Source and licence
share: publicnoneSource: text layer of corpus/incoming/histories/historians/plutarch-de-iside/plutarch-moralia-loeb-306-vol5.pdf (archive.org OCR; tools/build_repository.py histories())
Attribution: Babbitt – Plutarch's Moralia, vol. V: De Iside et Osiride etc. (Loeb 306, 1936); public domain in Canada (death year verified: Babbitt d.1935 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1443095 d. 1935-09-13; creator field "(1867-1935)" in https://archive.org/metadata/plutarchs-moralia-vol.-5-loeb-306) — staged at corpus/incoming/histories/historians/plutarch-de-iside/plutarch-moralia-loeb-306-vol5.pdf from https://archive.org/details/plutarchs-moralia-vol.-5-loeb-306 (HIST-1, 2026-09-29)); OCR text by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.
Licence: public domain in Canada (author died ≤ 1971, verified; LICENCES.md §7) — US position (recorded, does not gate the class; PD-CA 2026-09-26): US: published 1931–1963 — renewal not checked (records the US position only; PD-CA 2026-09-26: Canada decides)
Jurisdiction note: this text is public domain under Canadian law (the project is published from Canada; LICENCES.md §7: author died in or before 1971). It may still be in copyright elsewhere — in countries with a life + 70 term, or where a later edition claims its own rights. The licence line above says what was verified. If you are outside Canada, check your own law before re-using it.
The text — part 1 of 3
10,182 lines · a line number is a link to itself| ref | L0 witness |
|---|---|
| p. 1 | |
| 1 | PLUTARCH |
| 2 | MORALIA |
| 3 | V O LU M E V |
| 4 | W ITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY |
| 5 | FRANK COLE BABBITT |
| 6 | HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS |
| 7 | CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS |
| 8 | LONDON,ENGLAND |
| p. 2 | |
| 9 | THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY |
| 10 | FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB 1911 |
| 11 | EDITED BY |
| 12 | JEFFR EY HENDERSON |
| 13 | PLUTARCH |
| 14 | M O RALIA |
| 15 | V |
| 16 | L C L 306 |
| p. 3 | |
| 17 | First published 1936 |
| 18 | Reprinted 1957, 1962, 1969, 1984, 1993, 1999, 2003 |
| 19 | LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY® is a registered trademark |
| 20 | of the President and Fellows of Harvard College |
| 21 | ISBN 0-674-99337-3 |
| 22 | Printed and bound by Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, Michigan |
| 23 | on acid-free paper made by Glatfelter, Spring Grove, Pennsylvania |
| p. 4 | |
| 24 | CONTENTS |
| 25 | PREFACE |
| 26 | vii |
| 27 | TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE MORALIA |
| 28 | ix |
| 29 | ISIS AND OSIRIS |
| 30 | Introduction |
| 31 | 3 |
| 32 | Text and Translation |
| 33 | 6 |
| 34 | TH E E AT D E LP H I |
| 35 | Introduction |
| 36 | 194 |
| 37 | Text and Translation |
| 38 | 198 |
| 39 | TH E O RACLES AT D E LP H I NO LO N G ER |
| 40 | GIVEN IN V ERSE |
| 41 | Introduction |
| 42 | 256 |
| 43 | Text and Translation |
| 44 | 258 |
| 45 | T H E O B SO LESC EN C E O F ORACLES |
| 46 | Introduction |
| 47 | 348 |
| 48 | Text and Translation |
| 49 | 350 |
| 50 | INDEX |
| 51 | 503 |
| p. 5 | |
| 52 | PREFACE |
| 53 | A proof of Plutarchs versatility may be found in the |
| 54 | fact that the essays contained in this volume of the |
| 55 | Moralta will probably appeal to a different class of |
| 56 | readers from those who found the preceding volumes |
| 57 | of interest. |
| 58 | The Egyptian religion and the oracle at |
| 59 | Delphi stand apart from the sayings of kings and |
| 60 | commanders, for example, or the history of Rome, or |
| 61 | the exploits of Alexander the Great. |
| 62 | Yet they too |
| 63 | have their appeal, and many will doubtless find them |
| 64 | exceedingly interesting. |
| 65 | The task of translation has |
| 66 | not been easy, but it is hoped that the English |
| 67 | version may be intelligible. |
| 68 | The present volume was written before Vol. IV. in |
| 69 | order to take advantage of Vol. III. of the new |
| 70 | Teubner edition (Ed. W. R. Paton, M. Pohlenz, |
| 71 | W. Sieveking, Leipzig, 1929)? and the 3rd fasicule |
| 72 | of Vol. II. containing the Isis and Osiris. |
| 73 | The third volume of the new Teubner Edition is |
| 74 | much superior to the first volume ; the readings of |
| 75 | the mss. are more accurately recorded, as well as the |
| 76 | conjectures, of which a sensible selection is given, and |
| 77 | the modesty and moderation of Pohlenz’s suggestions |
| 78 | contrast favourably with the certainty and assurance |
| 79 | which used to characterize Wilamowitz-Mollendorffs |
| 80 | “ corrections." |
| 81 | Vll |
| p. 6 | |
| 82 | PREFACE |
| 83 | The Pythian Dialogues had already been edited by |
| 84 | W. R. Paton (Berlin, 1893), and afforded a fairly full |
| 85 | eollation of the |
| 86 | mss. |
| 87 | Some few of Paton’s con |
| 88 | jectures are brilliant, and his contributions to the |
| 89 | understanding of these essays will always stand to his |
| 90 | credit. |
| 91 | F. C. B. |
| 92 | T rinity Co lleg e, |
| 93 | H artford, C onn. |
| 94 | January 1935. |
| 95 | viii |
| p. 7 | |
| 96 | THE TRADITIONAL ORDER of the B ooks of |
| 97 | the Moralia as they appear since the edition of |
| 98 | Stephanus (1572), and their division into volumes |
| 99 | in this edition. |
| 100 | PAGB |
| 101 | I. De liberis educandis (IIepl naiScov ayatyijs) |
| 102 | . |
| 103 | 1a |
| 104 | Quomodo adolescens poetas audire debeat |
| 105 | (Ileos Sei tov viov noirjfidrajv ¿.kovziv) |
| 106 | . |
| 107 | . |
| 108 | 17d |
| 109 | De recta ratione audiendi (IIepi tov dkovclv) . |
| 110 | 37b |
| 111 | Quomodo adulator ab amico internoscatur |
| 112 | (IIojS av Tis 8lCLKpLV€l€ TOV KoXoLKCL TOV (f>lXov) . |
| 113 | 48e |
| 114 | Quomodo quis suos in virtute sentiat profectus |
| 115 | (11^9 av tls aloOoLTO iavrov TrpoKoirrovTOS eV* |
| 116 | d perij) |
| 117 | . |
| 118 | . |
| 119 | . |
| 120 | . |
| 121 | . |
| 122 | . |
| 123 | . |
| 124 | 75a |
| 125 | II. De capienda ex inimicis utilitate (Ileos av t is |
| 126 | V7T* ixdpcvv axjSeAotro) |
| 127 | . |
| 128 | . |
| 129 | . |
| 130 | . |
| 131 | 86B |
| 132 | De amicorum multitudine ((Ilepi 7ToXv<j>iXlas) . |
| 133 | 93a |
| 134 | De fortuna (IIepl Tvxys) |
| 135 | . |
| 136 | . |
| 137 | . |
| 138 | . |
| 139 | 97c |
| 140 | De virtute et vitio (ilept dperijs teal fcaKias) |
| 141 | . |
| 142 | 100b |
| 143 | Consolatio ad Apollonium (Ilapa/tu^Tt^os npos |
| 144 | 3 AnoXXotviov) . |
| 145 | . |
| 146 | . |
| 147 | . |
| 148 | . |
| 149 | 10 1f |
| 150 | De tuenda sanitate praecepta (Tyietva nap- |
| 151 | ayydXfjLaTa) |
| 152 | . |
| 153 | . |
| 154 | . |
| 155 | . |
| 156 | . |
| 157 | . |
| 158 | 122b |
| 159 | Coniugalia praecepta (ra/uK-a napayyefyaTa) . |
| 160 | 138a |
| 161 | Septem sapientium convivium (Tco^ e m oo<j>wv |
| 162 | crvjjiTroaLov) |
| 163 | . |
| 164 | . |
| 165 | . |
| 166 | . |
| 167 | . |
| 168 | . |
| 169 | 146b |
| 170 | De superstitione (Ilept SeiaiScu/tiovtas) |
| 171 | . |
| 172 | . |
| 173 | 164e |
| 174 | III. Regum et imperatorum apephthegmata (*A7to- |
| 175 | <f>0€yfiaTa fdaoiXeajv kcu orparqydiv) |
| 176 | . |
| 177 | . |
| 178 | 172a |
| 179 | Apophthegmata Laconica (’Atjo^OeypLara Aa- |
| 180 | KcvvLKa) . |
| 181 | . |
| 182 | . |
| 183 | . |
| 184 | . |
| 185 | . |
| 186 | . |
| 187 | 208a |
| 188 | Instituta Laconica(Ta7raAaia to>v AaKe8aLp.ovia>v |
| 189 | €7TLTT]Sevp.aTa) . |
| 190 | . |
| 191 | . |
| 192 | . |
| 193 | . |
| 194 | . |
| 195 | 236f |
| 196 | ix |
| p. 8 | |
| 197 | THE TRADITIONAL ORDER |
| 198 | PAGE |
| 199 | Lacaenarum apophthegmata (Aa*auw ¿770 - |
| 200 | <t>0€ypLara) |
| 201 | . |
| 202 | . |
| 203 | . |
| 204 | . |
| 205 | . |
| 206 | . |
| 207 | 240c |
| 208 | Mulierum virtutes {TwatKiov aperat) |
| 209 | . |
| 210 | . |
| 211 | 242e |
| 212 | IV. Quaestiones Romanae (Ama 'PcufialKa). |
| 213 | . |
| 214 | 2 6 3 d |
| 215 | Quaestiones Graecae (Atrta'EAA^t/ca) . |
| 216 | . |
| 217 | 29Id |
| 218 | Parallela Graeca et Romana {Ewaycvyrj ioro- |
| 219 | pia>v irapaXXrfXcjv ^XXrjviKivv /eat 'Pca/LtatTca/y) . |
| 220 | 305a |
| 221 | De fortuna Romanorum (Ilcpt rrjg 'Pcop,aicjv |
| 222 | tuxijs) |
| 223 | . |
| 224 | . |
| 225 | . |
| 226 | . |
| 227 | . |
| 228 | . |
| 229 | . |
| 230 | 316b |
| 231 | De Alexandri m$igni fortuna aut virtute, li |
| 232 | bri ii (Ilcpt rrjs *AAcfaySpov rvxrjS rj dpzrrjs, |
| 233 | Aoyot j 3 |
| 234 | ' ) ................................................. |
| 235 | 326d |
| 236 | Bellone an pace clariores fuerint Athenienses |
| 237 | (FIorepov 'Adrjvaioi Kara noXifiov rj Kara 00$Lav |
| 238 | ¿vho£6T€poi) |
| 239 | . |
| 240 | . |
| 241 | . |
| 242 | . |
| 243 | . |
| 244 | . |
| 245 | 345c |
| 246 | V. De Iside et Osiride (Ilcpt ‘'Io-tSos' /eat *0alpihos). |
| 247 | 35 Ic |
| 248 | De E apud Delphos (Ilcpt rov EI rov A AcA^ofc) |
| 249 | 384c |
| 250 | De Pythiae oraculis (Ilcpt rov jirj XP<*V fy^crpa |
| 251 | vvv trjv Iluiltav) |
| 252 | . |
| 253 | . |
| 254 | . |
| 255 | . |
| 256 | . |
| 257 | 394 d |
| 258 | De defectu oraculorum (Ilcpt rd>v ¿kXcXolttotcjv |
| 259 | XpyoTriplctiv) |
| 260 | . |
| 261 | . |
| 262 | . |
| 263 | . |
| 264 | . |
| 265 | . |
| 266 | 409 e |
| 267 | VL An virtus doceri possit (Et 8t8clktov tj aperi}) . |
| 268 | 439a |
| 269 | De virtute morali (Ilcpt rrjs rj0iKrjs apcrrjs) |
| 270 | . |
| 271 | 440 d |
| 272 | De cohibenda ira (Ilcpt aopyqolas) |
| 273 | . |
| 274 | . |
| 275 | 452e |
| 276 | De tranquillitate animi (Ilcpt cvdvfilas) . |
| 277 | . |
| 278 | 404e |
| 279 | De fraterno amore (Ilcpt <£tAaScA<£tas) |
| 280 | . |
| 281 | . |
| 282 | 478a |
| 283 | De amore prolis (Ilcpt rrjs cts* ra c/eyova <f>iXo- |
| 284 | oropytas) |
| 285 | . |
| 286 | . |
| 287 | . |
| 288 | . |
| 289 | . |
| 290 | . |
| 291 | 493a |
| 292 | An vitiositas ad infelicitatem sufficiat (Et |
| 293 | avrdpKTjs rj KaKia rrpos KaKohaijiovLav) . |
| 294 | . |
| 295 | 498a |
| 296 | Animine an corporis affectiones sint peiores |
| 297 | (Hor€pov ra rrjs $vxfjs rj ra rov oivpLaros rraOrj |
| 298 | X^lpova) . |
| 299 | . |
| 300 | . |
| 301 | . |
| 302 | . |
| 303 | . |
| 304 | . |
| 305 | 500B |
| 306 | De garrulitate (Ilcpt aSoAccrxtas) |
| 307 | . |
| 308 | . |
| 309 | . |
| 310 | 502b |
| 311 | De curiositate (Ilcpt rroXvrrpayjLOovvrjs) |
| 312 | . |
| 313 | . |
| 314 | 515b |
| 315 | VII. De cupiditate divitiarum (Ilcpt </>iXo-nXoinias) . |
| 316 | 523c |
| 317 | De vitioso pudore (Ilcpt hvacvrrias) |
| 318 | . |
| 319 | . |
| 320 | 528c |
| 321 | De invidia et odio (Ilcpt <f>0ovov koL piioovs) |
| 322 | . |
| 323 | 536e |
| 324 | De se ipsum citra invidiam laudando (Ilcpt rov |
| 325 | ceurrdv inatveiv avem(j>96vajs) |
| 326 | . |
| 327 | . |
| 328 | . |
| 329 | 539a |
| 330 | De sera numinis vindicta (Ilcpt tcjv vno rov |
| 331 | dclov fipadtais Tijioipovfiivajv) |
| 332 | . |
| 333 | . |
| 334 | . |
| 335 | 548a |
| 336 | X |
| p. 9 | |
| 337 | THE TRADITIONAL ORDER |
| 338 | PAG В |
| 339 | De fato (Пер! ei/xapfie'i^?) |
| 340 | . |
| 341 | . |
| 342 | . |
| 343 | . |
| 344 | 568 в |
| 345 | De genio Socratis (Пер! rov Хажраrovs bai¡iovíov) |
| 346 | 575 a |
| 347 | De exilio (Иер! <f>vyi¡s). |
| 348 | . |
| 349 | . |
| 350 | . |
| 351 | . |
| 352 | 599л |
| 353 | Consolatio aa uxorem ([XlapafivdTjriKos npos rf¡v |
| 354 | ywaiKa). |
| 355 | . |
| 356 | . |
| 357 | . |
| 358 | . |
| 359 | . |
| 360 | . |
| 361 | 608a |
| 362 | VIII. Quaestionum convivalium libri vi (Хи/хетоат- |
| 363 | kcüv TTpop\r¡pÁTUiv jSijSAia g~') |
| 364 | . |
| 365 | . |
| 366 | . |
| 367 | 612c |
| 368 | I, 612c; II, 629в; III, 644e ; IV , 659e ; V, |
| 369 | 672d ; V I, 686a |
| 370 | IX. Quaestionum convivalium libri iii (Еирлтоспа- |
| 371 | kcüv Trpofi\miÁT(x)v РфХСа у ) |
| 372 | . |
| 373 | . |
| 374 | . |
| 375 | 697с |
| 376 | VII, 697с ; VIII, 716d ; IX, 736с |
| 377 | Amatorius (’E/mm*ós) |
| 378 | . |
| 379 | . |
| 380 | . |
| 381 | . |
| 382 | 748е |
| 383 | X. Amatoriae narrationes (*Eрамка! hir¡yr¡a€is) . |
| 384 | 771 e |
| 385 | Maxime cum principibus philosopho esse dis |
| 386 | serendum (Пер! rov ori paXiara rois ^ye/xoai |
| 387 | Sci rov фсХоаофор SiaAcyca^at) |
| 388 | . |
| 389 | . |
| 390 | . |
| 391 | 776A |
| 392 | Ad principem ineruditum (Про? ijye/xóva ánaí- |
| 393 | Seurov) . |
| 394 | . |
| 395 | . |
| 396 | . |
| 397 | . |
| 398 | . |
| 399 | . |
| 400 | 779c |
| 401 | An seni respublica gerenda sit (Eí ттреаратерср |
| 402 | TTOÁlT€VT€Ov) |
| 403 | . |
| 404 | . |
| 405 | . |
| 406 | . |
| 407 | . |
| 408 | . |
| 409 | 783a |
| 410 | Praecepta |
| 411 | gerendae |
| 412 | reipublicae |
| 413 | (ПоАтка |
| 414 | ттарауу еА/хата) |
| 415 | . |
| 416 | . |
| 417 | . |
| 418 | . |
| 419 | . 7 9 8 а |
| 420 | De unius in república dominatione, populari |
| 421 | statu, et paucorum imperio (Пер! povapxías |
| 422 | кал SrjpLOKparCas кал óÁiyapx¿os) • |
| 423 | • |
| 424 | . |
| 425 | 826a |
| 426 | De vitando aere alieno (Пер! rov p.f¡ Bcív Savei- |
| 427 | £ea0 a i ) ................................................................ |
| 428 | 827d |
| 429 | Vitae decem oratorum (Пер! ra>v Ыка pnqró- |
| 430 | poiv) |
| 431 | . |
| 432 | . |
| 433 | . |
| 434 | . |
| 435 | . |
| 436 | . |
| 437 | . |
| 438 | 832в |
| 439 | Comparationis Aristophanis et Menandri com |
| 440 | pendium (Хиукрктесо? * Арюгофал’оа* кал Mev- |
| 441 | ávBpov eViro/xi?) |
| 442 | . |
| 443 | . |
| 444 | . |
| 445 | . |
| 446 | . |
| 447 | 853a |
| 448 | XI. De Herodoti malignitate (Пер! rfjs *НpoBórov |
| 449 | KaKorjdeías) |
| 450 | . |
| 451 | . |
| 452 | . |
| 453 | . |
| 454 | . |
| 455 | . |
| 456 | 854e |
| 457 | *De placitis philosophorum, libri v (Пер! tcjv |
| 458 | ap€(jKÓvrcov rols ф1Хоа6фо1$, fhfiXía e') . |
| 459 | . |
| 460 | 874d |
| 461 | Quaestiones naturales (Airíai <¡>voiKaí) . |
| 462 | . |
| 463 | 911c |
| 464 | XII. De facie quae in orbe lunae apparet (Пер! rov |
| 465 | ерфаivopivov rrpoaiónov reo kvkXco rfjs ocAtJ- |
| 466 | v7js) |
| 467 | . |
| 468 | . |
| 469 | . |
| 470 | . |
| 471 | . |
| 472 | . |
| 473 | . |
| 474 | 920a |
| 475 | * This work, by Aetius, not Plutarch, is omitted |
| 476 | in the current edition. |
| 477 | XI |
| p. 10 | |
| 478 | THE TRADITIONAL ORDER |
| 479 | РАС.! |
| 480 | De primo frigido (Перс tov irpa>TU)s фоуроС) |
| 481 | . |
| 482 | 9-15 c |
| 483 | Aquane an ignis sit utilior (Перс tov 7го'терос' |
| 484 | vhiop 77 7rvp ^р^стср.битерос') . |
| 485 | . |
| 486 | . |
| 487 | . |
| 488 | 955 n |
| 489 | Terrestriane an aquatilia animalia sint callidi |
| 490 | ora (Потера twv ^cpcov ^рогс/хсбтера та уерааса |
| 491 | rj та €vvbpa) |
| 492 | . |
| 493 | . |
| 494 | . |
| 495 | . |
| 496 | . |
| 497 | . |
| 498 | 959а |
| 499 | Bruta animalia ratione uti, sive Gryllus (Перс |
| 500 | tov та dXoya Xoytp xPla@aL) |
| 501 | • |
| 502 | • |
| 503 | • |
| 504 | 985d |
| 505 | De esu carnium orationes ii (Перс оаркофауСаs |
| 506 | Xoyoi p ) |
| 507 | ...................................................... |
| 508 | 993a |
| 509 | XIII. Platonicae quaestiones (ПАатанчка |
| 510 | тт^/хата) . |
| 511 | 999c |
| 512 | De animae procreatione in Timaeo (Перс тrjs eV |
| 513 | Тс/хаса) фохоуоу£а$) . |
| 514 | . |
| 515 | . |
| 516 | . |
| 517 | . |
| 518 | 1012а |
| 519 | Compendium libri de animae procreatione in |
| 520 | Timaeo (’Еттсто/хт) tov 7герс тrjs iv тф Тс/хаса> |
| 521 | фихоуомад) |
| 522 | . |
| 523 | . |
| 524 | . |
| 525 | . |
| 526 | . |
| 527 | . |
| 528 | 1030d |
| 529 | De Stoicorum repugnantiis (Перс Ятслкши ivav- |
| 530 | TLCopaTwv) |
| 531 | . |
| 532 | . |
| 533 | . |
| 534 | . |
| 535 | . |
| 536 | . |
| 537 | 1033A |
| 538 | Compendium argumenti Stoicos absurdiora |
| 539 | poetis dicere (Em/o</ns тои отс 7тара8о£отера ос |
| 540 | ХтсolkoI tojv 7TOir)Tcbv Aeyoooc) |
| 541 | . |
| 542 | . |
| 543 | . |
| 544 | 1057c |
| 545 | De communibus notitiis adversus Stoicos (Перс |
| 546 | TO)V KOLVCOV ivvoicov TTpOS rovs Хтая/соо?) |
| 547 | . |
| 548 | 1058e |
| 549 | XIV. Non posse suaviter vivi secundum Epicurum |
| 550 | ("Отс ooSe tpjv ioTiv r\b£ios кат* ’Етгс/еоорог) |
| 551 | 10S(k |
| 552 | Adversus Colotem (Про? КсоХи>тгр> imkp tojv |
| 553 | aXXwv ф(,Хоооф<м) |
| 554 | . |
| 555 | . |
| 556 | . |
| 557 | . |
| 558 | . |
| 559 | 1107 l> |
| 560 | An recte dictum sit latenter esse vivendum (Et |
| 561 | каАа>? €ip7)Tai то Хаве fiuocras) |
| 562 | . |
| 563 | . |
| 564 | . |
| 565 | 1128a |
| 566 | De musica (Перс fiovoLKijs) . |
| 567 | . |
| 568 | . |
| 569 | . |
| 570 | 1131л |
| 571 | XV. Fragments |
| 572 | xii |
| p. 11 | |
| 573 | ISIS AND OSIRIS |
| 574 | (DE ISIDE ET OSIRIDE) |
| p. 12 | |
| 575 | INTRODUCTION |
| 576 | P lutarch's knowledge of Egyptology was not pro |
| 577 | found. |
| 578 | It is true that he once visited Egypt,0 but how |
| 579 | long he stayed and how much he learned we have no |
| 580 | means of knowing. |
| 581 | It is most likely that his treatise |
| 582 | represents the knowledge current in his day, derived, |
| 583 | no doubt, from two sources : books and priests. The |
| 584 | gods of Egypt had early found a welcome in other |
| 585 | lands, in Syria and Asia Minor, and later in Greece |
| 586 | and Rome. |
| 587 | That the worship of Isis had been intro |
| 588 | duced into Greece before 330 b.c. is certain from an |
| 589 | inscription found in the Peiraeus (/.G. II.1 168, or |
| 590 | II.2 337 ; Dittenberger, Sylloge3, 280, or 5512), in |
| 591 | which the merchants from Citium ask permission to |
| 592 | found a shrine of Aphrodite on the same terms as |
| 593 | those on which the Egyptians had founded a shrine of |
| 594 | Isis. |
| 595 | In Delos there was a shrine of the Egyptian |
| 596 | gods, and in Plutarch's own town they must have |
| 597 | been honoured, for there have been found two dedica |
| 598 | tions to Serapis, Isis, and Anubis,6 as well as numerous |
| 599 | inscriptions recording the manumission of slaves, |
| 600 | which in Greece was commonly accomplished by |
| 601 | dedicating them to a god, who, in these inscriptions, |
| 602 | is Serapis (Sarapis). |
| 603 | An idea of the widespread |
| 604 | ° Moralia, 678 c. |
| 605 | b C/. |
| 606 | Collitz, |
| 607 | Sammlung |
| 608 | der |
| 609 | griechischen |
| 610 | Dialekt- |
| 611 | inschriften, vol. i. pp. 149-155. |
| 612 | 3 |
| p. 13 | |
| 613 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 614 | worship of Egyptian gods in Greek lands may be |
| 615 | obtained from Roscher, Ausführliches Lexikon der grie |
| 616 | chischen und römischen Mythologie, vol. ii. pp. 379-392, |
| 617 | where the cults of Isis are listed. |
| 618 | Another source of information available to Plutarch |
| 619 | was books. |
| 620 | Herodotus in the fifth century b.c. had |
| 621 | visited Egypt, and he devoted a large part of the |
| 622 | second book of his History to the manners and |
| 623 | customs of the Egyptians. |
| 624 | Plutarch, however, draws |
| 625 | but little from him. |
| 626 | Some of the information that |
| 627 | Plutarch gives us may be found also in Diodorus |
| 628 | Siculus, principally in the first book, but a little also |
| 629 | in the second. |
| 630 | Aelian and, to a less extent, other |
| 631 | writers mentioned in the notes on the text, have |
| 632 | isolated fragments of information which usually agree |
| 633 | with Plutarch and Diodorus. |
| 634 | All this points to the |
| 635 | existence of one or more books, now lost, which con |
| 636 | tained this information, possibly in a systematic form. |
| 637 | As a result, Plutarch has many things right and some |
| 638 | wrong. |
| 639 | Those who are interested in these matters |
| 640 | may consult Erman-Grapow, Wörterbuch der ägyp |
| 641 | tischen Sprache (Leipzig, 3925-1929), and G. Parthey’s |
| 642 | edition of the Isis and Osiris (Berlin, 1850). |
| 643 | One matter which will seem very unscientific to the |
| 644 | modern reader is Plutarch’s attempts to explain the |
| 645 | derivation of various w ords, especially his attempt to |
| 646 | derive Egyptian words from Greek roots ; but in this |
| 647 | respect he sins no more than Plato, who has given |
| 648 | us some most atrocious derivations of Greek wrords, |
| 649 | especially in the Cratylus; nor is it more disastrous |
| 650 | than Herodotus’s industrious attempts (in Book II) |
| 651 | to derive all manner of Greek customs, ritual, and |
| 652 | theology from Egypt. |
| 653 | In spite of minor errors contained in the Isis and |
| 654 | 4 |
| p. 14 | |
| 655 | ISIS AND OSIRIS |
| 656 | Osiris, no other work by a Greek writer is more |
| 657 | frequently referred to by Egyptologists except, |
| 658 | possibly, Herodotus. |
| 659 | Connected information may, |
| 660 | of course, be found in histories of Egypt, such as |
| 661 | those of Breasted and Baikie.a |
| 662 | The work is dedicated to Clea, a cultured and |
| 663 | intelligent woman, priestess at Delphi, to whom |
| 664 | Plutarch dedicated also his book on the Bravery o f |
| 665 | Women (Moralia, 242 e-263 c, contained in vol. iii. of |
| 666 | L.C.L. pp. 473-581). |
| 667 | It is, no doubt, owing to this |
| 668 | that the author, after he has unburdened himself of |
| 669 | his information on Egyptology, goes on to make some |
| 670 | very sane remarks on the subject of religion and the |
| 671 | proper attitude in which to approach it. |
| 672 | This part |
| 673 | of the essay ranks with the best of Plutarch’s writing. |
| 674 | The ms. tradition of the essay is bad, as may be |
| 675 | seen from the variations found in the few passages |
| 676 | quoted by later writers such as Eusebius and Stobaeus ; |
| 677 | yet much has been done by acute scholars to make |
| 678 | the text more intelligible. |
| 679 | It may not be invidious |
| 680 | to mention among those who have made special con |
| 681 | tributions to the study of this work W. Baxter, who |
| 682 | translated it (1684), and S. Squire, who edited it |
| 683 | (1744). |
| 684 | Many other names will be found in the |
| 685 | critical notes. |
| 686 | The essay is No. 118 in Lamprias’s list of Plutarch’s |
| 687 | works, where the title is given as an account of Isis |
| 688 | and Serapis. |
| 689 | a All the Greek and Roman sources for the religion of |
| 690 | the Egyptians will be found conveniently collected in |
| 691 | Hopfner, Fontes Historiae Religionis Aegyptiacae, Parts I. |
| 692 | and II. (Bonn, 1922-1923). |
| 693 | 5 |
| p. 15 | |
| 694 | (351) |
| 695 | П Е Р І Ш Д 0 2 KAI 0 2 І Р І Д 0 2 |
| 696 | 1 . Пагта jjl€V, со KAea, Set тауа0а to vs vovv еуоУ- |
| 697 | та? аЬгешвас ттара tcov 6ecbv, р,аАмтта 8 е rrjs ттерс |
| 698 | avrcov imGT'qpi'qs ooov ефсктор iorw avdpcoirois |
| 699 | PL€tlovt€s evxofxeda Tvyxaveiv 7тар9 аитсоу ¿Kelvcov, |
| 700 | cos ovSev ауврсоттср Aafielv ¡leit^ov ovSel уа/нсгааОас |
| 701 | D веер oefivorepov аАт]весад. |
| 702 | таАЛа puev yap a vdpeo- |
| 703 | 7tols о 9eos <3v SeovTac bibcoaiv, vov и ка1 c/)poi’rj- |
| 704 | oecos pLtrabibcoGiv,2 oiK€la K€KT7)pL€Vos тадта ка1 |
| 705 | Xpaipevos* |
| 706 | ov yap apyvpcp /cat ХРУ(УФ рьакаршо |
| 707 | to Belov, ovSe fipovTats /cat Kepavvols ioxvpov, |
| 708 | aAA’ етотцрьг) /cat фроУг\аеt. |
| 709 | /cat tovto /caAAtara |
| 710 | TravTcov "OpLrjpos tov е1рт]ке ттерХ Oecov avaфвеу- |
| 711 | £apeevos |
| 712 | rj ptav арьфотероюсо oj.tov yevos rj8* ta тгатрк], |
| 713 | аЛЛа Zi€vs 7тротерод yeyovet /cat 7rAetova rjSei, |
| 714 | aepivoTepav алтеф^е ttjv tov At os rjyepboviav e m |
| 715 | E сУтг\рл) /cat аофса3 rrpeofivTepav ovarav. |
| 716 | otpt,at Sc /cat |
| 717 | 1 ovSe Holwerda: ov. |
| 718 | 2 pou . . . /LteraScScoacp added by Wyttenbach from Eustratius, |
| 719 | Comment. ad Aristot. Ethic, vi. 8. |
| 720 | 3 ¿ттюггцгг] каХ ооф1а Markland: ¿тотурт)? кал oo<f>las. |
| 721 | ° The priestess for whom Plutarch composed his collection |
| 722 | of stories about the Bravery of Women (Moralia, 242 e if.). |
| 723 | 6 |
| 724 | ISIS A N D O SIRIS |
| 725 | 1. A ll good things, my dear Clea,a sensible men |
| 726 | must ask from the gods ; and especially do we pray |
| 727 | that from those mighty gods we may, in our quest, |
| 728 | gain a knowledge of themselves, so far as such a thing |
| 729 | is attainable by men.5 |
| 730 | For we believe that there is |
| 731 | nothing more important for man to receive, or more |
| 732 | ennobling for God of His grace to grant, than the |
| 733 | truth. |
| 734 | God gives to men the other things for which |
| 735 | they express a desire, but of sense and intelligence |
| 736 | He grants them only a share, inasmuch as these are |
| 737 | His especial possessions and His sphere of activity. |
| 738 | For the Deity is not blessed by reason of his possession |
| 739 | of gold and silver,0 nor strong because of thunder and |
| 740 | lightning, but through knowledge and intelligence. |
| 741 | Of all the things that Homer said about the gods, he |
| 742 | has expressed most beautifully this thought :d |
| 743 | Both, indeed, were in lineage one, and of the same country, |
| 744 | Yet was Zeus the earlier born and his knowledge was |
| 745 | greater. |
| 746 | Thereby the poet plainly declares that the primacy |
| 747 | of Zeus is nobler since it is elder in knowledge and in |
| 748 | 6 Cf. Plutarch, Moralia, 780 f~781 a and 355 c, infra. |
| 749 | 0 Cf. Themistius, Oration xxxiii. p. 365 b-d. |
| 750 | d Iliad, xiii. 354 ; quoted also in Moralia, 32 a, and Life |
| 751 | and Writings of Homer, ii. 114. |
| 752 | 7 |
| p. 16 | |
| 753 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 754 | rfįs alcDVLOV £c07)$, T)V O 0€O9 €iXrj^€V, €v8<X IIXOV |
| 755 | elv ai to rfj yvcoaei įitj 'rrpoaTroXiTreiv r a y iy v d p ev a * * |
| 756 | rov Se yiyvcooK eiv r a ov ra Kai <f>poveiv a<f>aipe0ev- |
| 757 | tos, ov filov dXXd ypovov eivai rrjv a d a v a o la v . |
| 758 | 2. A10 0€LOT7jToę ope£ię ea r iv rj riję dXrj0eiaę |
| 759 | paXiara 8e rrjs rrepl 0ecov e<Į>eois, coanep avdXrjipiv |
| 760 | lepdov rrjv pd0r)aiv e^ovoa Kai rrjv tpl)rrjaiv, ayvelas |
| 761 | re TrdorjS Kai vecoKopias |
| 762 | epyov oauorepov, oi>x |
| 763 | rj Klara S e rfj 0ecp ravrr) Keyapiopievov, rjv ov |
| 764 | Oeparreveis eįaipertos oo<j>r)v Kai <f>iXooo<j>ov odaav, |
| 765 | F d)ę rovvopd ye1 įpa^eiv eoiKe, rravroę paXXov avrfj |
| 766 | to eiSevai Kai rrjv eTriarrjprfV rrpoarįKovaav. |
| 767 | fEA- |
| 768 | Atjvikov yap rj lcrts" earc k ai o 1 v<pa>v, cov rroAepios |
| 769 | rfj 0eąj Kai Si* ayvoiav Kai ¿.rrar^v rerv(f>cx)pevo$ |
| 770 | Kai hiaorrcov Kai a<f>avLl>a}v to v lepov X oyov, ov rj |
| 771 | 0eo$ avvayei Kai avvri0r)oi Kai rrapaSlSajai rolę |
| 772 | reXovpevoię, coę lepcoaeoję3 aco(Į)povi pev ev8eXexd>ę |
| 773 | S lairrj |
| 774 | Kai |
| 775 | fipioparcov |
| 776 | ttoXXlov |
| 777 | Kai |
| 778 | d<j>po8iola)v |
| 779 | 352 arrox^is KoXovovarjs4 to aKoXaarov Kai <Į>iXr)8ovov, |
| 780 | aOpvTTTovę |
| 781 | Se |
| 782 | Kai |
| 783 | oreppas |
| 784 | iv |
| 785 | iepois |
| 786 | Xa rpelaę |
| 787 | iOi^ovorįs vnopeveiv, <Lv reXo$ earlv rj rov rrpcoTOV |
| 788 | Kai Kvpiov Kai vorjrov yvcoaię, ov rj 0eo$ napaKaXei |
| 789 | tpąreiv rrap* avrrj Kai p e r avrfjs ovra Kai avvovra. |
| 790 | rov 8’ iepov rovvopa Kai oa<f>dję ¿7TayyeXXerai Kai |
| 791 | 1 y€ Reiske: re. |
| 792 | 2 cov added by Reiškė and placed by Bernardakis. |
| 793 | 3 <t)s Upcboretos F.C.B. (or perhaps oolws Kai aaxfrpovL^opievois |
| 794 | . . . KoXovovoais . . . iOi^ovaatę) : Oeidbaecos. |
| 795 | 4 KoXovovarjs] most mss. have KoXovovaais. |
| 796 | a Cf. Moralia, 781 a . |
| 797 | * Plutarch is attempting to connect “ Isis 11 with olh a, know, |
| 798 | and “ Typhon ” with Tu<£a), puff up. See, however, 375 c, infra. |
| 799 | c Cf. 355 e , infra. |
| 800 | 8 |
| 801 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 351-352 |
| 802 | wisdom. |
| 803 | I think also that a source of happiness in |
| 804 | the eternal life, which is the lot of God, is that events |
| 805 | which come to pass do not escape His prescience. |
| 806 | But |
| 807 | if His knowledge and meditation on the nature of |
| 808 | Existence should be taken away, then, to my mind, |
| 809 | His immortality is not living, but a mere lapse of |
| 810 | time.® |
| 811 | 2. |
| 812 | Therefore the effort to arrive at the Truth, and |
| 813 | especially the truth about the gods, is a longing for |
| 814 | the divine. |
| 815 | For the search for truth requires for its |
| 816 | study and investigation the consideration of sacred |
| 817 | subjects, and it is a work more hallowed than any |
| 818 | form of holy living or temple service ; and, not least |
| 819 | of all, it is well-pleasing to that goddess whom you |
| 820 | worship, a goddess exceptionally wise and a lover of |
| 821 | wisdom, to whom, as her name at least seems to |
| 822 | indicate, knowledge and understanding are in the |
| 823 | highest degree appropriate. |
| 824 | For Isis is a Greek |
| 825 | word,6 and so also is Typhon, her enemy, who is |
| 826 | conceited, as his name implies,6 because of his ignor |
| 827 | ance and self-deception. |
| 828 | He tears to pieces and |
| 829 | scatters to the winds the sacred writings, which the |
| 830 | goddess collects and puts together and gives into |
| 831 | the keeping of those that are initiated into the holy |
| 832 | rites, since this consecration, by a strict regimen and |
| 833 | by abstinence from many kinds of food and from |
| 834 | the lusts of the flesh, curtails licentiousness and the |
| 835 | love of pleasure, and induces a habit of patient sub |
| 836 | mission to the stern and rigorous services in shrines, |
| 837 | the end and aim of which is the knowledge of Him |
| 838 | who is the First, the Lord of All, the Ideal One.c Him |
| 839 | does the goddess urge us to seek, since He is near |
| 840 | her and with her and in close communion. |
| 841 | The name |
| 842 | of her shrine also clearly promises knowledge and |
| 843 | 9 |
| p. 17 | |
| 844 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 845 | (352) yvcoocv Kal etSrjoiv rod |
| 846 | ovtos* ovopua^erat yap |
| 847 | *loetov cos etoopuevcov1 to ov, av puera X¿yov Kai |
| 848 | oglcos els ra lepa rrapeXdcopuev rrjs deov. |
| 849 | 3 . |
| 850 | "E tc noXXol puev *Eppuov, 7T0XX0I Se Upopurj- |
| 851 | Oecos iaroprjKaoiv avrrjv Ovyarepa, cos* to v3 puev |
| 852 | erepov o 0(f>ias Kal 7Tpovo las, |
| 853 | 'Eppurjv Se ypcipu- |
| 854 | B P'GTLKTjs Kal puovGLKrjs evperrjv vopul^ovres. |
| 855 | S to Kal |
| 856 | Ttov ev* *Eppuov rroXei M oi/cfoov rrjv rrporepav Tlaiv |
| 857 | apua Kal &LKaioovvr)v koXovgl, oocfrrjv oSoav,6 ooorrep |
| 858 | elpr\rai, Kal SeiKvvovoav r a Beta tols aXrjdcos Kal |
| 859 | SiKaltos lepa<I>opois Kal lepooroXois rrpoaayopevo- |
| 860 | puevois. |
| 861 | ovTOL S' elolv ol rov lepov X¿yov rrepl Oecov |
| 862 | rrdorjs Kadapevovra SeioiSaipuovlas Kal rrepiepylas |
| 863 | ev rfj ijjvyrį <f>€povres toonep ev k Igtt\ Kai Trepu- |
| 864 | oreXXovres, r a puev pueXava Kal oklcoSt) ra Se </>avepa |
| 865 | Kal XapL7rpa rrjs Trepl Oecov vTrohrjXovvres6 oItigccos, |
| 866 | ola Kal Trepl rrjv eodrįra rrjv lepav arro^alverau. |
| 867 | Sto Kal to KoopueuoOau tovtous to vs arroSavovras |
| 868 | ’IGiaKovs ovpußoXov e o n |
| 869 | to vto v to v Xoyov elvai |
| 870 | C /¿er' aureov, Kal to vto v exovras, aXXo Se purjSev, |
| 871 | e/cet ßa8l£euv. |
| 872 | ovre |
| 873 | yap |
| 874 | <Į)uXooo<Į)ovs |
| 875 | rrcoycovo- |
| 876 | rpo<I)lai, ¿5 KAea, /cat Tpußcovo<I>oplau ttolovglv, ovt |
| 877 | *louaKovs a l XivoaroXlac Kai švprįaeis1 * aAA’ Tma/cos |
| 878 | 1 |
| 879 | €ioofi€v(x)v Baxter: dooyuzvov. |
| 880 | a <hs Reiske: cbv ov. |
| 881 | 3 tov Basel ed. of 1542: to. |
| 882 | 4 iv added by Baxter. |
| 883 | 5 oo(f>7}v ovaav Baxter: oo<f>iav. |
| 884 | 6 vttoBtjXovvtcs one ms. and Meziriacus: vttoBtjXovvtcl. |
| 885 | 7 ¡vpijoeis Reiske: (vprjais. |
| 886 | ° As if derived from o?Sa, know, and ov, being. |
| 887 | b Cf. 355 f , infra. |
| 888 | * Cf. 365 f , infra, and Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, |
| 889 | i. lOGi 1, 21 (p. 382, Potter). |
| 890 | 10 |
| 891 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 352 |
| 892 | comprehension of reality ; for it is named Iseion,a |
| 893 | to indicate that we shall comprehend reality if in a |
| 894 | reasonable and devout frame of mind we pass within |
| 895 | the portals of her shrines. |
| 896 | 3. |
| 897 | Moreover, many writers have held her to be the |
| 898 | daughter of Hermes,0 and many others the daughter |
| 899 | of Prometheus,0 because of the belief that Prometheus |
| 900 | is the discoverer of wisdom and forethought, and |
| 901 | Hermes the inventor of grammar and music. |
| 902 | For |
| 903 | this reason they call the first of the Muses at Her- |
