402VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHED.
29403Latin Authors.
29404APULEIUS.
29405THE GOLDEN ASS (METAMORPHOSES).
29406W. Adling-
29407ton (1566),
29408Revised by S. Gaselee.
29409(8rd Imp.)
29410AUSONIUS.
29411H.G. Evelyn White.
294122 Vols.
29413BOETHIUS: TRACTS anp DE CONSOLATIONE PHILOSOPHIAE.
29414Rey. H. F. Stewart and HE. K. Rand,
29415CAESAR: CIVIL WARS.
29416A. G. Peskett.
29417(2nd Imp.)
29418CAESAR: GALLIC WAR.
29419H.J. Edwards.
29420(3rd Imp.)
294213
29422CATULLUS.
29423F. W. Cornish; TIBULLUS.
29424J. P. Postgate; and PER-
29425VIGILIUM VENERIS,
29426J. W. Mackail.
29427(7th Imp.)
29428CICERO: DE FINIBUS.
29429H. Rackham,
29430(2nd Imp.)
29431CICERO: DE OFFICIIS.
29432Walter Miller.
29433(2nd Imp.)
29434CICERO:
29435DE SENECTUTE,
29436DE AMICITIA,
29437DE DIVINATIONE
29438W. A. Falconer.
29439CICERO: LETTERS TO ATTICUS.
29440E. O. Winstedt.
294413 vols,
29442(3rd Imp.
29443CICERO: PRO ARCHIA, POST REDITUM, DE DOMO, Erc. N. H. Watts.
29444CLAUDIAN.
29445M. Platnauer.
294462 Vols.
29447CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE, W. Watts (1631), 2 Vols. (87d Imp.)
29448FRONTINUS: STRATAGEMS anp AQUEDUCTS.
29449C. E. Bennett.
29450FRONTO: CORRESPONDENCE.
29451C.R. Haines.
294522 Vols.
29453HORACE: ODES AND EPODES.
29454C.E. Bennett.
29455(6th Imp.)
29456JUVENAL AND PERSIUS.
29457G.G. Ramsay.
29458(2nd Inv.)
29459LIVY.
29460B.O. Foster.
2946113 Vols.
29462Vols. I.-II1.
29463(Vol. I. 2nd Imp.)
29464LUCRETIUS.
29465W. H. D. Rouse.
29466MARTIAL.
29467W.C. Ker.
294682 Vols.
29469OVID: HEROIDES ann AMORES.
29470Grant Showerman,
29471(2nd Imp.)
29472OVID: METAMORPHOSES.
29473F. J. Miller.
294742 Vols.
29475(8rd Imp.)
29476OVID: TRISTIA anp EX PONTO.
29477A. L. Wheeler.
29478PETRONIUS.
29479M. Heseltine ; SENECA: APOCOLOCYNTOSIS. W.H.D.
29480Rouse.
29481(5th Imp.)
29482PLAUTUS.
29483Paul Nixon.
294845 Vols.
29485Vols. I.-III.
29486(Vol. I. 2nd Imp.)
29487PLINY:
29488LETTERS.
29489Melmoth’s
29490translation
29491revised
29492by W.
29493M.
29494L.
29495Hutchinson,
294962 Vols.
29497(2nd Imp.)
29498PROPERTIUS.
29499H.E. Butler.
29500(8rd Imp.)
29501QUINTILIAN.
29502H.E,. Butler.
295034 Vols.
29504SALLUST.
29505J.C. Rolfe.
29506SCRIPTORES HISTORIAE AUGUSTAE.
29507D.Magie.
295084 Vols.
29509Vols. I.-II.
29510SENECA: EPISTULAE MORALES.
29511R. M. Gummere.
295123 Vols.
29513(Vol. I.
295142nd Imp.)
29515SENECA: TRAGEDIES.
29516F.J. Miller.
295172 Vols.
29518(2nd Imp.)
29519SUETONIUS.
29520J.C. Rolfe.
295212 Vols.
29522(8rd Imp.)
29523TACITUS:
29524DIALOGUS.
29525Sir Wm.
29526Peterson:
29527and AGRICOLA
29528ayxp
29529GERMANITA.
29530Maurice Hutton.
29531(8rd Imp.)
29532TERENCE,
29533John Sargeaunt.