| 904 | mopolis Isis as well as Justice : for she is wise, as |
| 905 | I have said,d and discloses the divine mysteries to |
| 906 | those who truly and justly have the name of |
| 907 | “ bearers of the sacred vessels ” and “ wearers of the |
| 908 | sacred robes.” |
| 909 | These are they who within their own |
| 910 | soul, as though within a casket, bear the sacred |
| 911 | writings about the gods clear of all superstition and |
| 912 | pedantry; and they cloak them with secrecy, thus |
| 913 | giving intimations, some dark and shadowy, some |
| 914 | clear and bright, of their concepts about the gods, |
| 915 | intimations of the same sort as are clearly evi |
| 916 | denced in the wearing of the sacred garb.® |
| 917 | For this |
| 918 | reason, too, the fact that the deceased votaries of |
| 919 | Isis are decked with these garments is a sign that |
| 920 | these sacred wtitings accompany them, and that they |
| 921 | pass to the other world possessed of these and of |
| 922 | naught else. |
| 923 | It is a fact, Clea, that having a beard |
| 924 | and wearing a coarse cloak does not make philo |
| 925 | sophers, nor does dressing in linen and shaving the |
| 926 | hair make votaries of Isis ; but the true votary of Isis |
| 927 | d Supra, 351 f . |
| 928 | e Cf. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, |
| 929 | No. 754 (not included in the third edition), or Altertümer |
| 930 | von Pergamon, viii. 2, p. 248, no. 326 ; also Moralia, 382 c. |
| 931 | 11 |
| p. 18 | |
| 932 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 933 | (352) €<jt iv cos* àXrjdcòs o |
| 934 | t<x 8eiKvvpeva /cat hpcopeva |
| 935 | nepl to v s deovs to v to v s, orav1 vopico napaXafiy,2 |
| 936 | Xóyco IfqTchv /cat <juXoao(f>d)v nepl |
| 937 | ttjs ev avTols |
| 938 | aXrjdetas. |
| 939 | 4. |
| 940 | ’E ^et |
| 941 | t o v s ye |
| 942 | 7toXXovs |
| 943 | kcll |
| 944 | to |
| 945 | kowotoltov |
| 946 | t o v t o |
| 947 | /cat |
| 948 | apuKpoTOLTOv |
| 949 | XéXrfdev, |
| 950 | è(f>' |
| 951 | otco |
| 952 | Tas |
| 953 | Tpiyas ot le pels anorlOevTai /cat Xtvas eoOijTas |
| 954 | <f)opovow' ot fjiev ovS’ oAcos* $povT L'uovo iv elhevai |
| 955 | D 7repl TOVTQìV, ot Sc |
| 956 | tojv ¡xèv epiojv coonep |
| 957 | tojv |
| 958 | Kpediv oefiopevovs to npofìaTov ànéx^adat Xeyovot, |
| 959 | £vpcladou3 Se ras* K€<f>aXàs Sta to nevQos, (fropelv Se |
| 960 | T<x Atra Sta TTjv XP°av> W T° Xlvov a vdovv avcr^oi |
| 961 | Tjj neptexovarj ròv |
| 962 | k o < |
| 963 | j (Iov aWeptcp |
| 964 | x aP07T° rrlrL |
| 965 | *,TrpooeoLKvlav. |
| 966 | 7] S’ àXrjOrjs atTta ¡ila navTCxjv I o ti* |
| 967 | “ KaOapov y d p ” fj <f>r)Giv o n Aaron/, “ ov OepuTov |
| 968 | diTrecrdai puff Kadapcò' ” neptTTwpa he Tpo<j>rjs /cat |
| 969 | oKvfìaXov ovhèv ayvòv ovhè Kadapóv eoTiv ¿k Se |
| 970 | TrepLTTCopidTùJv |
| 971 | epia |
| 972 | /cat Aa^vat |
| 973 | /caì Tplxes |
| 974 | KaL |
| 975 | ovvxes dva<j)vovTCu /cat fìXacjTavovcn. |
| 976 | yeXolov ovv |
| 977 | E fjv |
| 978 | t Òs pèv |
| 979 | olvtcòv Tplxas ¿v tclìs ayvelais ano- |
| 980 | TideaOai £vpovpévovs4 /cat Xeiaivopevovs nàv opiaXws |
| 981 | to oxo/xa, t Òs he tcòv dpepipLaTCOv a/XTre'^ecr^at /cat |
| 982 | <f)opelv /cat y à p tov 'HcrtoSov oleadat Set XeyovTa |
| 983 | 1 órav] arr* av Bentley. |
| 984 | 2 TrapaXafir) Aldine : irapafidXr}. |
| 985 | 3 fvpeToOai should probably be always read in Plutarch |
| 986 | (e.g. 180 b) instead of ivpetv or £vpav: £vpeaOai. |
| 987 | 4 fupou/ieVovs] also ^vpcuptvovs. |
| 988 | 12 |
| 989 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 352 |
| 990 | is he who, when he has legitimately received what is |
| 991 | set forth in the ceremonies connected w ith these gods, |
| 992 | uses reason in investigating and in studying the truth |
| 993 | contained therein. |
| 994 | 4. |
| 995 | It is true that most people are unaware of this |
| 996 | very ordinary and minor matter : the reason why the |
| 997 | priests remove their hair and wear linen garments.® |
| 998 | Some persons do not care at all to have any knowledge |
| 999 | about such things, while others say that the priests, |
| 1000 | because they revere the sheep,5 abstain from using its |
| 1001 | wool, as well as its flesh ; and that they shave their |
| 1002 | heads as a sign of mourning, and that they wear their |
| 1003 | linen garments because of the colour which the flax |
| 1004 | displays when in bloom, and which is like to the |
| 1005 | heavenly azure which enfolds the universe. |
| 1006 | But for |
| 1007 | all this there is only one true reason, which is to be |
| 1008 | found in the words of Plato c : “ for the Impure to |
| 1009 | touch the Pure is contrary to divine ordinance." No |
| 1010 | surplus left over from food and no excrementitious |
| 1011 | matter is pure and clean ; and it is from forms of |
| 1012 | surplus that wool, fur, hair, and nails originate and |
| 1013 | grow.d So it would be ridiculous that these persons |
| 1014 | in their holy living should remove their own hair by |
| 1015 | shaving and making their bodies smooth all over,® |
| 1016 | and then should put on and wear the hair of domestic |
| 1017 | animals. We should believe that when Hesiod ^ said, |
| 1018 | a Cf. Herodotus, ii. 37 and 81. |
| 1019 | 6 In Sais and Thebais according to Strabo, xvii. 40 |
| 1020 | (p. 812). |
| 1021 | b |
| 1022 | c Phaedo, 67 b ; cf, Moraha% 108 d. |
| 1023 | d Cf. A pu lei us, Apology, chap. 26. |
| 1024 | e Cf. Herodotus, ii. 37. |
| 1025 | 1 |
| 1026 | llorA-s and Days, 742-743. The meaning of these some |
| 1027 | what cryptic lines is, of course, that one should not pare |
| 1028 | one’s nails at table; cf. also Moralia, ed. Bernardakis, vol. |
| 1029 | vii. p. 90. |
| 1030 | 13 |
| p. 19 | |
| 1031 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 1032 | prjS* алто тгеіnòtfìio Ѳешѵ èv Sacri ѲаХесг} |
| 1033 | avov otto |
| 1034 | copov тарѵесѵ асѲшѵс ocSijpco, |
| 1035 | 8с8аакесѵ ore See каѲароѵд тшѵ тосоѵтшѵ yevo- |
| 1036 | pevovs еорта^есѵ, оѵк èv avracs rais lepovpytais |
| 1037 | Xprjodac каѲараес каі афасреаес тшѵ ттерсттшра- |
| 1038 | тшѵ. |
| 1039 | то Se Хіѵоѵ фѵетас pèv è£ аѲаѵатоѵ rrjs yrjs |
| 1040 | F кас карпоѵ е8ш8сроѵ аѵа818шос, Xcrrjv Sè 7гаред;€і |
| 1041 | кас каѲараѵ èa9rjra 'каі тер акетгоѵтс рт) ßарѵ- |
| 1042 | ѵоѵоаѵ, evdрроатоѵ Se rrpòs тгаоаѵ шраѵ, TĮKcara |
| 1043 | Sè фѲесроттосоѵ, сos Xèyovor ттері шѵ èrepos Xoyos. |
| 1044 | 5. |
| 1045 | Ot S’ tepees оѵтш Svax^pcccvovac rrjv тшѵ |
| 1046 | ттерсттшратшѵ фѵосѵ, wore prj povov ттарастесоѲас |
| 1047 | тшѵ ооттрешѵ та ттоХХа каі тшѵ крешѵ та prjXeia |
| 1048 | каі veca, 7ToXXrjV тгосоѵѵта тгерсттшосѵ, dXXà каі |
| 1049 | Tous dXas тшѵ остсшѵ èv rats àyvecacs афасресѵ, |
| 1050 | dXXas те rrXecovas alrcas exovras каі то1 тготс- |
| 1051 | ксотерои? кас ßpштcкштèpovs тгосесѵ eTTcOrjyovTas |
| 1052 | rrjv ope£tv. |
| 1053 | то yap, cos *Apcarayópas eXeye, Scà |
| 1054 | то |
| 1055 | irrįyvvpevocs тгоХХа |
| 1056 | тшѵ рскршѵ |
| 1057 | £шшѵ еѵ- |
| 1058 | аттоѲѵіракесѵ аХсокореѵа pi) KaOapovs XoycÇeoûac |
| 1059 | TOVS а Aas evrjUes еотс. |
| 1060 | 353 |
| 1061 | Аеуоѵтас Se каі тоѵ *Атгсѵ ек фреато$ cScov |
| 1062 | ттотс^есѵ, тоѵ Sè NetXov ттаѵтатгаосѵ аттесруесѵ, оѵ |
| 1063 | peapòv rjyovpevoc2 то ѵ8шр Sta тоѵ кроко8есХоѵ, |
| 1064 | cos |
| 1065 | еѵсос |
| 1066 | ѵорсСрѵосѵ оѵ8еѵ |
| 1067 | уар ovтшs тсрсоѵ3 |
| 1068 | AlyvTTTcocs сos о NetXos' аААа ттсасѵесѵ 8окес каі |
| 1069 | 1 то added by Wyttenbach. |
| 1070 | 8 rjyovfjievoi Markland : rjyovįiivovs. |
| 1071 | 3 tlįuov Reiske : tiixtj. |
| 1072 | * Plutarch touches briefly on this subject in Moralia, |
| 1073 | 642 c. |
| 1074 | 14 |
| 1075 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 352-353 |
| 1076 | Cut not the sere from the green when you honour the gods |
| 1077 | with full feasting, |
| 1078 | Paring with glittering steel the member that hath the five |
| 1079 | branches, |
| 1080 | he was teaching that men should be clean of such |
| 1081 | things when they keep high festival, and they should |
| 1082 | not amid the actual ceremonies engage in clearing |
| 1083 | away and removing any sort of surplus matter. But |
| 1084 | the flax springs from the earth which is immortal; it |
| 1085 | yields edible seeds, and supplies a plain and cleanly |
| 1086 | clothing, which does not oppress by the weight |
| 1087 | required for warmth. |
| 1088 | It is suitable for every season |
| 1089 | and, as they say, is least apt to breed lice ; but this |
| 1090 | topic is treated elsewhere.0 |
| 1091 | 5. |
| 1092 | The priests feel such repugnance for things that |
| 1093 | are of a superfluous nature that they not only eschew |
| 1094 | most legumes, as well as mutton and pork,5 which |
| 1095 | leave a large residuum, but they also use no saltc with |
| 1096 | their food during their periods of holy living. |
| 1097 | For |
| 1098 | this they have various other reasons, but in particular |
| 1099 | the fact that salt, by sharpening the appetite, makes |
| 1100 | them more inclined to drinking and eating. |
| 1101 | To |
| 1102 | consider salt impure, because, as Aristagoras has said, |
| 1103 | when it is crystallizing many minute creatures are |
| 1104 | caught in it and die there, is certainly silly. |
| 1105 | It is said also that they water the Apis from a |
| 1106 | well of his own, and keep him away from the Nile |
| 1107 | altogether, not that they think the water unclean |
| 1108 | because of the crocodile, as some believe ; for there |
| 1109 | is nothing which the Egyptians hold in such honour |
| 1110 | as the Nile. |
| 1111 | But the drinking of the Nile water is |
| 1112 | h Cf. Herodotus, ii. 37, and Moralia, 286 e . |
| 1113 | c Cf. infray 363 e ; Moraliay 684 r, 729 a ; and Arrian, |
| 1114 | Anabasis, iii. 4. 4. |
| 1115 | 15 |
| p. 20 | |
| 1116 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 1117 | (3 5 3 ) fiá X ia ra |
| 1118 | noX vcrapKiav |
| 1119 | n o ielv |
| 1120 | to |
| 1121 | NetAd)ov |
| 1122 | vScüp |
| 1123 | niVOpieVOV. |
| 1124 | OV ¡3ovXoVTCU S é TOV *AlTlV OVTCOS €X€LV |
| 1125 | oí58’ |
| 1126 | € olvtovs, |
| 1127 | áAA* |
| 1128 | evcrraXrj |
| 1129 | K al |
| 1130 | kovcIícl |
| 1131 | T a is |
| 1132 | ifjvxoíis |
| 1133 | nepiK eioO ai |
| 1134 | tol |
| 1135 | ocbpiaTa |
| 1136 | K al |
| 1137 | pirj |
| 1138 | 7Tié^eiv |
| 1139 | pirjSé KaraO Xíjieiv la y v o v ri ra> 6vr¡rcp K al fíapvvovTi |
| 1140 | to Oelov. |
| 1141 | 6. 0 Ivov 8’ oí |
| 1142 | év *HAíou nóXei depanevovTes |
| 1143 | róv 8eóv ovk ela<f)épov(j,i to napdnav eis to lepóv, |
| 1144 | B cbs ov npoorjKov rjpiepas1 nlveiv tov Kvplov Kai |
| 1145 | fiaóiXecos e<Į)op(bvTOS* oi 8 ’ |
| 1146 | aAAot2 ^p áW at |
| 1147 | oAiyco oe. |
| 1148 | noAAas o |
| 1149 | aotvovs ayveias eyovoiv, ev |
| 1150 | als <Į>iXooo<j)ovvT€s Kai pLavOdvovTes Kai 818aoKovTes |
| 1151 | Ta 6 el a SiaTeXovoiv. |
| 1152 | 01 Sé fiaaiXeis Kai pieTp^TOV |
| 1153 | emvov ek toov lepcov ypapipiaTcov, (bs 'E/caTatos* |
| 1154 | ioTÓprjKev, lepelę ovTes' rjpįavTO Sé Triveiv ano |
| 1155 | xFap,p,r)T¿xov, npoTepov 8’ |
| 1156 | ovk emvov oivov ov85 |
| 1157 | eonevSov (bs (f)lXiov Oeois, aAA* (bs alpia t(ov iro- |
| 1158 | XepurjcrdvTíov ttote tols OeoiSi e į cov oiovTai neaov- |
| 1159 | Tiov Kai Tjj yrį ovpipayévTCüv apineXovs yevéaOaim |
| 1160 | C Stó Kai |
| 1161 | to piedveiv eK<f>povas noieiv8 Kai na pa- |
| 1162 | nXrjyas, OLTe Srj tcov npoyovcov tov aipiaTos epini- |
| 1163 | nXapievovs. |
| 1164 | Taura piev ovv EuSo£os ¿v Trj SevTepa |
| 1165 | Trįs* |
| 1166 | Hepi¿Sov XéyeaOaí (¡>rjoiv |
| 1167 | ovtüjs vno |
| 1168 | tcov |
| 1169 | lepecov. |
| 1170 | 1 17/xepa?] lepias Moser; vrrr)peras Michael, but cf. Diogenes |
| 1171 | Laertius, viii. 19 oivov Se pueO* r¡Iiipav gr¡ yeveoQai. |
| 1172 | 2 áAAoi] áAAore E. Capps. |
| 1173 | 3 TToieiv M arkland: voiei. |
| 1174 | 4 Trjs Pantazides: ríjs. |
| 1175 | 0 Cf. Aelian, De Natura Animalium, xi. 10. |
| 1176 | 6 Cf. Iamblichus, Life of Pythagoras, 97 and 98, who |
| 1177 | says that the Pythagoreans would have nothing to do with |
| 1178 | 16 |
| 1179 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 353 |
| 1180 | reputed to be fattening and to cause obesity.® They |
| 1181 | do not want Apis to be in this condition, nor them |
| 1182 | selves either ; but rather they desire that their bodies, |
| 1183 | the encasement of their souls, shall be well adjusted |
| 1184 | and light, and shall not oppress and straiten the divine |
| 1185 | element by the predominance and preponderance of |
| 1186 | the mortal. |
| 1187 | 6. |
| 1188 | As for wine, those who serve the god in Helio |
| 1189 | polis bring none at all into the shrine, since they feel |
| 1190 | that it is not seemly to drink in the day-time while |
| 1191 | their Lord and King is looking upon them .5 6 * |
| 1192 | The |
| 1193 | others use wine, but in great moderation. |
| 1194 | They |
| 1195 | have many periods of holy living when wine is pro |
| 1196 | hibited, and in these they spend their time exclusively |
| 1197 | in studying, learning, and teaching religious m atters. |
| 1198 | Their kings also were wont to drink a limited quantity c |
| 1199 | prescribed by the sacred writings, as H ecataeus d has |
| 1200 | recorded ; and the kings are priests. The beginning |
| 1201 | of their drinking dates from the reign of Psam - |
| 1202 | metichus ; before th at they did not drink wine nor |
| 1203 | use it in libation as something dear to the gods, |
| 1204 | thinking it to be the blood of those who had once |
| 1205 | battled against the gods, and from whom, when they |
| 1206 | had fallen and had become commingled with the earth, |
| 1207 | they believed vines to have sprung. This is the reason |
| 1208 | why drunkenness drives men out of their senses and |
| 1209 | crazes them , inasmuch as they are then filled with the |
| 1210 | blood of their forbears. |
| 1211 | These tales Eudoxus says in |
| 1212 | the second book of his World Travels are thus related |
| 1213 | by the priests. |
| 1214 | wine in the day-time. |
| 1215 | See also the critical note on the |
| 1216 | opposite page. |
| 1217 | c Cf. Diodorus, i. 70. 11. |
| 1218 | d Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratikcr, ii. p. 153, Heca |
| 1219 | taeus no. B 11. |
| 1220 | 17 |
| p. 21 | |
| 1221 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 1222 | (353) |
| 1223 | 7. *IxOvcov Se OaXarrlojv TravTes fikv ov TTavrcov |
| 1224 | a \ y evlcov aTT€)(pVTai, Kadarrep ’O^upuy^Ircu rtov |
| 1225 | air |
| 1226 | dyKLGrpov |
| 1227 | oefiopLevoi, |
| 1228 | yap |
| 1229 | rov |
| 1230 | o^vpvyyov |
| 1231 | lyOvv SeSiaat pitf 7rore to dyKiorpov ov KaOapov |
| 1232 | euTiv |
| 1233 | o£vpvyxov |
| 1234 | 'nepnreuovTOS |
| 1235 | avrco. |
| 1236 | HvrjvZrai |
| 1237 | Se <f)dypov' SoK€L yap emovTi ra> |
| 1238 | NeiXcp |
| 1239 | crvv- |
| 1240 | D em ^alveadai, Kal |
| 1241 | ttjv av£rjaw aa/xeVots* <f>pd£ew |
| 1242 | am ayyeXos |
| 1243 | opwfievoSy |
| 1244 | ol |
| 1245 | S’ |
| 1246 | tepels arr eyovT at |
| 1247 | Travrow |
| 1248 | 7Tpcorov |
| 1249 | Se |
| 1250 | pLrjvos |
| 1251 | evdrrj |
| 1252 | tcov |
| 1253 | aXXcov |
| 1254 | Alyvirrlixiv eKaurov 7rpo tt}s avXeiov Ovpas otttov |
| 1255 | IxQvv |
| 1256 | KaT€U0iovTOS> |
| 1257 | oi |
| 1258 | lepets |
| 1259 | ov yevovTai (l€V |
| 1260 | KaraKalovui Se 7Tpo |
| 1261 | tcov dvpcov tovs ix^vs Sijo |
| 1262 | Xoyovs kyovresy coy rov p,kv iepov Kal Trepirrov |
| 1263 | avQis dvaXrjifjop,ai, owaSoi/ra rots 7Tepl yOuipiSos |
| 1264 | Kal Tv<f>cbyos oulcos <f>iXooo<j)ovpLivois• o S’ epL<f>avr)s |
| 1265 | Kal |
| 1266 | TTpix^pos |
| 1267 | ovk |
| 1268 | dvayKalov |
| 1269 | oi5S’ |
| 1270 | arrepiepyoy1 |
| 1271 | oifjov a7TO(f)aiv(ov2 rov lyOvv, 'Op/rjpa; paprvpel fxrjre |
| 1272 | <S>aLaKas |
| 1273 | tovs afipofiiovs ptrjTe |
| 1274 | tovs *IdaKyaiovs |
| 1275 | E dvdpojTrovs yr)UL(oras lx@v(n ^pai/xe^ous* |
| 1276 | ttolovvtl |
| 1277 | pi'qre tovs y08vuuecos €Talpovs €v ttXco touovtco |
| 1278 | Kal ev OaXatttj irplv els eaxdTrjv eXOetv arroplav. |
| 1279 | oXcos Se Kal ttjv OaXaTTav ¿k ttvovs3 rjyovvTai Kal |
| 1280 | 1 ov8* a7T€pL€pyov Bentley : ovSe irepiepyov, |
| 1281 | 2 aTTQ<f>aivu)v Baxter: arro^aimv. |
| 1282 | 3 ttvovs F.C .B.: 7rvpos> |
| 1283 | 0 Cf. Herodotus, ii. 37. |
| 1284 | 6 Cf. Strabo, xvii. 1. 40 (p. 812); Aelian, De Natura |
| 1285 | Animalium, x. 46 ; Clement of Alexandria, Protrepticus, |
| 1286 | ii. 39. 5 (p. 34 Potter); also 358 b and 380 b, infra. |
| 1287 | c Cf. Aelian, De Natura Animalium, x. 19. |
| 1288 | d Cf. Moralia, 729 a. |
| 1289 | e Plutarch does not explain this elsewhere (c/. 363 e , |
| 1290 | infrd)y but the reason may be that given by Clement of |
| 1291 | Alexandria, Stromateis, vii. 6. 34. 1 (p. 850 Potter), that |
| 1292 | fish do not breathe the same air as other living creatures. |
| 1293 | 18 |
| 1294 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 353 |
| 1295 | 7. |
| 1296 | As for sea-fish, all Egyptians do not abstain |
| 1297 | from all of them,a but from some kinds only ; as, for |
| 1298 | example, the inhabitants of Oxyrhynchus abstain |
| 1299 | from those that are caught with a hookb ; for, |
| 1300 | inasmuch as they revere the fish called oxyrhynchus |
| 1301 | (the pike), they are afraid that the hook may be |
| 1302 | unclean, since an oxyrhynchus may have been caught |
| 1303 | with it. |
| 1304 | The people of Syene abstain from the |
| 1305 | phagrusc (the sea-bream); for this fish is reputed to |
| 1306 | appear with the oncoming of the Nile, and to be a self- |
| 1307 | sent messenger, which, when it is seen, declares to a |
| 1308 | glad people the rise of the river. The priests, how |
| 1309 | ever, abstain from all fish ; and on the ninth day of |
| 1310 | the first month, when every one of the other Egyptians |
| 1311 | eats a broiled fish in front of the outer door of his |
| 1312 | house, the priests do not even taste the fish, but burn |
| 1313 | them up in front of their doors/* |
| 1314 | For this practice |
| 1315 | they have two reasons, one of which is religious and |
| 1316 | curious, and I shall discuss it at another time,* 6 since |
| 1317 | it harmonizes with the sacred studies touching Osiris |
| 1318 | and Typhon ; the other is obvious and commonplace, |
| 1319 | in that it declares that fish is an unnecessary and |
| 1320 | superfluous food, and confirms the words of Homer, |
| 1321 | who, in his poetry, represents neither the Phaeacians, |
| 1322 | who lived amid a refined luxury, nor the Ithacans, |
| 1323 | who dwelt on an island, as making any use of fish, nor |
| 1324 | did even the companions of Odysseus, while on such |
| 1325 | a long voyage and in the midst of the sea, until they |
| 1326 | had come to the extremity of w ant/ In fine, these |
| 1327 | people hold the sea to be derived from purulent |
| 1328 | f Homer, Od. iv. 369 and xii. 332. |
| 1329 | Cf. also Moraliat |
| 1330 | 730 c, d. |
| 1331 | The facts are as stated, but the deduction that |
| 1332 | fishing was despised in Homeric times is not warranted. |
| 1333 | 19 |
| p. 22 | |
| 1334 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 1335 | 7TapO)plG[JL€Vr)V |
| 1336 | Ov8k |
| 1337 | piepos |
| 1338 | OV §€ |
| 1339 | GTOCX^OV |
| 1340 | aXX' |
| 1341 | aAAotov1 TTepiTTwpLa 8 i€<f>0opos xal voowSes. |
| 1342 | 8. OuSey yap aXoyov ov8e |
| 1343 | piv0co8es ouS* wto |
| 1344 | heiGihaipiOvlas, wG7T€p eviol vopLil^ovoiv, ¿yKareGroi- |
| 1345 | X^iovro |
| 1346 | rats2 3 |
| 1347 | lepovpylais, |
| 1348 | aXXa ra ptev |
| 1349 | tjOlkols |
| 1350 | eyovTa /cat ^petcoScts* a ir Las, ra 8* |
| 1351 | ovk a/xotpa |
| 1352 | K O pu/j6T 7)T O S |
| 1353 | IG T O p iK r js |
| 1354 | Tj |
| 1355 | (f)V G LK 7js €OTIV , |
| 1356 | oloV TO |
| 1357 | F 7T €pl KpOpLpLVO V. |
| 1358 | TO y a p ¿pL7T€G€lV €LS TOV TTOTapLOV |
| 1359 | /cat a7ToX€G0ai TOV T rjs "lo ih o s Tp6(f)LpiOV /Xlktvv |
| 1360 | 7TOVZ KpopipLVCDV €7u8paTTOpi€VOV ¿GX^TCOS ¿7TL0aVOV* |
| 1361 | ot 8 ’ |
| 1362 | U peis |
| 1363 | a<j)OGLovvTai /cat |
| 1364 | 8vaxzpaLvovai /cat |
| 1365 | t o |
| 1366 | Kp6pipi,vov 7Tapa<f>vXdTTovT€s, o n |
| 1367 | TTjs GeXrjvrjs |
| 1368 | <f)6ivovor]s piovov |
| 1369 | €VTpo(f)€LV |
| 1370 | t o v t o /cat |
| 1371 | T€0rjXevat |
| 1372 | ft |
| 1373 | »t |
| 1374 | M |
| 1375 | t ± |
| 1376 | V/}> « |
| 1377 | / |
| 1378 | >//)> |
| 1379 | 7T€(j)VK€V. |
| 1380 | €GTL 0€ TTpOGfpOpOV OVU ayV€VOVGLV OVU |
| 1381 | ¿opTa^ovG i, tols puzv otl 8a/jrjv, tols S’ ort 8aKpv€LV |
| 1382 | 7TOL€L TOVS 7TpOG(f)€popL€VOVS. |
| 1383 | <0/xotaJS‘ Se /cat ttjv vv aviepov £coov rjyovvTar |
| 1384 | d)S pidXiOTa |
| 1385 | yap |
| 1386 | ¿xeveaQai |
| 1387 | 8 ok€l |
| 1388 | Trjs |
| 1389 | oeXrjvrjs |
| 1390 | <f>6t,vovor]S, /cat t G)V to ydXa ttlv6vtcov ¿£av0ei tcl |
| 1391 | 354 GwpiaTa Xeirpav /cat ifjcopLKas TpaxvTrjTas. |
| 1392 | tov 8e |
| 1393 | Xoyov, |
| 1394 | ov |
| 1395 | 0vovt€s a7ra^4 5 |
| 1396 | vv ¿v TravaeXrjvcp /cat |
| 1397 | €G0tOVT€S6 ¿mXeyOVGLV, (1)S o T V(j)U)V VV 8 l(X)KO)V |
| 1398 | Trpos ttjv 7ravG€Xrjvov evpe ttjv £vXLvrjv aopov, iv |
| 1399 | fj to crco/za tov ’OcrtptSos* €K€lto, /cat Sieppu/jev, |
| 1400 | 1 aAA* aAAoiov] aAA* ofov Bases, but see 729 b where ¿AXorpiov |
| 1401 | stands in the parallel passage. |
| 1402 | 2 rats added by Wyttcnbach. |
| 1403 | 3 7tov F .C .B .: ou. |
| 1404 | 4 a7ra£] ¿7ra£ tov erovs Squire from Ael. 11.A . x. 16. |
| 1405 | 5 kcu eoQ Lorres Bentley : Kareodlovres. |
| 1406 | 20 |
| 1407 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 353-354 |
| 1408 | matter, and to lie outside the confines of the world |
| 1409 | and not to be a part of it or an element, but a corrupt |
| 1410 | and pestilential residuum of a foreign nature.® |
| 1411 | 8. |
| 1412 | Nothing that is irrational or fabulous or prompted |
| 1413 | by superstition, as some believe, has ever been given |
| 1414 | a place in their rites, but in them are some things that |
| 1415 | have moral and practical values, and others that are |
| 1416 | not without their share in the refinements of history |
| 1417 | or natural science, as, for example, that which has |
| 1418 | to do with the onion. |
| 1419 | For the tale that Dictys, the |
| 1420 | nurseling of Isis, in reaching for a clump of onions, |
| 1421 | fell into the river and was drowned is extremely in |
| 1422 | credible. |
| 1423 | But the priests keep themselves clear of |
| 1424 | the onion b and detest it and are careful to avoid it, |
| 1425 | because it is the only plant that naturally thrives and |
| 1426 | flourishes in the waning of the moon. |
| 1427 | It is suitable |
| 1428 | for neither fasting nor festival, because in the one |
| 1429 | case it causes thirst and in the other tears for those |
| 1430 | who partake of it. |
| 1431 | In like manner they hold the pig to be an unclean |
| 1432 | animal,0 because it is reputed to be most inclined |
| 1433 | to mate in the waning of the moon, and because the |
| 1434 | bodies of those who drink its milk break out with |
| 1435 | leprosy and scabrous itching.0 The story which they |
| 1436 | relate at their only sacrifice and eating of a pig at the |
| 1437 | time of the full moon, how Typhon, while he was |
| 1438 | pursuing a boar by the light of the full moon, found |
| 1439 | the wooden coffin in which lay the body of Osiris, |
| 1440 | which he rent to pieces and scattered,0 they do not |
| 1441 | ° Cf. Mor alia, 729 b. |
| 1442 | 6 Cf. Aulus Gellius, xx. 8. |
| 1443 | c Cf. Herodotus, ii. 47. |
| 1444 | d Cf. Mor alia y 670 f ; Aelian, De Natura Animalium, |
| 1445 | x. 16 ; Tacitus, Histories, v. 4. |
| 1446 | * Cf. 358 a, infra. |
| 1447 | 21 |
| p. 23 | |
| 1448 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 1449 | (354) ov m i ртед атго8е'хоРтас, ттаракоуорьатюр1 соотгер |
| 1450 | а АЛ а 7гоААа vopiL^ovTes. |
| 1451 | 'AAAd Tpvcftffjv те каь TroAvTeAeiav ка1 ^утгавесар |
| 1452 | ovtco гтрораХАеоваь tovs rraAaiovs Aeyovoiv, йоте |
| 1453 | к а 1 orrjArjv ефаоаг? ev Qr}fiais ev rep lepco кеьовол |
| 1454 | катарад eyyeypapLpbevas eyovoav ката MeiVto? rov |
| 1455 | В flaoiA eos, os irpcoTos AlyvirTiovs Trjs anAovTov |
| 1456 | ка1 |
| 1457 | а^р^/хатои |
| 1458 | крл |
| 1459 | AiTrjs |
| 1460 | drrrjAAa^e |
| 1461 | Statr^?. |
| 1462 | Лeyerat Se ка\ T ¿x^clktls |
| 1463 | о В окхоресод 7татг]р |
| 1464 | отратеусор |
| 1465 | етт' |
| 1466 | *A paflas, |
| 1467 | Trjs |
| 1468 | drrooKevrjs |
| 1469 | /?pa- |
| 1470 | 8vvovor)s, rj8ecos то) тгроотухорть о it Leo ^p ^aa- |
| 1471 | pcevos, еТта KOLpLr)0eis fiadvv vttpop errl cm^SaSos*, |
| 1472 | аоттаоаовас tyjp evтеАесар* ек 8e tovtov катара- |
| 1473 | оаоваь тto M eivif ка1 тсov lepecov еттагреоаитоур |
| 1474 | OTrjAiTevoat ttjv катарар. |
| 1475 | 9. 0 1 Sc fiaoiAeis |
| 1476 | аттеЬе1крурто |
| 1477 | piev |
| 1478 | ек |
| 1479 | tcop |
| 1480 | lepecov rj tcop pcaxlp^cov, tou piev Sc' dvSpecav rov |
| 1481 | 8e Sta оофсар yevovs a£Lcopi,a /cat Tipurjv exovTos. |
| 1482 | о 8’ ек piaxLpioyp drTo8e8eiypLevos evOvs еусурето tcop |
| 1483 | C lepecov /cat рьетещe Trjs фсАоооф1ад, emKeKpvfx- |
| 1484 | pievrjs та 7ToAAa pLvOots /cat Adyots apivSpds epc- |
| 1485 | фаоесд Trjs dArjOelas /cat Sta^aaet? exovoiv, cbonep |
| 1486 | apceAei /cat Trapa8r]Aovoiv avTol rrpo tcop lepcov ra j |
| 1487 | 1 irapaKOucfidnou Xylander: тгаракоиар.агап'. |
| 1488 | 2 €(f>aaav] €OTT}oav Sievek mg, omitting K€i<j9ai. |
| 1489 | 3 McLvi Baxter: Mai'/w. |
| 1490 | e Usually known as Menes. |
| 1491 | The name is variously |
| 1492 | written by Greek authors as Min, Minaeus, Mcneus, Menas. |
| 1493 | According to tradition he was the first king of Egypt. |
| 1494 | His |
| 1495 | reign is put circa 3500 or 3400 b.c. |
| 1496 | Cf. Herodotus, ii. 4. |
| 1497 | In Diodorus, i. 45, is found this same story. |
| 1498 | b Tefnakhte (also spelled Tnephachthos or Tnephachtho |
| 1499 | by Greek writers), after much fighting, made himself king |
| 1500 | of Lower Egypt circa 725 b.c. |
| 1501 | 22 |
| 1502 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 354 |
| 1503 | all accept, believing it to be a misrepresentation, even |
| 1504 | as many other things are. |
| 1505 | Moreover, they relate that the ancient Egyptians |
| 1506 | put from them luxury, lavishness, and self-indulgence, |
| 1507 | to such a degree that they used to say that there was |
| 1508 | a pillar standing in the temple at Thebes which had |
| 1509 | inscribed upon it curses against Meinis,a their king, |
| 1510 | who was the first to lead the Egyptians to quit their |
| 1511 | frugal, thrifty, and simple manner of living. |
| 1512 | It is |
| 1513 | said also that Technactis,b the father of Bocchoris,0 |
| 1514 | when he was leading his army against the Arabians, |
| 1515 | because his baggage was slow in arriving, found |
| 1516 | pleasure in eating such common food as was available, |
| 1517 | and afterwards slept soundly on a bedding of straw, |
| 1518 | and thus became fond of frugal living ; as the result, |
| 1519 | he invoked a curse on Meinis, and, with the approval |
| 1520 | of the priests, had a pillar set up with the curse |
| 1521 | inscribed upon it. |
| 1522 | 9. |
| 1523 | The kings were appointed from the priests or |
| 1524 | from the military class, since the military class had |
| 1525 | eminence and honour because of valour, and the |
| 1526 | priests because of wisdom. |
| 1527 | But he who was appointed |
| 1528 | from the military class was at once made one of the |
| 1529 | priests and a participant in their philosophy, which, |
| 1530 | for the most part, is veiled in myths and in words |
| 1531 | containing dim reflexions and adumbrations of the |
| 1532 | truth, as they themselves intimate beyond question |
| 1533 | by appropriately placing sphinxesd before their |
| 1534 | * Bekneranef, king of Egypt circa 718-712 b.c., was, |
| 1535 | according to Greek tradition, a wise and just ruler. |
| 1536 | An |
| 1537 | apocryphal story about him may be found in Aelian, De |
| 1538 | Natura Animalium, xii. 3. |
| 1539 | d Cf. Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, v. 5. 31, chap. 5 |
| 1540 | (p. 664 Potter). |
| 1541 | 23 |
| p. 24 | |
| 1542 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 1543 | (354) cr<f>iyyas imeiKios iardwres, d)s aiVty/xarajSi} aocf>lav |
| 1544 | rr]S UeoAoyias avrwv exovarjg, |
| 1545 | to o |
| 1546 | av 2jaet t?/? |
| 1547 | 'Adrjvas> rjp1 Kal * I g ip PopiL^ovGLP, ¿80s h n y p a ^ p |
| 1548 | c?Xe Toiavriqv “ ¿yd) elfxi Trap to yeyopos /cat op |
| 1549 | /cat ¿Gopiepop /cat |
| 1550 | top ¿pop |
| 1551 | ttI ttXop |
| 1552 | ovSets* 7tco |
| 1553 | 8pt)tos arreKoXviffep! ’ |
| 1554 | wE rt Se |
| 1555 | to)v |
| 1556 | ttoXXcov |
| 1557 | Popi^oPTCDP |
| 1558 | l8iop |
| 1559 | Trap* |
| 1560 | AiyvTTTiois opopa 'rov Atos* etpat top ’Apovp (o |
| 1561 | rrapdyovres rjpeZs y'Appo)va Xeyopep), XlaveOws pev |
| 1562 | D o Se/JeiWr^s2 |
| 1563 | to |
| 1564 | K€KpvppePOP otcrat /cat |
| 1565 | tt)p |
| 1566 | KpvijjLP vito TavTTjs 8r)XovG0aL Trjs (¡>coprjs' ?E/ca- |
| 1567 | Tatos1 8’ o 9A f}8r)piT7]s (f>7]al tovtco /cat rrpos aXXfj- |
| 1568 | Xovs to) prjpari xpfjaOou tovs AcyvTrTtovs, Stop |
| 1569 | tlpcl rrpoGKaXd)PT a im 7TpoGKXr}TiKrjp yap elvai tt]p |
| 1570 | (fxjOPTjP. |
| 1571 | 8tO rot' TTpG)TOP 0€OP, OP3 TCp ttgptX top |
| 1572 | avTOP popLityOVGLP, tbs ¿(¡>apfj Kal KeKpvppevop opto |
| 1573 | 7rpoGKaXovpL€POL |
| 1574 | Kal TrapaKaXovPTes |
| 1575 | ¿p<f)apyj ye- |
| 1576 | peaOai Kal SfjXop avTois, ’Apovp XeyovGiPm rj pep |
| 1577 | ovp evXafieta Trjs irepl ra 6eta cro^tas* AlyvirTtcov |
| 1578 | ToaavTr) rjp. |
| 1579 | 10. |
| 1580 | yiapTVpovGi 8e /cat touv 'EAAryycoy ot Go<f>u)- |
| 1581 | E rarot, 2oAa)v ©aA^s* IlAaTa/v EuSo^o? ITi/^ayopas“, |
| 1582 | d)S 8’ epioi ^acrt, /cat AvKovpyos, eis* Atyu7rro^ |
| 1583 | d<f)iKopL€Poi Kal avyyepofiepoi tols Upevaw. |
| 1584 | Ev- |
| 1585 | 8o£op pep ovp Xopovffrecvs <f>aai Mep<f>iTov 8t- |
| 1586 | aKuvaai, YtoXiopa 8e Soy^tros* Hatrov, Hu0ayopav |
| 1587 | 8’ 0lpov<f)€O)S * HXlottoXltov. |
| 1588 | paXiGTa S’ |
| 1589 | ovtos, |
| 1590 | E a/9 ¿ot/ce, davpaoOels Kal OavpaGas tovs ap8pas |
| 1591 | 1 ^ Aldine ed.: o |
| 1592 | 2 EejSaWnjs] often written oefievvLTTjs. |
| 1593 | 3 ov added by Bentley. |
| 1594 | £4 |
| 1595 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 354 |
| 1596 | shrines to indicate that their religious teaching has in |
| 1597 | it an enigmatical sort of wisdom. |
| 1598 | In Sais the statue |
| 1599 | of Athena, whom they believe to be Isis, bore the |
| 1600 | inscription : “ I am all that has been, and is, and shall |
| 1601 | be, and my robe no mortal has yet uncovered.” |
| 1602 | Moreover, most people believe that Amoun is the |
| 1603 | name given to Zeus in the land of the Egyptians,0 a |
| 1604 | name which we, with a slight alteration, pronounce |
| 1605 | Ammon. |
| 1606 | But Manetho of Sebennytus thinks that |
| 1607 | the meaning “ concealed ” or “ concealment ” lies in |
| 1608 | this word. |
| 1609 | Hecataeus b of Abdera, however, says |
| 1610 | that the Egyptians use this expression one to another |
| 1611 | whenever they call to anyone, for the word is a form |
| 1612 | of address. |
| 1613 | When they, therefore, address the |
| 1614 | supreme god, whom they believe to be the same as |
| 1615 | the Universe, as if he were invisible and concealed, |
| 1616 | and implore him to make himself visible and manifest |
| 1617 | to them,they use the word “ Amoun ” ; so great, then, |
| 1618 | was the circumspection of the Egyptians in their |
| 1619 | wisdom touching all that had to do with the gods. |
| 1620 | 10. Witness to this also are the wisest of the |
| 1621 | Greeks : Solon, Thales, Plato, Eudoxus, Pythagoras, |
| 1622 | who came to Egypt and consorted with the priests c ; |
| 1623 | and in this number some would include Lycurgus |
| 1624 | also. |
| 1625 | Eudoxus, they say, received instruction from |
| 1626 | Chonuphis of Memphis, Solon from Sonchis of Sais, |
| 1627 | and Pythagoras from Oenuphis of Heliopolis. |
| 1628 | Pyth |
| 1629 | agoras, as it seems, was greatly admired, and he also |
| 1630 | greatly admired the Egyptian priests, and, copying |
| 1631 | a Cf. Herodotus, ii. 49, |
| 1632 | b Cf, Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokraliker, Hecataeus (60), |
| 1633 | No. B, 8. |
| 1634 | c Cf, Diodorus, i. 96 and 98 ; Clement of Alexandria, |
| 1635 | Stromateis, i. 69. 1 , chap. 15 (p. 356 Potter); Moralia, |
| 1636 | 578 f , and Life of Solon, chap. xxvi. (92 e ). |
| 1637 | 25 |
| p. 25 | |
| 1638 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 1639 | аперираусгато то (jvpißoXiKov аѵтшѵ каі р,ѵотт]ріа>- |
| 1640 | Ье$, àvapieiÇas aìvLypiavi та boy ¡хата- rtov yàp |
| 1641 | KaXovpiévwv іероуХѵфіксоѵ ураріріатшѵ ouSèv ano- |
| 1642 | Xeinci та noXXà twv ПѵѲауорікшѵ napayy^Xfxârcov, |
| 1643 | oiov e o n то |
| 1644 | pirj evuieiv eni оіфроѵ |
| 1645 | purjo |
| 1646 | €ni |
| 1647 | yolvLKOS каѲі)ѵѲаі ” “ pbrjSe фоіѵіка фѵтотореiv |
| 1648 | “ prjbè nvp piayaipa2 ѵкаХеѵеіѵ iv оікіа.” |
| 1649 | A okcü S’ eywye /cat то ttjv piovàba tovs ävbpas |
| 1650 | ovopid^eiv *AnóXXwva /cat тг\v SuaSa3 "Артериѵ, |
| 1651 | 5АѲт]ѵаѵ Se тур eßSoIiaSa, ПоаеіЗа/ѵа Se тоѵ npw- |
| 1652 | тоѵ Kvßov, ¿оікеѵаі tols ¿ni twv Upwv îbpvpiévois |
| 1653 | /cat уХѵфорь€Роі$4 ѴТ7 A ta /cat ура^ю/xeVois*. |
| 1654 | тоѵ yàp |
| 1655 | ßaviXia /cat кѵрюѵ "Ovipiv офѲаХрьф /cat акгрптрсо |
| 1656 | 355 ураф оѵѵіѵ |
| 1657 | èVtot Sè |
| 1658 | /cat тоvvopia bi€pp.rjv€vovvi |
| 1659 | поХѵофѲаХріоѵ, со? той piev oš то 7ГоЛи тои S’ ірі |
| 1660 | тоѵ офѲаХроѵ АЬуѵптіа уХсоттр фра^оѵтоя5 тоѵ |
| 1661 | оѵраѵоѵ WS аyrjpwv òt аіоютг}та кароіа ovwv |
| 1662 | ¿alapas vnoK€ip,€V7)s. |
| 1663 | ¿ѵ Se Qrjßais €Ìkov€s rjvav |
| 1664 | аѵакеіріеѵаі Ьікаѵтсоѵ àycipes, rj Se too а р у ^іка - |
| 1665 | ѵтоѵ катарьѵоѵаа tols opipiaviv, cos* àbwpov apia ttjv |
| 1666 | Ьікаіооѵѵ7]ѵ /cat аѵеѵтеѵктоѵ ovvav. |
| 1667 | Totç Sè paytpoc? KavOapos rįv уХѵфг} vфpayL8os^ |
| 1668 | 1 фѵтотореіѵ F.C.В. : фггтеѵеіѵ. |
| 1669 | 2 pašaipą Bernardakis : paxaiprj. |
| 1670 | 3 ttjv SuaSa Squire : b v ad a ttjv. |
| 1671 | 4 yXv<f>opLCvois F.C.B. : bptopévois. |
| 1672 | 5 фра£,оѵто$ Baxter : <£ра£оут€?. |
| 1673 | 6 0і/а>ѵ F.C.B. : dvjxóv. |
| 1674 | a For these precepts c/. Moralia, 12 e -f , and Li/e o/ Numa, |
| 1675 | chap. xiv. (69 c) ; Athenaeus, x. 77 (452 d) ; Iamblichus, |
| 1676 | Protrepticus. chap. xxi. (pp. 131-160); Diogenes Laertius, |
| 1677 | viii. 17-18. |
| 1678 | h Cf. 365 b, infra, and Xenophon, Anabasis, ii. 3. 16. „ |
| 1679 | 26 |
| 1680 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 354-355 |
| 1681 | their symbolism and occult teachings, incorporated |
| 1682 | his doctrines in enigmas. |
| 1683 | As a matter of fact most |
| 1684 | of the Pythagorean precepts a do not at all fall short |
| 1685 | of the writings that are called hieroglyphs ; such, for |
| 1686 | example, as these : “ Do not eat upon a stool ” ; |
| 1687 | “ Do not sit upon a peck measure ” ; “ Do not lop |
| 1688 | off the shoots of a palm-tree b ” ; “ Do not poke a fire |
| 1689 | with a sword within the house.” |
| 1690 | For my part, I think also that their naming unity |
| 1691 | Apollo, duality Artemis, the hebdomad Athena, and |
| 1692 | the first cube Poseidon,0 bears a resemblance to the |
| 1693 | statues and even to the sculptures and paintings with |
| 1694 | which their shrines are embellished. |
| 1695 | For their King |
| 1696 | and Lord Osiris they portray by means of an eye |
| 1697 | and a sceptred; there are even some who explain |
| 1698 | the meaning of the name as “ many-eyed ” 6 on |
| 1699 | the theory that os in the Egyptian language means |
| 1700 | ” many ” and iri “ eye ” ; and the heavens, since |
| 1701 | they are ageless because of their eternity, they por |
| 1702 | tray by a heart with a censer beneath/ |
| 1703 | In Thebes |
| 1704 | there were set up statues of judges without hands, |
| 1705 | and the statue of the chief justice had its eyes closed, |
| 1706 | to indicate that justice is not influenced by gifts or by |
| 1707 | intercession.5' |
| 1708 | The military class had their seals engraved with |
| 1709 | the form of a beetle h ; for there is no such thing as a |
| 1710 | e Cf.t for example, 381 f and 393 b, infra, and Iamblichus, |
| 1711 | Comment, in Nichomachi Arithmetical 14. |
| 1712 | d Occasionally found on the monuments; |
| 1713 | cf. 371 je, |
| 1714 | infra. |
| 1715 | e Cf. Diodorus, i. 11. |
| 1716 | f Cf. Horapollo, Hieroglyphics, i. 22. |
| 1717 | 9 Cf. Diodorus, i. 48. 6. |
| 1718 | h The Egyptian scarab, or sacred beetle. |
| 1719 | Cf. Pliny, |
| 1720 | Nat. Hist. xxx. 13 (30). |
| 1721 | 27 |
| p. 26 | |
| 1722 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 1723 | (355) ov yap eo n Kavdapos dfjAvs, aAAa 7ravrzs apoeves. |
| 1724 | tlktovcfi |
| 1725 | Se |
| 1726 | rov |
| 1727 | yovov |
| 1728 | els |
| 1729 | acfraipoTTOLrjGiv,1 |
| 1730 | ov |
| 1731 | Tpo<j)fjs paXAov vArjv rj yeveoecos ^cupa^ irapa- |
| 1732 | GKevd^ovres. |
| 1733 | B |
| 1734 | 11. "Orav ovv a pvdoAoyovaiv Puyvirnoi 7repl |
| 1735 | rcov 6ecoy ¿Kovorjs, ttAolvas Kal Sia/xeAiopovs /cat |
| 1736 | noAAa roiavra rradrjpara,2 Set rcov TTpoeip7)pevcov |
| 1737 | pvqpovevetv Kal prjSev oteodai rovrcov AeyeoOo.i |
| 1738 | yeyovos ovrco Kal TTeTrpaypevov. |
| 1739 | ov yap rov kvvci |
| 1740 | KvpLcos 'TLppfjv Aeyovoiv, aAAa rov £cpov ro <j>vAa- |
| 1741 | KriKov Kai ro aypvTTVov Kal ro <f>iAoGO(f>ov, yvcboei |
| 1742 | Kal ayvoLa ro <j>lAov Kal ro eyOpov opl^ovros, fj |
| 1743 | <f>rjGiv o IIAaTtov, rip Aoyicorartp rcov Oecbv o w - |
| 1744 | oiKeiovGiv? |
| 1745 | ov8e rov rjAtov ¿k Acorov vopi^ovot |
| 1746 | C fSpe<j>os aviox€W veoyiAov, aAA5 ovrcos avaroArjv |
| 1747 | TjAlOV ypd(j)OVGL, rrjv e£ vypcov rjALov yiyVOpeVTJV |
| 1748 | avai/jiv alvirropevoi. |
| 1749 | Kal yap rov coporarov X\ep- |
| 1750 | gcov fiaoiAea Kal <f>ofiepoorarov ^tlyov anoKreivavra |
| 1751 | iroAAovs, reAos 8e Kal rov TA m v drToo(f>d£avra Kal |
| 1752 | Kara8eirrvrjoavra p e r a rcov (f)iAcov, ¿KaAeaav “ p a - |
| 1753 | y a i p a v K a l k o Ao v g i peypi vvv ovrcos €v rep K ara- |
| 1754 | A ¿yep rcov {¡aotAecov, ov KvpLcos Stjttov rrjv ovalav |
| 1755 | 1 eiV a<f>aipo7TOLT]Giv F.C .B.: coy a<f>aipoTroiovoiv. (r. y. a<j>UvT£s |
| 1756 | Cty 6v0ov OV <J<f>CUpOTTOlOVOlV Pohlenz.) |
| 1757 | 2 Tradrfp.ara\ fiaO ^fiara most MSS. |
| 1758 | 3 ovvoLKtiovoLv Baxter : kwikciovcuv. |
| 1759 | « Cf. 381 a , infra. |
| 1760 | The idea that all beetles are male |
| 1761 | was very common in antiquity; cf., for example, Aelian, |
| 1762 | Be Natura Animalium, x. 15 ; Porphyry, Be Abstinentia, |
| 1763 | iv. 9. |
| 1764 | b They are crKaTocjxiyoL. |
| 1765 | e Cf. Plato’s Republic, 375 e, and the note in Adam’s |
| 1766 | edition (Cambridge, 1902). |
| 1767 | d Cf. 368 f and 400 a, infra. |
| 1768 | 28 |
| 1769 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 355 |
| 1770 | female beetle, but all beetles are male.® |
| 1771 | They eject |
| 1772 | their sperm into a round mass which they construct, |
| 1773 | since they are no less occupied in arranging for a |
| 1774 | supply of food b than in preparing a place to rear their |
| 1775 | young. |
| 1776 | 11. |
| 1777 | Therefore, Clea, whenever you hear the tradi |
| 1778 | tional tales which the Egyptians tell about the gods, |
| 1779 | their wanderings, dismemberments, and many experi |
| 1780 | ences of this sort, you must remember what has been |
| 1781 | already said, and you must not think that any of |
| 1782 | these tales actually happened in the manner in which |
| 1783 | they are related. |
| 1784 | The facts are that they do not call |
| 1785 | the dog by the name Hermes as his proper name, |
| 1786 | but they bring into association with the most astute |
| 1787 | of their gods that animal’s watchfulness and wake |
| 1788 | fulness and wisdom, since he distinguishes between |
| 1789 | what is friendly and what is hostile by his knowledge |
| 1790 | of the one and his ignorance of the other, as Plato c |
| 1791 | remarks. |
| 1792 | Nor, again, do they believe that the sun |
| 1793 | rises as a new-born babe from the lotus, but they |
| 1794 | portray the rising of the sun in this manner to indi |
| 1795 | cate allegorically the enkindling of the sun from the |
| 1796 | waters/ |
| 1797 | So also Ochus, the most cruel and terrible |
| 1798 | of the Persian kings, who put many to death and |
| 1799 | finally slaughtered the Apis e and ate him for dinner |
| 1800 | in the company of his friends, the Egyptians called |
| 1801 | the “ Sword ” ; and they call him by that name even |
| 1802 | to this day in their list of kings/ |
| 1803 | But manifestly they |
| 1804 | • The sacred bull. |
| 1805 | 1 Both Cambyses and Ochus are said to have killed the |
| 1806 | sacred bull Apis; cf. 368 f , infra, and Herodotus, iii. 29, |
| 1807 | for Cambyses; for Ochus, 363 c, infra, and Aelian, Varia |
| 1808 | Historia, iv. 8. |
| 1809 | In Be Natura Animalium, x. 28, Aelian |
| 1810 | says that both Cambyses and Ochus were guilty of this |
| 1811 | offence. |
| 1812 | 29 |
| p. 27 | |
| 1813 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 1814 | (355) avrov arjpiaivovTes, dXXa rod Tpdrrov ttjv GKXrjpo- |
| 1815 | Trjra Kal KaKiav opyavip <j>oviKto TrapeiKa^ovTes. |
| 1816 | OVTCO Srj TO, 7T€pl 9ecov aKovoaoa Kal SeXOpL€VTj |
| 1817 | Trapd tcov i^rjyovpbevcov to v pbvdov oolcos Kal <£iAo- |
| 1818 | D oo(f>cos, Kal 8pcoaa pbev del Kal 8ia(f>vXaTTOvaa tcov |
| 1819 | lepcov tcl vevopuGpbeva, |
| 1820 | t o v S’ aXrjOfj So£av e^eiy |
| 1821 | 7repl |
| 1822 | Oecov parjbev |
| 1823 | oloptevr] |
| 1824 | pbdXXov avTots |
| 1825 | Bvoeiv pbTjie |
| 1826 | iroirjoeiv1 |
| 1827 | Keyapiopuevov, |
| 1828 | ov8ev |
| 1829 | av2 |
| 1830 | eXarrov |
| 1831 | diro^evyouf |
| 1832 | k o k o v dOedrrjTOS SeicnSai- |
| 1833 | pbovLav. |
| 1834 | 1 2 . A e^erai4 8’ o pbdOos ovros ¿v ftpaxpraTOLS cos |
| 1835 | eveoTi pbdXiOTa, tcov axprfvTcov o<f)o8pa Kal rrepiT- |
| 1836 | tcov d(j)aipedevT(x>v. |
| 1837 | Tfjs 'Peas* </>acri Kpv(f>a rep Kpovcn avyyevopbevrjs |
| 1838 | a lodopbevov ¿TrapdaacrOai to v c'HAtov a vrfj pbfjTe pbrjvl |
| 1839 | pbrjT’ evtavTcp reK elv epcovra Se rov 'JZppbrjv Trjs |
| 1840 | 6eov ovveXOelv, etra Trai^avra 7rerrta5 7rpos rrjv |
| 1841 | oeXrjvrjv Kal d(f)eX6vra |
| 1842 | tcov (Jhotcov ¿KaoTov |
| 1843 | to |
| 1844 | ej38op,r]KO(JTOv eK TravTcov rjpbepas 7T€VT€ ovveXetv6 |
| 1845 | E Kal Tats e^rjKovTa Kal TpiaKooiais enayayelvf as |
| 1846 | vvv €7rayopL€vas AlyvTTTLOL KaXovoi Kal tcov decov |
| 1847 | yeveOXlovs |
| 1848 | ayovai. |
| 1849 | Tjj pbev TrpcoTj] |
| 1850 | to v ’'Ocripiv |
| 1851 | 1 Troirjaeiv Diibner: ironjcrciv avrois. |
| 1852 | 2 av added by F.C.B. # |
| 1853 | 3 ¿7TO<f>€VyOlO F.C.B. : a.7TO(f>€V^OlO. |
| 1854 | 4 Xi^erai F.C .B.: Xiycrai (XeyiaOoj Pat.on; but the copyist |
| 1855 | evidently exchanged a letter with ano<j>evyoio). |
| 1856 | 5 TTcrrla Hatzidakis : Trima. |
| 1857 | 6 ovveXtLv Xylander: crvvcXdctv. |
| 1858 | 7 en-ayayeu' Reiske: eVayetv. |
| 1859 | a Cf. Moralia, 164 e , 165 c, 378 a , 379 e . |
| 1860 | b Cf. Moralia, 429 f ; Diodorus, i. 13. 4 ; Eusebius, |
| 1861 | Praeparatio Evang. ii. 1. 1-32. |
| 1862 | c Plutarch evidently does not reckon the ivr) Kal via (the |
| 1863 | 30 |
| 1864 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 355 |
| 1865 | do not mean to apply this name to his actual being ; |
| 1866 | they but liken the stubbornness and wickedness in |
| 1867 | his character to an instrument of murder. |
| 1868 | If, then, |
| 1869 | you listen to the stories about the gods in this way, |
| 1870 | accepting them from those who interpret the story |
| 1871 | reverently and philosophically, and if you always per |
| 1872 | form and observe the established rites of worship, |
| 1873 | and believe th at no sacrifice th at you can offer, no |
| 1874 | deed th at you may do will be more likely to find |
| 1875 | favour with the gods than your belief in their true |
| 1876 | nature, you m ay avoid superstition which is no less |
| 1877 | an evil than atheism.® |
| 1878 | 12. |
| 1879 | Here follows the story related in the briefest |
| 1880 | possible words with the omission of everything that |
| 1881 | is m erely unprofitable or superfluous : |
| 1882 | They sa}^ th at the Sun, when he became aware of |
| 1883 | Rhea’s intercourse with Cronus,b invoked a curse upon |
| 1884 | her th at she should not give birth to a child in any |
| 1885 | month or any year ; but Herm es, being enamoured |
| 1886 | of the goddess, consorted with her. |
| 1887 | L ater, playing |
| 1888 | at draughts with the moon, he won from her the |
| 1889 | seventieth part of each of her periods of illumination,6 |
| 1890 | and from all the winnings he composed five days, and |
| 1891 | intercalated them as an addition to the three hundred |
| 1892 | and sixty days. |
| 1893 | The Egyptians even now call these |
| 1894 | five days intercalatedd and celebrate them as the |
| 1895 | birthdays of the gods. |
| 1896 | They relate th at on the first |
| 1897 | day when the old moon changed to the new) as a period of |
| 1898 | illumination, since the light given by the moon at that time |
| 1899 | is practically negligible. |
| 1900 | An intimation of this is given in |
| 1901 | his Life of Solon, chap. xxv. (92 c). |
| 1902 | Cf. also Plato, Cratylus, |
| 1903 | 409 b, and the scholium on Aristophanes’ Clouds, 1186. |
| 1904 | One seventieth of 12 lunar months of 29 days each (3t8 |
| 1905 | days) is very nearly five days. |
| 1906 | d Cf. Herodotus, ii. 4. |
| 1907 | 31 |
| p. 28 | |
| 1908 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 1909 | yeveorOat, teal ef>ex)vfjv avrep rexO evn avveKireoeiv cos |
| 1910 | o 7ravreov1 Kiipios els <f>d)s TTpdeiow. |
| 1911 | eveoe 8e Hia- |
| 1912 | fxvXrjv2 rtva Xeyovenv ev ©T^Sais* v8pevopbevov8 ¿K rov |
| 1913 | lepov rov A los (fxjovrjv aKovaai StaKeXevopievrjv dv- |
| 1914 | eirreiv [¿era fiofjs o n pueyas fiacnXevs evepyerrjs |
| 1915 | vOcHpcs yeyove* Kal 8ta rovro Opeiftcu rov "Ocnpiv, |
| 1916 | eyx^eplaavros* |
| 1917 | avrep rod |
| 1918 | JZp6vov, Kal |
| 1919 | rrjv rcov |
| 1920 | HapLvXleov2 eoprrjv avrep reXelodat ef>aXXr)</)0plots eoi- |
| 1921 | F Kvlav. rfj 8e 8evrepa rov 9Apovrjpiv, ov 5ArroXXevva, |
| 1922 | ov Kal npea^vrepov TClpov eveoi KaXovorr rfj rpirrj |
| 1923 | Se Tvef>ebva pufj Kaipep p,rj8e Kara xw pav> ¿AA* avap- |
| 1924 | prj^avra rrXr]yfj Sta rrjs rrXevpas e^aXeodac5 • rerd p rrf |
| 1925 | 8e rfjv *\<nv ev rravvypois yeveaOae• rfj 8e Trepurrij |
| 1926 | Neef>9vv, fjv Kal TeXevrrjv Kal 5Asf>po8irrjv, eveoi Se |
| 1927 | Kal N LK'qv ovopud^ovaiv. |
| 1928 | elvai Se rov puev vOenpev |
| 1929 | e£ 'HAtou Kal rov 5Apovrjpiv, ¿k S’ CE ppuov rfjv |
| 1930 | 356 rIcw , ¿k Se rov K povov rov livefyeova Kal rfjv Ne- |
| 1931 | <f)Qvv, 8 to Kal rfjv rptrr]v rcov enayopLevew a7Toef>pd8a |
| 1932 | vopei^ovres ol fiaeriXeis ovk ¿xp^jp^an^ov ov S’ edepa- |
| 1933 | nevov avrovs p^XPL W Kros. |
| 1934 | yrjpLaadai7 |
| 1935 | Se rep |
| 1936 | Tv(f>cijvi rrjv N eef>0vv, *1glv Se /cat ^Ocrtptv epeovras |
| 1937 | aXXrjXeov Kal rrplv rj yeveoQai Kara yacrrpos vtto |
| 1938 | 1 o ndvraiv Reiske: arrarreo»'. |
| 1939 | 2 JJafjLvXrjv . . . HafivXicov] |
| 1940 | HapLfJLvXrjv . . . TLafifivXlcov L. |
| 1941 | Dindorf. |
| 1942 | 3 vbpevofitvov Baxter: vSpcvopLdmjv (or else avrep in the fourth |
| 1943 | line infra must be changed to avrfj). |
| 1944 | 4 iyxeipiaavros Salmasius : iyx^ip^aavros. |
| 1945 | 5 ¿¿¡aXeodat Reiske: i^dXXeodai. |
| 1946 | 6 rerdpTT)] rfj rcraprr) to correspond with the other four ? |
| 1947 | 7 yrgjLaodai Xylander : ripdadai. |
| 1948 | a What is known about Pamyles (or Paamyles or Pam- |
| 1949 | myles), a Priapean god of the Egyptians, may be found in |
| 1950 | Kock, Com. Att. Frag. ii. p. 289. |
| 1951 | C f also 365 b, infra. |
| 1952 | 32 |
| 1953 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 355-356 |
| 1954 | of these days Osiris was born, and at the hour of his |
| 1955 | birth a voice issued forth saying, “ The Lord of All |
| 1956 | advances to the light.” But some relate that a certain |
| 1957 | Pamyles,0 while he was drawing water in Thebes, |
| 1958 | heard a voice issuing from the shrine of Zeus, which |
| 1959 | bade him proclaim with a loud voice that a mighty |
| 1960 | and beneficent king, Osiris, had been born ; and for |
| 1961 | this Cronus entrusted to him the child Osiris, which |
| 1962 | he brought up. |
| 1963 | It is in his honour that the festival |
| 1964 | of Pamylia is celebrated, a festival which resembles |
| 1965 | the phallic processions. |
| 1966 | On the second of these days |
| 1967 | Arueris was born whom they call Apollo, and some call |
| 1968 | him also the elder Horus. On the third day Typhon |
| 1969 | was born, but not in due season or manner, but with |
| 1970 | a blow he broke through his mother's side and leapt |
| 1971 | forth. On the fourth day Isis was born in the regions |
| 1972 | that are ever moist b ; and on the fifth Nephthys, to |
| 1973 | whom they give the name of Finalityc and the name |
| 1974 | of Aphrodite, and some also the name of Victory. |
| 1975 | There is also a tradition that Osiris and Arueris were |
| 1976 | sprung from the Sun, Isis from Hermes,d and Typhon |
| 1977 | and Nephthys from Cronus. For this reason the kings |
| 1978 | considered the third of the intercalated days as in |
| 1979 | auspicious, and transacted no business on that day, |
| 1980 | nor did they give any attention to their bodies until |
| 1981 | nightfall. |
| 1982 | They relate, moreover, that Nephthys |
| 1983 | became the wife of Typhon e ; but Isis and Osiris were |
| 1984 | enamoured of each other f and consorted together in |
| 1985 | b The meaning is doubtful, but Isis as the goddess of |
| 1986 | vegetation, of the Nile, and of the sea, might very naturally |
| 1987 | be associated with moisture. |
| 1988 | c C f 366 b and 375 b, infra. |
| 1989 | d Cf. 352 a, supra. |
| 1990 | e C f 375 b, infra. |
| 1991 | f C f 373 b, infra. |
| 1992 | 33 |
| p. 29 | |
| 1993 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 1994 | (356) a k o to) avveîvai. |
| 1995 | evtoi Se ^aox /cat rov ’A povrjpiv |
| 1996 | o v tu) yeyovivai /cat /caAetcrÆat vpea^vrepov T£ìpov |
| 1997 | vtt* AiyvTTTiœv, ' A ttoW covo, S’ v fi ' EAA^ va/v. |
| 1998 | 13. |
| 1999 | BaatAei/ovTa |
| 2000 | S* |
| 2001 | "Ooipw |
| 2002 | Alyvirriovs |
| 2003 | ¡lèv |
| 2004 | evdvs drropov fiiov Kal OrjpitiSovs a77aAAa£at /cap- |
| 2005 | 7tovs re Set^avra /cat vôfiovç dépievov glvtolç /cat |
| 2006 | B deovs SiSd^avra1 npiâv |
| 2007 | varepov Sè yfjv Traaav |
| 2008 | rjpiepovpLevov ineXdetv eAa^toTa ¡lèv |
| 2009 | ottXojv S0 7- |
| 2010 | Oevra, 77€l6o ï Se tous nXelarovs /cat Aoya> /x£t* tiSiys* |
| 2011 | /cat 7Tacrrjs ¡lovaiKrjs OeXyopiévovç 7rpoaayópievov |
| 2012 | odev f/EAAiyat Só^at A lovvgco ròv avròv cimi. |
| 2013 | Tuc^diva S’ drrovTOs ¡lèv ovSèv veœrepiÇeiv, Sta ró |
| 2014 | rrjv TIaiv ev ¡idXa (f>vXdrr€odaL /cat 7rpooe)(€LV èy- |
| 2015 | Kpartis e^oucrav,2 èiraveAdóvri Se SoAov ¡irjxava- |
| 2016 | oQai, avva)pbóras |
| 2017 | avSpas |
| 2018 | ej38o/X7y/covra |
| 2019 | /cat |
| 2020 | Suo |
| 2021 | rreTroiTjpiévov /cat avvepyòv eyovra fìaaiAiooav e’^ |
| 2022 | A lOlottÌcls TTapovoav, rjv òvopia^ovaiv *Aaco* rou |
| 2023 | C S’ ’Oo’tptSos’ ¿KpL€Tprjcrdji€vov XdOpa to atipia /cat |
| 2024 | KaraoKevdoavra rrpòs rò ¡léycOos XdpvaKa KaXrjv |
| 2025 | /cat /ce/coo’/XTy/aeViyv Treptrrtis etaevey/cetv et? to cru/x- |
| 2026 | 7rooxov. |
| 2027 | rjadevrcov Se ryy oipei /cat davp,aaavrcov} |
| 2028 | VTToaxévOo't' tov T u^a/va pierà 7ratStcts, os av èy- |
| 2029 | /cara/cAt^et?3 ¿¿jiaœdeir}* StSovat Sa)pov avrti rrjv |
| 2030 | XdpvaKa. |
| 2031 | ireipcopievcov Se navreov /ca0’ e/caarov, co? |
| 2032 | ouSets èvrjppiOTTevt ipifìavra ròv uOaipiv /cara/cAt- |
| 2033 | 1 Si8a£avTa Markland : bet^avra. |
| 2034 | 2 l^oucrav] ap y ov oav Markland from Diodorus, i. 17. |
| 2035 | 3 cyKaTGLKhiBtis Markland : ¿yKaraK^ioBcls. |
| 2036 | 4 eiiaa>0eti7] ¿¡locoBfj Bernardakis, but the potential use of |
| 2037 | the optative with a relative is well established. |
| 2038 | a C/. Diodorus, i. 13-16. |
| 2039 | * C/. Diodorus, i. 17. 1-3 ; 18. 5-6 ; 20. 3-4. |
| 2040 | 34 |
| 2041 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 356 |
| 2042 | the darkness of the womb before their birth. |
| 2043 | Some |
| 2044 | say that Arueris came from this union and was called |
| 2045 | the elder Horus by the Egyptians, but Apollo by the |
| 2046 | Greeks. |
| 2047 | 13. |
| 2048 | One of the first acts related of Osiris in his |
| 2049 | reign was to deliver the Egyptians from their desti |
| 2050 | tute and brutish manner of living.® This he did by |
| 2051 | showing them the fruits of cultivation, by giving them |
| 2052 | laws, and by teaching them to honour the gods. |
| 2053 | Later he travelled over the whole earth civilizing it b |
| 2054 | without the slightest need of arms, but most of the |
| 2055 | peoples he won over to his way by the charm of his |
| 2056 | persuasive discourse combined with song and all |
| 2057 | manner of music. Hence the Greeks came to identify |
| 2058 | him with Dionysus.0 |
| 2059 | During his absence the tradition is that Typhon |
| 2060 | attempted nothing revolutionary because Isis, who |
| 2061 | was in control, was vigilant and alert ; but when he |
| 2062 | returned home Typhon contrived a treacherous plot |
| 2063 | against him and formed a group of conspirators |
| 2064 | seventy-two in number. He had also the co-operation |
| 2065 | of a queen from Ethiopia d who was there at the time |
| 2066 | and whose name they report as Aso. Typhon, having |
| 2067 | secretly measured Osiris’s body and having made ready |
| 2068 | a beautiful chest of corresponding size artistically |
| 2069 | ornamented, caused it to be brought into the room |
| 2070 | where the festivity was in progress. The company was |
| 2071 | much pleased at the sight of it and admired it greatly, |
| 2072 | whereupon Typhon jestingly promised to present it |
| 2073 | to the man who should find the chest to be exactly his |
| 2074 | length when he lay down in it. |
| 2075 | They all tried it in |
| 2076 | turn, but no one fitted it ; then Osiris got into it and |
| p. 30 | |
| 2077 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 2078 | (356) Ѳі)ѵai. |
| 2079 | robs Sè егѵѵоѵтад1 2 еѵіЬрарьоѵтад imppaÇcu* |
| 2080 | то vœpia каі та /хеѵ уорьфоeg KaraXaßovras eįcodev |
| 2081 | тсоѵ Se Ѳеррьоѵ pboXißSov3 4 Karayeapiévovs* evi тоѵ |
| 2082 | 7тотарьоѵ е£еѵеукеХѵ каі ¡іеѲеІѵас Sta гои Таѵткои5 |
| 2083 | атбрьатод et$ ttjv ѲаХаттаѵ, о S ta тоѵто рисгцтоѵ |
| 2084 | еті ѵѵѵ каі катаѵтѵотоѵ dvo/xa£ecve Аіуѵѵтіоѵд. |
| 2085 | таѵта be ттрауѲг\ѵаі Xеуоѵоіѵ eßbofirj evi Ьека |
| 2086 | p,T]vòs ’А Ѳѵр, еѵ ф тоѵ окорѵіоѵ о rjXiog ЬіІ£еі(ПѴ, |
| 2087 | D oyboov' етод каі |
| 2088 | еікоотоѵ |
| 2089 | екеіѵо* ßaoiXevovTog |
| 2090 | ’Oaipibos. |
| 2091 | evioi Se ßeßuoKevai фаоіѵ avróv, оѵ |
| 2092 | ßeßaoiXevKevai y^póvov тоооѵтоѵ. |
| 2093 | 14. |
| 2094 | UpcüTCüv Se тсоѵ тоѵ vepl Хірьриѵ * оікоѵ ѵ тсоѵ |
| 2095 | тоѵ оѵ Паѵ соѵ к а і Натѵ рсоѵ то ѵ аѲ од аіоѲ орііѵ соѵ |
| 2096 | к а і Xоуоѵ epißaXovTcov ѵ ері тоѵ уеуоѵ отод, тад /хеѵ |
| 2097 | аІфѵ іЬІоѵ д тсоѵ охХсоѵ тарауад к а і VTorjoeig еті |
| 2098 | ѵ ѵ ѵ Sta тоѵ то ѵ аѵ ікад ѵ рооауореѵ еоѲ аѵ т rjv 8’ *Іаіѵ |
| 2099 | аІоѲ ор,еѵ г)ѵ кеіраоваі9 10 рьеѵ еѵ таѵ Ѳ а тсоѵ ѵ Хокарісоѵ |
| 2100 | еѵ а каі ѵ еѵ Ѳ іроѵ otoXtjv avaXaßelv, ovov ttį voXei}° |
| 2101 | {¿¿XP1 v^v ovo pca K ovtcjü . |
| 2102 | етероі Se тоѵ ѵ ора or\p,ai- |
| 2103 | E veiv otovTat отір7]оіѵ то yàp аѵ оотереіѵ “ коѵ теіѵ ” |
| 2104 | Xeyovai. |
| 2105 | vXavcopbivrjv Se ѵ аѵ тг) к а і avo po v er av |
| 2106 | ovbeva ѵ рооеХѲ еХѵ 11 àvpocravbrjTov, àXXà к а і v a i- |
| 2107 | bap lo сд оѵ ѵ тѵ хоѵ оаѵ ipcordv ѵ ері тт}д Харѵ акод9 та |
| 2108 | 1 OWOVTOLS] ovvcūįlotos Meziriacus. |
| 2109 | 2 сmppaÇai Wyttenbach : cmppijÇcu. |
| 2110 | 3 OepfjLov p.oXiß8ov] OeppLov p.oXiß$ov Baxter. |
| 2111 | 4 KCLTaxeapÂvovs Bentley : /сата^еа/хбѴа»ѵ. |
| 2112 | 5 TaviTiKov Xylander : таѵаХтікоѵ. |
| 2113 | 6 ovofiaÇctv] voIiiÇeiv Kontos. |
| 2114 | 7 екеГѵо Xylander : Ікеіѵоѵ. |
| 2115 | 8 Xcijliuv Xylander : xemv. |
| 2116 | 9 кеіраоѲаі van Herwerden : ксСреоѲси. |
| 2117 | 10 tu 7гоЛеі] |
| 2118 | į Reiske. |
| 2119 | 11 ігроаілѲеîv] тгареХѲеіѵ Meziriacus. |
| 2120 | 36 |
| 2121 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 356 |
| 2122 | lay down, and those who were in the plot ran to it and |
| 2123 | slammed down the lid, which they fastened by nails |
| 2124 | from the outside and also by using molten lead. Then |
| 2125 | they carried the chest to the river and sent it on its |
| 2126 | way to the sea through the Tanitic Mouth. Where |
| 2127 | fore the Egyptians even to this day name this mouth |
| 2128 | the hateful and execrable. |
| 2129 | Such is the tradition. |
| 2130 | They say also that the date on which this deed was |
| 2131 | done was the seventeenth day of Athyr,a when the |
| 2132 | sun passes through Scorpion, and in the twenty-eighth |
| 2133 | year of the reign of Osiris ; but some say that these |
| 2134 | are the years of his life and not of his reign.6 7 8 |
| 2135 | 14. |
| 2136 | The first to learn of the deed and to bring to |
| 2137 | men’s knowledge an account of what had been done |
| 2138 | were the Pans and Satyrs who lived in the region |
| 2139 | around Chemmis,0 and so, even to this day, the sudden |
| 2140 | confusion and consternation of a crowd is called a |
| 2141 | panic.d |
| 2142 | Isis, when the tidings reached her, at once |
| 2143 | cut off one of her tresses and put on a garment of |
| 2144 | mourning in a place where the city still bears the |
| 2145 | name of Kopto.e Others think that the name means |
| 2146 | deprivation, for they also express “ deprive ” by |
| 2147 | means of “ koptein.” * But Isis wandered everywhere |
| 2148 | at her wits’ end ; no one whom she approached did |
| 2149 | she fail to address, and even when she met some little |
| 2150 | children she asked them about the chest. |
| 2151 | As it |
| 2152 | ° November 13. |
| 2153 | Cf. also 366 d and 367 e , infra. |
| 2154 | b Cf. 367 f, infra. |
| 2155 | e Cf. Herodotus, ii. 91 and 156, and Diodorus, i. 18. 2. |
| 2156 | d Cf. E. Harrison, Classical Review, vol. xl. pp. 6 ff. |
| 2157 | e Cf. Aelian, Re Natura Animalium, x. 23. |
| 2158 | f The word kopto, “ strike,” “ cut,” is used in the middle |
| 2159 | voice in the derived meaning “ mourn ” (i.e. to beat one |
| 2160 | self as a sign of mourning). |
| 2161 | Occasionally the active voice |
| 2162 | also means “ cut off,” and from this use Plutarch derives the |
| 2163 | meaning “ deprive.” |
| 2164 | 37 |
| p. 31 | |
| 2165 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 2166 | 8e rvxeîv1 есоракота ка\ фраасн то отбрa Si* ou то |
| 2167 | dyyeîov ol ф1Хос to v TvфüJVos €is* ttjv daXarrav |
| 2168 | ecvoav. |
| 2169 | ек to vto v та rraiSapia pavTLKrjv 8vvapuv |
| 2170 | €^£iu oieodat tovç AlyvTTTiovs, ка1 раХюта Taî$ |
| 2171 | tovtojv orreveoQai кХг]8осгс 'irac^ovrœv ev le pots ка\ |
| 2172 | ф веууорем м о n dv тидчосп. |
| 2173 | Aladopevr^v 8е ту} â8eXфу} epœvTa ovyyeyovévai |
| 2174 | F Si* ayvoiav œs eavTjj tov "Ocnpiv ка1 TeKprjpiov |
| 2175 | ISovoav tov peXiXcotlvov2 O T^avov ov екeîvos ттара |
| 2176 | ту} N ефвуС3 катеХстте, то rraibiov tpryrelv {еквеЪаь4, yàp |
| 2177 | evdvs TeKovaav Sia, ф¿|Зov to v ^vфüJvos)' evpedèv |
| 2178 | Se5 xaAe7tùoç |
| 2179 | ка\ /xoyiç |
| 2180 | kvvcov |
| 2181 | ¿TraydvTœv |
| 2182 | ттр> |
| 2183 | Нега' ект раф^ас ка1 yevéofjai фьХака ка1 oiraSov |
| 2184 | a vtt}s ”Avovjiiv TTpooayopevOévTa ка1 Xeyopevov |
| 2185 | tou? Oeovs фpovpeLV ojcnrep ol Kvves tovç àvepcoTrovs. |
| 2186 | 15. *E/c 8è tovtov TTvdéoOai ттерХ tt}ç XapvaKoç, |
| 2187 | 357 (1)S 77p O S T7JV BujSAoU6 ycbpav V7TO T7]Ç 6aX(LTTVfS €K- |
| 2188 | Kvpavdeîaav a vttjv ере1ку) tlvl paXQaKws 6 kXv8 cjv |
| 2189 | TTpooepeiÇev rj S* ереькг} |
| 2190 | koXXlotov epvos oXlyœ |
| 2191 | Xpovtp ка1 péyiOTOv àva8papovoa rrepieTTTV^e ка1 |
| 2192 | 7тepí€фv ка1 à^тeкpvфev èvTos cauris* davpdaas S* |
| 2193 | о /îacriAeus* tov фvтov то peyeOos ка1 ттерстершр tov |
| 2194 | irepiexovTa tt]v aopov ovx opojpévrjv koXttov7 epeiopa |
| 2195 | 1 8c rvx^lv Baxter : 8’ erv^ev. |
| 2196 | 2 ISovoav tov fieXiXconvov Xylander î ISovoa tov fièv Xâtivov. |
| 2197 | 8 Tfj Nc</>dvï R eiske : tt)v vé<f>6vv. |
| 2198 | 4 €K$€LvaL Xylander : exeîvo, |
| 2199 | 5 Sc added by Squire. |
| 2200 | 6 BvftXov Bentley : BvfiXov. |
| 2201 | 7 k 6Xttov] Kopfxov Salm asius. |
| 2202 | a Cf. Dio Chrysostom, Oratio xxxii. p. 364 d (660 Reiske), |
| 2203 | and Aelian, De Natura Animalium, xi. 10, ad Jin. |
| 2204 | 38 |
| 2205 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 356-357 |
| 2206 | happened, they had seen it, and they told her the |
| 2207 | mouth of the river through which the friends of |
| 2208 | Typhon had launched the coffin into the sea. Where |
| 2209 | fore the Egyptians think that little children possess |
| 2210 | the power of prophecy,® and they try to divine the |
| 2211 | future from the portents which they find in children’s |
| 2212 | words, especially when children are playing about in |
| 2213 | holy places and crying out whatever chances to come |
| 2214 | into their minds. |
| 2215 | They relate also that Isis, learning that Osiris in his |
| 2216 | love had consorted with her sister b through ignorance, |
| 2217 | in the belief that she was Isis, and seeing the proof of |
| 2218 | this in the garland of melilote which he had left with |
| 2219 | Nephthys, sought to find the child ; for the mother, |
| 2220 | immediately after its birth, had exposed it because of |
| 2221 | her fear of Typhon. |
| 2222 | And when the child had been |
| 2223 | found, after great toil and trouble, with the help of |
| 2224 | dogs which led Isis to it, it was brought up and became |
| 2225 | her guardian and attendant, receiving the name of |
| 2226 | Anubis, and it is said to protect the gods just as dogs |
| 2227 | protect men.c |
| 2228 | 15. |
| 2229 | Thereafter Isis, as they relate, learned that the |
| 2230 | chest had been cast up by the sea near the land of |
| 2231 | Byblus d and that the waves had gently set it down |
| 2232 | in the midst of a clump of heather. The heather in a |
| 2233 | short time ran up into a very beautiful and massive |
| 2234 | stock, and enfolded and embraced the chest with its |
| 2235 | growth and concealed it within its trunk. The king |
| 2236 | of the country admired the great size of the plant, |
| 2237 | and cut off the portion that enfolded the chest (which |
| 2238 | was now hidden from sight), and used it as a pillar to |
| 2239 | h Nephthys; cf. 366 b, 368 e , and 375 b, infra. |
| 2240 | c Cf. Diodorus, i. 87. 9. |
| 2241 | d Cf. Apoilodorus, Bibliotheca, ii. 1. 3. |
| 2242 | 39 |
| p. 32 | |
| 2243 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 2244 | (357) riję ar ¿yris1 ѵттеагт]ае, |
| 2245 | radra re ттѵеѵріагі фааі |
| 2246 | SaiĮMOVLCO <f>rįĮJL7)S ттѵѲорьеѵг)ѵ rrjv *low €1$ BvßXov |
| 2247 | афікеаѲас, каі каѲіааааѵ em Kprjvrjç ra7T€ivrjv Kai |
| 2248 | SeSaKpvIJiévrjv äXXep pèv p,rj8evl ттроа8іаХеуеаѲаі, |
| 2249 | rrjs Se ßaatXiSos ràç ѲераттаіѵІВад аатта^еаѲаі каі |
| 2250 | фіХофроѵесоѲаі rrjv те Kop,rjv ттараттХекоѵоаѵ аѵтшѵ |
| 2251 | В каі тер xpœri Ѳаѵр,аarrjv evœ8iav етштѵеоѵааѵ аф* |
| 2252 | èavrrjs. |
| 2253 | l8ovarjs 8/z riję ßaotXiSos ras Ѳерапаі- |
| 2254 | VùSaÇ, IJUL€pOV €fJL7T€G€ÎV riję ¿¡¿VITIS TCOV T€ TpiyWV TOU |
| 2255 | те эдэсото? ap^ßpoaiav nvéovros2* ovrœ Se /хета7ге/х- |
| 2256 | фѲеіааѵ каі yevopévrjv ovvrjdrj ттое^ааоѲае го д 7гаі- |
| 2257 | Stov rlrdrjv. |
| 2258 | оѵорьа Se тер рьеѵ ßaaiXel ШаХкаѵ8роѵ |
| 2259 | еіѵаі фааіѵ, avrfß S’ ol рьеѵ ’Aardprrjv* оі Se Ѣаеооіѵ |
| 2260 | oi Se |
| 2261 | Nejiavodv, |
| 2262 | оттер |
| 2263 | àv ''JLXXrjves |
| 2264 | 9A6rjvaî8a |
| 2265 | ттроаеіттоіеѵ.б |
| 2266 | 16. Трефеіѵ Se rrjv *Iaiv àvrl /хаorov ròv Sa/e- |
| 2267 | C rvXov els то агора год ттаіЫоѵ StSodaav,e vvKrœp |
| 2268 | Se ттерікаіеіѵ r à dvrjrà год aebparos* avrrjv Se |
| 2269 | yevopévrjv ^eAtSova rfj kIovl ттерптетеаѲаі каі Ѳрг)- |
| 2270 | veîv, axpL ov rrjv ßaoiXiaaav ттарафѵХа^аааѵ каі |
| 2271 | еккрауодааѵ,7 * ebs еі8е ттерікаіореѵоѵ то ßpéфos, |
| 2272 | афеХеаѲаі rrjv аваѵааіаѵ аѵтод. |
| 2273 | rrjѵ Se Ѳеаѵ |
| 2274 | фаѵераѵ |
| 2275 | yevopévrjv |
| 2276 | аІтцаааѲаі |
| 2277 | rrjv |
| 2278 | кіоѵа |
| 2279 | rrjs |
| 2280 | aréyrjs* ѵфеХодааѵ Sè paara ттерікбфаі rrjv èpeiKrjv, |
| 2281 | eira ravrrjv /хеv òdóvrj ттерікаХѵфаааѵ каі pvpov |
| 2282 | 1 тT)s crreyrję] rįj егтеут] Madvig. |
| 2283 | * 7TV€OVTOS] <17T07TV€0VT0S Michael. |
| 2284 | 3 avrfj M arkland : avrrjv. |
| 2285 | 4 *AoTCLprrqv Basel ed. of 1542: аотгартт]ѵ. |
| 2286 | 5 тгростсіѴоіеі/Markland : 7троосптеіѵ. |
| 2287 | 6 тоѵ 7raibiov SiSoOcray] u vel тф |
| 2288 | тгасВио vel |
| 2289 | тіѲсіоаѵ ” |
| 2290 | Wyttenbach. |
| 2291 | 40 |
| 2292 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 357 |
| 2293 | support the roof of his house. |
| 2294 | These facts, they say, |
| 2295 | Isis ascertained by the divine inspiration of Rumour, |