295342 Vols.
29535(4th Imp.)
29536VELLEIUS PATERCULUS anp RES GESTAE DIVI AUGUSTI.
29537F. W.
29538Shipley.
29539VIRGIL.
29540H.R. Fairclough.
295412 Vols.
29542(Vol. I. 4th Imp., Vol. II. 8rd Imp,)
29543Greek Authors.
29544ACHILLES TATIUS.
29545S. Gaselee,
29546AENEAS
29547TACTICUS, ASCLEPIODOTUS
29548ann ONASANDER.
29549The
29550Illinois Greek Club.
29551AESCHINES.
29552C. D. Adams.
29553AESCHYLUS.
29554H. WeirSmyth.
295552 Vols.
29556APOLLODORUS,
29557Sir J. G. Frazer.
295582 Vols.
295591
p. 454
29560APOLLONIUS RHODIUS.
29561R. C. Seaton.
29562(srd\Imp .)
29563THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS,
29564Kirsopp Lake.
295652Vols.
29566(Vol. I. 4th
29567Imp.,
29568Vol. II. 3rd Imp.)
29569:
29570APPIAN’S ROMAN HISTORY.
29571Horace White.
295724 Vols,
29573ARISTOPHANES.
29574Benjamin B: Rogers. 3 Vols.
29575CALLIMACHUS anp LYCOPHRON,
29576A. W. Mair; ARATUS. G. R. Mair.
29577CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA,
29578Rev. G. W. Butterworth,
29579DAPHNIS AND CHLOE,
29580aed s translation revised by J. M.
29581Edmonds ; and PARTHENIUS. S, Gaselee.
29582(2nd Imp.)
29583DIO CASSIUS: ROMAN HISTORY. E. Cary.
295849 Vols.
29585Vols. I.-VII.
29586DIOGENES LAERTIUS.
29587R. D. Hicks.
295882 Vols.
29589EURIPIDES.
29590A.S. Way.
295914 Vols.
29592(4th Imp
29593GALEN: ON THE NATURAL FACULTIES.
29594A. J. Brock,
29595THE GREEK ANTHOLOGY.
29596.W. R..Patom.
295975 Vols.
29598(2nd Imp.)
29599THE GREEK BUCOLIC POETS (THEOCRITUS, BION, MOSCHUS).
29600J.M. Edmonds.
29601(4th Imp.)
29602HERODOTUS.
29603A. D.Godley.
296044 Vols.
29605HESIOD anp THE HOMERIC HYMNS. H.G. Evelyn White. (2nd Imp.)
29606HIPPOCRATES.
29607W. H.S. Jones.-
296084 Vols.
29609Vols. I.-II.
29610HOMER: ILIAD.
29611A. T. Murray. . 2 Vols.
29612HOMER: ODYSSEY.
29613A.T. Murray.
296142 Vols.
29615(2nd ia
29616JOSEPHUS: VITA anp CONTRA APIONEM.
29617H. St. J. Thackeray.
29618JULIAN,
29619Wilmer Cave Wright.
296203 Vols.
29621LUCIAN,
29622A, M. Harmon. 8
29623Vols,
29624Vols, I-IV. ie I., II. 2nd Imp.)
29625LYRA GRAECA,
29626J.M.Edmonds.
296273 Vols.
29628Vols, I.-II.
29629MARCUS AURELIUS.
29630C. R. Haines.
29631(2nd Imp.)
29632MENANDER,
29633F. G, Allinson,
29634PAUSANTAS : DESCRIPTION:OF GREECE.
29635W. H.S. Jones.
296365 Vols.
29637and Companion Vol.
29638Yol. I.
29639PHILOSTRATUS: THE LIFE OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA,
29640F, C.
29641Conybeare.
296422 Vols.
29643(2nd Imp.)
29644PHILOSTRATUS
29645and
29646EUNAPIUS:
29647LIVES
29648OF THE
29649SOPHISTS.
29650Wilmer Cave Wright.
29651;
29652PINDAR, Sir J. E, Sandys.
29653(8rd Ed.)
29654PLATO:
29655CRATYLUS, PARMENIDES, GREATER
29656and
29657LESSER
29658HIPPIAS.
29659H. N. Fowler.
29660PLATO: EUTHYPHRO, APOLOGY, CRITO, PHAEDO, PHAEDRUS,
29661H. N. Fowler.