| 2296 | and came to Byblus and sat down by a spring, all |
| 2297 | dejection and tears®; she exchanged no word with |
| 2298 | anybody, save only that she welcomed the queen’s |
| 2299 | maidservants and treated them with great amiability, |
| 2300 | plaiting their hair for them and imparting to their |
| 2301 | persons a wondrous fragrance from her own body. |
| 2302 | But when the queen observed her maidservants, a |
| 2303 | longing came upon her for the unknown woman and |
| 2304 | for such hairdressing and for a body fragrant with |
| 2305 | ambrosia. Thus it happened that Isis was sent for and |
| 2306 | became so intimate with the queen that the queen |
| 2307 | made her the nurse of her baby. |
| 2308 | They say that |
| 2309 | the king’s name wras Malcander ; the queen’s name |
| 2310 | some say was Astarte, others Saosis, and still others |
| 2311 | Nemanus, which the Greeks would call Athenais. |
| 2312 | 16. |
| 2313 | They relate that Isis nursed the child by giving |
| 2314 | it her finger to suck instead of her breast, and in the |
| 2315 | night she would burn away the mortal portions of its |
| 2316 | body. |
| 2317 | She herself wrould turn into a swallow and |
| 2318 | flit about the pillar with a wailing lament, until the |
| 2319 | queen who had been watching, when she saw her |
| 2320 | babe on fire, gave forth a loud cry and thus deprived |
| 2321 | it of immortality. |
| 2322 | Then the goddess disclosed herself |
| 2323 | and asked for the pillar which served to support the |
| 2324 | roof. |
| 2325 | She removed it with the greatest ease and cut |
| 2326 | away the wood of the heather which surrounded the |
| 2327 | chest; then, when she had wrapped up the wood in |
| 2328 | a linen cloth and had poured perfume upon it, she |
| 2329 | ° C/. the similar account of Demeter in the Homeric |
| 2330 | Hymn to Demeter (ii.), 98 ff. |
| 2331 | 7 ек к р ау од ааѵ Bentley ; |
| 2332 | еу к р а у о д а а v Stephanus : |
| 2333 | y ovoav. |
| 2334 | к ек ра- |
| 2335 | 41 |
| p. 33 | |
| 2336 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 2337 | (357) KCLTOL^cafJbcvrjv |
| 2338 | ro ls jSaatAeuat, kcll vvv ert |
| 2339 | oefieodaL Bu/?Aiovs |
| 2340 | to |
| 2341 | £ vAov |
| 2342 | ev |
| 2343 | leptp |
| 2344 | Kelptevov |
| 2345 | B "IcnSoS. |
| 2346 | TJ] |
| 2347 | §€ |
| 2348 | OOptp |
| 2349 | 7T€pl7T€0€lV |
| 2350 | KCLl |
| 2351 | KCOKVOaL |
| 2352 | tyjAlkovtov, co o re |
| 2353 | tcov 77atSa)v tov fiaotAecos |
| 2354 | tov |
| 2355 | vetorepov |
| 2356 | evdaveiv, |
| 2357 | ro v |
| 2358 | 8 e |
| 2359 | Trpeofivrepov |
| 2360 | pue0' |
| 2361 | ea v rrjs e\ovoav kcll ttjv oopov els ttAolov ev0epLevrjv |
| 2362 | avaxOrjvai. |
| 2363 | ro v |
| 2364 | 8 e |
| 2365 | O aiSpou |
| 2366 | Troraptov |
| 2367 | Trvevpta |
| 2368 | rp a x v rep o v €K0peifjavTOs |
| 2369 | vtto ttjv ecu, 0vpLco0eloav |
| 2370 | ava^rjpavai to peW pov. |
| 2371 | ■ |
| 2372 | 1 7 . "O ttov §€ TrptoTOv eprjfjLLas eTvx^v, aifTrjv /ca0’ |
| 2373 | eavTTjv yevopievrjv avoltjcu |
| 2374 | ttjv XapvaKa, |
| 2375 | kcll |
| 2376 | to> |
| 2377 | 7rpOOO)7T(p TO 7TpOO(OTTOV ¿TrL0€LOCLV do7raoao0aL KCLL |
| 2378 | SdKpveLV* to v 8 e ttcllS lov OLCOTrfj 7rpoaeX06vTOS €k |
| 2379 | tcov o7TLO0ev kcll KaTauav0avovTo<; alo0opi,evr}v pueTa- |
| 2380 | E oTpat/>rjvcLL kcll Setvov v n |
| 2381 | opyrjs epLpAeifjcLL. |
| 2382 | TO 8e |
| 2383 | ttcllS lov ovk avaoxG&0cu to Tapfios, aXX diroOaveLV. |
| 2384 | ol oe cpaoLV o v x ovtcos, aAA |
| 2385 | ov eLprjTCLL |
| 2386 | ttAolov |
| 2387 | eKTreoelv els tt)v 0 a A a rra v . |
| 2388 | e x €L ^ TLptas Sea ttjv |
| 2389 | 0 e o v ov y a p ¿ 8 ovolv AlyvTTTLOL Trapa r a avpiTTOOLa |
| 2390 | M avepcoTa,2 tovtov etvaL. |
| 2391 | TLves 8e tov ptev 7ratSa |
| 2392 | KaAelo0aL YlaAaLOTLVOV fj HrjXovOLOv, k al ttjv ttoXlv |
| 2393 | ¿TTcowpLov o/tt* avTOV yeveo0aL KTLO0eloav vtto ttjs |
| 2394 | 0 eo v • tov 8 ’ |
| 2395 | a S optevov M avepcoTa2 TrpcoTOV evpelv |
| 2396 | pLOVOLKTJV |
| 2397 | LOTOpOVOLV. |
| 2398 | eVLOL 8 e <f)aOLV OVOfia piev |
| 2399 | ov8evos |
| 2400 | etvaL, |
| 2401 | 8idXeKTOV |
| 2402 | 8 e |
| 2403 | ttlvovolv |
| 2404 | av0pco7TOLS |
| 2405 | /cat 0aALa£ovoL TrpeTTOvaav, “ atOLpia r a r o ta u r a 3 |
| 2406 | F TrapeLrf’ • tovto y a p Ttp MavepcoTL2 tf)pat,6pLevov a r a - |
| 2407 | 1 ov . . . ttXoiov F.C .B .: a>s . . . rpo7rov. |
| 2408 | 2 Perhaps MavepcDra and Maveparn are to be preferred to |
| 2409 | the m ss. accent, but the matter is very uncertain. |
| 2410 | 3 ra roiavra] ravra Wyttenbach. |
| 2411 | 42 |
| 2412 | ° At the end of the preceding chapter. |
| 2413 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 357 |
| 2414 | entrusted it to the care of the kings ; and even to |
| 2415 | this day the people of Byblus venerate this wood |
| 2416 | which is preserved in the shrine of Isis. |
| 2417 | Then the |
| 2418 | goddess threw herself down upon the coffin with such |
| 2419 | a dreadful w^ailing that the younger of the king’s sons |
| 2420 | expired on the spot. The elder son she kept with her, |
| 2421 | and, having placed the coffin on board a boat, she |
| 2422 | put out from land. |
| 2423 | Since the Phaedrus river toward |
| 2424 | the early morning fostered a rather boisterous wind, |
| 2425 | the goddess grew angry and dried up its stream. |
| 2426 | 17. |
| 2427 | In the first place where she found seclusion, |
| 2428 | wrhen she was quite by herself, they relate that she |
| 2429 | opened the chest and laid her face upon the face |
| 2430 | within and caressed it and wept. |
| 2431 | The child came |
| 2432 | quietly up behind her and saw what wras there, and |
| 2433 | when the goddess became aware of his presence, she |
| 2434 | turned about and gave him one awful look of anger. |
| 2435 | The child could not endure the fright, and died. |
| 2436 | Others will not have it so, but assert that he fell over |
| 2437 | board into the sea from the boat that wTas mentioned |
| 2438 | above.0 |
| 2439 | He also is the recipient of honours because |
| 2440 | of the goddess ; for they say that the Maneros of |
| 2441 | whom the Egyptians sing at their convivial gather |
| 2442 | ings is this very child.6 |
| 2443 | Some say, howrever, that his |
| 2444 | name was Palaestinus or Pelusius, and that the city |
| 2445 | founded by the goddess was named in his honour. |
| 2446 | They also recount that this Maneros who is the theme |
| 2447 | of their songs was the first to invent music. |
| 2448 | But |
| 2449 | some say that the word is not the name of any person, |
| 2450 | but an expression belonging to the vocabulary of |
| 2451 | drinking and feasting : “ Good luck be ours in things |
| 2452 | like this ! ”, and that this is really the idea expressed |
| 2453 | 6 |
| 2454 | Cf. Herodotus, ii. 79 ; Pausanias, ix. 29. 3 ; Athenaeus, |
| 2455 | 620 a. |
| 2456 | 43 |
| p. 34 | |
| 2457 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 2458 | <fxvveZv eK aarore tovs A lyvirriovs* djonep dj^teAet |
| 2459 | Kal |
| 2460 | to |
| 2461 | SetKvvptevov |
| 2462 | avToZs |
| 2463 | eiScoAov |
| 2464 | av0pu)7Tov |
| 2465 | redvrjKOTOS |
| 2466 | K l ¡3 COT Lip 7Tept(f)€p6pLeVOV OVK €OTLV |
| 2467 | V7ropLV7)p,a TOV 7 |
| 2468 | T€pl ’OoipiSoS TTadoVS, fj n v es V7TO~ |
| 2469 | Aaptfiavovotv, aAA* Oecoptevovs1 napaKaXovv2 avrovs |
| 2470 | XpfjcrOcu toZs rrapovcn Kal airoXavecv, cos rravras |
| 2471 | avTLKa ptaAa tolovtovs eaoptevovs, ov |
| 2472 | ptv €7ri |
| 2473 | Kcopwv* ¿7T€LodyOVOL. |
| 2474 | 18. TtJs* 8’ *ToaSo |
| 2475 | 9 /7Tpos tov vlov TQ.pov ev E ovtco |
| 2476 | Tpe<f>optevov 7ropev0etorjs, to S’ ayyeZov ¿kttoScov |
| 2477 | a7TO0€pL€V7}S, Tv<f>(X)Va KVVrjy€TOVVTa VVKTCjp rrpos |
| 2478 | 358 T^)v oeArpvrjv evTvyeiv avTcp, Kal to ocopta yvcopl- |
| 2479 | aavTa hteAeZv els TerrapeoKacSeKa pteprj Kal Sc- |
| 2480 | appZiftar ttjv 8’ *Icnv 7Tv0optevrjv dvatp]TeZv ev jSapiSi |
| 2481 | TraTTvplvrj ra4 eAr) SieKirAeovcrav o0ev ovk a8iKeZ(j0at |
| 2482 | tovs ev |
| 2483 | ttwttv pivots aKacfreat 7tXeovTas |
| 2484 | vtto |
| 2485 | tcov |
| 2486 | KpoKoSelXojv |
| 2487 | rj |
| 2488 | <f>opovpL€va)V |
| 2489 | rj |
| 2490 | crefioptevcov |
| 2491 | IS la6 |
| 2492 | TTJV 0€OV, |
| 2493 | ’E k tovtov 8e Kal mAAovs ta<f>ovs ’OaiptSos ev |
| 2494 | AlyvTTTco Aeyeodac 8ta to 'rrpoorvyxdvovoav i kolgtco |
| 2495 | ptepet ra<f)ds TroteZv. oi 8* ov c^aotv, aAA* eiScoAa |
| 2496 | 7Totovpievr)v StS¿vat* Ka0y ¿KaoT'qv 7ToAlv tbs to crcopta |
| 2497 | B S18ovoav oncas napa rrAeiootv eyj) Ttptas, Kav o |
| 2498 | TV(f)Q)V €7TLKpaTrjCrr) TOV "ilpou, TOV aAr)0tvov Td(/>OV |
| 2499 | 1 dccjfitvovs F.C.B., c f 148 a ; olvivpivovs Markland: oto- |
| 2500 | /JL€VOVS. |
| 2501 | 2 napaKaXovv F.C .B .: napaKaXeiv. |
| 2502 | 8 ov X^pw dm Ka>pov] axapiv iniKcupLov Emperius. |
| 2503 | 4 ra Basel ed. of 1542: ra 8<L |
| 2504 | 5 IBiq. F.C .B.: Std. |
| 2505 | * 8i8ov<h] fkahovvat Markland. |
| 2506 | a Cf Moralia, 148 a ; Herodotus, ii. 78; Lucian, De |
| 2507 | Lnctu, 21. |
| 2508 | 6 Cf 366 a, infra. |
| 2509 | 44 |
| 2510 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 357-358 |
| 2511 | by the |
| 2512 | exclamation |
| 2513 | “ maneros ” whenever the |
| 2514 | Egyptian use it. |
| 2515 | In the same way we may be |
| 2516 | sure that the likeness of a corpse which, as it is |
| 2517 | exhibited to them, is carried around in a chest, is |
| 2518 | not a reminder of what happened to Osiris, as some |
| 2519 | assume ; but it is to urge them, as they contemplate |
| 2520 | it, to use and to enjoy the present, since all very |
| 2521 | soon must be what it is now and this is their purpose |
| 2522 | in introducing it into the midst of merry-making.® |
| 2523 | 18. |
| 2524 | As they relate, Isis proceeded to her son Horus, |
| 2525 | who was being reared in Buto,b and bestowed the |
| 2526 | chest in a place well out of the way ; but Typhon, |
| 2527 | who was hunting by night in the light of the moon, |
| 2528 | happened upon it. |
| 2529 | Recognizing the body he divided |
| 2530 | it into fourteen parts c and scattered them, each in |
| 2531 | a different place. |
| 2532 | Isis learned of this and sought |
| 2533 | for them again, sailing through the swamps in a boat |
| 2534 | of papyrus.** |
| 2535 | This is the reason why people sailing |
| 2536 | in such boats are not harmed by the crocodiles, since |
| 2537 | these creatures in their own way show either their |
| 2538 | fear or their reverence for the goddess. |
| 2539 | The traditional result of Osiris's dismemberment is |
| 2540 | that there are many so-called tombs of Osiris in |
| 2541 | Egyp te ; for Isis held a funeral for each part when |
| 2542 | she had found it. |
| 2543 | Others deny this and assert that |
| 2544 | she caused effigies of him to be made and these she |
| 2545 | distributed among the several cities, pretending that |
| 2546 | she was giving them his body, in order that he might |
| 2547 | receive divine honours in a greater number of |
| 2548 | cities, and also that, if Typhon should succeed in |
| 2549 | overpowering Horus, he might despair of ever finding |
| 2550 | e C f 368 a, infra. |
| 2551 | Diodorus, i. 21, says sixteen parts. |
| 2552 | d C f Eusebius, Praepar. Evang. v. p. 198 b. |
| 2553 | e C f 359 a, 365 a, infra, and Diodorus, i. 21. |
| 2554 | 45 |
| p. 35 | |
| 2555 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 2556 | (358) ^TĮTtoVy noXXœv XeyoĮiėvojv каі Ьеікѵѵрьеѵшѵ dn~ |
| 2557 | ауорсѵсгр. |
| 2558 | Мóvov Se тшѵ Ixepœv тоѵ 'QoipiSos ttjv *\oiv oi>x |
| 2559 | evpeîv то alSoîov evdvç y dp eis тоѵ тготарьоѵ ріфг}ѵаі |
| 2560 | каі уеѵоааѲаі тоѵ те АетгіЗсотоѵ аѵтоѵ каі тоѵ |
| 2561 | фауроѵ каі тоѵ oįvpvyyov, ooous1 ріаХюта тсоѵ |
| 2562 | ІхѲѵтѵ афооюѵоѲаі,2, rfjv S* тІоч,ѵ а^т* екеіѵоѵ |
| 2563 | pLLĮirjįia noirjaapiévrjv каѲіерсооаі тоѵ фаХХоѵ, со |
| 2564 | каі ѵѵѵ еорта^еіѵ той? AlyvnTiovs. |
| 2565 | 1 9 * ,гЕ7геіта |
| 2566 | та> vQpcp тоѵ *Оспріѵ еІ; ”АіЪоѵ |
| 2567 | паро.уеѵорьеѵоѵ Sianoveîv ènl T7JV /хсг^р каі о.сгкеіѵ. |
| 2568 | еіта StepcoTTjaaL ті каХХіатоѵ rjyeÎTar тоѵ Se |
| 2569 | фгі-javToSy “ тер патрі каі pcrjTpl Ttpuopcîv /са/сси? |
| 2570 | С паѲоѵспѵ/ ’ |
| 2571 | Sеѵтероѵ |
| 2572 | ереоѲаі |
| 2573 | ті хРѴ^^^ѵтатоѵ3 |
| 2574 | оіетаі |
| 2575 | t,œov et? P'dxrjv giov ai9 тоѵ S’ |
| 2576 | "Cìpov |
| 2577 | “ ïnnov” * eìnóvTos, епіѲаѵріаааі каі Siano pierai |
| 2578 | n tos où Хеоѵта piäXXov aAA’ Innov. |
| 2579 | ein e iv ovv тоѵ |
| 2580 | TQpov со? Хесоѵ pièv софеХіріоѵ èmbeopiévcp ßorjOeta?, |
| 2581 | 177770? Se феѵуоѵта Ьіаапаааі каі катаѵаХсооаі тоѵ |
| 2582 | noXépnov. |
| 2583 | акоѵааѵт* ovv rjadrjvai тоѵ т Оспріѵ, |
| 2584 | со? iKavœs параегкеѵаааріеѵоѵ тоѵ *iìpov. |
| 2585 | Хеуетаі |
| 2586 | S’ отt noXXojv ¡іетатіѲеріеѵа)ѵ del npòs тоѵ TQ.pov |
| 2587 | каі Tj naXXaKTj тоѵ Тѵфшѵо$ афікето Oowjpis. |
| 2588 | офід |
| 2589 | D Se Tt? encSicoKcov avTrjv vnò тсоѵ nepl тоѵ 'Ìlpov |
| 2590 | катекопт], каі vvv Sta тоѵто axoiviov ті npoßaX- |
| 2591 | XovTCs et? pieaov катакоптоѵсп. |
| 2592 | 1 ooovs P\C.B. (or ovs ws Meziriacus): eus ovs• |
| 2593 | 2 афооюѵоѲаі] афооюѵѵтаі Reiske. |
| 2594 | 3 XPr)(JllJL<i*raTOV Emperius : xpTjoLfitüTcpov, |
| 2595 | 4 Ittttov] Xvkov Benseler. |
| 2596 | a Cf. Diodorus, L 21. |
| 2597 | 46 |
| 2598 | b Cf. 365 c, infra. |
| 2599 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 358 |
| 2600 | the true tomb when so many were pointed out to |
| 2601 | him, all of them called the tomb of Osiris.a |
| 2602 | Of the parts of Osiris’s body the only one which Isis |
| 2603 | did not find was the male member,5 for the reason |
| 2604 | that this had been at once tossed into the river, and the |
| 2605 | lepidotus, the sea-bream, and the pike had fed upon |
| 2606 | itc ; and it is from these very fishes the Egyptians |
| 2607 | are most scrupulous in abstaining. |
| 2608 | But Isis made a |
| 2609 | replica of the member to take its place, and con |
| 2610 | secrated the phallus/2 in honour of which the Egyptians |
| 2611 | even at the present day celebrate a festival. |
| 2612 | 19. |
| 2613 | Later, as they relate, Osiris came to Horus |
| 2614 | from the other world and exercised and trained him |
| 2615 | for the battle. |
| 2616 | After a time Osiris asked Horus |
| 2617 | what he held to be the most noble of all things. |
| 2618 | When Horus replied, “ To avenge one’s father and |
| 2619 | mother for evil done to them,” Osiris then asked him |
| 2620 | what animal he considered the most useful for them |
| 2621 | who go forth to battle ; and when Horus said, “ A |
| 2622 | horse,” Osiris was surprised and raised the question |
| 2623 | why it was that he had not rather said a lion than a |
| 2624 | horse. |
| 2625 | Horus answered that a lion was a useful thing |
| 2626 | for a man in need of assistance, but that a horse |
| 2627 | served best for cutting off the flight of an enemy and |
| 2628 | annihilating him. |
| 2629 | When Osiris heard this he was |
| 2630 | much pleased, since he felt that Horus had now an |
| 2631 | adequate preparation. |
| 2632 | It is said that, as many were |
| 2633 | continually transferring their allegiance to Horus, |
| 2634 | Typhon’s concubine, Thueris, also came over to him ; |
| 2635 | and a serpent which pursued her was cut to pieces |
| 2636 | by Horus’s men, and now, in memory of this, the people |
| 2637 | throw down a rope in their midst and chop it up. |
| 2638 | • Cf. Strabo, xvii. 1. 40 (p. 812). |
| 2639 | d Cf. Diodorus, i. 22. 6. |
| 2640 | 47 |
| p. 36 | |
| 2641 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 2642 | (358) |
| 2643 | T rjv ĮJLev ovv IJidxW €7Tt ttoXXÒs rjfiepas уеѵеоѲаі |
| 2644 | каі Kparrjoai ròv T£lpov‘ ròv Тѵфсоѵа Se rr/v Tloiv |
| 2645 | SeSepévov TrapaXaßovoav оѵк àveXeîv, aXXà каі |
| 2646 | Хѵоас каі реве ìvar ròv S’ TQ.pov ov pier picos èv- |
| 2647 | еукеіѵ, |
| 2648 | àXX9 |
| 2649 | emßaXovra rfj рьг]трІ ràs yeîpas* |
| 2650 | аттооттаоаі rrjs K€(f>aXrjs to ßaoLXeiov 'EpįLijv Sè |
| 2651 | ттеріѲеіѵаі ßovKpavov аvrrj Kpdvos. |
| 2652 | Too Sè T V(f>œvos SiKrjv rat "ilpcp voOelas Xaxovros, |
| 2653 | ßorfij](javros Sè1 rob 'E ppLov, каі1 ròv TQpov ѵтто |
| 2654 | rd)v Ѳесоѵ yvtfoiov кріѲг)ѵаі, ròv Se Тѵфшѵа Svolv |
| 2655 | E dXXais pidxcus кататтоХер,7]Ѳт}ѵаі. |
| 2656 | rrjv S’ H ew e£ |
| 2657 | *OoipcSos pierà rrjv reXevrrfv ovyyevopevov текеіѵ |
| 2658 | rjXiroprjvov каі dodevrj roîs кагсоѲеѵ yviois ròv |
| 2659 | ' A ртто к p a rry . |
| 2660 | 20. |
| 2661 | T a v ra axeSóv e o n го д ріѵѲоѵ та кефаХаіа |
| 2662 | rtòv 0ѵофг}риотатсоѵ è£aсреѲеѵтсоѵ, olóv è o n то ттері |
| 2663 | ròv "ùpov SiapieXiopiòv каі ròv *Точ,8о? аттокефаХі- |
| 2664 | opióv. |
| 2665 | o n piè v ovv, el таота ттері rrjs piaKaplas каі |
| 2666 | афѲаргоѵ фѵоеcos, каѲУ rjv pidXiora voeZrai то |
| 2667 | Ѳеіоѵ, cos dXrjdcos ттрахѲеѵга каі оѵратеооѵга 8о£а- |
| 2668 | Çovai каі XéyovoLV, |
| 2669 | аттотттѵоас Set каі каѲгіраоѲаі aropia? |
| 2670 | кат АІохѵХоѵ, ovSèv Set Xéyeiv rrpòs ere. |
| 2671 | каі yàp |
| 2672 | E avrr) SvoKoXaiveis rois ovrco rrapavópiovs каі ßap- |
| 2673 | ßapovs Só£as ттері Ѳесоѵ exovoiv. |
| 2674 | o n S’ оѵк еоіке |
| 2675 | ra d ra KopaSfj рьѵѲеѵріаосѵ àpaioîs каі ScaKevots |
| 2676 | ттХаоріаоіѵ, ola ттоіг)таІ каі Хоуоурафоі каѲаттер oi |
| 2677 | 1 Sc and #cat] Reiske would omit. |
| 2678 | 2 GTOįjLa Reiske : то отбыла. |
| 2679 | а С/. 377 в, infra. |
| 2680 | ь Gf. |
| 2681 | Moralia, |
| 2682 | 1026 c, and |
| 2683 | De |
| 2684 | Anima, L |
| 2685 | 6 |
| 2686 | (in |
| 2687 | Bernardakis’s ed. vol. vii. p. T). |
| 2688 | 48 |
| 2689 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 358 |
| 2690 | Now the battle, as they relate, lasted many days |
| 2691 | and Horus prevailed. |
| 2692 | Isis, however, to whom Typhon |
| 2693 | was delivered in chains, did not cause him to be put |
| 2694 | to death, but released him and let him go. |
| 2695 | Horus |
| 2696 | could not endure this with equanimity, but laid hands |
| 2697 | upon his mother and wrested the royal diadem from |
| 2698 | her head ; but Hermes put upon her a helmet like |
| 2699 | unto the head of a cow. |
| 2700 | Typhon formally accused Horus of being an illegi |
| 2701 | timate child, but with the help of Hermes to plead |
| 2702 | his cause it was decided by the gods that he also was |
| 2703 | legitimate. |
| 2704 | Typhon was then overcome in two other |
| 2705 | battles. |
| 2706 | Osiris consorted with Isis after his death, |
| 2707 | and she became the mother of Harpocrates, untimely |
| 2708 | born and weak in his lower limbs.® |
| 2709 | 20. These are nearly all the important points of the |
| 2710 | legend, with the omission of the most infamous of |
| 2711 | the tales, such as that about the dismemberment of |
| 2712 | Horus b and the decapitation of Isis. |
| 2713 | There is one |
| 2714 | thing that I have no need to mention to you : if they |
| 2715 | hold such opinions and relate such tales about the |
| 2716 | nature of the blessed and imperishable (in accordance |
| 2717 | with which our concept of the divine must be framed) |
| 2718 | as if such deeds and occurrences actually took place, |
| 2719 | then |
| 2720 | Much need there is to spit and cleanse the mouth, |
| 2721 | as Aeschylus c has it. |
| 2722 | But the fact is that you your |
| 2723 | self detest those persons who hold such abnormal |
| 2724 | and outlandish opinions about the gods. |
| 2725 | That these |
| 2726 | accounts do not, in the least, resemble the sort of |
| 2727 | loose fictions and frivolous fabrications which poets |
| 2728 | and writers of prose evolve from themselves, after |
| 2729 | c Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag., Aeschylus, no. 354. |
| 2730 | 49 |
| p. 37 | |
| 2731 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 2732 | арахиса yevvtuvTes аф' ¿avTcov атгархая ¿ vvtto- |
| 2733 | • |
| 2734 | Berovs уфаьроооь каь diroTelvovobv, aA/Y ex€L twcls |
| 2735 | атторьсор1 каь iraOcov 8bi]yrjoebs, ovvycrebs avrrj.2 |
| 2736 | каь |
| 2737 | каваттер oi рьавг]рьатькоь tt)v Ipuv ерьфааьр elvai tov |
| 2738 | rjXlov Xeyovvb TroLKbWopLcvrjv rfj 7гро$ то рефо$ ava- |
| 2739 | 359 XCL)P7iaei'3 |
| 2740 | di/jzcos, ovtcos о рьдво$ ¿vravOa X6yov |
| 2741 | тьро$ €рьфааь$ ссгтьр avaKXcovTos етг5 aAAa ttjv 8ca- |
| 2742 | voiav, cb$ V7robrjXovatv a 1 те Bvolai то 7T€vBipbov |
| 2743 | е^оиош каь сгкуВрсоттор iрьфаьрбрьерор, аь те tcov |
| 2744 | vacov Ььавесгеьд irfj /xev avebpbivcov eis тгтера каь |
| 2745 | 8p6piovg уттаьврьоУ9 каь KaBapovs, 7rfj Se круттта |
| 2746 | каь акотьа ката yrjs e^o^rcov атоХьатг)рьа оькь8ьоь$А |
| 2747 | еоькота каь о'ркоьд’ ovy г\кьата S’ r f tcov 9Oaipelcov |
| 2748 | 8o£a, ттоХХаход кеьаВаь Xeyoaevov tov ocopbaTos' |
| 2749 | В tyjv re yap AboxbTrjv6 ovopbd^eoBab TroAbXvrjv Aeyov- |
| 2750 | Obv, cu? pbovr\v tov aXrjBbvov exovaav, eV т 9Aj3v8co |
| 2751 | tovs |
| 2752 | ev8a ipiovas |
| 2753 | tcov |
| 2754 | Аьуотттьсор |
| 2755 | каь |
| 2756 | SvvaTOvs |
| 2757 | рьаХьота |
| 2758 | ватттеаваь, |
| 2759 | фьХотьрьоурьеРоод |
| 2760 | орьотафоид |
| 2761 | ecvat tov ocofiaTos *0сгьрь8од. |
| 2762 | iv Se Ыерьфеь тре- |
| 2763 | феобаь tov ^Am v, elScoXov орта tt)s ckclvov фух |
| 2764 | ottov каь то осорьа кеьаВаг каь ttjv fiev ttoXiv ol |
| 2765 | JJL€V OppLOV dyaBajV epfXr)V€VOVGbV, ol S’ l8b(OS7 та фор |
| 2766 | 1 a7Topiu>v Sieveking and F.C .B.: anoplas. |
| 2767 | 2 auuijcnus avrrj (assuming haplography) or eiorj F.C.B.; |
| 2768 | olaO' avrr) Bernardakis ; yiviboKtis Sieveking: avrfj. |
| 2769 | 3 amycop^traj аиакХааес Reiske; ava^paxici Wyttenbaeh. |
| 2770 | 4 ohabiois F.C .B .; erjxaiois Bouhier: Orjfiaiois. |
| 2771 | 5 *п] г) тг€р1 ? E. Capps. |
| 2772 | 6 Atoxtrrjv Ilolwerda from Steph. Byzantinus: ¿xcirivor. |
| 2773 | 7 Idiws Wyttenbaeh: ak. |
| 2774 | a Cf. Strabo, xvii. 1. 28 (p. 804). |
| 2775 | b Cf. 358 a, supra, and 365 a, infra. |
| 2776 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 358-359 |
| 2777 | the manner of spiders, interweaving and extend |
| 2778 | ing their unestablished first thoughts, but that |
| 2779 | these contain narrations of certain puzzling events |
| 2780 | and experiences, you will of yourself understand. Just |
| 2781 | as the rainbow, according to the account of the |
| 2782 | mathematicians, is a reflection of the sun, and owes its |
| 2783 | many hues to the withdrawal of our gaze from the |
| 2784 | sun and our fixing it on the cloud, so the somewhat |
| 2785 | fanciful accounts here set down are but reflections of |
| 2786 | some true tale which turns back our thoughts to |
| 2787 | other matters ; their sacrifices plainly suggest this, |
| 2788 | in that they have mourning and melancholy reflected |
| 2789 | in them ; and so also does the structure of their |
| 2790 | temples,® which in one portion are expanded into |
| 2791 | wings and into uncovered and unobstructed corridors, |
| 2792 | and in another portion have secret vesting-rooms in |
| 2793 | the darkness under ground, like cells or chapels ; and |
| 2794 | not the least important suggestion is the opinion held |
| 2795 | regarding the shrines of Osiris, whose body is said to |
| 2796 | have been laid in many different places.6 |
| 2797 | For they |
| 2798 | say that Diochites c is the name given to a small town, |
| 2799 | on the ground that it alone contains the true tomb ; |
| 2800 | and that the prosperous and influential men among |
| 2801 | the Egyptians are mostly buried in Abydos, since it |
| 2802 | is the object of their ambition to be buried in the |
| 2803 | same ground with the body of Osiris. |
| 2804 | In Memphis, |
| 2805 | however, they say, the Apis is kept, being the image |
| 2806 | of the soul of Osiris/ whose body also lies there. The |
| 2807 | name of this city some interpret as “ the haven of |
| 2808 | the good ” and others as meaning properly the “ tomb |
| 2809 | e The introduction of Diochites here is based upon an |
| 2810 | emendation of a reading found in one |
| 2811 | m s. only. |
| 2812 | The |
| 2813 | emendation is drawn from Stephanus Byzantinus, a late |
| 2814 | writer on geographical topics. |
| 2815 | d C f 362 c and 368 c, infra. |
| 2816 | 51 |
| p. 38 | |
| 2817 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 2818 | (359) *OoipiSoę• |
| 2819 | TTjv Se 7rpoę OtAatę1 2 3 4 5 vtjgIS' ayvrjv* aXXwę |
| 2820 | įx€v ajSarov airaai Kai dirpoGireXaGrov elvai Kai |
| 2821 | ĮirjS’ |
| 2822 | opviOaę |
| 2823 | eV’ |
| 2824 | avrrjv |
| 2825 | Karalpecv8 /x^S’ |
| 2826 | npoarreXa^eiv, ¿ui Se |
| 2827 | /caipą) rovę Upelę StajSat- |
| 2828 | iW Tas evayl^eiv Kai KaraGre<f>eiv r ò arįįia par^SiKiję* |
| 2829 | <Į>VTCtJ iT€piaKiat,op,€Vov9 virepaipovn Traces eXaiaę |
| 2830 | pieyeOoę. |
| 2831 | C |
| 2832 | 21. EuSo^os Se, 7roAAajy rarfrcov |
| 2833 | iv Alyrinra) |
| 2834 | Aeyopievcov, ¿v BovalpiSi to ad>Įia Keladar Kai yàp |
| 2835 | ■ Trarpiha ravTTįV yeyovevai rov 'Ooipihos' ovKen |
| 2836 | pevroi Aoyov Seteriai rfjv Ta^ócrtptv auro yàp |
| 2837 | (f)pd^€iv rovvopa ra(j)rju ’OatptSos*. |
| 2838 | eco6 Se roperju |
| 2839 | £vXov Kai ayloiv Xivov Kai x°dę ^eojaevaę Sta to |
| 2840 | 7roAAà tcòv pbVGTLKCÒv avapLepLetydoLi rovroię. |
| 2841 | ov |
| 2842 | pióvov Se tovtcw* ol Upelę Xéyovaiv, aAAà /cat rcòu |
| 2843 | aXXojv decòv, OGOL p,rj dyéuuTjroi par)S* d<Į>0aproi, rà |
| 2844 | p,èv GcópLara Trap* avrolę KelaOai Kapuóvra Kai depa- |
| 2845 | D neveadai, Tas Se iĮjvxdę èv ovpava) Xdp.7reiv aarpa, |
| 2846 | /cat KaXelaOai Kvva pièv rrjv *TatSoę v<ĮS 'EXXrjvcjv, |
| 2847 | vtr’ AlyvTTTLCOV Se Ticòdw, '£lpiu)va Se rrjv "Opou,7 |
| 2848 | T77V òe li/pcoi/oę apKrov. |
| 2849 | ets òe Tas rarpaę rtov |
| 2850 | Tt/xco/xeVcop' ì^cpajv rovę pèv aXXovę Guvreraypeva |
| 2851 | 1 <E>tA<us Squire : irvAas“ or 7rvAaiy. |
| 2852 | 2 vrjaiS* àyvrjv (dubiously) F.C.B. : vumTavrjv. |
| 2853 | 3 KCLTOLipeiv Xylander : Kaprepeiv. |
| 2854 | 4 prjBucfjs F.C.B., assuming it to be a variant for nepoeas: |
| 2855 | MB' "dys or pLTjOlÒTJS. |
| 2856 | 5 icj Wyttenbach : alva>. |
| 2857 | 6 toutcov] T o v T o v Baxter. |
| 2858 | 7 tt)v "Clpov Xylander : top cbpov. |
| 2859 | 8 ra^ay Salmasius : ypa<Į>as. |
| 2860 | 0 0/1 Diodorus, i. 22, and Strabo, xvii. p. 803, which |
| 2861 | 52 |
| 2862 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 359 |
| 2863 | of Osiris.” |
| 2864 | They also say that the sacred island by |
| 2865 | Philae a at all other times is untrodden by man and |
| 2866 | quite unapproachable, and even birds do not alight |
| 2867 | on it nor fishes approach i t ; yet, at one special time, |
| 2868 | the priests cross over to it, and perform the sacrificial |
| 2869 | rites for the dead, and lay wreaths upon the tomb, |
| 2870 | which lies in the encompassing shade of a persea-& |
| 2871 | tree, which surpasses in height any olive. |
| 2872 | 21. |
| 2873 | Eudoxus says that, while many tombs of Osiris |
| 2874 | are spoken of in Egypt, his body lies in Busiris ; for |
| 2875 | this was the place of his birth ; moreover, Taphosirisc |
| 2876 | requires no comment, for the name itself means “ the |
| 2877 | tomb of Osiris.” I pass over the cutting of wood/ the |
| 2878 | rending of linen, and the libations that are offered, |
| 2879 | for the reason that many of their secret rites are |
| 2880 | involved therein. |
| 2881 | In regard not only to these gods, |
| 2882 | but in regard to the other gods, save only those |
| 2883 | whose existence had no beginning and shall have no |
| 2884 | end, the priests say that their bodies, after they have |
| 2885 | done with their labours, have been placed in the |
| 2886 | keeping of the priests and are cherished there, but |
| 2887 | that their souls shine as the stars in the firmament, |
| 2888 | and the soul of Isis is called by the Greeks the Dog- |
| 2889 | star, but by the Egyptians Sothis,e and the soul of |
| 2890 | Horus is called Orion, and the soul of Typhon the |
| 2891 | Bear. Also they say that all the other Egyptians pay |
| 2892 | the agreed assessment for the entombment of the |
| 2893 | seem to support the emendation “ Philae.” |
| 2894 | Others think |
| 2895 | that the gates (the ms. reading) of Memphis are meant. |
| 2896 | b The persea-tree was sacred to Osiris. |
| 2897 | c Cf. Strabo, xvii. 1. 14 (pp. 799 and 800). |
| 2898 | Tradition |
| 2899 | varies between Taphosiris and Taposiris, and there may be |
| 2900 | no “ tomb ” in the word at all. |
| 2901 | d Cf. 368 a , infra. |
| 2902 | e Cf. Moralia, 974 f . |
| 2903 | 53 |
| p. 39 | |
| 2904 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 2905 | (359) TeAelv, ¡jlovovs 8e prj 8i8opai tovs Orjf3at8a kost- |
| 2906 | oikovvtcls, |
| 2907 | tbs |
| 2908 | Optjtop |
| 2909 | deop |
| 2910 | ov8ep a |
| 2911 | poplJ^oPTas, |
| 2912 | aAA* op KaXovacv avrol K vrj(j>, ayevvr)Tov ovra Kal |
| 2913 | adavarov. |
| 2914 | 22. rioAAaw 8e tolovtcdv Aeyopepcap K al 8e iK P V - |
| 2915 | peptop, o l pep olSpepot jSaacAeoov ra v ra K al rvpav- |
| 2916 | vldv, Si* ap€TTjV V7T€p<f>€pov€rav rj 8vvapuv a^lcopa rfjs |
| 2917 | S ofys1 6eorr)Tos ¿7Tiypaifja(i€va)v eVra xprjaapepcop |
| 2918 | E TVXaL$> £pya Kai Tradr) 8eiva Kal p e y aAa 8iapprjpo- |
| 2919 | ■ peveadat, pdaTTj |
| 2920 | dnoSpaaei tov Aoyov xpa>vrai |
| 2921 | Kal to 8v(j(j)rjfjLov ov (f>avAcos dito tcop detop or5 |
| 2922 | avdp<I)7Tovs fjt,€Ta<f>€povcri, Kal ra v ra s 2 exova lv oltto |
| 2923 | tw p laropovpepcop f3or}0eias. |
| 2924 | laropovai yap A lyv- |
| 2925 | 7ttlol rov pep fE pprjp Tip a ca p o n yepeadai yaAe- |
| 2926 | ayK(ova> top Se Tu^cova ttj XP°a 'n vppop> AevKOP |
| 2927 | s¿ top TClpop Kal pbeAayxpovp top "O aipw , cos* rjj |
| 2928 | (frvaei yeyopoTas dpdpcjTrovs. |
| 2929 | €tl 8e Kal OTpaTi)yop |
| 2930 | opofid^ovoLP *'0aipiPy |
| 2931 | Kal |
| 2932 | KvfiepptfTrjp |
| 2933 | lidpcafdop, |
| 2934 | ov (f>aaip eTrcaPvpop yeyopepai top doT epa• Kal to |
| 2935 | E ttAoiop, o KaAovoiP "EAArjpes ’Apyd), Trjs ’Oox/oiSos* |
| 2936 | Pecos ei'ScoAop €7tI Tiprj KaTTfOTepiapePOP y ov pawpap |
| 2937 | cfrepeadai tov >Q.plcoPos Kal tov K wo?, cop top pep |
| 2938 | ”£lpov top3 S’ ’ToxSos* iepop AtyvTTTtoc popt^ovatp. |
| 2939 | 23. 5O kpco 8e, prj tout* fj tcl aKLPrjTa klpclp Kal |
| 2940 | “ TToAepetp ” ov “ to> 7toAAco xpopcp ” {KaTa Hipco- |
| 2941 | 1 rrjs Softs' F.C .B .: rfj So^. |
| 2942 | 2 rauras] roiavras Michael. |
| 2943 | 3 t o v . . . rov Reiske (confirmed by one ms.) : t o . . . t o . |
| 2944 | a Cf. Diodorus, i. 84, ad fin., for the great expense often |
| 2945 | involved. |
| 2946 | b That is, to die, and thus to lose their claim to divinity; |
| 2947 | cf. 360 r, infra. This is common Euhemeristic doctrine. |
| 2948 | c Cf. 363 a and 364 b, infra. |
| 2949 | 54 |
| 2950 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 359 |
| 2951 | animals held in honour,0 but that the inhabitants of |
| 2952 | the Theban territory only do not contribute because |
| 2953 | they believe in no mortal god, but only in the god |
| 2954 | whom they call Kneph, whose existence had no |
| 2955 | beginning and shall have no end. |
| 2956 | 22. Many things like these are narrated and |
| 2957 | pointed out, and if there be some who think that |
| 2958 | in these are commemorated the dire and momentous |
| 2959 | acts and experiences of kings and despots who, by |
| 2960 | reason of their pre-eminent virtue or might, laid claim |
| 2961 | to the glory of being styled gods, and later had to |
| 2962 | submit to the vagaries of fortune,6 then these persons |
| 2963 | employ the easiest means of escape from the narrative, |
| 2964 | and not ineptly do they transfer the disrepute from |
| 2965 | the gods to men ; and in this they have the support of |
| 2966 | the common traditions. The Egyptians, in fact, have |
| 2967 | a tradition that Hermes had thin arms and big elbows, |
| 2968 | that Typhon was red in complexion, Horus white, and |
| 2969 | Osiris dark,6 as if they had been in their nature but |
| 2970 | mortal men. |
| 2971 | Moreover, they give to Osiris the title |
| 2972 | of general, and the title of pilot to Canopus, from |
| 2973 | whom they say that the star derives its name ; also |
| 2974 | that the vessel which the Greeks call Argo, in form |
| 2975 | like the ship of Osiris, has been set among the con |
| 2976 | stellations in his honour, and its course lies not far |
| 2977 | from that of Orion and the Dog-star ; of these the |
| 2978 | Egyptians believe that one is sacred to Horus and |
| 2979 | the other to Isis. |
| 2980 | 23. I hesitate, lest this be the moving of things |
| 2981 | immovable d and not only “ warring against the long |
| 2982 | years of time,” as Simonides e has it, but warring, too, |
| 2983 | d Proverbial : cf. e.g. Plato, Laws, 684 n. |
| 2984 | e Cf. Bergk, Poet. I/yr. Graec. iii., Simonides, no. 193, |
| 2985 | and Edmonds, Lyra Graeca, ii. p. 340 in L.C.L. |
| 2986 | 55 |
| p. 40 | |
| 2987 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 2988 | vfòrjv) pióvov, “ ttoXXoîs S5 dvPpœrrœv e0veat 99 Kal |
| 2989 | yéveui KCLTOXOLS V7TO T7)Ç 7TpÔç TOUS* * 0€OVS TOVTOVS |
| 2990 | ocnôrrjToç, ovSèv arroXiTróvras1 e£2 ovpavov pierà- |
| 2991 | (f>ipetv erri yrjv ovópLara rrjXiKavra, Kal npirjv Kal |
| 2992 | 360 TT Lor iv oXlyov 8eîv dira cnv ¿k 7rpœr'qç y evicrcto? |
| 2993 | ev8e8vKvtav eÇtardvcu Kal avaXveiv, pbeyaXaç pièv |
| 2994 | rcp àdico Xecpz KXicndSas àvoiyovras Kal eÇavOpœ- |
| 2995 | TTiÇovras* rà 0eîa^ Xapurpàv Se rots* E vr^pepov rov |
| 2996 | M.eaa'qviov |
| 2997 | ÿevaKiopioîs |
| 2998 | 7rapprjalav |
| 2999 | 8i8ôvras, |
| 3000 | oç |
| 3001 | ■ avros àvrlypacfya ovv0els drrlarov Kal dvv7rdpKrov |
| 3002 | piv0oXoyias 7râaav d0eórrjra KaraaKe8avvvai rrjs |
| 3003 | OiKov(jiiv7]Ç, rovç vopu^opiivovç 0€ovç navras opLaXœç |
| 3004 | hiaypacfxDV els ovopuara5 arparrjycov Kal vavdpx^v |
| 3005 | Kal fiaoiXeœv |
| 3006 | œs 8i) naXat |
| 3007 | yeyovorœv, |
| 3008 | ev Se |
| 3009 | B H a y xo v n |
| 3010 | ypapLpiacn |
| 3011 | XPV° ° ^ |
| 3012 | àvayeypapLpiivœv* |
| 3013 | ois ovre fidpfiapos ov8els oii0* "KXXrjVy dXXà pióvos |
| 3014 | YiVTjpiepos, d)s eoiKe, nXevcras els rovs pLrjSapió0i yrjs |
| 3015 | yeyovôras pirjS’ ovras Ylayx<ôovs Kal Tpt^vXXovs |
| 3016 | everervxrjKei,7 |
| 3017 | 24. KatTOi pueyaXai pièv vpvovvrai |
| 3018 | npdÇeis ev |
| 3019 | 9Aoavpiois Hepapapaos, pieyaXat Se8 Heocoorptos eV |
| 3020 | AlyvTTTcp• Qpvyes Se pi^XPL v^v T(* Xapnpà Kal 0av- |
| 3021 | piacrrà tcüv epyœv M a i^ /c a KaXovcn Sià to Mavrjv* |
| 3022 | n v à rœ v naXai jS aotXeojv dya0òv av8pa Kal Svvarov |
| 3023 | yevioOai Trap9 avroiSy ov evioi MacrSrjv KaXovor |
| 3024 | K |
| 3025 | vpos Sè W ipaas Ma/ceSomç S’ 9AXi£av8pos oXlyov |
| 3026 | 1 a-noXivovras] ¿.iroX^iirovras Sieveking. |
| 3027 | 2 ef] rov |
| 3028 | Baxter. |
| 3029 | 3 Xeù] Atom Pohlenz, omitting koL below. |
| 3030 | 4 ¿ÇavdpajTTiÇovTas Markland: ¿¡avdpcnniÇovTt or ¿Çavdpœni- |
| 3031 | £o»tcs. |
| 3032 | 5 òvófiara Baxter : ovoga. |
| 3033 | 6 àvayçypaggdvwv Sal masiuS : âvayeypaggévoiç. |
| 3034 | 56 |
| 3035 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 359-360 |
| 3036 | against “ many a nation and race of men ” who are |
| 3037 | possessed by a feeling of piety towards these gods, |
| 3038 | and thus we should not stop short of transplanting |
| 3039 | such names from the heavens to the earth, and |
| 3040 | eliminating and dissipating the reverence and faith |
| 3041 | implanted in nearly all mankind at birth, opening wide |
| 3042 | the great doors to the godless throng, degrading |
| 3043 | things divine to the human level, and giving a splendid |
| 3044 | licence to the deceitful utterances of Euhemerus of |
| 3045 | Messene,who of himself drew up copies of an incredible |
| 3046 | and non-existent my thology ,a and spread atheism over |
| 3047 | the whole inhabited earth by obliterating the gods of |
| 3048 | our belief and converting them all alike into names of |
| 3049 | generals, admirals, and kings, who, forsooth, lived in |
| 3050 | very ancient times and are recorded in inscriptions |
| 3051 | written in golden letters at Panchon, which no |
| 3052 | foreigner and no Greek had ever happened to meet |
| 3053 | with, save only Euhemerus. |
| 3054 | He, it seems, made a |
| 3055 | voyage to the Panchoans and Triphyllians, who never |
| 3056 | existed anywhere on earth and do not exist! |
| 3057 | 24. |
| 3058 | However, mighty deeds of Semiramis are cele |
| 3059 | brated among the Assyrians, and mighty deeds of |
| 3060 | Sesostris in Egypt, and the Phrygians, even to this |
| 3061 | day, call brilliant and marvellous exploits “ manic ” |
| 3062 | because Manes,6 one of their very early kings, proved |
| 3063 | himself a good man and exercised a vast influence |
| 3064 | among them. |
| 3065 | Some give his name as Masdes. |
| 3066 | Cyrus led the Persians, and Alexander the Mace |
| 3067 | a Doubtless 17 Upd avaypa<f>g {sacra scriptio) ; see Diodorus, |
| 3068 | v. 41-46, and vi. 1. |
| 3069 | b Cf. Herodotus, i. 94, iv. 45, and W. M. Ramsay, |
| 3070 | Mitteilungen des deutsch. arch. Institutes in Aiken, viii. 71. |
| 3071 | 7 iv€T€TV)(rjK€i\ ciT€TvyriK€ Reiske. |
| 3072 | 8 8e Bases: 8* at. |
| 3073 | * Mdvrjv Salmasius: gaviv. |
| 3074 | 57 |
| p. 41 | |
| 3075 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 3076 | (360) Sew €7n nepas rrjs yrjs Kparovvras rrporjyayov aAA’ |
| 3077 | C ovopa Kal pvrfprjv fiaotAeoov ayadcov exovow. |
| 3078 | “ el |
| 3079 | 8e rw es i£apOevres1 vtto peyaA avxlasA c5? <f>rjow o |
| 3080 | IIAarcov, “ dpa veorrjrc Kal avola2 <f>Aeyopevoi rrjv |
| 3081 | *l*vx h v |
| 3082 | vfipews ” eSe^avro 6eo)v emxyvvplas K a l |
| 3083 | vaqjv l8pvoecs, fipaxvv rjvdrjoev rj 8o£a xpovov, elra |
| 3084 | Kevorrjra Kal dAa£ovelav p e r aoepelas Kal napa- |
| 3085 | voplas npooo^Aovres |
| 3086 | d)KvpopOL Kanvoio 81ky]v apOevres dn en ra v , |
| 3087 | Kal vvv wonep aywyipoi Spanerat rcov lepcov Kal |
| 3088 | rcov fSwpiov aTroonaaOevres ovSev aAA9 rj r a pvrp |
| 3089 | p a ra Kal rovs ra<f>ovs exovow . |
| 3090 | 66ev 9 Avrlyovos |
| 3091 | D o yepcov, *EppoSorov tivos ev Troifjpaow avrov |
| 3092 | “ rjAlov |
| 3093 | rraiSa |
| 3094 | Kal |
| 3095 | Oeov f> |
| 3096 | avayopevovros, |
| 3097 | “ ov |
| 3098 | rotavra p o t,” ehrev, “ o Aaoavocf>opos ovvoiSev.” |
| 3099 | ev |
| 3100 | Se Kal A vom nos o 7rAdoT7js 9AneAArjv epepifsaro rov |
| 3101 | £cpypa<f>ov, o n rrjv 9 AAe£av8pov ypacf>cov eiKova |
| 3102 | Kepavvov evex^lp^oev, avros 8e Adyx^jv, fjs rrjv |
| 3103 | So£av ovSe els d<j>aiprjoerai XP°V0$ aArjOwrjv Kal |
| 3104 | ISlav ovoav. |
| 3105 | 25. |
| 3106 | BeAno v oSv ol r a rrepl |
| 3107 | rov T v(f>d)va Kal |
| 3108 | "Ocnpw Kal *low loropovpeva prjre 6etov naOrj- |
| 3109 | p a ra prjr avdpojTTajv, aAAa 8acp6vajv peyaAcov elvat |
| 3110 | E vopl^ovres, ovs3 Kal UAdrcvv Kal YlvOayopas Kal |
| 3111 | 1 egapdevTts Xylander: ¿^atpedivrcs. |
| 3112 | 3 avoia Plato: ayvoLa. |
| 3113 | 3 ovs Xylander from Euseb. Praep. Ev. v. 5: ms. * 58 |
| 3114 | * Adapted from Plato, Laws, 716 a. |
| 3115 | b From Empedocles : |
| 3116 | cf. H. Diels, Poetarum Philoso |
| 3117 | phorum Fragmenta, p. 106, Empedocles, no. 2. 4. |
| 3118 | 0 Plutarch tells the same story with slight variations in |
| 3119 | Moralia, 182 c |
| 3120 | 58 |
| 3121 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 360 |
| 3122 | donians, in victory after victory, almost to the ends of |
| 3123 | the earth ; yet these have only the name and fame of |
| 3124 | noble kings. |
| 3125 | “ But if some, elated by a great self |
| 3126 | conceit,” as Plato a says, “ with souls enkindled with |
| 3127 | the fire of youth and folly accompanied by arrogance,” |
| 3128 | have assumed to be called gods and to have temples |
| 3129 | dedicated in their honour, yet has their repute |
| 3130 | flourished but a brief time, and then, convicted of |
| 3131 | vain-glory and imposture, |
| 3132 | Swift in their fate, like to smoke in the air, rising upward |
| 3133 | they flitted,b |
| 3134 | and now, like fugitive slaves without claim to protec |
| 3135 | tion, they have been dragged from their shrines and |
| 3136 | altars, and have nothing left to them save only |
| 3137 | their monuments and their tombs. |
| 3138 | Hence the elder |
| 3139 | Antigonus, when a certain Hermodotus in a poem pro |
| 3140 | claimed him to be “ the Offspring of the Sun and a |
| 3141 | god,” said, “ the slave who attends to my chamber |
| 3142 | pot is not conscious of any such thing ! ” c Moreover, |
| 3143 | Lysippus the sculptor was quite right in his dis |
| 3144 | approval of the painter Apelles, because Apelles in |
| 3145 | his portrait of Alexander had represented him with |
| 3146 | a thunderbolt in his hand, whereas he himself had |
| 3147 | represented Alexander holding a spear, the glory of |
| 3148 | which no length of years could ever dim, since it was |
| 3149 | truthful and was his by right. |
| 3150 | 25.d Better, therefore, is the judgement of those |
| 3151 | who hold that the stories about Typhon, Osiris, and |
| 3152 | Isis, are records of experiences of neither gods nor |
| 3153 | men, but of demigods, whom Plato e and Pythagoras f |
| 3154 | d In connexion with chapters 25 and 26 one may well |
| 3155 | compare 41 8 d-4 1 9 a and 421 c-f , infra, and Eusebius, |
| 3156 | Praepar. Evang. iv. 21-v. 5. |
| 3157 | * Of. 361 c, infra. |
| 3158 | f Cf. Diogenes Laertius, viii. 32. |
| 3159 | 59 |
| p. 42 | |
| 3160 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 3161 | SevoKparrjç каі Хрѵоітпто$, етторіеиоі tols тгаХаі Ѳео- |
| 3162 | XÓyois, €ppO}fJL€V€(TT€pOVS [¿€Ѵ ¿ѵѲрШТТШѴ yeyoulu(U |
| 3163 | Xeyovoi каі тгоХѵ1 ті} 8vudfiei |
| 3164 | ttju фѵоіи ѵттер- |
| 3165 | фероитas rjpicou, то 8е Ѳеіои оѵк apiyès оѵS’ акратоѵ |
| 3166 | eyovTas, dXXà каі фѵ%y}ç фѵоеі2 каі осЬ įlo to s al- |
| 3167 | oOrjoei9 ovueiXrjyós, rjSourju Sc^ó/хегоИ каі 7тоиои, каі |
| 3168 | ocra TauTacç eyyeuófteua Tais pieTaßoXais 7rddrj tous |
| 3169 | peu pdXXou to u s 8*' rjTTov еттараттеі. |
| 3170 | уіуѵоѵтаі |
| 3171 | yàp, cos èu duOpionois, каи6 8atpooiu àpcTTjs Sia- |
| 3172 | F фораі каі KaKias. |
| 3173 | та yàp Тіуаитіка каі Тітаиіка |
| 3174 | 7тар* *ЕАXrjoiu dSopeua каі Кроиоѵ* Tiuès аѲеорос |
| 3175 | TTpâÇeis каі YivOcouos duTiTaįeis ?rpòs ’АттоААеога, |
| 3176 | фѵуаі7 те Аюиѵооѵ каі nXduai AijprjTpos ov8èu |
| 3177 | алтоХеіттоѵоі тсои ’Ооіріакши каі Тѵфсоиіксои аХХсои |
| 3178 | ѲУ |
| 3179 | сои |
| 3180 | тгаоіи* |
| 3181 | е^еотіи а ие8т)и |
| 3182 | рѵѲоХоуоѵреисои |
| 3183 | акоѵеіѵ боа те įl v o t ik o is iepols ттерікаХѵтгтореиа* |
| 3184 | каі TeXeTais аррг)та Віаосо^етаі каі аѲеата 7Tpòs |
| 3185 | t o v s 7ToXXovs, opoiou eyei X¿you. |
| 3186 | 26. |
| 3187 | *Акоѵореи Se каі *Oprjpov tovs реи ауаѲоѵ$ |
| 3188 | 8іаф6рсод10 “ 0eoei8éas ’* екаототе koXovutos11 каі |
| 3189 | об! |
| 3190 | auTLoeovs |
| 3191 | каі |
| 3192 | оесои arco prjòe e^ouTas, |
| 3193 | тер |
| 3194 | 1 7to\v Eusebius: noXXfj. |
| 3195 | 2 <f>vo€i . . . al<j6iqoei\ <f>v<j €ojs . . . aLadijaccos Baxter. |
| 3196 | 3 aloQyoei Xylander from Eusebius: atodtfaei iu. |
| 3197 | 4 bexo^vov (or Se^o/Liey#) Eusebius: Sc^ojuevrjv. |
| 3198 | 5 Kav Hatzidakis: kox. |
| 3199 | 6 Kpovov] noXXal Eusebius. |
| 3200 | 7 <f>vyaC Xylander from Eusebius; (f>66poL ? F.C .B.: <f>66yyoc. |
| 3201 | 8 iraaw] Trapa ttcloiv Eusebius. |
| 3202 | 9 7T€piKaXvTTTOpL€vd\ irapaKa\v7rr6i±€va Eusebius. |
| 3203 | 10 8ia^o/xos] Sia<l>€p6vTtos Hatzidakis. |
| 3204 | 11 koXovvtos added by Reiske. |
| 3205 | 60 |
| 3206 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 360-361 |
| 3207 | and Xenocrates a and Chrysippus ,b following the lead of |
| 3208 | early writers on sacred subjects, allege to have been |
| 3209 | stronger than men and, in their might, greatly sur |
| 3210 | passing our nature, yet not possessing the divine |
| 3211 | quality unmixed and uncontaminated, but with a |
| 3212 | share also in the nature of the soul and in the percep |
| 3213 | tive faculties of the body, and with a susceptibility to |
| 3214 | pleasure and pain and to whatsoever other experience |
| 3215 | is incident to these mutations, and is the source of |
| 3216 | much disquiet in some and of less in others. |
| 3217 | For in |
| 3218 | demigods, as in men, there are divers degrees of |
| 3219 | virtue and of vice. |
| 3220 | The exploits of the Giants and |
| 3221 | Titans celebrated among the Greeks, the lawless |
| 3222 | deeds of a Cronus,c the stubborn resistance of Python |
| 3223 | against Apollo, the flights of Dionysus,d and the |
| 3224 | wanderings of Demeter, do not fall at all short of |
| 3225 | the exploits of Osiris and Typhon and other exploits |
| 3226 | which anyone may hear freely repeated in traditional |
| 3227 | story. |
| 3228 | So, too, all the things which are kept always |
| 3229 | away from the ears and eyes of the multitude by |
| 3230 | being concealed behind mystic rites and ceremonies |
| 3231 | have a similar explanation. |
| 3232 | 26. |
| 3233 | As we read Homer, we notice that in many |
| 3234 | different places he distinctively calls the good “ god |
| 3235 | like ” 6 and “ peers of the gods ”f and “ having prudence |
| 3236 | a Cf. Stobaeus, Eclogae, i. 2. 29. |
| 3237 | b Cf. Moralia, 277 a, 419 a, and 1051 c- d ; and von |
| 3238 | Arnim, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, ii. 1103(p. 320). |
| 3239 | c The vengeance which he wreaked on his father Uranus. |
| 3240 | d Homer, Jl. vi. 135 ff. |
| 3241 | If <t>0opoi is read (“ destructions |
| 3242 | wrought by Dionysus *’) there w'ould be also a reference to |
| 3243 | the death of Pentheus as portrayed in the Bacchae of Euri |
| 3244 | pides. |
| 3245 | Cf. also Moralia, 990 c. |
| 3246 | * The word is found forty-four times in Homer. |
| 3247 | 1 Homer employs this expression sixty-two times. |
| 3248 | 61 |
| p. 43 | |
| 3249 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 3250 | (361) S’ ¿7го rcov Ь аіроѵсоѵ 7TpoGprjparL xpwpévov kolvcüs |
| 3251 | ¿7TL T€ ЭДП^СГпЗі/ K dI <I>avXüJV, |
| 3252 | baLpovLe cr^eSor еХѲев rlrj SetSiorcrcat ovrcoç |
| 3253 | * A pyelo vs ; |
| 3254 | каі 7 îa X iv |
| 3255 | àXX' ore Srj то тетартоѵ етгеааѵто balpovL îaos* |
| 3256 | каі |
| 3257 | Saipbovlrj, r i vv ae II p lapos Up tapo lo те naîSes |
| 3258 | тбаоа кака péÇovoLV, о т do7Tepxès pevealveLç |
| 3259 | 'IXlov èÇaXairaÇal еѵктіреѵоѵ тттоХІеѲроѵ; |
| 3260 | сos rœ v SaLpovœv pLKrrjv каі âvœpaXov <I>vglv e^óv- |
| 3261 | tcüv каі 7TpoalpecLV. |
| 3262 | оѲеѵ 6 pèv ІІХатсоѵ ’0 Xvp- |
| 3263 | ttIols Oeoîs та Sedici каі 7TepLTrà та 8’ аѵтіфшѵа |
| 3264 | B tovtcüv balpoGLV aTToblbcooLV. |
| 3265 | 6 Se ’EevoKparrjs каі |
| 3266 | tcüv rjpepcüv ra s drro(j)pabas каі rœ v еортсЬѵ ocrât |
| 3267 | 7гДrjyds TLvas i) Konerovs rj vrjorelas rj bvo<f>r)plas rj |
| 3268 | alaxpoXoylav exovGLV olire Ѳесоѵ TLpaîs olire Sat- |
| 3269 | póvcov oterat TrpoGrjKeLV xpr)cftcüv, âXX9 ettat (I)vg€ls |
| 3270 | ev rœ rrepLexovTL peyaXas pèv каі ìaxvpds> Ьѵотро- |
| 3271 | TTOvs Se каі GKvdpojTrds, cll x a lpovGL tols tolovtols, |
| 3272 | каі TvyxdvovaaL ттpòs ovSèv dXXo ^etpov TpeTrovraL• |
| 3273 | 1 ovs |
| 3274 | oe |
| 3275 | хрѴатоѵ$ |
| 3276 | ^a-Atv |
| 3277 | /eat |
| 3278 | ayaoovs |
| 3279 | o |
| 3280 | U |
| 3281 | 62 |
| 3282 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 361 |
| 3283 | gained from the gods / ° but that the epithet derived |
| 3284 | from the demigods (or daemons) he uses of the worthy |
| 3285 | and worthless alike b ; for example : |
| 3286 | Daemon-possessed, come on ! |
| 3287 | Why seek you to frighten the |
| 3288 | Argives |
| 3289 | Thus ? c |
| 3290 | and again |
| 3291 | When for the fourth time onward he came with a rush, like |
| 3292 | a daemon d; |
| 3293 | and |
| 3294 | Daemon-possessed, in what do Priam and children of Priam |
| 3295 | Work you such ill that your soul is ever relentlessly eager |
| 3296 | Ilium, fair-built city, to bring to complete desolation ? e |
| 3297 | The assumption, then, is that the demigods (or |
| 3298 | daemons) have a complex and inconsistent nature |
| 3299 | and purpose ; |
| 3300 | wherefore P latof assigns to the |
| 3301 | Olympian gods right-hand qualities and odd numbers, |
| 3302 | and to the demigods the opposite of these. |
| 3303 | Xeno |
| 3304 | crates also is of the opinion that such days as are days |
| 3305 | of ill omen, and such festivals as have associated with |
| 3306 | them either beatings or lamentations or fastings or |
| 3307 | scurrilous language or ribald jests have no relation to |
| 3308 | the honours paid to the gods or to worthy demigods, |
| 3309 | but he believes that there exist in the space about us |
| 3310 | certain great and powerful natures, obdurate, how |
| 3311 | ever, and morose, which take pleasure in such things |
| 3312 | as these, and, if they succeed in obtaining them, |
| 3313 | resort to nothing worse. |
| 3314 | Then again, Hesiod calls the worthy and good |
| 3315 | a See Homer, Od. vi. 12. |
| 3316 | 6 Of. 415 a, infra. |
| 3317 | e Iliad, xiii. 810. |
| 3318 | d Ibid. v. 438, xiv. 705, xx. 447. |
| 3319 | * Ibid. iv. 31. |
| 3320 | f Plato, Laws, 717 a, assigns the Even and the Left to the |
| 3321 | chthonic deities, and Plutarch quite correctly derives his |
| 3322 | statement from this. |
| 3323 | 63 |
| p. 44 | |
| 3324 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 3325 | (361) 'HoxoSos* |
| 3326 | Opel) |
| 3327 | tt t |
| 3328 | \ |
| 3329 | 1 |
| 3330 | ayvovs |
| 3331 | SatjLLovas” Kai “ <Į>vXaKas av- |
| 3332 | cottojv |
| 3333 | TTpocrayopevet,, |
| 3334 | 7 rX ov T o8 oras K a i tovto y ¿ p a s /JacrtAijioi/2 e y o v r a ę . |
| 3335 | C o T€ HXartoV €pp,7)V€VTlKOV TO TOlOVTOV OVOpd^Cl |
| 3336 | yevos Kai htaKovtKov ev peocp Oetov Kai dvOpcorrcov, |
| 3337 | evx&S Į1^ ¿K€i KaL 8erĮG€is dvOpcorrcov dvarrepTrov- |
| 3338 | ra s, ¿KeWev Se pavreta Sevpo Kai 8ooeis ayaOcov |
| 3339 | <j>epovras. |
| 3340 | ' |
| 3341 | 'EpTreSoKXrjs Se Kai Si/cas* <f>rjal 818¿vai rovę |
| 3342 | Saipovas cbv av3 ¿įapapTcooi Kai nXrjppeXrjGCOGLV, |
| 3343 | aWepiov pev yap g<Į>€ pivos irovrovSe 8uok€l, |
| 3344 | ttovtos S’ ¿s ^flo^os* ovSas ¿7t4tttvg€, yaia 8’ |
| 3345 | > |
| 3346 | > \ 4 |
| 3347 | es avyas |
| 3348 | r)€Xiov aKapavros ,6 o 8’ aWepos epjiaXe Sivatę* |
| 3349 | aAAos* 8’ |
| 3350 | aXXov |
| 3351 | Sč^ čtcu, |
| 3352 | orvyeovoi |
| 3353 | 84 |
| 3354 | 7T0LVT€S‘ |
| 3355 | dxpt* ov KoXaG0evT€S oiirco Kal Ka0ap0evres av0is |
| 3356 | rrjv Kara <f>voiv x<*>Pav Ka'L TaJjiv diroXaficogi. |
| 3357 | D |
| 3358 | 27. Toirrcov Se Kal rdov tolovtidv a8eX(f)d Aeye- |
| 3359 | <70at <f>aai rrepl Tvcfrdbvos, cos Set^a pev mto <f)06vov |
| 3360 | Kal 8vapeveias eipyaoaro, Kal rravra Trpaypara |
| 3361 | rapa£as eveVA^cre KaKcov yfjv opov re iraoav Kal |
| 3362 | 0aXaTTavy e ira |
| 3363 | 8iKrjv |
| 3364 | eScokcv. |
| 3365 | rj |
| 3366 | Se npeopos |
| 3367 | 1 ayvovs’] iaOXol Hesiod, O.D. 123. |
| 3368 | 2 jSaatA^tov] probably fiaaiXrjov {fiaoiXeiov?) should be read |
| 3369 | as the metre demands. |
| 3370 | 3 av added by Duebner from Eusebius. |
| 3371 | 4 avyas in Hippolytus, Refutatio: avQis. |
| 3372 | 5 oLKafiavros] (fraeQovros Hippolytus. |
| 3373 | ° Hesiod, Works and Days, 123 and 253. |
| 3374 | C/. Moralia, |
| 3375 | 431 e, infra. |
| 3376 | 64 |
| 3377 | demigods “ holy deities ” and “ guardians of mortals ” a |
| 3378 | and |
| 3379 | Givers of wealth, and having therein a reward that is kingly.6 |
| 3380 | Plato c calls this class of beings an interpretative |
| 3381 | and ministering class, midway between gods and |
| 3382 | men, in that they convey thither the prayers and |
| 3383 | petitions of men, and thence they bring hither the |
| 3384 | oracles and the gifts of good things. |
| 3385 | Empedocles d says also that the demigods must pay |
| 3386 | the penalty for the sins that they commit and the |
| 3387 | duties that they neglect : |
| 3388 | Might of the Heavens chases them forth to the realm of |
| 3389 | the Ocean ; |
| 3390 | Ocean spews them out on the soil of the Earth, and |
| 3391 | Earth drives them |
| 3392 | Straight to the rays of the tireless Sun, who consigns |
| 3393 | them to Heaven’s |
| 3394 | Whirlings ; thus one from another receives them, but |
| 3395 | ever with loathing ; |
| 3396 | until, when they have thus been chastened and |
| 3397 | purified, they recover the place and position to which |
| 3398 | they belong in accord with Nature. |
| 3399 | 27. |
| 3400 | Stories akin to these and to others like them |
| 3401 | they say are related about Typhon ; |
| 3402 | how that, |
| 3403 | prompted by jealousy and hostility, he wrought |
| 3404 | terrible deeds and, by bringing utter confusion upon |
| 3405 | all things, filled the whole Earth, arid the ocean as |
| 3406 | well, with ills, and later paid the penalty therefor. |
| 3407 | b Works and Days, 126, repeated in 417 b, infra. |
| 3408 | c Symposium, 202 e . |
| 3409 | Of. also Moralia, 415 a and 416 c- f , |
| 3410 | infra, and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiq. i. 77. |
| 3411 | d Part of a longer passage from Empedocles; cf. H. Diels, |
| 3412 | Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, i. p. 267, Empedocles, no. 115, |
| 3413 | 9-12. |
| 3414 | Cf. also Mor alia, 830 p. |
| 3415 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 361 |
| 3416 | 65 |
| p. 45 | |
| 3417 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 3418 | (361) ’OaípiSos dSeXtf>rj Kal yvvrj ttjv Tvtßtdvos aßeaaoa |
| 3419 | Kal KaranavGaaa pavlav Kal Xvrrav oi) rrepielSe |
| 3420 | tovs aOXovs Kai rovę ay tovas, ovs av¿rXr¡, Kal |
| 3421 | vXdvas avrrjs Kai 7ToXXd ptev epya oo<f>ías TroXXa 8’ |
| 3422 | ávSpeías, dpLvr¡OTiav vnoXaßovaa1 Kal guotttjv, áXXa |
| 3423 | ra ls ayuordrais avapei^aoa TtXerals zlK¿vas Kal |
| 3424 | VTTOvolas |
| 3425 | Kal |
| 3426 | pipf^para2 rtov ro re rraOrjpdrtov, |
| 3427 | evaeßelas ópiov 8 Í8,ay pía Kai napapvdiov ávSpdat |
| 3428 | E Kal |
| 3429 | yvvaiįlv |
| 3430 | viró |
| 3431 | ovpi<f>opujv |
| 3432 | iyopievois |
| 3433 | opioítov |
| 3434 | Kadcooítooev. |
| 3435 | avrrj Se Kai "Ooipis i k Saipióvtov |
| 3436 | áyadtov 81 |
| 3437 | aperrjv3 eis deovs peraßaX ovres> tos |
| 3438 | v<JT€pov 'HpaKXrjs kclI A lovvgos, api a Kal Oetov Kal |
| 3439 | 8a ipóvcov ovK aíro rporrov pepiypevas ripias eyovGi |
| 3440 | vavraxov piev, iv Se tols* vnep yrjv Kal5 into yrjv |
| 3441 | Svvdpevoi pieyiorov. |
| 3442 | oi) y dp áXXov etvai Ytdpamv |
| 3443 | r¡ róv UXovrtovd (¡>ag i, Kal r loiv ttjv Ylepaet/taoaav, |
| 3444 | tos 'A p x¿F aX°S eíp^/eev o Ei)/?oevs Kal o ITorTt/cos* |
| 3445 | 'Hpa/cAeiS^s6 |
| 3446 | to xPVa rVPLOv *v Kai^có^Sco ITAoi;- |
| 3447 | F rtovos rjyovpievos €ivai. |
| 3448 | 28. |
| 3449 | ÜToAejLiato? 8’ o Utorrjp ovap e?Se7 rov ev |
| 3450 | HiįvtoTTTį ro v UXovrtovos koXoggov, oifK im ordpievos |
| 3451 | ovS* |
| 3452 | itopaKtbs |
| 3453 | TTpórepov |
| 3454 | olos |
| 3455 | rrjv |
| 3456 | popcf)rjv |
| 3457 | rjv,8 |
| 3458 | KeXevovra Kopiioai rr¡v rayiG rrįv avrdv els *AAe£- |
| 3459 | dvSpeiav. |
| 3460 | dyvoovvn 8’ avrto K al a7Topovvri |
| 3461 | ttov |
| 3462 | KaOCdpvrai K ai 8ir¡yovp¿va) rots (f>íXois rrjv oifjiv |
| 3463 | evpédrj 7ToXv7rXavrjs dvdptorros ovopa Titoalßios év |
| 3464 | 1 V7To\afiovaa] imoXafiovoav Meziriacus; vnoXapSvra Mark |
| 3465 | land ; but cf. 473 c. |
| 3466 | 2 luiirjfiaTa Baxter: p,Lp.r]p.a. |
| 3467 | * ap€TT)v Reiske: aperijs. |
| 3468 | 4 rot? Xvlander: tovtois. |
| 3469 | virkp yrjv *ai] Xylander would omit. |
| 3470 | TIpa/cAei'S^? Xylander: iJpa/cAciroy. |
| 3471 | ovap «rSe Baxter: avetAe. |
| 3472 | Jjv added by Meziriacus. |
| 3473 | 3 |
| 3474 | 5 |
| 3475 | e |
| 3476 | 7 |
| 3477 | 8 |
| 3478 | 66 |
| 3479 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 361 |
| 3480 | But the avenger, the sister and wife of Osiris, after |
| 3481 | she had quenched and suppressed the madness and |
| 3482 | fury of Typhon, was not indifferent to the contests |
| 3483 | and struggles which she had endured, nor to her own |
| 3484 | wanderings nor to her manifold deeds of wisdom and |
| 3485 | many feats of bravery, nor would she accept oblivion |
| 3486 | and silence for them, but she intermingled in the |
| 3487 | most holy rites portrayals and suggestions and re |
| 3488 | presentations of her experiences at that time, and |
| 3489 | sanctified them, both as a lesson in godliness and an |
| 3490 | encouragement for men and women who find them |
| 3491 | selves in the clutch of like calamities. |
| 3492 | She herself |
| 3493 | and Osiris, translated for their virtues from good |
| 3494 | demigods into gods,a as were Heracles and Dionysus |
| 3495 | later,b not incongruously enjoy double honours, both |
| 3496 | those of gods and those of demigods, and their powers |
| 3497 | extend everywhere, but are greatest in the regions |
| 3498 | above the earth and beneath the earth. |
| 3499 | In fact, |
| 3500 | men assert that Pluto is none other than Serapis and |
| 3501 | that Persephone is Isis, even as Archemachusc of |
| 3502 | Euboea has said, and also Heracleides Ponticus d who |
| 3503 | holds the oracle in Canopus to be an oracle of Pluto. |
| 3504 | 28. Ptolemy Soter saw in a dream the colossal |
| 3505 | statue of Pluto in Sinope, not knowing nor having |
| 3506 | ever seen how it looked, and in his dream the statue |
| 3507 | bade him convey it with all speed to Alexandria. He |
| 3508 | had no information and no means of knowing where |
| 3509 | the statue was situated, but as he related the vision |
| 3510 | to his friends there was discovered for him a much |
| 3511 | travelled man by the name of Sosibius, who said that |
| 3512 | a Cf\ 363 e, infra. |
| 3513 | h C f Mor alia ^ 857 d. |
| 3514 | e Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iv. p. 315, no. 7. |
| 3515 | d Ibid. ii. 198 or Frag. 103, ed. Voss. |
| 3516 | 67 |
| p. 46 | |
| 3517 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 3518 | TtLV(x)7rr] |
| 3519 | <f>api€Pos |
| 3520 | ecopaKevcu |
| 3521 | tolovtov |
| 3522 | koXoggop |
| 3523 | olov o fiaGiXevs Iheiv e8o£ep. |
| 3524 | evepLipev ow TiCOTeXrj |
| 3525 | /cat ¿Xiovvcnov,1 ot XP®V |
| 3526 | ttoXXo) /cat /xoAt?, |
| 3527 | o vk |
| 3528 | 362 avev fie v ro i Oetas TTpopoias, rjyayop ¿KieXeipaPTes. |
| 3529 | €7T€l 8e KopuG0els uxfdr), GvpifiaXdpTes o l nrepl T t/xo - |
| 3530 | rot' ¿£r}y7]T7)v /cat Mai'c&ora tov HefieppvTrjp |
| 3531 | YIXovtcdpos |
| 3532 | op ayaXpia, ra> |
| 3533 | Jiepfieptp reKpLcupo- |
| 3534 | pLtvoi /cat Ta> hpat^ovn, ireidovoi to p UroXepLalop |
| 3535 | erepov oecov ovoevos aAAa Z>apcmoos ear tv. |
| 3536 | 02; yap eKetOev |
| 3537 | ovtcds2 ovopia^Spiepos rjKev, aXX9 |
| 3538 | els ' AAetfavhpeiav Kopuadels |
| 3539 | to nap* A ly v irrlo is |
| 3540 | ovopLa ro v |
| 3541 | YIXovtcdvos |
| 3542 | ¿KTrjcraTO |
| 3543 | to p |
| 3544 | Sapamv. |
| 3545 | /cat /xeurot* 'Hpa/cAetrou too </)Vglkov XeyovTos, |
| 3546 | “ ''Ai&rjs /cat A copvgos cdvtos4 orea> plollpoptcu /cat |
| 3547 | Xrjpai^ovaip,* '* els tclvttjp virayovoL tt)p So^av. |
| 3548 | o l |
| 3549 | B yap a£iovPTes *AiSrjv Xeyeodcu to ocopia rrjs ^vyrjs |
| 3550 | olov |
| 3551 | 7rapa<f>popovor)s |
| 3552 | /cat |
| 3553 | pLeOvovorjs |
| 3554 | iv |
| 3555 | avT<p, |
| 3556 | yXiGXptos aXXiqyopovGL. |
| 3557 | fieXtlop 8e to p "O oip iv |
| 3558 | els tclvto ow d yew Tip Atovvocp, tco t ^OatptSt top |
| 3559 | H apam v, otc ttjp (¡>vg lp pueTefiaXe, TavTrjs tv x o ptl6 |
| 3560 | T?j9 TTpOGTjyOplaS. |
| 3561 | SlO TT&GL KOLPOS O TidpOLTrls ¿GTly |
| 3562 | cos S^7 |
| 3563 | to p *O aipiv ot |
| 3564 | tcdp lepcDP pueTaXafioPTes |
| 3565 | LGCLGLP. |
| 3566 | 1 A iov v oio v from 984 a : h iov v aov . |
| 3567 | 2 ovtcds Salmasius: o vtos. |
| 3568 | 3 jicv T oi] Schellens would add ra. |
| 3569 | 4 covtos Wyttenbach from Eusebius: ovtos. |
| 3570 | 5 ot€o) . . . Xrjvat^ovmv from Clement of Alexandra, Pro- |
| 3571 | trepticus 34 (p. 30 Potter): ore ovv . . . X rjpaivovow. |
| 3572 | 6 ri^om Squire : rir^oi'Ta. |
| 3573 | 7 St) Bernardakis: Se. |
| 3574 | ° 0/. Moralia, 984 a ; Tacitus, Histories, iv. 83-8 A, who |
| 3575 | tells the story more dramatically and with more detail; |
| 3576 | 6 8 |
| 3577 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 361-362 |
| 3578 | he had seen in Sinope just such a great statue as |
| 3579 | the king thought he saw. |
| 3580 | Ptolemy, therefore, sent |
| 3581 | Soteles and Dionysius, who, after a considerable time |
| 3582 | and with great difficulty, and not without the help of |
| 3583 | divine providence, succeeded in stealing the statue and |
| 3584 | bringing it away.® |
| 3585 | When it had been conveyed to |
| 3586 | Egypt and exposed to view, Timotheus, the expositor |
| 3587 | of sacred law, and Manetho of Sebennytus, and their |
| 3588 | associates, conjectured that it was the statue of |
| 3589 | Pluto, basing their conjecture on the Cerberus and |
| 3590 | the serpent with it, and they convinced Ptolemy that |
| 3591 | it was the statue of none other of the gods but Serapis. |
| 3592 | It certainly did not bear this name when it came from |
| 3593 | Sinope, but, after it had been conveyed to Alexandria, |
| 3594 | it took to itself the name which Pluto bears among |
| 3595 | the Egyptians, that of Serapis. |
| 3596 | Moreover, since |
| 3597 | Heracleitus b the physical philosopher says, “ The |
| 3598 | same are Hades and Dionysus, to honour whom they |
| 3599 | rage and rave,” people are inclined to come to this |
| 3600 | opinion. |
| 3601 | In fact, those who insist that the body is |
| 3602 | called Hades, since the soul is, as it were, deranged |
| 3603 | and inebriate when it is in the body, are too frivolous |
| 3604 | in their use of allegory. |
| 3605 | It is better to identify |
| 3606 | Osiris with Dionysus c and Serapis with Osiris, d who |
| 3607 | received this appellation at the time when he changed |
| 3608 | his nature. |
| 3609 | For this reason Serapis is a god of all |
| 3610 | peoples in common, even as Osiris is ; and this they |
| 3611 | who have participated in the holy rites well know. |
| 3612 | Clement of Alexandria, Protrepticus, iv. 48 (p. 42 Potter); |
| 3613 | Origen, Against Celsus, v. 38. |
| 3614 | b Cf. Diels, Frag. der Vorsokratiker, i. 81, Heracleitus |
| 3615 | no. 14. |
| 3616 | e Cf. 356 b, supra, and 364 d, infra. |
| 3617 | d Cf. 376 a, infra, and Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. Sarapis (vol. |
| 3618 | i. a, col. 2394). |
| 3619 | 69 |
| p. 47 | |
| 3620 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 3621 | (362) |
| 3622 | 2 9 . Ov yàp âÇiov npoaex^LV toîs Фpvyiois ypcip- |
| 3623 | pacriv, iv oh Хеуетai Šapams* vlòs1 pkv тоѵ |
| 3624 | *НракХіоѵд уеѵіоѲаi Ovydrrjp т’2 Hats*, ’AA/caiou3 |
| 3625 | Se тоѵ 'НракХіоѵя о Тѵфсоѵ* оѵ Se ФѵХархоѵ* prj |
| 3626 | катафроѵеіѵ урафоѵтод оті тгрытоя els Аіуѵтгтоѵ |
| 3627 | С |
| 3628 | ’Іѵ8о)г Aióvvaos rįyaye Suo ßovs, йѵ fjv reo pèv |
| 3629 | TA m s ovopa тер 8’ * 0 cnpis' Šapams* S’ dvopa toû |
| 3630 | to 77ctu Koopovvros, іаті ттара то “ oaipeiv,” о |
| 3631 | каХХѵѵеіѵ rives каі коареіѵ Хіуоѵоіѵ. |
| 3632 | атотта yàp |
| 3633 | таѵта тоѵ ФѵХархоѵ, ттоХХср 8’ атошЬтера та5 тооѵ |
| 3634 | Хеуоѵтсоѵ оѵк eïvai Ѳеоѵ тоѵ Hdpamv, âXXà тт)ѵ |
| 3635 | "AmSos cropov ovTtos ¿ѵора^еоѲаі, каі ^aA/caç |
| 3636 | rivas iv Шірфеі TTvXas XrjOrjs каі кажѵтоѵ ттроа- |
| 3637 | ayopevopivas, oraѵ Ѳатттшоі тоѵ TAmv, dvoLye- |
| 3638 | оѲаі, ßapv каі cKXrjpòv фoфovaas^ St à 7ravTos |
| 3639 | TjxovvTOs rjpäs хаА/ссо/хато? imXapßaveo0ai. |
| 3640 | р е |
| 3641 | / |
| 3642 | e 0> |
| 3643 | *7 |
| 3644 | ' |
| 3645 | * <i |
| 3646 | / |
| 3647 | / ) » > |
| 3648 | ^ |
| 3649 | \ |
| 3650 | тріштероѵ |
| 3651 | о |
| 3652 | oi |
| 3653 | 7тара то |
| 3654 | аеѵеооai |
| 3655 | каі то |
| 3656 | ** ооѵоѲаі ” тг)ѵ тоѵ rravròs ара Kivrjoiv elpfjoOai |
| 3657 | D фdoкovт€S• |
| 3658 | oi Se ттХеіатоі rœv iepeœv els таѵто |
| 3659 | фасп тоѵ "Ooipiv аѵрттеттХехѲаі каі тоѵ ТА7тіѵ, |
| 3660 | і£?]уоѵр€ѴОі каі SiSdoKovres rjpäs, cos* еррорфоѵ8 |
| 3661 | еікбѵа ХРѴ ѵорі^еіѵ rrjs ’Oaipi&os фѵх*}$ |
| 3662 | тоу |
| 3663 | 1 Zapams Reiske, wo? F.C.B. (the context seems to require |
| 3664 | 2Zapams here): xaP0 7 T t o v s. |
| 3665 | 2 r* added by F.C.B. |
| 3666 | 3 TI<n? Emperius, *AAualov F.C .B .: ificuaKov. |
| 3667 | 4 (f>v\apxov Xylander: <j>i\apxov. |
| 3668 | 5 Ta add ed by Squire. |
| 3669 | 6 pLtTputrrcpov] p,€TpicoT€poi Baxter. |
| 3670 | 7 oi added by Xylander. |
| 3671 | 8 €nfjLOp<l>ov9 as in 368 c, Wyttenbach: €vpop</>ov. |
| 3672 | a Cf. Cicero, De Natura Deorum, iii. 16 (42). |
| 3673 | 6 Cf. Pauly-Wissowa, l.c., col. 2396-2397, for other etymolo |
| 3674 | gies. The derivation from sairein (sweep) is wholly fanciful. |
| 3675 | 70 |
| 3676 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 362 |
| 3677 | 2 9 . |
| 3678 | It is not worth while to pay any attention to |
| 3679 | the Phrygian writings,0 in which it is said that Serapis |
| 3680 | was the son of Heracles, and Isis was his daughter, |
| 3681 | and Typhon was the son of Alcaeus, who also was |
| 3682 | a son of Heracles ; nor must we fail to contemn |
| 3683 | Phylarchus, who writes that Dionysus was the first to |
| 3684 | bring from India into Egypt two bulls, and that the |
| 3685 | name of one was Apis and of the other Osiris. |
| 3686 | But |
| 3687 | Serapis is the name of him who sets the universe in |
| 3688 | order, and it is derived from “ sweep ” {sairein), which |