29662(4th Imp.)
29663PLATO: LACHES, PROTAGORAS, MENO, EUTHYDEMUS.
29664W. R. M.
29665Lamb.
29666PLATO: LYSIS, SYMPOSIUM, GORGIAS.
29667W. R. M. Lamb.
29668PLATO: STATESMAN, PHILEBUS. H. oes
29669Fowler; ION. W. R. M. Lamb.
29670PLATO: THEAETETUS, SOPHIST.
29671H. N,
29672Fowler.
29673PLUTARCH:
29674THE
29675PARALLEL
29676LIV ES.
29677BB. Perrin.
2967811 Vols,
29679Vols, I.-X.
29680POLYBIUS.
29681W.R. Paton.
296826 Vols.
29683Vols. I.-IV.
29684PROCOPIUS: HISTORY OF THE WARS.
29685H. B. Dewing.
296867 Vols.
29687Vols, I to IV.
29688QUINTUS SMYRNAEUS.
29689A.S. Way.
29690SOPHOCLES.
29691F. Storr.
296922 Vols.
29693(Vol. I. 4th Imp., Vol. IL. 3rd Imp.)
29694ST. JOHN DAMASCENE: BARLAAM AND IOASAPH,
29695Rey. G. R.
29696Woodward and Harold Mattingly.
29697STRABO : GEOGRAPHY.
29698Horace
29699L. Jones.
297008 Vols.
29701Vols, I.-III.
29702THEOPHRASTUS: ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS,
29703Sir Arthur Hort, Bart.
297042 Vols.
29705THUCYDIDES.
29706C, F.Smith.
297074 Vols.
29708XENOPHON : CYROPAEDIA, Walter Miller.
297092 Vols, (Vol. I. 2nd Imp.)
29710XENOPHON:
29711HELLENICA,
29712ANABASIS, APOLOGY,
29713anp
29714SYM-
29715POSIUM.
29716C. L. Brownson and O. J. Todd.
297173 Vols.
29718XENOPHON : MEMORABILIA anp OECONOMICUS.
29719E. C. Marchant.
29720XENOPHON: SCRIPTA MINORA.
29721E. C. Marchant.
297222
29723{)
p. 455
29724Ons
29725sw
29726i
29727ai He ‘ MY
29728.
29729os
29730hy
29731ty hy A le
29732|
29733Pit
29734i
29735Se } p) Y
29736ss
29737oy,
29738ig havens
29739ve
297407 4)
29741ny,
29742aye " Ee
29743Ny
29744Wail
29745th
29746,
29747at
29748aye
29749f
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29751by
29752i nN ore Bh
29753an 7
29754}
29755a)
29756,
29757i
29758oes ay
29759} sy one
29760i
29761id
29762'
29763a Onn "
29764pe v ‘i
29765in hy
29766‘
29767j
29768i
29769an
29770Mis
29771:
29772.
29773paul
29774Li
297755
29776ae
29777a °
29778-
p. 456
29779|
29780te
29781¥
29782.
29783rie
29784;
29785;
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29789+ Da te €
29790:
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29795-
29796he
29797had
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29798—"-
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29800i seem,
29801BREhRD
29802om
29803co @
29804PA
29805Josephus, Flavius
298064222
29807Josephus
29808~
29809PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
29810CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET
29811a
29812eg
29813UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY
29814a
29815rc
29816ee PRUNE |
p. 458
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30171"
30172Pty
30173Fah
30174eek
30175och
30176wan
30177ieee
30178bi

Provenance

Full provenance, licence and citation: part 1.

What the layers are

L0 witness
The text as its witness or edition has it, original spelling; its dialect is a description and is never standardized.
L0.5 transliteration
For Egyptian texts: the transliteration with the editors' marks turned into the symbols ° * < > _ ^ (ruled 2026-09-10). For papyri: the edition's Leiden marks as the same symbols, and the editors' readings beside the scribe's as ‹scribe→editors› (ruled PAP-3).
L1 Cairene
Standardized Greco-Bohairic spelling and grammar, generated by code from the layer above under the rulings of the project.
L2 Kemetic
The Kemetic alphabet, generated by code from L1.
English
Quoted translations where they exist, credited; otherwise model drafts, marked as drafts.