| 3689 | some say means “ to beautify ” and “ to put in order.” b |
| 3690 | As a matter of fact, these statements of Phylarchus |
| 3691 | are absurd, but even more absurd are those put forth |
| 3692 | by those who say that Serapis is no god at all, but |
| 3693 | the name of the coffin of Apis ; and that there are |
| 3694 | in Memphis certain bronze gates called the Gates of |
| 3695 | Oblivion and Lamentation,6 * which are opened when |
| 3696 | the burial of Apis takes place, and they give out a |
| 3697 | deep and harsh sound ; and it is because of this that |
| 3698 | we lay hand upon anything of bronze that gives out |
| 3699 | a sound/ |
| 3700 | More moderate is the statement of those |
| 3701 | who say that the derivation6 is from “ shoot” |
| 3702 | (seuesthai) or “ scoot ” (sousthai), meaning the general |
| 3703 | movement of the universe. |
| 3704 | Most of the priests say |
| 3705 | that Osiris and Apis are conjoined into one, thus |
| 3706 | explaining to us and informing us that we must regard |
| 3707 | Apis as the bodily image of the soul of Osiris/ |
| 3708 | But |
| 3709 | c Cf. Diodorus, i. 96, and Pausanias, i. 18. 4, with Frazer’s |
| 3710 | note. |
| 3711 | d Cf. Moralia, 995 e - f ; Aristotle, Frag. 196 (ed. Rose); |
| 3712 | or Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras, 41. |
| 3713 | e This derivation (from seuesthai or sousthai) is also |
| 3714 | fanciful. |
| 3715 | 1 Cf. 359 b, supra, and 368 c, infra, and Diodorus, i. 85. |
| 3716 | 4-5. |
| 3717 | 71 |
| p. 48 | |
| 3718 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 3719 | (3G2) *A ttlv. |
| 3720 | iyò) 8e, et [lèv A lydirnov è a n rovvopa |
| 3721 | rov H apdm òos, ev(f>poavvrjv avrò SrjAovv otojiai |
| 3722 | Kal yappLoovv-qv, reKfiaipòpevos òri rrjv éoprrjv |
| 3723 | A ìyvrm oi rà yappóavva “ a a ip ei” KaAovaiv. |
| 3724 | Kal |
| 3725 | yàp UXarcov ròv "A iSrjv a>s (hf^eXrjaijiov1 rois rrap’ |
| 3726 | avrcp2 3 * yevojievois |
| 3727 | Kal |
| 3728 | rrpoGrjvrj |
| 3729 | 6eòv |
| 3730 | d)vo[iaadai |
| 3731 | <prjai• Kal rrapy Alyvrrriois aXXa re rroXXà rcòv |
| 3732 | ovojxdrtov Aóyoi elxji2 Kal ròv vttox^Óvlov tottov, |
| 3733 | ets ov oiovrai ras* i/jvxàs drTepx^Gdai [ierà rrjv |
| 3734 | reXevrrjv, |
| 3735 | *A [lévOrjv |
| 3736 | KaXovoi, |
| 3737 | Grjjiaivovros |
| 3738 | rov |
| 3739 | E ¿vójiaros ròv Xaji^avovra Kal SiSòvra. |
| 3740 | et Se Kal |
| 3741 | rovro |
| 3742 | rcòv Ì k rrjs 'EÀÀaSos* dneAdovrcvv rrdAai |
| 3743 | Kal [leraKopuodevrajv ovojidrcuv ev èa n v , varepov |
| 3744 | €7TLaK€i[jc>[i€Qa * vvv 8è r à Aoirrà rrjs ev XePOL $ò£rjs |
| 3745 | rrpo crS t eAdcvfi e v. |
| 3746 | 30. |
| 3747 | ' 0 [lèv yàp "Oaipis Kal rj TIorts* €K Saipóvcov |
| 3748 | àyadcòv ets deovs perrjXAaf;av rrjv Se rov Tv(f)d>vos |
| 3749 | rj[iavpco[iévrjv Kal avvrerpi[i[iévrjv Svvajiiv, èri Se |
| 3750 | Kal i/jvxoppayovaav Kal aefraSdì^ovaav, éartv als |
| 3751 | rraprjyopovGi dvatais Kat npavvovaiv* ta ri 8’ ore |
| 3752 | F rrdAiv €Kra7r€Lvovai |
| 3753 | Kal |
| 3754 | KaOufipi^ovGiv |
| 3755 | ev rcoiv |
| 3756 | èoprals, |
| 3757 | rcòv [lèv dvOptoTTcov rovs rrvppovs |
| 3758 | Kal |
| 3759 | TrpoTrrjXaKL^ovreg, ovov Se Kal KaraKprjjivlì^ovres, |
| 3760 | cbs KoTrTtrat, Sta rò rrvppòv yeyovevat ròv liviiòva |
| 3761 | Kal ovcoSrj rrjv xP °av' Bovatpirai Se Kal A vko- |
| 3762 | rroAirai GdXmy^LV ov xpàòvrai rò rraparrav a>s ovep |
| 3763 | <f>6eyyo[i€vais ¿[i(f>epés- |
| 3764 | Kal oXcus |
| 3765 | ròv |
| 3766 | ovov ov |
| 3767 | 1 <x)<f>€\rjotpov F.C.B. (cf. Plato, Cratyl. 403 e péyas cvepyerrjs |
| 3768 | tcjv rtap avrai) : alòovs vlòv. |
| 3769 | 2 avrai Wyttenbach : avrov. |
| 3770 | 3 Xóyoc eteri] Xóyov ex€L Pohlenz. |
| 3771 | 72 |
| 3772 | ISIS AND OSIRIS. 362 |
| 3773 | it is my opinion that, if the name Serapis is Egyptian, |
| 3774 | it denotes cheerfulness and rejoicing, and I base this |
| 3775 | opinion on the fact that the Egyptians call their |
| 3776 | festival of rejoicing sairei. |
| 3777 | In fact, Platoa says |
| 3778 | that Hades is so named because he is a beneficent and |
| 3779 | gentle god towards those who have come to abide |
| 3780 | with him. |
| 3781 | Moreover, among the Egyptians many |
| 3782 | others of the proper names are real words ; for |
| 3783 | example, that place beneath the earth, to which they |
| 3784 | believe that souls depart after the end of this life, |
| 3785 | they call Amenthes, the name signifying “ the one |
| 3786 | who receives and gives.” |
| 3787 | Whether this is one of |
| 3788 | those words which came from Greece in very ancient |
| 3789 | times and were brought back again b we will consider |
| 3790 | later,c but for the present let us go on to discuss the |
| 3791 | remainder of the views now before us. |
| 3792 | 30. |
| 3793 | Now Osiris and Isis changed from good minor |
| 3794 | deities into gods.d |
| 3795 | But the power of Typhon, |
| 3796 | weakened and crushed, but still fighting and strug- |
| 3797 | glingagainst extinction, they try to console and mollify |
| 3798 | by certain sacrifices ; but again there are times when, |
| 3799 | at certain festivals, they humiliate and insult him by |
| 3800 | assailing red-headed men wi th j eering, and by throwing |
| 3801 | an ass over the edge of a precipice, as the people of |
| 3802 | Kopto do, because Typhon had red hair and in colour |
| 3803 | resembled an ass.e |
| 3804 | The people of Busiris^ and |
| 3805 | Lycopolis do not use trumpets at all, because these |
| 3806 | make a sound like an ass9 ; and altogether they |
| 3807 | ° Plato, Cratylus, 403 a-4 0 4 a, suggests various deriva |
| 3808 | tions of the name Hades. |
| 3809 | b Cf. 375 e -f , infra. |
| 3810 | c Cf. 375 d, infra. |
| 3811 | d Cf. 361 e , supra. |
| 3812 | 9 Cf. 359 e , supra, and 364 a, infra; for Kopto cf. 356 d. |
| 3813 | 1 Cf. Moralia, 150 e-f . |
| 3814 | 9 Cf. Aelian, De Natura Animalium, x. 28. |
| 3815 | 73 |
| p. 49 | |
| 3816 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 3817 | xaOapov аЛАа batpovixov rjyovvrai £d)ov ¿tvai Sm |
| 3818 | T7JV TTpOS €X€lVOV ¿pOLOTrjTa, Xal TTOTTava nOLOVVTCS |
| 3819 | iv Ovoiais год тс Паша /cat rod Фаа)ф1 prjvos |
| 3820 | 363 imnAarrovcn napaarjpov ovov SeSepivov. |
| 3821 | iv Sc |
| 3822 | rfj rod rjAiov OvoLq rots oefiopivois1 rov 6eov 7тареу- |
| 3823 | yv&oi prj форем ini rq> acbpan ypvoia prjb' ovcp |
| 3824 | rpo<f>rjv SiSovat. |
| 3825 | (j)alvovraL Sc /cat ot lli/0ayopt/cot |
| 3826 | rov Twf>&va Saipovixrjv rjyovpevoi Svvapiv. |
| 3827 | Ac- |
| 3828 | yovoi yap iv aprLco ¡метра) ектсо /cat nevrrjxoarcp |
| 3829 | yeyovivat Tu^tova* /cat 7raAiv rrjv pev rov rpiyaivov |
| 3830 | "AtSou /cat Atovuaou /cat "Apeos etvai* rqv Sc tou |
| 3831 | rerpaywvov 'Pea? /cat 'AffrpoSirrjs /cat Аfjprjrpos |
| 3832 | /cat 'Ear/as* /cat vHpas“1 2, rrjv Sc той bcobexaycbvov |
| 3833 | A los‘ rrjv S’3 ixxainevrrjxovraytoviov4, T v(f>cuvos, |
| 3834 | w$ Evbogos laroprjxev, |
| 3835 | В |
| 3836 | 31. Atyu7TTtot |
| 3837 | Sc |
| 3838 | 7Tvppoxpovv |
| 3839 | yeyovivat |
| 3840 | tov |
| 3841 | T v<f>cbva vopi^ovres /cat tcov fioajv rods nvppovg |
| 3842 | KadiepevovoLv, ovtojs акрфг} noiovpevoi rrjv пара- |
| 3843 | rrjprjOLV, ware, xav ¡xlav e^rj rpLya piAaivav rj |
| 3844 | Xevxrjv, aOvrov rjyeladaL. |
| 3845 | Ovonpov yap ov <f>LAov |
| 3846 | ¿ivai deois, aXXa rovvavriov, oaa i/svyas avooiejv |
| 3847 | av9pu)na>v /cat ahlxcjv els erepa perapop<f>ovpiva>v |
| 3848 | асората avvelXrjcfie, |
| 3849 | St о |
| 3850 | тту |
| 3851 | pev |
| 3852 | хефаХр год |
| 3853 | iepeiov xarapaoapevoi /cat anoxoipavres cts* tov |
| 3854 | 1 oepofitvois Xylander: ioopcvois^ |
| 3855 | 2 Kal *Hpas] Emperius would omit. |
| 3856 | 3 ttjv 5*] tt)v 8c tov Reiske; but, if we can trust the |
| 3857 | mss., Plutarch is very inconstant in keeping to a uniform |
| 3858 | phraseology. |
| 3859 | 4 cKKCuircvTTjKoivaywvi&v |
| 3860 | Xylander : |
| 3861 | октсок<штсутт)корта~ |
| 3862 | ycovlou, |
| 3863 | 71 |
| 3864 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 362-363 |
| 3865 | regard the ass as an unclean animal dominated by |
| 3866 | some higher power because of its resemblance to |
| 3867 | Typhon/ and when they make cakes at their sacri |
| 3868 | fices in the month of Payni and of Phaophi they |
| 3869 | imprint upon them the device of an ass tied by a |
| 3870 | rope.b |
| 3871 | Moreover, in the sacrifice to the Sun they |
| 3872 | enjoin upon the worshippers not to wear any golden |
| 3873 | ornaments nor to give fodder to an ass. |
| 3874 | It is plain |
| 3875 | that the adherents of Pythagoras hold Typhon to be |
| 3876 | a daemonic power ; for they say that he was born in |
| 3877 | an even factor of fifty-six ; and the dominion of the |
| 3878 | triangle belongs to Hades, Dionysus, and Ares, that |
| 3879 | of the quadrilateral to Rhea, Aphrodite, Demeter. |
| 3880 | Hestia, and Hera, that of the dodecagon to Zeus,c and |
| 3881 | that of a polygon of fifty-six sides to Typhon, as |
| 3882 | Eudoxus has recorded. |
| 3883 | 31. |
| 3884 | The Egyptians, because of their belief that |
| 3885 | Typhon was of a red complexion/ also dedicate to |
| 3886 | sacrifice such of their neat cattle as are of a red |
| 3887 | colour/ but they conduct the examination of these so |
| 3888 | scrupulously that, if an animal has but one hair black |
| 3889 | or white, they think it wrong to sacrifice itf ; for they |
| 3890 | regard as suitable for sacrifice not what is dear to the |
| 3891 | gods but the reverse, namely, such animals as have |
| 3892 | incarnate in them souls of unholy and unrighteous |
| 3893 | men who have been transformed into other bodies. |
| 3894 | For this reason they invoke curses on the head of the |
| 3895 | victim and cut it off, and in earlier times they used to |
| 3896 | a Cf, Moralia, 150 f . |
| 3897 | b df, 371 d, infra, |
| 3898 | c As the chief of the twelve gods presumably ; cf, Hero |
| 3899 | dotus, ii. 4. |
| 3900 | d Cf, 359 e , supra, and 364 a , infra, |
| 3901 | e Cf, Diodorus, i. 88. |
| 3902 | * Cf, Herodotus, ii. 38, and Diodorus, i. S3. |
| 3903 | 75 |
| p. 50 | |
| 3904 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 3905 | (363) irorapov |
| 3906 | eppirrrovv |
| 3907 | rraXat, |
| 3908 | vvv |
| 3909 | 8e |
| 3910 | rots |
| 3911 | Hevois |
| 3912 | a7ro8i8ovT<u. |
| 3913 | rov Se peXXovra OveaOai fiovv ol |
| 3914 | C G<j)payiarai Xeyopevot robv lepecov KarearjjjLalvovro, |
| 3915 | rrjs o<f>payZ8os, cos loro pel Eaorcop, yXv(j>rjv pev |
| 3916 | ¿xovgtjs avOpconov els yovv KadeiKora raXs x €P°r'LV |
| 3917 | orriooo |
| 3918 | 7T€pi7]yp,evais, e^o^ra |
| 3919 | Kara rrjs |
| 3920 | G(f>ayrjs |
| 3921 | £L(f>os |
| 3922 | eyKelpevov• |
| 3923 | arroXaveiv |
| 3924 | 8e /cat |
| 3925 | rov |
| 3926 | ovov, |
| 3927 | cdarrep etprjrai, rrjs opoiorrjros 8ia rrjv apadlav |
| 3928 | /cat rrjv vfipcv ovx rjfrov rj Sta rrjv xpoav oio vra i. |
| 3929 | 8 to |
| 3930 | /cat |
| 3931 | rcov |
| 3932 | WepoLK&v |
| 3933 | fiaoiXecov |
| 3934 | ¿xQpalvovres |
| 3935 | paXiG ra rov |
| 3936 | ¿vayfj /cat ptapov, ovov |
| 3937 | errcovipaoav. |
| 3938 | KaKeXvos |
| 3939 | elrroov, “ o |
| 3940 | pevroi |
| 3941 | ovos |
| 3942 | ovros vpcbv /car€ua)^cr€Tat rov fiovv,*’ edvoe rov |
| 3943 | rA ttlv, cos Aelvcov iaroprjKev. |
| 3944 | o l 8e Xeyovres i k |
| 3945 | D rrjs pa-Xys ^77* ovov rep Tvcfrcbvi rrjv (frvyrjv errra |
| 3946 | rjpepas1 yeveoQai, /cat Gcodevra yevvrjoat rraX8as |
| 3947 | TcpoaoAu/xoj/ /cat ’IouSatov, avroOev elol KaraSrjXot |
| 3948 | ra ’IouSat/ca rrapeXKOvres €ls rov pvdov. |
| 3949 | 32. Tavra pev ovv roiavras vrrovolas 8l8coglv |
| 3950 | ¿ 7t9 aXXrjs 8’ apxys T&v <f>iXooo<f><x)rep6v n Xeyecv |
| 3951 | SoKovvrcov2 * * * 6 * rovs arrXovordrovs GKeiffcopeda npcorov. |
| 3952 | ourot S’ elolv ol Xeyovres, coorrep "EXXrjves Kp6vov |
| 3953 | dXXrjyopovoL rov xP°vov> "H pay Se rov aepa, ye- |
| 3954 | veGiv 8e 'H^atcrrou rrjv els irvp a epos perafioXrjv, |
| 3955 | ovreo rrap* Alyvrrrlots NetAov elvai rov "Ooipiv |
| 3956 | 1 rjfjLtoas Markland: rjpcpais. |
| 3957 | 2 Sokovvtojv Eusebius, Praep. Ev. iii. 3 : hvvapivojv. |
| 3958 | a “ To Greeks,” says Herodotus, ii. 39. Cf. Deuteronomy |
| 3959 | xiv. 21, “ Thou shalt give it ($c. anything that dieth of itself) |
| 3960 | unto the stranger that is in thy gates . . . or thou |
| 3961 | mayest sell it unto an alien.” |
| 3962 | 6 Cf. Herodotus, ii. 38, and Porphyry, Be Abstinentia, |
| 3963 | iv. 7. |
| 3964 | 76 |
| 3965 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 363 |
| 3966 | throw it into the river, but now they sell it to aliens.® |
| 3967 | Upon the neat animal intended for sacrifice those of |
| 3968 | the priests who were called “ Sealers ” b used to put |
| 3969 | a m ark; and their seal, as Castor records, bore an |
| 3970 | engraving of a man with his knee on the ground and |
| 3971 | his hands tied behind his back, and with a sword at |
| 3972 | his throat.0 They think, as has been said,d that the |
| 3973 | ass reaps the consequences of his resemblance |
| 3974 | because of his stupidity and his lascivious behaviour |
| 3975 | no less than because of his colour. This is also |
| 3976 | the reason why, since they hated Ochuse most of |
| 3977 | all the Persian kings because he was a detested |
| 3978 | and abominable ruler, they nicknamed him 14 the |
| 3979 | Ass ” ; and he remarked, “ But this Ass will feast |
| 3980 | upon your Bull,” and slaughtered Apis, as Deinon has |
| 3981 | recorded. But those who relate that Typhon s flight |
| 3982 | from the battle was made on the back of an ass and |
| 3983 | lasted for seven days, and that after he had made his |
| 3984 | escape, he became the father of sons, Hierosolymus |
| 3985 | and Judaeus, are manifestly, as the very names show, |
| 3986 | attempting to drag Jewish traditions / into the legend. |
| 3987 | 32. |
| 3988 | Such, then, are the possible interpretations |
| 3989 | which these facts suggest. But now let us begin over |
| 3990 | again, and consider first the most perspicuous of those |
| 3991 | who have a reputation for expounding matters more |
| 3992 | philosophically. These men are like the Greeks who |
| 3993 | say that Cronus is but a figurative name for Chronus 9 |
| 3994 | (Time), Hera for Air, and that the birth of Hephaestus |
| 3995 | symbolizes the change of Air into Fire.71 |
| 3996 | And thus |
| 3997 | among the Egyptians such men say that Osiris is the |
| 3998 | c Cf. Diodorus, i. 88. 4-5. |
| 3999 | d 362 f , supra. |
| 4000 | 6 Cf. 355 c, supra, and Adían, Varia Historia, iv. 8. |
| 4001 | f Cf. Tacitus, Histories, v. 2. |
| 4002 | 9 Cf. Cicero, Be Natura Beorum, ii. 25 (64). |
| 4003 | k Cf. 392 c, infra. |
| 4004 | 77 |
| p. 51 | |
| 4005 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 4006 | (363) HaiSi avvovra rrj yij, Tv<f>d)va Se rrjv OaXarrav, |
| 4007 | elę rjv o NelXoę ¿ĮJL7T17TTOJV d<f>av įkerai Kal Sta- |
| 4008 | E andrai, nXrjv oaov rj yfj piipoę avaXapifiavovoa |
| 4009 | K ai Sexofievr] yiyverai yovipioę vn avrov. |
| 4010 | Kat dprįvoę eanv lepoę enl rod Kpovov1 aS¿pievos2, |
| 4011 | Oprjvel Se rov iv rolę apiarepolę yiyvipuevov pbipeaiv, |
| 4012 | €V Se |
| 4013 | tols |
| 4014 | Senolę <f>6eipopLevov Alyvnnoi ydp |
| 4015 | oiovrai ra pcev ecoa rov Koapiov npoaconov elvai, |
| 4016 | ra Sc 7rpos fioppav Se£ia, ra Se rrpos vorov apiarepd. |
| 4017 | <f)€pOpL€VOS OVV €K rCOV VOriCOV O NctAoS“, €V Se |
| 4018 | rolę fiopeioię V7TO riję 0aXarrrję KaravaXiOK6pLevoę, |
| 4019 | eu<ortoę Xeyerai rrjv pev yeveaiv iv rolę apiarepolę |
| 4020 | €%€ivt rrjv Se <f>9opdv iv rolę Seįiolę. |
| 4021 | S 10 rrjv |
| 4022 | re OaXarrav oi lepelę d(f)oaiovvrai Kal rov aXa |
| 4023 | Tv<f>ibvoę d(f>pov KaXovor Kal rcov anayopevopevwv |
| 4024 | F €v ear lv avrolę err l rpanetprję aXa pirj nporiOeaOai. |
| 4025 | ¡cal Kvfiepvrjraę ov npoaayopevovaiv, on xp&vrai |
| 4026 | OaXarrrj Kai rov filov ano riję 6aXarrrję eypvaiv. |
| 4027 | ovx rjKiora Se Kal rov IxOvv ano ravrrję npofiaX- |
| 4028 | Xovrai riję alriaę, Kai r o puaelv fyOvi ypa<Į>ovow. |
| 4029 | iv Saet3 yovv iv ra) nponvXip rov lepov riję *AOrjvaę |
| 4030 | ijv yeyXvppevov ¡3pe<Į)oę, yepcuv, Kai perą rovrov4 |
| 4031 | lepaę, €(f>eįiję o tyvvę, em rraac o mnoę norapioę. |
| 4032 | e8?jXou Se avpfioXiK<jbę, “ d) yiyvopevoi Kai ano- |
| 4033 | 1 Kpovov] NctAov Meziriacus. |
| 4034 | 2 ahofięvos F.C .B .: ytvoįitvos. ([cVi] rov K. \ęyop.€vos, Hart |
| 4035 | man, avoids hiatus, but hiatus is not unknown in Plutarch.) |
| 4036 | 3 ¿act Hatzidakis (confirmed by papyri) : Sat. |
| 4037 | 4 tovtov Berną rdakis : touto. |
| 4038 | 78 |
| 4039 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 363 |
| 4040 | Nile consorting with the Earth, which is Isis, and that |
| 4041 | the sea is Typhon into which the Nile discharges its |
| 4042 | waters and is lost to view and dissipated, save for that |
| 4043 | part which the earth takes up and absorbs and thereby |
| 4044 | becomes fertilized.® |
| 4045 | There is also a religious lament sung over Cronus.6 |
| 4046 | The lament is for him that is born in the regions on |
| 4047 | the left, and suffers dissolution in the regions on the |
| 4048 | right; for the Egyptians believe that the eastern |
| 4049 | regions are the face of the world, the northern the |
| 4050 | right, and the southern the left.0 The Nile, therefore, |
| 4051 | which runs from the south and is swallowed up by the |
| 4052 | sea in the north, is naturally said to have its birth on |
| 4053 | the left and its dissolution on the right. |
| 4054 | For this |
| 4055 | reason the priests religiously keep themselves aloof |
| 4056 | from the sea, and call salt the “ spume of Typhon ” ; |
| 4057 | and one of the things forbidden them is to set salt upon |
| 4058 | a table d; also they do not speak to pilots/ because |
| 4059 | these men make use of the sea, and gain their liveli |
| 4060 | hood from the sea. |
| 4061 | This is also not the least of the |
| 4062 | reasons why they eschew fish/ and they portray hatred |
| 4063 | by drawing the picture of a fish. At Sa'is in the vesti |
| 4064 | bule of the temple of Athena was carved a babe and |
| 4065 | an aged man, and after this a hawk, and next a fish, |
| 4066 | and finally an hippopotamus. The symbolic meaning |
| 4067 | of this was 9 : “ O ye that are coming into the wrorld |
| 4068 | a Cf. 366 a , infra. |
| 4069 | b For Cronus as representing rivers and water see Pauly- |
| 4070 | Wissowa, xi. 1987-1988. |
| 4071 | c Of. Moralia9 282 d -e and 729 b. |
| 4072 | d Ibid. 685 a and 729 a . |
| 4073 | * Ibid. 729 c. |
| 4074 | 1 Cf. 353 c, supra. |
| 4075 | 9 There is a lacuna in one m s. (E) at this point (God hateth |
| 4076 | . . . of departing from it). |
| 4077 | The supplement is from Clement |
| 4078 | of Alexandria ; see the critical note. |
| 4079 | 79 |
| p. 52 | |
| 4080 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 4081 | yiyvofievoi, déos1 ávalBetav puaei” ' |
| 4082 | to ¡lív yap |
| 4083 | № |
| 4084 | os yeveaews avp,fioXov, <f>9opás 8’ o yepcvv. |
| 4085 | Upata Se |
| 4086 | tov 0eóv (frpá^ovaiv, |
| 4087 | lydvi Se piaos, |
| 4088 | túGTTep eiprjTCU, Siá ttjv dáXarrav, lthtco TrorapLco |
| 4089 | 364 8’ avaíSeiav Xéyerai yap airoKTelvas tov narepa |
| 4090 | rf¡ prjrpl pía peíyvvadai. |
| 4091 | Sóbete Se Kav2 to vito |
| 4092 | twv |
| 4093 | YivdayopiKiúv |
| 4094 | X eyófievov, |
| 4095 | ws |
| 4096 | r¡ |
| 4097 | OaXarra |
| 4098 | JZpóvov SaKpvóv €Gtlv, aívvTTeaQai to pr¡ KaOapov |
| 4099 | prjSe avp<f)vXov avrrjs. |
| 4100 | ■ Tauro, pAv ovv e£a)9ev eípr^adex) kolvtjv '¿.ypvia tt)v |
| 4101 | iaropíav, |
| 4102 | (33.) oí Se ao<fxJüT€poi |
| 4103 | tcüv Upe tov ov |
| 4104 | fióvov tov NeíAoi' "Oaipiv KaXovaiv ov Se Tv<f>cova |
| 4105 | ttjv OáXaTTav, aXX "Oaipiv jiév clttXcos airaaav ttjv |
| 4106 | vyponoióv a p xfy Ka'L Svvapuv, alriav yeveaews Kaí |
| 4107 | GTreppaTos ovalav vopí^ovTes' Tvcfxjjva Se irav to |
| 4108 | avxpvjpov Kal TTVpcjSes Kal Í;rjpavTiKov oXcos Kal |
| 4109 | B TToXepLiov T7¡ vyp¿TT¡TL. |
| 4110 | Sto Kal 7rvpp¿xpovv3 ye- |
| 4111 | yov4vat tío GüjpaTi Kal rrapoaxpov vopí^ovTes ov |
| 4112 | 7rávv TTpoOvpcos ivTvyxávovaiv ouS* rj8éws opuXovai |
| 4113 | TOLS TOIOVTOLS TTJV OlfíLV dv9pO)7TOLS* |
| 4114 | T ov 8’ "Oaipiv av ttoXiv peXayxpovv yeyovévai |
| 4115 | pvdoXoyovGív, otl irdv vSwp Kal yrjv Kal tjaárta |
| 4116 | Kal |
| 4117 | v4<f>r¡ |
| 4118 | peXaívei |
| 4119 | peiyvvpevov, |
| 4120 | Kal |
| 4121 | tcüv |
| 4122 | vewv |
| 4123 | vypoTr¡s évovaa Trapéx*L Tas* TpLx&S peXaívas' r¡ |
| 4124 | Se |
| 4125 | ttoXlwgis otov o jxpí^^S |
| 4126 | vito ^rjpoTTjTos em- |
| 4127 | 1 Oeós . . . S* o yepcov is supplied from Clement of Alex |
| 4128 | andria, Stromateis, v. 41. 4 (p. 670 Potter): Seo . . . yepcov |
| 4129 | or Seoyepaiv. |
| 4130 | If it were not for the lacuna in E, it would be |
| 4131 | possible to emend w ytyvófievot Kal anoyiyvópLevoL eoiK afiev. |
| 4132 | 2 Sóbete Baxter, Se Kav F.C.B. (av 8e /cat Baxter): Só£eiSe Kal. |
| 4133 | 8 7Tvppóxpovv (= 777 XPOQ irvppov, p. 359 e ) Bernardakis: |
| 4134 | •xvpp¿xpii)v. |
| 4135 | 0 Cf 371 e , infra. |
| 4136 | 80 |
| 4137 | b Cf* 353 c, supra. |
| 4138 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 363-364 |
| 4139 | and departing from it, God hateth shamelessness.” |
| 4140 | The babe is the symbol of coming into the world and |
| 4141 | the aged man the symbol of departing from it, and by |
| 4142 | a hawk they indicate God,a by the fish hatred, as has |
| 4143 | already been said/ because of the sea, and by the |
| 4144 | hippopotamus shamelessness ; for it is said that he |
| 4145 | kills his sirec and forces his mother to mate with him. |
| 4146 | That saying of the adherents of Pythagoras, that the |
| 4147 | sea is a tear of Cronus/ may seem to hint at its impure |
| 4148 | and extraneous nature. |
| 4149 | Let this, then, be stated incidentally, as a matter |
| 4150 | of record that is common knowledge. |
| 4151 | (33.) But the |
| 4152 | wiser of the priests call not only the Nile Osiris and the |
| 4153 | sea Typhon, but they simply give the name of Osiris |
| 4154 | to the whole source and faculty creative of moisture/ |
| 4155 | believing this to be the cause of generation and the |
| 4156 | substance of life-producing seed ; and the name of |
| 4157 | Typhon they give to all that is dry, fiery, and arid/ |
| 4158 | in general, and antagonistic to moisture. |
| 4159 | Therefore, |
| 4160 | because they believe that he was personally of a |
| 4161 | reddish sallow colour/ they are not eager to meet |
| 4162 | men of such complexion, nor do they like to associate |
| 4163 | with them. |
| 4164 | Osiris, on the other hand, according to their legend |
| 4165 | ary tradition, was dark/ because water darkens |
| 4166 | everything, earth and clothes and clouds, when it |
| 4167 | comes into contact with them.* In young people the |
| 4168 | presence of moisture renders their hair black, while |
| 4169 | greyness, like a paleness as it were, is induced by |
| 4170 | c C f Porphyry, De Abstinentia, iii. 23. |
| 4171 | d C f Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, v. 50. 1 (p. 676 |
| 4172 | Potter), and Aristotle, Frag. 196 (ed. Rose). |
| 4173 | e Cf. 365 b, infra. |
| 4174 | f C f 369 a and 376 f , infra. |
| 4175 | 9 C f 359 e and 363 b, supra. |
| 4176 | h C f 359 e , supra. |
| 4177 | * C f Moralia, 950 a. |
| 4178 | 81 |
| p. 53 | |
| 4179 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 4180 | (364) ylyvzTaL |
| 4181 | tols |
| 4182 | rrapaKpa^ovGL. |
| 4183 | Kal |
| 4184 | to |
| 4185 | ijlcv |
| 4186 | zap |
| 4187 | OaXzpov Kai yovLpov Kai TTpocnqves' to Se </>divo- |
| 4188 | Trtopov vyporrįTos ivSzLą Kai c/>vtols TroXepuov Kal |
| 4189 | C ¿¿cools voacuSes. |
| 4190 | fO S’ |
| 4191 | €V 'HAlOU TToXzL Tp€<Į)OĮlZVOS fiovs, ov |
| 4192 | Mvevtv1 |
| 4193 | koXovglv |
| 4194 | (’OatptSo? |
| 4195 | 8’ |
| 4196 | Upov, |
| 4197 | zvlol Se |
| 4198 | Kal |
| 4199 | tov "A ttlSos Trarzpa vopui^ovac), p,iXas ¿ari |
| 4200 | Kai Sevrepas '¿xci ripkas /¿era tov ^A ttlv. |
| 4201 | ztl ttjv |
| 4202 | A tyvTTTov iv tols /xaAtara pLeXdyyzLov ovoav3 cog- |
| 4203 | TTzp to peXav tov ocfrdaXpov, X 77/X1W koXovgl Kai |
| 4204 | KapSią TTapzLKa^ovcn^ dzpįirj ydp |
| 4205 | zgtl Kai vypa |
| 4206 | Kai TOLS VOTLOLS /XepCCTt TTjS OLKOVpL€VT]S > COGTTZp rj |
| 4207 | KapSla |
| 4208 | tols |
| 4209 | zvtovvpLOLS |
| 4210 | tov av6pcorrov, /¿¿Atara |
| 4211 | iyKZKXeLTaL Kai TrpocFKzyojprįKzv. |
| 4212 | 34. "HAtoi' Se Kai aeXtfvrjv oi>x |
| 4213 | dppaGLV aXXd |
| 4214 | ttXolols |
| 4215 | ¿ x y p ia a L |
| 4216 | xpcopiivovs |
| 4217 | tteplttXzlv |
| 4218 | (f>acjLv2 |
| 4219 | D a lvlttSįjlzvol |
| 4220 | ttjv |
| 4221 | a f i |
| 4222 | vypov |
| 4223 | Tpo(f>rjv |
| 4224 | ai)Tcbv |
| 4225 | Kal |
| 4226 | yivzGLV. |
| 4227 | olovtgl Se Kal ''Oparjpov coGTrzp |
| 4228 | OaXfjv |
| 4229 | puaOovTa |
| 4230 | Trap* |
| 4231 | AlyviTTLCov |
| 4232 | vScop |
| 4233 | d p x ty |
| 4234 | anavTcov |
| 4235 | Kal |
| 4236 | yivecTLV TL0ea6aL. |
| 4237 | tov y ap ’Q.Keavov uOaLpLV |
| 4238 | elvaL, ttjv Se T rjOvv TI glv, cos Ti0rjvovpbivrjv 1ravTa |
| 4239 | Kal <jvvzKTpi<f>ovoav. |
| 4240 | /cat yap ''EAA^ves* ttjv |
| 4241 | tov |
| 4242 | G 7 T € p p L a T 0 S TTpSzGLV3 a TTOVGLaV KaXoVGL Kal gvvo v- |
| 4243 | aiav TTJV pLZL^LV, Kai TOV VLOV ¿770 TOV vSūTOS Kal |
| 4244 | tov ucrat* /cat tov A lovvgov il vrjv ” cos KvpLov ttjs |
| 4245 | vypas </)VG€cds, o v x €T€pov ovTa to v ’ OatptSoę* /cat |
| 4246 | 1 Mvevtv Basel ed. of 1542 : /xvuei v . |
| 4247 | 2 <f>a<riv Badham ; A¿yovcnv Reiske : cm. |
| 4248 | 3 7Tpo€OLv Salmasius : npoOcaiv. * 82 |
| 4249 | ° Cf. Aristotle, De Generatione Animalium, v. 1 (780 b 6). |
| 4250 | b Cf. Diodorus, i. 21 ; |
| 4251 | Eusebius, Praepar. Evang. iii. |
| 4252 | 13. 1-3 ; Strabo, xvii. 1. 22 ; Aelian, De Natura Animalium, |
| 4253 | xi. 11 |
| 4254 | 82 |
| 4255 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 364 |
| 4256 | dryness in those who are passing their prime.® Also |
| 4257 | the spring-time is vigorous, prolific, and agreeable; |
| 4258 | but the autumn, since it lacks moisture, is inimical to |
| 4259 | plants and unhealthful for living creatures. |
| 4260 | The bull kept at Heliopolis which they call Mneuis/ |
| 4261 | and which is sacred to Osiris (some hold it to be the |
| 4262 | sire of Apis), is black and has honours second only to |
| 4263 | Apis. |
| 4264 | Egypt, moreover, which has the blackest of |
| 4265 | soils,0 they call by the same name as the black portion |
| 4266 | of the eye, “ Chemia,” and compare it to a heart d\ for |
| 4267 | it is warm and moist and is enclosed by the southern |
| 4268 | portions of the inhabited world and adjoins them, like |
| 4269 | the heart in a man’s left side. |
| 4270 | 34. |
| 4271 | They say that the sun and moon do not use |
| 4272 | chariots, but boats0 in which to sail round in their |
| 4273 | courses ; and by this they intimate that the nourish |
| 4274 | ment and origin of these heavenly bodies is from |
| 4275 | moisture. They think also that Hom er/ like Thales, |
| 4276 | had gained his knowledge from the Egyptians, when he |
| 4277 | postulated water as the source and origin of all things; |
| 4278 | for, according to them, Oceanus is Osiris, and Tetliys |
| 4279 | is Isis, since she is the kindly nurse and provider for all |
| 4280 | things. |
| 4281 | In fact, the Greeks call emission apousiag |
| 4282 | and coition synousia, and the son (hyios) from water |
| 4283 | ([hydor) and rain (Jiysai) ; Dionysus also they call |
| 4284 | H ves h since he is lord of the nature of moisture ; and |
| 4285 | he is no other than Osiris.1* In fact, Hellanicus seems |
| 4286 | c Cf. Herodotus, ii. 12. |
| 4287 | d Horapollo, Hieroglyphic a, i. 22. |
| 4288 | e Cf. Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, v. 41. 2 (p. 566 |
| 4289 | Potter); Eusebius, Praepar. Evang. iii. 11. 48. |
| 4290 | 1 IL xiv. 201. |
| 4291 | 9 Cf. Artemidorus, Oneirocritica, i. 78. |
| 4292 | h Cf. the name Hyades of the constellation. |
| 4293 | i Cf. 356 k , 362 b, supra, and 365 a , infra. |
| 4294 | 83 |
| p. 54 | |
| 4295 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 4296 | (364) y à p r o v " O a ip iv 'ЕАЛауисо? vY cn p iv еоск ер 1 акг\- |
| 4297 | K o ev a i |
| 4298 | im o |
| 4299 | rto v |
| 4300 | lep ecop |
| 4301 | X eyópcepoP' |
| 4302 | ovtco |
| 4303 | y à p |
| 4304 | opopcd^cop |
| 4305 | S ta TeX et |
| 4306 | тор |
| 4307 | в е о р , |
| 4308 | ecKOTCos |
| 4309 | атто |
| 4310 | Trjs |
| 4311 | E <p v a eco s2 K a l Trjs e v p é a e а>?.3 |
| 4312 | 3 5 . |
| 4313 | vO n p è p ov p о |
| 4314 | a v r ó s è u r i A lopvgco r ip a |
| 4315 | pdXXoP rj G€ yiyPO)GK€LP, cS К Л ба, bl] TrpOGijKOP |
| 4316 | e a r ip , apyr^tSa4 peep o v a a p e p А еХ ф оЪ tcop Q u taS cop, |
| 4317 | r o ts ’ |
| 4318 | 8 ’ |
| 4319 | 9O a ip ia K o c s |
| 4320 | к авсоассор ер г^ р |
| 4321 | le p o ls |
| 4322 | атто |
| 4323 | r r a r p ò s K a l p r jT p ó s ; |
| 4324 | et Se tó jp clXXcop е р е к а Set |
| 4325 | р а р т у р са |
| 4326 | т га р а в е а в а с , |
| 4327 | та |
| 4328 | p è p |
| 4329 | атг0ррг)т а |
| 4330 | кат а |
| 4331 | у со р а р есо р е р , а 8 ’ ¿ p atap tos Sptoat вал ttopt€S top |
| 4332 | 9A ttlp o l U p els , от ар т т аракорс^сооср erri ayeStas* |
| 4333 | то G cò p a , ß a K y e la s |
| 4334 | oùSev ¿7roSet. |
| 4335 | K at y à p ve- |
| 4336 | ß p lS a s 7ге р 1к а в а 7гтортас K a l d v p a o v s ф о р о у а с , к а 1 |
| 4337 | F ß o a l s ypeuvrat K at |
| 4338 | k ip t ig€glp соатгер o l KaToyot |
| 4339 | tols тгер1 to p A lopvgop o p y c a a p o t s . |
| 4340 | Sto K at т ау р о- |
| 4341 | р о р ф а 6 A lopvgov6 ttolovglp а у а Х р а т а 7toXXol tcop |
| 4342 | CEAArjpcop* a t S ’ 'HAetcoy y v p a lK e s Kat ттаракаХоь- |
| 4343 | OLP е у ^ о р е р а с лтоЫ ß o e lc p 7 |
| 4344 | тор в е о р еХ веср тгp ò s |
| 4345 | a u r a s . |
| 4346 | 9A p y elo L s Se ß o v y ep y js A lovvgos ¿тт1к Ху)р |
| 4347 | eGTLP• арак аХ оурт ас S ’ а и то г w o ааХтгсуусор é£ |
| 4348 | u Sa t o s, |
| 4349 | epßaX X oP T es |
| 4350 | e ls |
| 4351 | ttjp |
| 4352 | a ß v o o o p |
| 4353 | a p p a та.j |
| 4354 | П иАаод;аг r a s Se с га А т у у а ? |
| 4355 | су OvpaoLS аттокру- |
| 4356 | TTTOVGLP, cos И с о к р а т у ер tols ттер1 'O aicov e?рт]кер. |
| 4357 | 1 €olk€v Valckenaer : ’¿дукер. |
| 4358 | 2 фисг€со$] voecus’ Salmasius. |
| 4359 | 8 сиреаесо?] vypevoetjs Reiske ; atpeoecus Strijd. |
| 4360 | 4 ¿pxyiba Keramopoullos, based on inscriptions : ap^i/cAa. |
| 4361 | 5 ravp6p.op<f>a Markland: таороуорфор. |
| 4362 | 6 Atovucrou Xylander: Aióvuaov. |
| 4363 | 7 jßoeup] ßodw p. 299 a. |
| 4364 | 84 |
| 4365 | а See 366 f , infra. |
| 4366 | b С/. Diodorus, i. 11. |
| 4367 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 364 |
| 4368 | to have heard Osiris pronounced Hysiris by the |
| 4369 | priests, for he regularly spells the name in this way, |
| 4370 | deriving it, in all probability, from the nature of |
| 4371 | Osiris and the ceremony of finding him.® |
| 4372 | 35. |
| 4373 | That Osiris is identical with Dionysus who could |
| 4374 | more fittingly know than yourself, Clea ? For you are |
| 4375 | at the head of the inspired maidens of Delphi, and |
| 4376 | have been consecrated by your father and mother in |
| 4377 | the holy rites of Osiris. |
| 4378 | If, however, for the benefit |
| 4379 | of others it is needful to adduce proofs of this identity, |
| 4380 | let us leave undisturbed what may not be told, but the |
| 4381 | public ceremonies which the priests perform in the |
| 4382 | burial of the Apis, when they convey his body on an |
| 4383 | improvised bier, do not in any way come short of a |
| 4384 | Bacchic procession ; for they fasten skins of fawns |
| 4385 | about themselves, and carry Bacchic wands and |
| 4386 | indulge in shoutings and movements exactly as do |
| 4387 | those who are under the spell of the Dionysiac |
| 4388 | ecstasies.6 For the same reason many of the Greeks |
| 4389 | make statues of Dionysus in the form of a bull c ; and |
| 4390 | the women of Elis invoke him, praying that the god |
| 4391 | may come with the hoof of a bulld ; and the epithet |
| 4392 | applied to Dionysus among the Argives is “ Son of the |
| 4393 | Bull.” They call him up out of the water by the sound |
| 4394 | of trumpets,0 at the same time casting into the depths |
| 4395 | a lamb as an offering to the Keeper of the Gate. The |
| 4396 | trumpets they conceal in Bacchic wands, as Socrates / |
| 4397 | has stated in his treatise on The Holy Ones. Further- |
| 4398 | e A partial list in Roscher, Lexikon d. gr. u. röm. Mytho |
| 4399 | logie, i. 1149. |
| 4400 | d Cf. Moralia, 299 a, where the invocation is given at |
| 4401 | greater length; also Edmonds, Lyra Graeca, iii. p. 510 |
| 4402 | (L.C.L.). |
| 4403 | e Cf. Moralia, 671 f . |
| 4404 | 1 M Oiler, Frag. ]1ist. Graec. iv. p. 498, Socrates, no. 5. |
| 4405 | 85 |
| p. 55 | |
| 4406 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 4407 | opoXoyei Se /cat r a T /ravt/ca /cat Nu/CTeAia1 rot? |
| 4408 | Xeyopepois ’Oort/DtSos* SiaoTracrpois /cat ra t? ava- |
| 4409 | 365 fSiojoecn /cat TraXiyyepealais* |
| 4410 | opolcos Se /cat r a |
| 4411 | 7rept ra ? Ta<f)ds. |
| 4412 | AlyvrrTiol r e yap ’OcrtptSo? 7toA- |
| 4413 | Aa^ou |
| 4414 | QiqKas> |
| 4415 | cocnrep |
| 4416 | eiprjTat, |
| 4417 | S cikpvovoi, |
| 4418 | /cat |
| 4419 | AeA^ot r a rou A lopvctov Xeltfjapa Trap avrols rrapa |
| 4420 | to xpiqoTripiov aTTOKeioOai p o pl^ovar /cat tfuoucrtv |
| 4421 | ot ^Ocrtot dvcriav a7Toppr]TOV ip rep iepa> ro v ’A 7T0X- |
| 4422 | Xcovos, orav at ©utaSe? iyelpcocn |
| 4423 | top A lkpIttjp. |
| 4424 | ■ OTl S’ |
| 4425 | OV pOPOP TOV OLPOV AlOPVtTOP, aXXd /cat |
| 4426 | Trdarjs |
| 4427 | vypas (fyvoeojs "EA A ^e? |
| 4428 | rjyovprat Kvpiov |
| 4429 | /cat dpxqyop, ap/cet HtVSapo? p a p rv s etvai Aeya/v |
| 4430 | SevSpecov Se popop2 Atovucro? rroXvyaOrjs |
| 4431 | av£apoi, aypop <f>iyyos orroopas. |
| 4432 | B Sto /cat rot? rov ’'Ocrtptv aejSo/xeVot? dnayopeveraL |
| 4433 | SevSpov rjpepop anoXXvpaL /cat 7rrjyrjp vSaros ip - |
| 4434 | (j)pdTT€lP. |
| 4435 | 36. |
| 4436 | Ou puopop Se tov NetAov, aAAa 7rav |
| 4437 | vypop |
| 4438 | drrXdis 'O olpihos aTToppor^p KaXovor /cat tcov tepcov |
| 4439 | aet TrpoTTopL7T€V€i |
| 4440 | to vSpetov eVt Tipfj rov Oeov. |
| 4441 | /cat Opvco3 jSacriAea /cat to vortov /cAi/xa too Koopov |
| 4442 | ypd<f>ovat, /cat pedepprjpeverai to Opvop iroTiapos |
| 4443 | /cat Kvrjais4 77avTa>v, /cat So/cet yepprjTLKa) poplcp |
| 4444 | 1 Ni/KTcAia Squire: vuf rcActa. |
| 4445 | 2 vofiov Heyne: vofiov (rponov in 757 f ; yo/xov Reiske; |
| 4446 | yovov Wyttenbach). |
| 4447 | 3 |
| 4448 | Wyttenbach: Opvcov or #pioj. |
| 4449 | 4 kvtjois Aylander: Kivrjms. |
| 4450 | 0 358 a and 359 a, supra. |
| 4451 | & That is, the inspired maidens, mentioned at the beginning |
| 4452 | of the chapter. |
| 4453 | c Callimachus, Hymn to JDemeter (vi.), 127 ; Anth. Pal. |
| 4454 | vi. 165; Virgil, Georg, i. 166. |
| 4455 | 86 |
| 4456 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 364-365 |
| 4457 | more, the tales regarding the Titans and the rites |
| 4458 | celebrated by night agree with the accounts of the |
| 4459 | dismemberment of Osiris and his revivification and |
| 4460 | regenesis. |
| 4461 | Similar agreement is found too in the |
| 4462 | tales about their sepulchres. |
| 4463 | The Egyptians, as has |
| 4464 | already been stated,a point out tombs of Osiris in |
| 4465 | many places, and the people of Delphi believe that |
| 4466 | the remains of Dionysus rest with them close beside |
| 4467 | the oracle ; and the Holy Ones offer a secret sacrifice |
| 4468 | in the shrine of Apollo whenever the devotees of |
| 4469 | Dionysus * & wake the God of the Mystic Basket.0 To |
| 4470 | show that the Greeks regard Dionysus as the lord and |
| 4471 | master not only of wine, but of the nature of every |
| 4472 | sort of moisture, it is enough that Pindard be our |
| 4473 | witness, when he says |
| 4474 | May gladsome Dionysus swell the fruit upon the trees, |
| 4475 | The hallowed splendour of harvest-time. |
| 4476 | For this reason all who reverence Osiris are prohibited |
| 4477 | from destroying a cultivated tree or blocking up a |
| 4478 | spring of water. |
| 4479 | 36. |
| 4480 | Not only the Nile, but every form of moisture 6 |
| 4481 | they call simply the effusion of Osiris ; and in their |
| 4482 | holy rites the water jar in honour of the god heads |
| 4483 | the procession/ |
| 4484 | And by the picture of a rush they |
| 4485 | represent a king and the southern region of the world/ |
| 4486 | and the rush is interpreted to mean the watering and |
| 4487 | fructifying of all things, and in its nature it seems to |
| 4488 | bear some resemblance to the generative member. |
| 4489 | d Frag. 153 (Christ). |
| 4490 | Plutarch quotes the line also in |
| 4491 | Moralia, 745 a and 757 f . |
| 4492 | • Cf. 366 a, 371 b, infra, and 729 b. |
| 4493 | 1 Cf. Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, vi. 31. 1 (p. 758 |
| 4494 | Potter). |
| 4495 | 9 Such a symbol exists on Egyptian monuments. |
| 4496 | 87 |
| p. 56 | |
| 4497 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 4498 | (365) rrjv (¡>VGLV ¿oiKevai. |
| 4499 | ttjv Se tcov TlapLvXUov eoprrjv |
| 4500 | ayovTes, cooirep ecprjTcu, <f>aX\iKrjv ovoav, ayaXpca |
| 4501 | TTpOrideVTCLl Kal 7T€pL(f)€pOVOLV, ov TO CLlSoLOV rpi- |
| 4502 | TrXaoLOV ¿otlv apxrj yap o $€¿9, apXV Sc ttoLgo tco |
| 4503 | yovlpup 7ToXXa7rXaGLa^€L to |
| 4504 | avTrjs• to 8 c 7toA- |
| 4505 | C XaKis |
| 4506 | elcodapiev |
| 4507 | Kal Tpls Xeyecv, cos* to “ Tpio- |
| 4508 | pcaKapes ff Kal |
| 4509 | SeOfJLol /X€V Tpls TOGGOL aTT€LpOVeS, |
| 4510 | ct piTj V7] Ata Kvplcos epi(f)atv€Tat to TpmXaGiov vtto |
| 4511 | Ta>y TTaXaiajv rj yap vypa <f>vOLs apxy f<al yeveois |
| 4512 | oucra 7ravTa>v e£ avTrjs1 to rrpcoTa Tpla acopcaTa, yfjv |
| 4513 | aepa Kal rrvp, C7Toirjoe. |
| 4514 | Kal yap o TTpooTiOepLevos |
| 4515 | Tip pivdcp X6yOS, (OS TOV 9OolplSoS O Tv(f)OJV TO |
| 4516 | alSocov eppu/jev els top 7rOTafiov, rj 8’ Hoxs ouy |
| 4517 | evpev, aAA’ |
| 4518 | epujiepes ayaXpia Oepuevrj |
| 4519 | Kal |
| 4520 | koto- |
| 4521 | GKevaoaoa Ttpidv Kal (f)aXXr)(f>opeiv eTa£ev, ¿VTavda |
| 4522 | Srj Trepi^copel2 SiSaoKtov |
| 4523 | otl |
| 4524 | to yovipiov Kal |
| 4525 | to |
| 4526 | GTreppiaTLKov |
| 4527 | tov Oeov TrpooTov3 eox^v uA^v |
| 4528 | ttjv |
| 4529 | vypoTrjTa Kal St’ vypoTTjTOS eveKpaOrj toIs 7re<f>vKooi |
| 4530 | pLeTexciv yeveoeajs. |
| 4531 | D |
| 4532 | "AAAo? 8c Aoyos* €OTCV AlyVTTTLCOV, cos "A tTOTTIS |
| 4533 | ' HAlOU (OV aScA(f)OS €77oXepL€l TCp AU, TOV 8’ "Oox/Hy |
| 4534 | o Zeus’ |
| 4535 | GvpbpLaxrjoavTa Kal ovyKaTaoTpeipapievov |
| 4536 | avTOj tov TToXepiLov natSa depcevos A iovvgov it poo- |
| 4537 | rjyopevoeV' |
| 4538 | Kal tovtov Sc tov Aoyou to pevOtohes |
| 4539 | eoTiv anohel^ai |
| 4540 | tt}s 7repl* <f>vocv aX^Oelas ottto- |
| 4541 | 1 a v rrjs Michael: apxv$* |
| 4542 | 2 817 Trepixtopti Madvig : Sc Trapaxoipzi. |
| 4543 | ^ |
| 4544 | 3 n pajT ov] irptoTTjv Reiske. |
| 4545 | 4 Trepi Xylander: ira p a , |
| 4546 | 0 355 f, supra. |
| 4547 | 6 C/*. 371 f, infray Herodotus, ii. 48, and Egyptian |
| 4548 | monuments. |
| 4549 | 88 |
| 4550 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 365 |
| 4551 | Moreover, when they celebrate the festival of the |
| 4552 | Pamylia which, as has been said,® is of a phallic |
| 4553 | nature, they expose and carry about a statue of which |
| 4554 | the male member is triple b ; for the god is the Source, |
| 4555 | and every source, by its fecundity, multiplies what |
| 4556 | proceeds from i t ; and for “ many times ” we have a |
| 4557 | habit of saying “ thrice,” as, for example, “ thrice |
| 4558 | happy,” c and |
| 4559 | Bonds, even thrice as many, unnumbered,d |
| 4560 | unless, indeed, the word “ triple ” is used by the early |
| 4561 | writers in its strict meaning ; for the nature of |
| 4562 | moisture, being the source and origin of all things, |
| 4563 | created out of itself three primal material substances, |
| 4564 | Earth, Air, and Fire. In fact, the tale that is annexed |
| 4565 | to the legend to the effect that Typhon cast the male |
| 4566 | member of Osiris into the river, and Isis could not find |
| 4567 | it, but constructed and shaped a replica of it, and |
| 4568 | ordained that it should be honoured and borne in |
| 4569 | processions,* plainly comes round to this doctrine, |
| 4570 | that the creative and germinal power of the god, at |
| 4571 | the very first, acquired moisture as its substance, and |
| 4572 | through moisture combined with whatever was by |
| 4573 | nature capable of participating in generation. |
| 4574 | There is another tale current among the Egyptians, |
| 4575 | that Apopis, brother of the Sun, made war upon |
| 4576 | Zeus, and that because Osiris espoused Zeus's cause |
| 4577 | and helped him to overthrow his enemy, Zeus adopted |
| 4578 | Osiris as his son and gave him the name of Dionysus. |
| 4579 | It may be demonstrated that the legend contained in |
| 4580 | this tale has some approximation to truth so far as |
| 4581 | c Homer, Od. v. 306, and vi. 154. |
| 4582 | It is interesting that |
| 4583 | G. H. Palmer translates this “ most happy.” |
| 4584 | d Ibid. viii. 340. |
| 4585 | e Cf. 358 b, supra. |
| 4586 | 89 |
| p. 57 | |
| 4587 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 4588 | jjievov. Діа fièv yàp Аіуѵтгтюі то ттѵеѵра каАоѵ- |
| 4589 | аіѵ, ш тгоАірюѵ то avxItypov каі тгарсиЗе?* то uro |
| 4590 | S » *f\ |
| 4591 | \ |
| 4592 | > |
| 4593 | >/ |
| 4594 | ' * О» «*\ |
| 4595 | »/ |
| 4596 | л |
| 4597 | rjAios реѵ оѵк есгті, тгро? о rjAiov |
| 4598 | тіѵа аиу- |
| 4599 | уеѵеіаѵ rj S’ vypórrjs aßevvvovaa rrjv V7repßo\rjv |
| 4600 | E ttJ? įrjporrjroę av£ei каі ршѵѵѵаі та? âvaOvpudaeis, |
| 4601 | ѵф’ coi/ то 7ТѴ€ѵца тріфетаі каі теѲцАеѵ. |
| 4602 | 37. |
| 4603 | *Еті Se1 тоі/ кіттоѵ2 *ЕАА |
| 4604 | rjvés те каѲіероѵаі |
| 4605 | т<Ъ Аюѵѵаш каі тгар* AlyvTrrloiç Аеуетаі “ x €v®~ |
| 4606 | аірі? ” ovopa^eaffai, ar^palvovros тоѵ di/ó/хато?, |
| 4607 | со? фааі, |
| 4608 | фѵтоѵ ’OalpiSos. ’А |
| 4609 | ріатшѵ тоіѵѵѵ о |
| 4610 | уеурафсо^ |
| 4611 | >AOrjvalojv |
| 4612 | аттоікюіѵ3 ImoroAfj |
| 4613 | rivi |
| 4614 | *AAe£dpxov ттеріеттеаеѵ, iv fj Aio?4 іатореітаі /саі6 |
| 4615 | ЧаіЗо? шо? coi/ о Aiovvaos Ѵ7Т* Аіуѵтттішѵ оѵк |
| 4616 | "Оаірі? аАА’ ’Араа^т)? (еѴ та) аА<£а ура/х/хаті) |
| 4617 | F АеуесгѲаі, SrjAovvTos то avSpeîov тоѵ оѵо/хато?. |
| 4618 | ірфаіѵсі Se тоото /саі о 'Ер/хаГо? еѵ тг} тгрштт} тгері |
| 4619 | тшѵ Аіуѵтттішѵ' oßpipov yap фг]сп peOepprjvevo- |
| 4620 | pievov |
| 4621 | elvai |
| 4622 | тоѵ иOaipiv. eco Sè Мі/ааеаИ та) |
| 4623 | ’Етга^со ттроатіѲіѵта тоѵ Аіоѵѵаоѵ каі тоѵ "Оспріѵ |
| 4624 | каі тоѵ Наратгіѵ еа) /саі 5Аі/ті/сАеіЗтр Аеуоѵта тг)ѵ |
| 4625 | Чаи/ Про/хт^есо? оѵааѵ Ѳѵуатіра Д |
| 4626 | юѵѵаш аѵѵ- |
| 4627 | о ік еіѵ al yàp elprįpevai 7гері та? сорта? каі та? |
| 4628 | Ovalas |
| 4629 | oIk€iÓt7]T€s |
| 4630 | ¿ѵаруеатераѵ тшѵ рьартѵршѵ |
| 4631 | T7JV 7 |
| 4632 | тіатіѵ exovai. |
| 4633 | 38. |
| 4634 | Тсоі/ т* аатршѵ тоѵ аеірюѵ ЧаіЗо?7 ѵо/хі- |
| 4635 | 366 Çovoiv, vSpayœyov оѵта. |
| 4636 | каі тоѵ Аеоѵта ті/ха)аі |
| 4637 | 1 «¿F.C.B.S те. |
| 4638 | ^ л |
| 4639 | 2 кіттоѵ Squire (/аттоѵ oi ?): /аттоѵ оу. |
| 4640 | 3 аттоікіаіѵ F.C.B. : аттоікіаѵ. |
| 4641 | 4 тгсріеясоеѵ, еу įj Дик Valckenaer : ттеріттеаеіе vrjiSos. |
| 4642 | 5 к-аі Valckenaer : Se каі. |
| 4643 | 6 Мѵаоеаѵ Xylander : pväoav. |
| 4644 | 7 "IotSos] ’Oot/нЗо? Squire, but с/. 359 d as well as 372 d. |
| 4645 | 90 |
| 4646 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 365-366 |
| 4647 | Nature is concerned ; for the Egyptians apply the |
| 4648 | name “ Zeus ” to the \vind,a and whatever is dry or |
| 4649 | fiery is antagonistic to this. This is not the Sun, but it |
| 4650 | has some kinship with the Sun ; and the moisture, |
| 4651 | by doing away with the excess of dryness, increases |
| 4652 | and strengthens the exhalations by which the wind is |
| 4653 | fostered and made vigorous. |
| 4654 | ' |
| 4655 | 37. Moreover, the Greeks are wont to consecrate |
| 4656 | the ivy b to Dionysus, and it is said that among the |
| 4657 | Egyptians the name for ivy is chenosiris, the meaning |
| 4658 | of the name being, as they say, “ the plant of Osiris/’ |
| 4659 | Now, Ariston/ the author of Athenian Colonization, |
| 4660 | happened upon a letter of Alexarchus, in which it is |
| 4661 | recorded that Dionysus was the son of Zeus and Isis, |
| 4662 | and is called not Osiris, but Arsaphes, spelled with an |
| 4663 | “ a,” the name denoting virility. |
| 4664 | Hermaeus/* too, |
| 4665 | makes this statement in the first volume of his book |
| 4666 | The Egyptians ; for he says that Osiris, properly inter |
| 4667 | preted, means “ sturdy.” |
| 4668 | I leave out of account |
| 4669 | Mnaseas ’se annexation of Dionysus, Osiris, and Serapis |
| 4670 | to Epaphus, as well as Anticleides’ f statement that |
| 4671 | Isis was the daughter of Prometheus 9 and wras wedded |
| 4672 | to Dionysus.71 |
| 4673 | The fact is that the peculiarities |
| 4674 | already mentioned regarding the festival and sacri |
| 4675 | fices carry a conviction more manifest than any |
| 4676 | testimony of authorities. |
| 4677 | 38. Of the stars the Egyptians think that the Dog- |
| 4678 | star is the star of Isis/ because it is the bringer of |
| 4679 | water.* They also hold the Lion in honour, and they |
| 4680 | ° Cf. Diodorus, i. 12. 2. |
| 4681 | h Diodorus, i. 17. 4. |
| 4682 | c Müller, Frag. Hist. Graec. iii. p. 324. |
| 4683 | d Ibid. iv. p. 427. |
| 4684 | * Ibid. iii. p. 155. |
| 4685 | 1 Cf. Jacoby, Frag. Gr. Hist. 140, no. 13. |
| 4686 | 9 Cf. 352 a , supra. |
| 4687 | h Cf. Herodotus, ii. 156. |
| 4688 | * Cf. 359 d, supra> and 376 a , infra. |
| 4689 | k In the Nile. |
| 4690 | 91 |
| p. 58 | |
| 4691 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 4692 | (366) Kai ^aoįiaaL Xeovretotę r a rcov lepdtv Ovpojįiara |
| 4693 | Kooptovotvy ori 7rXr]p,pLvp€L NelAos |
| 4694 | rjeAiov r a Trptora ow epxo pievoto Aeovrt. |
| 4695 | Ti? 8e NetAov *0oipt8oę drroppoyjv, ovrwę ’TcrcSos* |
| 4696 | adjpta yfįv eyovot1 Kai vopii^ovotv, o v 7raoav, aXX* |
| 4697 | rįs o NetAoę emBaivei orreppLaivtov Kai piety vvptevosm |
| 4698 | ¿ k 8e rrįę ovvovolaę ravrrję yevvtoot rov TQ.pov. |
| 4699 | e o r t 8 ’ TQpoę rj 7TaT>ra ocp^ovoa Kai rpecjyovoa rov |
| 4700 | 7repieyovTOS dvpa Kai Kpaotę aepoę, ov ev tols eAeot |
| 4701 | tols Trepl Tiovrov yno Arjrovę Tpa<Į>fįvat Aeyovotv |
| 4702 | rj yap vSartbSrjs Kai 8tafipoyos yrį ptaAiora rd ę |
| 4703 | B ofševvovoaę Kai yaAcbcjas rrjv įrjporrjra Kai rov |
| 4704 | avyptov dvadvpuaoetę n9rjveirai. |
| 4705 | NecĮ>9vv 8e |
| 4706 | koAovoi riję yiję ra eoyara Kai |
| 4707 | mapdpeta2 |
| 4708 | Kai |
| 4709 | ifjavovra liję |
| 4710 | 9aX arrr]ę* 8to |
| 4711 | Kai |
| 4712 | TeAevrrjv3 errovo pta^ovo t rrjv NecĮ>9vv Kai T v<Į>ujvl |
| 4713 | 8e ovvotKeiv Aeyovotv. |
| 4714 | orav S5 vnepfiaAcov Kai |
| 4715 | rrAeovaoaę |
| 4716 | o |
| 4717 | NetAoę |
| 4718 | erreKe tva |
| 4719 | rrArjotdorj |
| 4720 | rolę |
| 4721 | ioxctrevovot, rovro ptet^tv *0otpt8oę 7Tpoę Nec/)9vv |
| 4722 | KoAovotVy viro rcov dvafiAaoravovrcov <f)vrcov eXey- |
| 4723 | yopievrjv cov Kai r o pteAiAcorov eo n v , ov (Į>rjot piv9oę |
| 4724 | drroppvevroę Kai d7roXei<į)9evroę ato9rjotv yeveo9at |
| 4725 | l'vcfrcovi riję rrepl rov yapiov d8tKtaę. |
| 4726 | o9ev rj ptev |
| 4727 | C TIotę ereKe yvrjotoję rov *£lpov, rj 8e Ne<f>9vę okotiov |
| 4728 | rov "Avovfitv. |
| 4729 | ev ptevrot ratę StaSo^ats1 rcov ¡3a o f |
| 4730 | 1 e^ouat] Aeyovm Wyttenbach. |
| 4731 | 2 7rap6p€ia I latzidakis : ttapopia. |
| 4732 | 3 TcAevTTjv Squire (cf. 355 f ) : rękeuTaiTjv. |
| 4733 | a Cf. Moralia, 670 c ; Horapollo, Hieroglyphica, i. 21. |
| 4734 | b Aratus, Phaenomena, 151. |
| 4735 | The Dog-star rises at about |
| 4736 | the same time. |
| 4737 | 92 |
| 4738 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 366 |
| 4739 | adorn the doorways of their shrines with gaping lions’ |
| 4740 | heads,® because the Nile overflows |
| 4741 | When for the first time the Sun comes into conjunction |
| 4742 | with Leo.b |
| 4743 | As they regard the Nile as the effusion of Osiris,0 so |
| 4744 | they hold and believe the earth to be the body of Isis, |
| 4745 | not all of it, but so much of it as the Nile covers, |
| 4746 | fertilizing it and uniting with it.6* |
| 4747 | From this union |
| 4748 | they make Horus to be born. |
| 4749 | The all-conserving and |
| 4750 | fostering Нога, that is the seasonable tempering of |
| 4751 | the surrounding air, is Horus, who they say was |
| 4752 | brought up by Leto in the marshes round about |
| 4753 | Butoe ; |
| 4754 | for the watery and saturated land best |
| 4755 | nurtures those exhalations which quench and abate |
| 4756 | aridity and dryness. |
| 4757 | The outmost parts of the land beside the mountains |
| 4758 | and bordering on the sea the Egyptians call Nephthys. |
| 4759 | This is why they give to Nephthys the name of |
| 4760 | “ Finality,” f and say that she is the wife of Typhon. |
| 4761 | Whenever, then, the Nile overflows and with abound |
| 4762 | ing waters spreads far away to those who dwell in the |
| 4763 | outermost regions, they call this the union of Osiris |
| 4764 | with Nephthys,^ which is proved by the upspringing |
| 4765 | of the plants. |
| 4766 | Among these is the melilotus,71 by the |
| 4767 | wilting and failing of which, as the story goes, Typhon |
| 4768 | gained knowledge of the wrong done to his bed. |
| 4769 | So |
| 4770 | Isis gave birth to Horus in lawful wedlock, but |
| 4771 | Nephthys bore Anubis clandestinely. |
| 4772 | However, in |
| 4773 | the chronological lists of the kings they record that |
| 4774 | c Cf. the note on 365 b , supra. |
| 4775 | d Cf\ 363 d , supra. |
| 4776 | e Cf. 357 f , supra. |
| 4777 | 1 Cf. Soo f , supray a n d 375 b , infra. |
| 4778 | 17 Cf. the note on 356 e , supra. |
| 4779 | h Cf. 356 f , supra. |
| 4780 | 93 |
| p. 59 | |
| 4781 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 4782 | (366) Xécov dvaypdcfovai rrjv N e<f>dvv Tv<f>tòvi yrjpapeviqv |
| 4783 | 7rpa)TT(v yeveodai o reip a v el 8e rovro prj 7repl |
| 4784 | yvvaiKÒs aXXà 7repl rfjs deov Xeyovotv, alvlrrovrai |
| 4785 | to iravreAcòs1 rrjs yrjs ayovov Kal aKapirov virò |
| 4786 | arepporrjrog. |
| 4787 | 39. *H Se T vcfcòvos ém^ovXrj Kal tv paw ls &vx~ |
| 4788 | pod hvvapus TjV eTnKparrjoavTOS Kal Siafioprjaavros |
| 4789 | rrjv re yevvcòoav vypórrjra to v NetAov Kal av£ovoav. |
| 4790 | rj Se ovvepyòs avrov fiaocAls AW iottcov alvirrerai |
| 4791 | rrvoàs vorlovs e£ K id lott¿a s 9 orav yàp avrai rcòv |
| 4792 | eTTjolojV ¿7TLKpaTT]GCiJGi T(X V€(f>rj TTpOS rrjv AW LOTT lav |
| 4793 | D éXavvóvrcov, Kal kcoXvgojgi tovs tov NeiAov av£ov- |
| 4794 | ra s opfipovs Karappayrjvai, Karexcov o Tvcfajv ¿ttl- |
| 4795 | cfAeyei Kal ró re Kparrjaas TTavraTraoi to v NetAov |
| 4796 | els evavrlov2 vit* aodeveias ovoraAevra Kal pvevra |
| 4797 | kolXov Kal raneivòv i£etoaev els rrjv daXarrav. |
| 4798 | rj |
| 4799 | yàp Xeyopevrj Kadeiptfis els rrjv aopov ’OalpiSos |
| 4800 | ov8èv eoiKev ¿AA’ 77 Kpvifjiv v8aros Kal ¿(faviopov |
| 4801 | alvirreodaL• |
| 4802 | S to |
| 4803 | prjvòs |
| 4804 | 'Advp |
| 4805 | a^aviodrjvai |
| 4806 | r òv |
| 4807 | "Qoipiv XeyovGiv, ore rwv errjolcov arr oXeLTrovrojv |
| 4808 | 'navrd'naoiv o pèv NetA os vTTovoareL, yvpvovrai S’ |
| 4809 | 77 Xvopa, prjKvvopévrjs Se rrjs vvktos, avverai to |
| 4810 | E GKoTos, rj Se too (f)CjoTos papalverai Kal Kpareirai |
| 4811 | Svvapus, 01 S’3 lepeis aXXa re Spwoi oKvdpamà Kai |
| 4812 | fiovv SidypvGov IparUp peXavt ¡¡¡vooivLp 7Tept^dXXov~ |
| 4813 | res erri irevdet rrjs deov SeiKvvovoi (fiovv yap "IcrtSos |
| 4814 | 1 Tra^rcAcDs] TraureAcs' in all mss. but one. |
| 4815 | 2 ivavriov] iavròv Bentley. |
| 4816 | 3 ol 8’ Wyttenbach : ol. |
| 4817 | 94, |
| 4818 | 0 Cf. 356 b, supra. |
| 4819 | b Cf. Moralia, 898 a, and Diodorus, i. 39. |
| 4820 | Nephthys, after her marriage to Typhon, was at first |
| 4821 | barren. |
| 4822 | If they say this, not about a woman, but |
| 4823 | about the goddess, they must mean by it the utter |
| 4824 | barrenness and unproductivity of the earth resulting |
| 4825 | from a hard-baked soil. |
| 4826 | 39. |
| 4827 | The insidious scheming and usurpation of |
| 4828 | Typhon, then, is the power of drought, which gains |
| 4829 | control and dissipates the moisture which is the source |
| 4830 | of the Nile and of its rising ; and his coadjutor, the |
| 4831 | Queen of the Ethiopians,® signifies allegorically the |
| 4832 | south winds from Ethiopia ; for whenever these gain |
| 4833 | the upper hand over the northerly or Etesian winds b |
| 4834 | which drive the clouds towards Ethiopia, and when |
| 4835 | they prevent the falling of the rains which cause the |
| 4836 | rising of the Nile, then Typhon, being in possession, |
| 4837 | blazes with scorching heat ; and having gained com |
| 4838 | plete mastery, he forces the Nile in retreat to draw |
| 4839 | back its waters for weakness, and, flowing at the |
| 4840 | bottom of its almost empty channel, to proceed to the |
| 4841 | sea. |
| 4842 | The story told of the shutting up of Osiris in the |
| 4843 | chest seems to mean nothing else than the vanishing |
| 4844 | and disappearance of water. |
| 4845 | Consequently they say |
| 4846 | that the disappearance of Osiris occurred in the month |
| 4847 | of Athyr,c at the time when, owing to the complete |
| 4848 | cessation of the Etesian winds, the Nile recedes to its |
| 4849 | low level and the land becomes denuded. As the nights |
| 4850 | grow longer, the darkness increases, and the potency |
| 4851 | of the light is abated and subdued. |
| 4852 | Then among the |
| 4853 | gloomy rites which the priests perform, they shroud |
| 4854 | the gilded image of a cow with a black linen vestment, |
| 4855 | and display her as a sign of mourning for the goddess, |
| 4856 | inasmuch as they regard both the cow and the earth d |
| 4857 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 366 |
| 4858 | 9 The month of November. |
| 4859 | Cf. 356 c, supra. |
| 4860 | d Cf. 366 a supra. |
| 4861 | 95 |
| p. 60 | |
| 4862 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 4863 | eiKova ка11 yrjv voyllovair) errl rerra p a s vpepas |
| 4864 | opcrjs £771 0£/ca |
| 4865 | /cat yap та тгериоу- |
| 4866 | рьера теттара, тгрсотор peep о NetAos* аттоХесттсор /cat |
| 4867 | vttopootcop, 8 €vrepov 8e та fiopeta ttpzv усата ката- |
| 4868 | ofieppvycepa |
| 4869 | KopuSfj |
| 4870 | tcop |
| 4871 | potlcop |
| 4872 | ¿тпкратоуртсор, |
| 4873 | трстор 8e to T7jv rjpepav еХаттора усуреоОас Trjs |
| 4874 | VVKTOSy €771 77acrt S’! 7} Tljs yrjs OLTTOyvpLVCOOLS dpca |
| 4875 | Tjj TCOP футCOP ¡1)lXoTJ)Tl TYjVLKaVTa фуХХоррооуртсор. |
| 4876 | F 'rfj S’ evaTT) em Века pvktos hrl ваХаттар катсаос? |
| 4877 | /cat TTjv Upav klottjp ol otoXlotoi /cat ot tepees |
| 4878 | €K(f)€pOVOL XPV(J°VV ¿VTOS €XOVOaP KlficjTLOVy els о |
| 4879 | тготеусоу XafiovTes vSaTos eyxcovoc, /cat усуретас |
| 4880 | icpavyrj tcop гтарбртсор cos evprjycepov tov ’Ocrt/uSos” |
| 4881 | etra yfjp* карттсусор фурсоос тср uSart, /cat ovycycei- |
| 4882 | £aPTes арсоусата /cat вууиаусата |
| 4883 | tcop rroXvTeXcov |
| 4884 | ол>аттХаттоУОс |
| 4885 | ¡JcrjPoeLSes |
| 4886 | ауаХусатсоР* |
| 4887 | /cat |
| 4888 | tovto |
| 4889 | otoXl^ovol |
| 4890 | /cat кооусодоср, еусфасрортед |
| 4891 | otl yrjs |
| 4892 | ovoiav /cat v8aTos tovs Oeovs tovtovs poyci^ovoi. |
| 4893 | 40. |
| 4894 | Trjs S’ *Тсп8о? rraXcp |
| 4895 | avaXaycfiavovorjs top |
| 4896 | 367 "Ooipip /cat av£apovor)s top TQpop, apaOufudoeoi |
| 4897 | /cat opLLxXais /cat рефеос рсорруусерор, екратт^в^ ycep, |
| 4898 | ovk a p'ppeOrj 8 ’ о Tu^coy. |
| 4899 | ou yap €?асг€У г) курса |
| 4900 | Trjs yrjs 6eos арасревг\рас ттартаттаос тг^р артскее- |
| 4901 | fievTjp Trj уурот^тс фуоср, aAA* ¿xaXaoe /cat aprjKe |
| 4902 | j3ovXopi€P8capL€P€LP TTjP KpaOLP5* OV yap TjP KOOpCOP*' |
| 4903 | eipac |
| 4904 | TeXecov ekXltt6 ptos7 |
| 4905 | /cat |
| 4906 | афаршвертоъ |
| 4907 | tov |
| 4908 | TTvpcbSovs. |
| 4909 | et Sc таута ycrj e’Acyero8 77ap’ аитоГ?, |
| 4910 | 1 *al] ката H. Richards; but с/. “ the earth” both before |
| 4911 | (v Х^Ра) and after (rrjs yij$ )! |
| 4912 | 2 7racrt 8* Bernardakis : naaiv. |
| 4913 | 8 Kariaot Baxter: катскп. |
| 4914 | 4 yrjv X у lander; ttjv. |
| 4915 | 5 Kpaatv Xylander: Kpiaiv. |
| 4916 | 6 /coo/xov] top KoopLov Mark land. |
| 4917 | 7 €k)u7tovtos Markland : скАая-орто?. |
| 4918 | 96 |
| 4919 | а7го ttJç eßS |
| 4920 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 366-307 |
| 4921 | as the image of Isis ; and this is kept up for four days |
| 4922 | consecutively, beginning with the seventeenth of the |
| 4923 | month. |
| 4924 | The things mourned for are four in number : |
| 4925 | first, the departure and recession of the Nile ; second, |
| 4926 | the complete extinction of the north winds, as the |
| 4927 | south winds gain the upper hand ; third, the day's |
| 4928 | growing shorter than the night ; and, to crown all, |
| 4929 | the denudation of the earth together with the defolia |
| 4930 | tion of the trees and shrubs at this time. |
| 4931 | On the |
| 4932 | nineteenth day they go down to the sea at night |
| 4933 | time ; and the keepers of the robes and the priests |
| 4934 | bring forth the sacred chest containing a small golden |
| 4935 | coffer, into which they pour some potable water |
| 4936 | which they have taken up, and a great shout arises |
| 4937 | from the company for joy that Osiris is found. |
| 4938 | Then |
| 4939 | they knead some fertile soil with the water and mix |
| 4940 | in spices and incense of a very costly sort, and fashion |
| 4941 | therefrom a crescent-shaped figure, which they clothe |
| 4942 | and adorn, thus indicating th at they regard these |
| 4943 | gods as the substance of E arth and W ater. |
| 4944 | 40. When Isis recovered Osiris and was watching |
| 4945 | Horus grow up a as he was being made strong by the |
| 4946 | exhalations and mists and clouds, Typhon was van |
| 4947 | quished but not annihilated b ; for the goddess who |
| 4948 | holds sway over the Earth would not permit the |
| 4949 | complete annihilation of the nature opposed to moist |
| 4950 | ure, but relaxed and moderated it, being desirous |
| 4951 | that its tempering potency should persist, because it |
| 4952 | w as not possible for a complete w orld to exist, if the |
| 4953 | fiery element left it and disappeared. |
| 4954 | Even if this |
| 4955 | story wrere not current among them, one w^ould hardly |
| 4956 | ° Cf. 357 c-f , sujyra. |
| 4957 | b Cf. 358 d, supra. |
| 4958 | 8 |
| 4959 | eAcytro F.C.B. (for a similar form of condition cf. Soph. |
| 4960 | Ajax, 962) : AcyeTat. |
| 4961 | 97 |
| p. 61 | |
| 4962 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 4963 | (367) gIkoTCJS OuS’ ¿K€LVOV av Tis ¿7TOppUpeie rov Xoyov, |
| 4964 | cbs T V(f>a)v ¡lev eKparei rraXai rrjg ’OcnptSo? fioipas' |
| 4965 | OaXarra yap rjv rj AtyvrrTos• 8to 7roXXa fiev ev tols |
| 4966 | B ¡lerdXAoLs Kal rotg opeatv evpiaKerai fieXP1 v^v |
| 4967 | KoyxvAia ex^W' Tracrat Sc rrrfyal Kal <f>peara iravra |
| 4968 | noXXcov |
| 4969 | VTrapxovrojv |
| 4970 | aXfivpov |
| 4971 | vS cop |
| 4972 | Kal |
| 4973 | 7UKpov |
| 4974 | eyovaiv, ws dv VTroAeififiaros1 rfjs rraXai OaAdrTrfs |
| 4975 | ecoXov2 evravdoi ovveppvr]KOTOS. |
| 4976 | f0 8' T£lpos XPovtP rov T v<j)cbvos ¿7TeKpdrr]ae, |
| 4977 | ■ tout ea r tv evKaipias ¿¡ifipicDV yevofievrjg, o NetAos* |
| 4978 | e^cbaas3 rrjv daXarrav |
| 4979 | avecfrrjve |
| 4980 | to |
| 4981 | rreSiov |
| 4982 | Kal |
| 4983 | dverrXr)po}oe rats 7Tpoaxd>acvw' o Sr) fiaprvpovaav |
| 4984 | '¿X£l TW ai<yQr)<nv opcdfiev yap ere vvv em<f>epovTi |
| 4985 | C rep rroraficp veav IXvv Kal irpodyovn4 rrjv yrjv Kara |
| 4986 | ¡.UKpov |
| 4987 | mTOX<*>povv |
| 4988 | ottloo) |
| 4989 | to |
| 4990 | rreXayog, Kal |
| 4991 | tt)v |
| 4992 | OaXaTTav vifjos tcov ev padet AafifiavovTcov Sea ras* |
| 4993 | rTpoax<*)<r€is arroppeovaav tt)V Se O apov, fjv *Ofirjpos |
| 4994 | f)Sei Spofiov r)fiepas arrexovaav AlyvrrTOV, vvv fiepos |
| 4995 | ovaav avTTjS, ovk a vttjv avaSpafiovaav ovSe irpoa- |
| 4996 | avafiaaav, aXXa tt}s fieTa^v OaAaTTrjs avarrXaTTOVTi |
| 4997 | Tip TTOTafitp Kal Tpe<f)ovTi tt)v rjireipov dvaoTaXeiarjs. |
| 4998 | *AAAa Tavra ¡lev dfioia t o is vtto tcov H tqukcov |
| 4999 | OeoAoyovfievois ecttl* Kal yap eKetvot, to p,ev yovifiov |
| 5000 | rrvevfia Kal Tpocf)ifiov Atovvoov elvai Xeyovcn, to |
| 5001 | TrXrjKTtKov Se Kal SiaipeTtKov *Hpa/cAea, |
| 5002 | to Se |
| 5003 | SeKTLKov *A¡ificova, A ^/rqrpa5 Se Kal K oprjv to Sia |
| 5004 | 1 vnoXcifjLfxaTOS F.C .B.: vnoXcifipLa. |
| 5005 | 2 4a>Xov F.C .B.: ecoXov. |
| 5006 | 8 i£cu<jas Wyttenbach : t^eaxjas. |
| 5007 | * 7rpodyovTi Bernardakis: Trpoaayayovn or Ttpoayayovrt. |
| 5008 | 5 A’qfirjrpa Bernardakis: 8yp.rjTpavt |
| 5009 | a Cf. Herodotus, ii. 5 ; Diodorus, iii. 3, and i. 39. 11. |
| 5010 | 98 |
| 5011 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 367 |
| 5012 | be justified in rejecting that other account, to the |
| 5013 | effect that Typhon, many ages ago, held sway over |
| 5014 | Osiris’s domain ; for E g yp t used to be all a sea,° and, |
| 5015 | for that reason, even to-day it is found to have shells |
| 5016 | in its mines and mountains.b |
| 5017 | M oreover, all the |
| 5018 | springs and wells, of which there are many, have a |
| 5019 | saline and brackish water, as if some stale dregs of |
| 5020 | the ancient sea had collected there. |
| 5021 | But, in time, Horus overpowered Typhon ; that is |
| 5022 | to say, there came on a timely abundance of rain, and |
| 5023 | the Nile forced out the sea and revealed the fertile |
| 5024 | land, which it filled out with its alluvial deposits. This |
| 5025 | has support in the testimony of our own observation ; |
| 5026 | for we see, even to-day, as the river brings down new |
| 5027 | silt and advances the land, that the deep waters |
| 5028 | gradually recede and, as the bottom gains in height |
| 5029 | by reason of the alluvial deposits, the water of the |
| 5030 | sea runs off from these. |
| 5031 | W e also note that Pharos, |
| 5032 | which Homer c knew as distant a day’s sail from |
| 5033 | Egypt, is now a part of it ; not that the island has |
| 5034 | extended its area by rising, or has come nearer to the |
| 5035 | land, but the sea th at separated them was obliged to |
| 5036 | retire before the river, as the river reshaped the land |
| 5037 | and made it to increase. |
| 5038 | The fact is that all this is somewhat like the doc |
| 5039 | trines promulgated by the Stoics d about the gods ; |
| 5040 | for they say that the creative and fostering spirit is |
| 5041 | Dionysus, the truculent and destructive is Heracles, |
| 5042 | the receptive is Ammon, th at which pervades the |
| 5043 | Earth and its products is D em eter and the D aughter, |
| 5044 | 6 C/. Herodotus, ii. 12. |
| 5045 | c Od. iv. 356. |
| 5046 | 0/. also Strabo, xii. 2. 4 (p. 536), and |
| 5047 | xvii. 1. 6 (p. 791). |
| 5048 | d Cf, von |
| 5049 | Arnim, Stoicorum Veierum Fragmentat ii. |
| 5050 | 1093 (p. 319). |
| 5051 | 99 |
| p. 62 | |
| 5052 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 5053 | (367) rrįs yfįs Kai rcov Kapirdov 8trįKov, IloorciScura 8e ro |
| 5054 | 8ta rrįs OaXdrrrjs. |
| 5055 | (41.) OI 8e roZo8e roZs <Į>vgikoZs |
| 5056 | Kai tcov a n* aarpoXoyias ĮJLa9r]įjLariKU)v1 evia p,ei- |
| 5057 | D yvvvres Tv(f>cova ¡iev oiovrai rov rjXiaKov kogiiov, |
| 5058 | uOoipiv Se rov oeXrjviaKov Xeyeo9ai. |
| 5059 | rrjv p,ev yap |
| 5060 | oeArjvrjv yovLĮjiov ro <j)ios |
| 5061 | koX vypoTTOLov eyovoav |
| 5062 | evfievrj Kal yovaZs |
| 5063 | ¡¿cocov Kal <¡>1ndbv elvat /?Aa- |
| 5064 | orrjoeoi' rov S’ rjXcov aKparcp rrvpl Kal GKXrjpto |
| 5065 | KaradaXrreiv2 re Kai Karavaiveiv r a <f>vop,eva Kal |
| 5066 | redrjXoray Kal ro ttoXv ¡xepos rrįs yrjs rravrdrraoiv |
| 5067 | vito cf)XoypLov rroieZv a oiKrjrov Kal KaraKpareZv ttoX- |
| 5068 | Xayov Kai rrįs aeXrjvrjs. |
| 5069 | 8 lo rov Tv(I>tova Hrj9 del3 |
| 5070 | Alyv7moL KaXovcnv, orrep eorl KaraSvvaorevov rj |
| 5071 | E /carajSta^o/xevoi/. |
| 5072 | Kal raj fiev rjXLcp rov 'Hpa/cAea |
| 5073 | /wdoXoyovaiv |
| 5074 | eviSpvpLevov |
| 5075 | ovpLTrepnroXeZv, rfj Se |
| 5076 | oeXrjvTj rov cKpfirjv. |
| 5077 | Xoyov yap epyois eot/ce Kal |
| 5078 | reXeias4 ao<Į>las r a rrįs aeXrjvrjs, r a S’ rjXiov TrXrjyaZs |
| 5079 | V7TO fšias Kal pcoparjs rrepaivojievais.* |
| 5080 | ol Se UrcoiKol |
| 5081 | rov Įiev rjXiov ¿k 8aXarrrjs avarrreadai Kal rpe<j>e- |
| 5082 | o9ai <f)aoi, rfj Se aeXifvrj ra KprjvaZa Kal XiIivaZa |
| 5083 | vdįiara yXvKeZav dvarrep/neiv Kal jiaXaKrjV ava* |
| 5084 | 9vįjLiaoiv. |
| 5085 | 42. |
| 5086 | 'EpSdfjLrj em 8ei<a rfjv ’OcrtptSo? yeveo8ai |
| 5087 | reXevrrjv Alyiirmot pLv9oXoyovoiv, ev fj jiaXiora |
| 5088 | ytyverai reXeiovp,evrf KaraSrjXos rj rravGeXijvos. |
| 5089 | Sto |
| 5090 | 1 ĮiaOrjfiariKajv] fiaOrjfxdrcov Markland. |
| 5091 | 2 Kal okXtjpco KaradaXueiv Madvig: K€KXrjpajKora da-Xneiv. |
| 5092 | 3 act del. Squire. |
| 5093 | 4 reXeias F.C .B .: 7T€pl. |
| 5094 | 5 7rępaivopivais Baxter: rrepaivopeinys. |
| 5095 | 6 TtXaovpivr} F.C .B.; peiovplvrj Wyttenbach: nXrjpovpeinq. |
| 5096 | * Cf. Cicero, De Natura Deorum, i. 15 (40), ii. 28 (71); |
| 5097 | and Diogenes Laertius, vii. 147. |
| 5098 | b Cf. 658 b, infra. |
| 5099 | e Cf. 371 b and 376 a, infra. |
| 5100 | 100 |
| 5101 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 367 |
| 5102 | and that which pervades the Sea is Poseidon.a |
| 5103 | (41.) But the Egyptians, by combining with these |
| 5104 | physical explanations some of the scientific results |
| 5105 | derived from astronomy, think that by Typhon is |
| 5106 | meant the solar world, and by Osiris the lunar world ; |
| 5107 | they reason that the moon, because it has a light that |
| 5108 | is generative and productive of moisture,6 is kindly |
| 5109 | towards the young of animals and the burgeoning |
| 5110 | plants, whereas the sun, by its untempered and piti |
| 5111 | less heat, makes all growing and flourishing vegeta |
| 5112 | tion hot and parched, and, through its blazing light, |
| 5113 | renders a large part of the earth uninhabitable, and |
| 5114 | in many a region overpowers the moon. |
| 5115 | For this |
| 5116 | reason the Egyptians regularly call Typhon “ Seth,” c |
| 5117 | which, being interpreted, means “ overmastering and |
| 5118 | compelling.” |
| 5119 | They have a legend that Heracles, |
| 5120 | making his dwelling in the sun, is a companion for it |
| 5121 | in its revolutions, as is the case also with Hermes and |
| 5122 | the moon. |
| 5123 | In fact, the actions of the moon are like |
| 5124 | actions of reason and perfect wisdom, whereas those |
| 5125 | of the sun are like beatings administered through |
| 5126 | violence and brute strength. |
| 5127 | The Stoics d assert that |
| 5128 | the sun is kindled and fed from the sea, but that for |
| 5129 | the moon the moving waters from the springs and |
| 5130 | lakes send up a sweet and mild exhalation. |
| 5131 | 42. The Egyptians have a legend that the end of |
| 5132 | Osiris’s life came on the seventeenth of the month, on |
| 5133 | which day it is quite evident to the eye that the |
| 5134 | period of the full moon is over.6 |
| 5135 | Because of this the |
| 5136 | d Von Arnim, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, ii. 663. |
| 5137 | Cf. also Diogenes Laertius, vii. 145; and Porphyry, DeAntro |
| 5138 | Nympharum, 11. |
| 5139 | • Fourteen days, or one half of a lunar month, before the |
| 5140 | €vg Kai rea, if the lunar month could ever be made to square |
| 5141 | w ith any system of chronology! |
| 5142 | 101 |
| p. 63 | |
| 5143 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 5144 | F каі тг)ѵ rjptipav таѵтгрѵ аѵтіфра^иѵ oi П ѵѲауореюі |
| 5145 | каХоѵѵс, /cat oÀcoç тоѵ арсѲрьоѵ тоѵтоѵ афоѵсоѵѵтас. |
| 5146 | тоѵ yàp ікка18ека тетраусоѵоѵ /cat тоѵ ¿ктсокаі- |
| 5147 | Se/ca érepopLrjKovs, ois ptovots ариѲрьшѵ im niSiov |
| 5148 | crupißeßrjKe ra s rreptuerpovs teras eye tv tols тгерс- |
| 5149 | eyoptevots Ѵ7Г9 аѵтшѵ ycoptots, pievos о тсоѵ ітттакаі- |
| 5150 | 8ека тгарерьтгітгтшѵ аѵтсфраттеі /cat Sta^evyvvvtv |
| 5151 | aiт àXXrjXœv, Kal'Siatpet1 ròv2 inóySoov Хоуоѵ els |
| 5152 | aviva 8саотцриата Teptvóptevos. |
| 5153 | ’Етсоѵ 8’ аріѲроѵ oi ptiv ßtcovat ròv *Ovtpiv ol Se |
| 5154 | 368 ßaviXevvat Xeyovvtv oktoj /cat etKovf тоѵаѵта yàp |
| 5155 | еѵті фоота rrjs veXrjvrjs каі rovavrais TĮptepats тоѵ |
| 5156 | avrrįs кѵкХоѵ і^еХІттеі. |
| 5157 | то Se £ѵХоѵ év raïs Хеуо- |
| 5158 | ptevats *OvlptSos тaфaZs repuvovres катаѵкеѵа^оѵѵі |
| 5159 | Харѵака ptrjvoetSrj Stà то rrjv veXrjvrjv, отаѵ тіо |
| 5160 | rjXlto rrXrjVLd^rj, ptrjvoetSrj ytyvoptévrjv атгокрѵттте- |
| 5161 | ѵѲаі. |
| 5162 | ròv S’ els Ьекатеттара pteprj тоѵ ’OvlptSos |
| 5163 | Stavrravjxov аіѵіттоѵтаі rrpos та s rjptipas ev als |
| 5164 | фѲІѵеі рьета TTavveXrjvov аур i vovptrjvlas то аѵтроѵ. |
| 5165 | B rjptipav Se iv fj фаіѵетаи ттрсотоѵ екфѵуоѵѵа Tas |
| 5166 | avyàs каі ттареХѲоѵѵа тоѵ rjXtov l< aTeXes ауаѲоѵ ” |
| 5167 | TTpovayopevovvtv. |
| 5168 | о yàp "Ovtpts ayadorrotos, каі |
| 5169 | тоѵѵорьа ттоХХа фра^еі, оѵу rjKiVTa |
| 5170 | Se Kparos |
| 5171 | evepyovv каі ауаѲоттоіоѵ о Хеуоѵѵі. |
| 5172 | то 8’ етероѵ |
| 5173 | ovopta тоѵ Ѳеоѵ тоѵ "Орьфіѵ2 еѵеруітгрѵ о 'Ep/xato? |
| 5174 | фт}ѵі SrjXovv ipptrjvevóptevov. |
| 5175 | 43. Оіоѵтаі Se TTpòs та фа>та тrjs veXrjvrjs eyetv |
| 5176 | Ttvà Xóyov тоѵ NetXov t Òs avaßaveis. |
| 5177 | rj ptèv yàp |
| 5178 | 1 Statpet] Starr/pet Xylander. |
| 5179 | 2 ròv] ката ròv Wyttenbach. |
| 5180 | 3 "Орфіѵ] "Оѵоѵфіѵ (?) Parthey. |
| 5181 | 1 0 2 |
| 5182 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 367-368 |
| 5183 | Pythagoreans call this day “ the Barrier,” and utterly |
| 5184 | abominate this number. For the number seventeen, |
| 5185 | coming in between the square sixteen and the oblong |
| 5186 | rectangle eighteen, which, as it happens, are the only |
| 5187 | plane figures that have their perimeters equal to their |
| 5188 | areas,® bars them off from each other and disjoins |
| 5189 | them, and breaks up the ratio of eight to eight and an |
| 5190 | eighth b by its division into unequal intervals. |
| 5191 | Some say that the years of Osiris’s life, others that |
| 5192 | the years of his reign, were twenty-eightc ; for that is |
| 5193 | the number of the moon’s illuminations, and in that |
| 5194 | number of days does she complete her cycle. |
| 5195 | The |
| 5196 | wood which they cut on the occasions called the |
| 5197 | “ burials of Osiris ” they fashion into a crescent-shaped |
| 5198 | coffer because of the fact that the moon, when it |
| 5199 | comes near the sun, becomes crescent-shaped and |
| 5200 | disappears from our sight. |
| 5201 | The dismemberment of |
| 5202 | Osiris into fourteen parts they refer allegorically to |
| 5203 | the days of the waning of that satellite from the time |
| 5204 | of the full moon to the new moon. And the day on |
| 5205 | which she becomes visible after escaping the solar rays |
| 5206 | and passing by the sun they style “ Incomplete Good ” ; |
| 5207 | for Osiris is beneficent, and his name means many |
| 5208 | things, but, not least of all, an active and beneficent |
| 5209 | power, as they put it. |
| 5210 | The other name of the god, |
| 5211 | Omphis, Hermaeus says means “ benefactor ” when |
| 5212 | interpreted. |
| 5213 | 43. |
| 5214 | They think that the risings of the Nile have |
| 5215 | some relation to the illuminations of the moon ; for |
| 5216 | "That is: |
| 5217 | 4 x 4 = 16 and 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16: |
| 5218 | so also |
| 5219 | 3 x 6 = 18 and 3 + 6 + 3 + 6 = 18. |
| 5220 | 6 That is, J of a number added to itself: thus 16 + -1/ = 18. |
| 5221 | Eighteen, therefore, bears the epogdoon relation to sixteen, |
| 5222 | which is broken up by the intervention of seventeen, an |
| 5223 | odd number. |
| 5224 | e Cf. 358 a, supra. |
| 5225 | 103 |
| p. 64 | |
| 5226 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 5227 | (368) ¡xeyiarr] n ep l tt]v yJLAe4>avTivr]v oktco ylyveTai Kal |
| 5228 | eiKoai irriytoìv, da a (fxLra Kal puerpa tcuv epipLi^vcov |
| 5229 | TTEpLoScOV €KCL(JT7]S €<JTW Tj Sè 7T€pì MÉvSrjTa Kal |
| 5230 | Hóiv PpaxvTCLTT] 7rriyeayv e^1 rrpos rrjv St^oTo/xo^- rj |
| 5231 | §€ pLearj 7repl MepL</>LV, orav fj òiKaia, SeKareaadpcov |
| 5232 | TTTjxeojv TTpos T7)v navaeArjvov. |
| 5233 | 1 |
| 5234 | ov o |
| 5235 | J\thv |
| 5236 | €ikova piev |
| 5237 | VJoipioos epafjvxov |
| 5238 | elvai, yeveaOai Se oTrav (¡>d>s epe lot] yovifiov ¿770 Trjs |
| 5239 | oeArfvrjs Kal KaOaifnjraL fioòs 6pyu)onr]s. |
| 5240 | Sto /cat rot? |
| 5241 | Trjs aeXfjV7]s crxrfpLCLcnv eoiKe rroXXd rod "Am Sos, |
| 5242 | TrepipLeXaivopievov rà XapL7rpà rots UKLepoZs. |
| 5243 | eVt Se3 |
| 5244 | Trj vovparjvLa tov O apLevajO pL7]vòs ioprrjv ayovoiv, |
| 5245 | eptfiaaiv 'OaipiSos els |
| 5246 | tt)v aeXrjvrjv ovopid^ovTes, |
| 5247 | eapos dpXW o^o-ay. |
| 5248 | ovtco rrjv ’OaipiSos Svvapuv |
| 5249 | eV Trj aeArjvr) nOevres* rrjv *loiv avrei) yéveaiv ovaav |
| 5250 | ovveivai Xeyovai. |
| 5251 | Sto /cat pL7]repa tt]v aeXrjvrjv tov |
| 5252 | KoopLOV KaXovai Kal (f>voiv '¿X€lv dpaevoOrjXvv oiovrai |
| 5253 | 7rX7)pOVpL€V7)V Vif)’ 'HÀlOU Kal KVLOkopLtvrfv, avrrjv Se |
| 5254 | D 7raXiv els ròv aepa TrpoiepLevrjv yevvrjTiKas àpxàs Kal |
| 5255 | KaraoTTeipovoav ov yàp del tt]v <f>9opàv èiriKpareiv |
| 5256 | rrjv rv(j)(x)veLov, 7ToXXaKLs Se KpaTOvpLevr]v virò Trjs |
| 5257 | yeveaecos Kal ovvdeopL€vr]v avOts dvaAveo9af Kal |
| 5258 | hiapLaxecrOai rrpos tov TClpov. |
| 5259 | €Oti S’ ovtos 6 rrepi- |
| 5260 | yeios Koapios ovTe (f>9opas drraXXaTTopLevos rravTa- |
| 5261 | rraaiv ovTe yeveaeojs. |
| 5262 | 1 cf] cVr a Squire. |
| 5263 | 2 TAmv] Baxter would add éacnv. |
| 5264 | 3 eri 8c Baxter : on. |
| 5265 | 4 ridevres Petavius : nflerrcu. |
| 5266 | 5 avaXvcadai \Vy ttc-nbach : dvaSvecrOai. |
| 5267 | a Besides the famous ancient Nilometer at Elephantine, |
| 5268 | others have been found at Philae, Edfu, and Esna. |
| 5269 | b Cf. 359 b and 362 c, svpra. |
| 5270 | e Cf. Moralia% 718 b, ana Aelian, De Natura Animalium, |
| 5271 | xi. 10. |
| 5272 | 104 |
| 5273 | ISIS AND OSIRIS. 368 |
| 5274 | the greatest rising,® in the neighbourhood of Elephan |
| 5275 | tine, is twenty-eight cubits, which is the number of its |
| 5276 | illuminations that form the measure of each of its |
| 5277 | monthly cycles ; the rising in the neighbourhood of |
| 5278 | Mendes and Xois, which is the least, is six cubits, |
| 5279 | corresponding to the first quarter. The mean rising, |
| 5280 | in the neighbourhood of Memphis, when it is normal, |
| 5281 | is fourteen cubits, corresponding to the full moon. |
| 5282 | The Apis, they say, is the animate image of Osiris,5 |
| 5283 | and he comes into being when a fructifying light |
| 5284 | thrusts forth from the moon and falls upon a cow in her |
| 5285 | breeding-season.6 |
| 5286 | Wherefore there are many things |
| 5287 | in the Apis that resemble features of the moon, his |
| 5288 | bright parts being darkened by the shadowy. More |
| 5289 | over, at the time of the new moon in the month of |
| 5290 | Pharnenoth they celebrate a festival to which they |
| 5291 | give the name of “ Osiris’s coming to the Moon,” and |
| 5292 | this marks the beginning of the spring. |
| 5293 | Thus they |
| 5294 | make the pow er of Osiris to be fixed in the Moon, and |
| 5295 | say that Isis, since she is generation, is associated |
| 5296 | with him. For this reason they also call the Moon the |
| 5297 | mother of the world, and they think that she has a |
| 5298 | nature both male and female, as she is receptive and |
| 5299 | made pregnant by the Sun, but she herself in turn emits |
| 5300 | and disseminates into the air generative principles. |
| 5301 | For, as they believe, the destructive activity of |
| 5302 | Typhon does not always prevail, but oftentimes is |
| 5303 | overpow ered by such generation and put in bonds, and |
| 5304 | then at a later time is again released and contends |
| 5305 | against Horus/1 who is the terrestrial universe; and |
| 5306 | this is never completely exempt either from dis |
| 5307 | solution or from generation. |
| 5308 | d Cf. 358 i), supra. |
| 5309 | 105 |
| p. 65 | |
| 5310 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 5311 | (368) |
| 5312 | 44. *E viol 8e Kal tcov €kX€ltttlkcov aiviypta 7rot- |
| 5313 | ovvrai tov fivOov. |
| 5314 | eVAciVct (lev yap rj GeXrjvrj rrav- |
| 5315 | aeArjvos evavrlav tov rjXlov gtolgcv eyovros rrpos |
| 5316 | avrrjv els tt)v gklclv epLTrL7rTovoa rrjs yfjs, coarrep |
| 5317 | <f>aal rov "Ovipiv ets* t rjv oopdv. |
| 5318 | avTrj Se ttoX lv |
| 5319 | E airoKpvTTTZi Kal atfyavi^ei ra t? TpiaKaoiv, ou ptrjv |
| 5320 | avaipeiTai TravTarraoi tov rjAiov, coorrep ox3Se tov |
| 5321 | lupouva rj |
| 5322 | lcn?. |
| 5323 | ' |
| 5324 | revvticrT}? tt)s“ Ne(j)6vos tov "Avovfiiv, Hat? vtto- |
| 5325 | paAAeTai. |
| 5326 | Ne<f)9vs yap ¿gtl to w to yrjv Kal agaves, |
| 5327 | rlais Se to vrrep ttjv yrjv Kal <f>avepov. |
| 5328 | o Se tovtwv1 |
| 5329 | V7Toifjavcov Kal AcaAou/xevo? opi^cov kvkAos, ¿ttlkolvos |
| 5330 | tov apt<f)oTv, "A vov^ ls K£KXr]Tai Kal kvvI to el8os |
| 5331 | arr€iKat>€TaL• Acai yap o kvcov x prjTai Trj oipei vvkt6s |
| 5332 | re a«u fjpbipas ofioltog. |
| 5333 | Kal TavTiqv eyeiv ^OK€^ nap* |
| 5334 | AlyvTTTiois ttjv 8vvapuv o "Avovfiis, o?av rj ^Eacclt^ |
| 5335 | Trap* "EAA^at, ;(0ovio? cov |
| 5336 | opiov |
| 5337 | Kal |
| 5338 | oXvpimos• |
| 5339 | F ¿viols Se SoAcet Kpovo? o "Avovfiis eivar Sto rravTa |
| 5340 | t Iktcov e£ iavTov Kal kvcov ¿v iavTtp ttjv tov kvvos |
| 5341 | ¿7TLKXrjGLv eo^ev. |
| 5342 | eart2 S’ out' to?? ae/Jo/xeVoi? tov |
| 5343 | Avovfiiv diropprjTov tl• Kal rraXai ptev ra? pieyioTas |
| 5344 | ev AlyviTTCp Tipuas o kvcov eoyev* err el Se Ka/xjSucrou |
| 5345 | tov TAmv aveXoVTos Kal piiJjavTos ouSev TTpoorjAQev |
| 5346 | ouS’ eyevGarro tov odopaTos aXX* rj ptovos o kvcov, |
| 5347 | arrcoXeGe to rrpdoTos etvat Kal pcdAiOTa Tipidodai tcov |
| 5348 | €T€pCOV £CpCOV. |
| 5349 | 1 t o v t c q v Bentley : t o v t c o . |
| 5350 | 2 ton Reiske: In. |
| 5351 | a Cf. 356 e , supra. |
| 5352 | 6 Cf. 375 e , infra. |
| 5353 | e Plutarch would connect k v w v, 44 dog,” with the participle |
| 5354 | of k v <S, 44 be pregnant.” If the animal were a bear, we might |
| 5355 | say, 44 bears all things . . . the appellation of Bear,” which |
| 5356 | would be a very close parallel. |
| 5357 | 106 |
| 5358 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 368 |
| 5359 | 44. |
| 5360 | There are some who would make the legend an |
| 5361 | allegorical reference to m atters touching eclipses ; for |
| 5362 | the Moon suffers eclipse only when she is full, with |
| 5363 | the Sun directly opposite to her, and she falls into the |
| 5364 | shadow of the E arth , as they say Osiris fell into his |
| 5365 | coffin. |
| 5366 | Then again, the Moon herself obscures the |
| 5367 | Sun and causes solar eclipses, always on the thirtieth |
| 5368 | of the month ; however, she does not completely |
| 5369 | annihilate the Sun, and likewise Isis did not annihilate |
| 5370 | Typhon. |
| 5371 | When Nephthys gave birth to Anubis, Isis treated |
| 5372 | the child as if it were her ow na ; for Nephthys is |
| 5373 | that which is beneath the E arth and invisible, Isis |
| 5374 | that which is above the earth and visible ; and the |
| 5375 | circle which touches these, called the horizon, being |
| 5376 | common to both,& has received the name Anubis, and |
| 5377 | is represented in form like a dog ; for the dog can see |
| 5378 | with his eyes both by night and by day alike. |
| 5379 | And |
| 5380 | among the Egyptians Anubis is thought to possess |
| 5381 | this faculty, which is similar to th at which H ecate is |
| 5382 | thought to possess among the Greeks, for Anubis is a |
| 5383 | deity of the lower world as well as a god of Olympus. |
| 5384 | Some are of the opinion that Anubis is Cronus. |
| 5385 | For |
| 5386 | this reason, inasmuch as he generates all things out |
| 5387 | of himself and conceives all things within himself, he |
| 5388 | has gained the appellation of “ D og.” c |
| 5389 | There is, |
| 5390 | therefore, a certain m ystery observed by those who |
| 5391 | revere Anubis; in ancient times the dog obtained the |
| 5392 | highest honours in E g y p t; but, when Cambyses d had |
| 5393 | slain the Apis and cast him forth, nothing came near |
| 5394 | the body or ate of it save only the dog ; and thereby |
| 5395 | the dog lost his primacy and his place of honour above |
| 5396 | that of all the other animals. |
| 5397 | a Cf. the note on 355 c, supra. |
| 5398 | 107 |
| p. 66 | |
| 5399 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 5400 | E lai Se' rives oi то окіаоріа rrjs yfjs, eis о rrjv |
| 5401 | oeXrjvrjv ¿ХюѲаѵоѵоаѵ екХеІѵеіѵ vopiiÇovoi, Тѵфсоѵа |
| 5402 | 369 KaXovvres. |
| 5403 | (45.) "ОѲеѵ оѵк аѵеоікеѵ eiveiv tos lòia |
| 5404 | piè v оѵк opdcòs eKaoros, |
| 5405 | oijlov Se va vres òpOcòs |
| 5406 | Xeyovoiv. |
| 5407 | ov yàp avxpiôv1 ov8’ âvepiov oiîSe ѲаХат- |
| 5408 | rav ovSè a ko to s, àXXà vdv ooov rj <f>vots ßXaßepov |
| 5409 | каі фѲартікоѵ ex€i> Į^dpiov тоѵ Tvфcüvós Ѳетеоѵ.2 |
| 5410 | оѵте yàp еѵ àifjvxols осоріаоі ras тоѵ vavròs dpxàs |
| 5411 | Ѳетеоѵ, cos ArjpiÓKpiros каі ’JLviKovpos, оѵт àvoLov3 |
| 5412 | Srjpiiovpyòv vXrjs ¿Va Xóyov каі piiav vpóvoiav, cos |
| 5413 | oi YjTCjûikoL, vepiyiyvopievrjv аѵаѵтсоѵ каі кparov- |
| 5414 | oav. |
| 5415 | dSvvarov yàp rj фХаѵроѵ отюѵѵ, ovov vdv- |
| 5416 | B rcov, |
| 5417 | t i |
| 5418 | X |
| 5419 | P У]отоѵ, ovov4 pir]8evòs о Oeòs a irios, |
| 5420 | еууеѵеоѲai. |
| 5421 | “ vaXivtovos ” yàp “ àppiovir] кооріоѵ, |
| 5422 | оксооѵер5 Xvprjs каі то^оѵ м каѲ* * НракХеітоѵ каі |
| 5423 | кат |
| 5424 | EvpiviSrjv |
| 5425 | оѵк àv yevono х шР1$ èadXà каі кака, |
| 5426 | àXX' e o n n s ovyKpacns coot e^eu' koXujs. |
| 5427 | Alò каі vapLvdXaios avrrj катеюіѵ èк ѲеоХоусоѵ |
| 5428 | каі ѵоріоѲетсоѵ eis те voudras каі фlXoooфovs Só£a, |
| 5429 | тг)ѵ àpxty аЬеоѵотоѵ èxovoa, rrjv Se ѵіотіѵ loxvpàv |
| 5430 | каі SvoeÇaXeivrov, оѵк èv Xóyois pióvov ouS’ ¿v |
| 5431 | фц puais, aAA’ eV те reX eraïs еѵ те Ovoiais каі ßa p- |
| 5432 | ßapois каі f,EXXrjoi voXXaxov ѵеріферориеѵу],6 cos |
| 5433 | 1 аѵхцоѵ) au^/xop ilovov Sieveking. |
| 5434 | 2 Ѳет€ov F.C.B. (eanv cineîv Bernardakis ; vopioriov Strijd) * |
| 5435 | ear iv. |
| 5436 | 3 Q.7TOLOV Meziriacus : airoiov ov. |
| 5437 | 4 опои Meziriacus : opov. |
| 5438 | 5 oKcooncp Wyttenbach : оттшотгер. |
| 5439 | e тт^ріферор-іѵт) Holwerda : ттеріферодеѵдѵ. |
| 5440 | а Cf. 373 e , infra. |
| 5441 | b Cf. 364 a, supra, and 376 f , infra. |
| 5442 | 108 |
| 5443 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 368-369 |
| 5444 | There are some who give the name of Typhon to the |
| 5445 | Earth s shadow, into which they believe the moon |
| 5446 | slips when it suffers eclipse.® |
| 5447 | (45.) Hence it is not |
| 5448 | unreasonable to say that the statement of each person |
| 5449 | individually is not right, but that the statement of all |
| 5450 | collectively is right ; for it is not drought nor wind nor |
| 5451 | sea nor darkness,b but everything harmful and de |
| 5452 | structive that Nature contains, which is to be set down |
| 5453 | as a part of Typhon. The origins of the universe are |
| 5454 | not to be placed in inanimate bodies, according to |
| 5455 | the doctrine of Democritus and Epicurus, nor yet is |
| 5456 | the Artificer of undifferentiated matter, according to |
| 5457 | the Stoic doctrine,0 one Reason, and one Providence |
| 5458 | which gains the upper hand and prevails over all |
| 5459 | things. The fact is that it is impossible for anything |
| 5460 | bad whatsoever to be engendered where God is the |
| 5461 | Author of all, or anything good where God is the |
| 5462 | Author of nothing ; for the concord of the universe, |
| 5463 | like that of a lyre or bow, according to Heracleitus,d |
| 5464 | is resilient if disturbed ; and according to Euripides,0 |
| 5465 | The good and bad cannot be kept apart, |
| 5466 | But there is some commingling, which is well. |
| 5467 | Wherefore this very ancient opinion comes down |
| 5468 | from writers on religion and from lawgivers to poets |
| 5469 | and philosophers ; it can be traced to no source, but |
| 5470 | it carried a strong and almost indelible conviction, and |
| 5471 | is in circulation in many places among barbarians and |
| 5472 | Greeks alike, not only in story and tradition but also |
| 5473 | e Of. von Arnim, Stoicormn Veter urn Fragmenta, ii. p. |
| 5474 | 1108, and Diogenes Laertius, vii. 134. |
| 5475 | d Of. Diels, Frag, der Vorsokratiker, i. p. 87, no. «51. |
| 5476 | Plutarch quotes this again in Moralia, 473 f and 1026 b. |
| 5477 | e Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag., Euripides, no. 2 1 , from the |
| 5478 | Aeolus : quoted again in Moralia, 25 c and 474 a. |
| 5479 | 109 |
| p. 67 | |
| 5480 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 5481 | C ovt |
| 5482 | avow Kai aXoyov Kai aKvfiepvrjTov atcopetrat |
| 5483 | (369) ra> avTopaTto to rrav, ovd* els eoTiv o Kparcov /cat |
| 5484 | Karev6vva)v coarrep ota^iv rj n u t 7rei6r}viois xaAivofs* |
| 5485 | Xoyos, aAAa 7roAAa /cat pep ecy p ev a /ca/cot? /cat |
| 5486 | ayatfois*, paXXov Se pr]hevy cos dwXcos elrrelv, a/cpa- |
| 5487 | tov evravOa Trjs (f>vaecos <f>epov<jr)s, ov Svotv rriOcov |
| 5488 | els ra p ta s coorrep v d p a ra r a tt pay p a r a KaTrrjXiKcos |
| 5489 | Siavepcov avaKepavvvcnv rjptv, aAA* ¿770 Svotv evav- |
| 5490 | tloov apx&v /cat Svotv avTinaXcov Svvapecov Trjs pev |
| 5491 | €77 |
| 5492 | 1 ra Se^ia /cat /car’ evOetav v<f>r]yovpevr}s> Trjs 8 9 |
| 5493 | eprraXiv avaoTpe(f>ovGr]s Kai avaKXcbarjs > o T€ fiios |
| 5494 | D piKTos o T€ K oopos, €t /cat pr) 7Tas, aAA* o irepiyeios |
| 5495 | ovtos Kai p e r a oeXrjv'qs1 2 avcopaXos Kai ttolklXos |
| 5496 | yeyove Kai pera/HoXas rraoas Sexopevos. |
| 5497 | et yap |
| 5498 | ovSev avaiTLCos rre(f>VKe yeveoBai, alriav Se kokov |
| 5499 | Tayadov ovk av rrapauxOL> Set yeveoiv ISiav Kai |
| 5500 | a-PXyv cooirep ayaOov Kai kokov ttjv </)voiv e^eiy. |
| 5501 | 46. K at SoKet t o v t o Tots rrXeioTOis Kai oo<f>co- |
| 5502 | raTots“ vopit,ovai yap ot pev Oeovs elvat, Suo /ca0- |
| 5503 | arrep avTCTexvovs, t o v pev ayadcov, t o v Se <f>avXcov |
| 5504 | SrjpLovpySv. |
| 5505 | ot Se to v pev2 apeivova 6e6v, to v S’ |
| 5506 | E eTepov Saipova KaXovotv coorrep ZjOjpodoTpr\s3 o |
| 5507 | 1 oe\rjvr)s F.C .B .: otXtfvrjv. |
| 5508 | 2 ¿iev Markland : ¿tev yap. |
| 5509 | 3 ZtopoaoTprjs from X//*£ of Numa, ch. iv.: ^copoactTpis. |
| 5510 | 0 The language is reminiscent of a fragment of Sophocles |
| 5511 | quoted by Plutarch in Moralia, 767 e, and Life of Alexander, |
| 5512 | chap. vii. (668 b). |
| 5513 | C/. Nauck, Tra^. Graec. Frag., Sophocles, |
| 5514 | 1 1 0 |
| 5515 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 369 |
| 5516 | in rites and sacrifices, to the effect that the Universe |
| 5517 | is not of itself suspended aloft without sense or reason |
| 5518 | or guidance, nor is there one Reason which rules and |
| 5519 | guides it by rudders, as it were, or by controlling |
| 5520 | reins,® but, inasmuch as Nature brings, in this life of |
| 5521 | ours, many experiences in which both evil and good |
| 5522 | are commingled, or better, to put it very simply, |
| 5523 | Nature brings nothing which is not combined with |
| 5524 | something else, we may assert that it is not one |
| 5525 | keeper of two great vases 6 who, after the manner of |
| 5526 | a barmaid, deals out to us our failures and successes |
| 5527 | in mixture, but it has come about, as the result of two |
| 5528 | opposed principles and two antagonistic forces, one of |
| 5529 | which guides us along a straight course to the right, |
| 5530 | while the other turns us aside and backward, that |
| 5531 | our life is complex, and so also is the universe ; and |
| 5532 | if this is not true of the whole of it, yet it is true that |
| 5533 | this terrestrial universe, including its moon as well, is |
| 5534 | irregular and variable and subject to all manner of |
| 5535 | changes. |
| 5536 | For if it is the law of Nature that nothing |
| 5537 | comes into being without a cause, and if the good |
| 5538 | cannot provide a cause for evil, then it follows that |
| 5539 | Nature must have in herself the source and origin of |
| 5540 | evil, just as she contains the source and origin of good. |
| 5541 | 46. |
| 5542 | The great majority and the wisest of men hold |
| 5543 | this opinion : they believe that there are two gods, |
| 5544 | rivals as it were, the one the Artificer of good and the |
| 5545 | other of evil. |
| 5546 | There are also those who call the better |
| 5547 | one a god and the other a daemon, as, for example, |
| 5548 | no. 785. |
| 5549 | 44 A task for many reins and rudders too *’ ( ttoXXcjv |
| 5550 | XoXlvcjv Zpyov oiaKcov 0’ a/za). |
| 5551 | 6 The reference is to Homer, II. xxiv. 527-528, as mis |
| 5552 | quoted in Plato, Republic, 379 d . |
| 5553 | Cf. also Moralia, 24 a |
| 5554 | (and the note), 105 c (and the note), and 473 b . |
| 5555 | Moralia, |
| 5556 | 600 c, is helpful in understanding the present passage. |
| 5557 | I l l |
| p. 68 | |
| 5558 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 5559 | fiayos3 ov TrevraKLGx^iois ereoi rwv TpwtKwv ye- |
| 5560 | yovevai irpeofivTepov taropodatv. |
| 5561 | ovros ovv екаXei |
| 5562 | rov piev 'Clpopid^rjv, rov S9 9 Apetpavtov' ка1 ттроа- |
| 5563 | аттефасуего rov jxev eoiKevac фсог1 puaXcara rcov |
| 5564 | alodrjrtov, rov S’ e'f ITT aXtv о кого) ка1 dyvota,1 puecrov |
| 5565 | 8 ’ арьфоси rov XUepyjv elvai* 8 1 0 кal M Idp^v llepoai |
| 5566 | rov |
| 5567 | Meolrrjv ovof-idtovatv. |
| 5568 | eStSa^e Se2 rw piev |
| 5569 | evKrata 6veiv K a l'x aPiaTVPiay r<P ^ атгогроттакх |
| 5570 | /cat акьврсотга. |
| 5571 | rroav yap rev a KOTrrovres opbwpu |
| 5572 | KaXovpievrjv ev oXpuo rov ''Ai8r]v dvaKaXodvrai кас |
| 5573 | rov GKorov elra pieifjavres ai/Liart Avkov афауеугоъ |
| 5574 | F etg roTTov dvr]Xiov екфероусп ка1 рьттгоусп. |
| 5575 | ка1 yap |
| 5576 | rwv фугсоу vopLL^oycn т а piev rod ayaOod веод, rd |
| 5577 | 8e rod какоу Sai/xovosr elvai* ка1 rwv L,wwv wernep |
| 5578 | Kyvas /cat opviOas /cat XCP°atous ¿x^voyg rod aya- |
| 5579 | воу, rod 8e фауХоУ /xt/s“3 evvbpoys etvar 8 to к at |
| 5580 | rov Krelvavra TrXeloroys ey8aipbovLttoyoiv. |
| 5581 | 47. On pLTjv aXXa1 какеЪоь ттоХХа рьува>8г) rrepl |
| 5582 | rwv 9ewv Xeyoyatv, ota /cat ra dr9 eoriv. |
| 5583 | о piev |
| 5584 | 'Slpopidltfs ¿к rod KaOapwraroy (jixxous“,5 о 8’ ’Apet- |
| 5585 | pidvios ек rod £офоу yeyovws, rroXepLodoLV aXXrjXots* |
| 5586 | 370 /cat о piev e£ 9eobs ¿Troirjae, rov fiev тTpwrov edvoias, |
| 5587 | rov Se 8eyrepov dXr}9eias, rov Se rplrov edvopbias- |
| 5588 | rwv Se Xolttwv rov piev оофьаs, rov 8e ттХоугоу, |
| 5589 | 1 ayrota] орфгаСа (?). |
| 5590 | 2 Sc added by Meziriacus. |
| 5591 | 3 ц€$ Squire from 670 i>: tovs. |
| 5592 | 4 аЛЛа added by Reiske. |
| 5593 | 5 |
| 5594 | <f>dovs] <jWro? Hatzidakis. |
| 5595 | a The casual reader will gain a better understanding of |
| 5596 | chapters 46 and 47 if he will consult some brief book or |
| 5597 | article on Zoroaster (Zarathustra) and the Persian religion. |
| 5598 | b That is, one of the Persian INI agi or Wise Men. |
| 5599 | 112 |
| 5600 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 369-370 |
| 5601 | Zoroastera the sage,b who, they record, lived five |
| 5602 | thousand years before the time of the Trojan War. He |
| 5603 | called the one Oromazes and the other Areimanius c ; |
| 5604 | and he further declared that among all the things per |
| 5605 | ceptible to the senses, Oromazes may best be compared |
| 5606 | to light, and Areimanius, conversely, to darkness and |
| 5607 | ignorance, and midway between the two is Mithras ; |
| 5608 | for this reason the Persians give to Mithras the name* |
| 5609 | of “ Mediator." |
| 5610 | Zoroaster has also taught that men |
| 5611 | should make votive offerings and thank-offerings to |
| 5612 | Oromazes, and averting and mourning offerings to |
| 5613 | Areimanius. |
| 5614 | They pound up in a mortar a certain |
| 5615 | plant called omomi, at the same time invoking Hades d |
| 5616 | and Darkness ; then they mix it with the blood of a |
| 5617 | wolf that has been sacrificed, and carry it out and |
| 5618 | cast it into a place where the sun never shines. |
| 5619 | In |
| 5620 | fact, they believe that some of the plants belong to |
| 5621 | the good god and others to the evil daemon ; so also |
| 5622 | of the animals they think that dogs, fowls, and hedge |
| 5623 | hogs, for example, belong to the good god, but that |
| 5624 | water-rats e belong to the evil one ; therefore the |
| 5625 | man who has killed the most of these they hold to |
| 5626 | be fortunate. |
| 5627 | 47. |
| 5628 | However, they also tell many fabulous stories |
| 5629 | about their gods, such, for example, as the following : |
| 5630 | Oromazes, born from the purest light, and Areimanius, |
| 5631 | born from the darkness, are constantlv at war with |
| 5632 | each other ; and Oromazes created six gods, the first |
| 5633 | of Good Thought, the second of Truth, the third of |
| 5634 | Order, and, of the rest, one of Wisdom, one of Wealth, |
| 5635 | c C/. Moralia, 1026 b, and Diogenes Laertius, Pro- |
| 5636 | logue, 2. |
| 5637 | d Cf. Diogenes Laertius, Prologue, 8. |
| 5638 | 6 Cj\ Moralia, /537 a and 670 n. |
| 5639 | 113 |
| p. 69 | |
| 5640 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 5641 | (370) тбѵ Se rtov ettl toZs KaXoZs rjSecov Srjfuovpyov о |
| 5642 | Se tovtols со оттер аѵт LTeyvovs too vs тбѵ аріѲроѵ. |
| 5643 | еІѲ* о pev 'Qpopd^rjs rpls eavrov av^rjcras аттеотг)ое |
| 5644 | rov rjXlov togovtov ooov о rjXios rijs yrjs афеОТГ]К€, |
| 5645 | real rov ovpavov aorpois ¿Kooprjoev eva S’ aorepa |
| 5646 | тгро ттаѵтсоѵ olov фѵХака каі ттро6тттг)ѵ еукате- |
| 5647 | orrjoe, тоу oeipiov. |
| 5648 | dXXovs Se nonjoas rerrapas каі |
| 5649 | B |
| 5650 | v |
| 5651 | n |
| 5652 | \ |
| 5653 | » |
| 5654 | > ' |
| 5655 | >//} |
| 5656 | * О» > |
| 5657 | * |
| 5658 | Л > |
| 5659 | еікоаі ueovs eiS toov еиг)кеѵ. |
| 5660 | oi о aito rov |
| 5661 | paviov yevopevoi каі avrol t o g o v t o i, biarprjoavTes |
| 5662 | to cooy eioeSvoav/ оѲеѵ аѵаререіктаі та кака roZs |
| 5663 | ayaOoZs. |
| 5664 | еттеюі Se XP°V°$ ^ipoppevos, ev ф rov |
| 5665 | 5Apeipaviov Хоірбѵ еттауоѵта каі Хірбѵ ѵттб тоѵтсоѵ |
| 5666 | аѵаукг) фѲарі)ѵаі тгаѵтатгаоі каі афауіаѲт)ѵаі, rfjs |
| 5667 | Se yrjs emneSov каі opaXrjs yevopevrjs, eva fiiov каі |
| 5668 | f.uav |
| 5669 | ттоХітеіаѵ |
| 5670 | аѵѲраотоѵ ракаріеоѵ |
| 5671 | каі |
| 5672 | opo- |
| 5673 | уХсооосоѵ аттаѵтсоу уеѵеоѲаі. |
| 5674 | QeorropTTos Se' фг}Оі |
| 5675 | ката t o v s payovs dva pepos трюхіХіа етг) тбѵ pev |
| 5676 | KpareZv тбѵ Se KpareZoPai тсоѵ Ѳесбѵ, aXXa Se трю- |
| 5677 | X^Xia рах^оѲаі каі ттоХереіѵ каі аѵаХѵеіѵ та тоѵ |
| 5678 | С ¿тероѵ тоѵ етероѵ reXos S* аттоХеіттеоѲаі2 тбѵ |
| 5679 | *Аі8г)ѵ, каі тоѵs pev dvOptoTrovs evSalpovas есте |
| 5680 | ства*. prjre трофф Seopevovs prjre окіаѵ гroiodvras' |
| 5681 | тбѵ Se таѵта prixovyjodpevov Ѳебѵ rjpepeZv каі ava- |
| 5682 | ттаѵеоѲаі xp°v°v> KaXXojs3 pev ov ттоХѵѵ та> Ѳеср |
| 5683 | оооѵпер* аѵѲршттсо коірсореѵсо ретрюѵ. |
| 5684 | 1 tlo ib v o a v (suggested partly by Rottcher) F.C.B. s yavtaBkv, |
| 5685 | 2 апоХеіттеоѲал] аттоХьіоѲаі Markland. |
| 5686 | 8 koXXcjs F.C. B .: KaXws. |
| 5687 | 4 oaovn ep F.C .B.: ojairep. |
| 5688 | ° It is plain that the two sets of gods became intermingled, |
| 5689 | but whether the bad gods got in or the good gods got out |
| 5690 | is not clear from the text. |
| 5691 | 114 |
| 5692 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 370 |
| 5693 | and one the Artificer of Pleasure in what is Honour |
| 5694 | able. |
| 5695 | But Areimanius created rivals, as it were, equal |
| 5696 | to these in number. |
| 5697 | Then Oromazes enlarged him |
| 5698 | self to thrice his former size, and removed himself as |
| 5699 | far distant from the Sun as the Sun is distant from |
| 5700 | the Earth, and adorned the heavens with stars. One |
| 5701 | star he set there before all others as a guardian and |
| 5702 | watchman, the Dog-star. |
| 5703 | Twenty-four other gods |
| 5704 | he created and placed in an egg. |
| 5705 | But those created |
| 5706 | by Areimanius, who were equal in number to the |
| 5707 | others, pierced through the egg and made their way |
| 5708 | inside a ; hence evils are now combined with good. |
| 5709 | But a destined time shall come when it is decreed that |
| 5710 | Areimanius, engaged in bringing on pestilence and |
| 5711 | famine, shall by these be utterly annihilated and shall |
| 5712 | disappear ; and then shall the earth become a level |
| 5713 | plain, and there shall be one manner of life and one |
| 5714 | form of government for a blessed people who shall all |
| 5715 | speak one tongue. Theopompus 6 says that, according |
| 5716 | to the sages, one god is to overpower, and the other |
| 5717 | to be overpowered, each in turn for the space of three |
| 5718 | thousand years, and afterward for another three |
| 5719 | thousand years they shall fight and war, and the one |
| 5720 | shall undo the works of the other, and finally Hades |
| 5721 | shall pass away ; then shall the people be happy, and |
| 5722 | neither shall they need to have food nor shall they |
| 5723 | cast any shadow. |
| 5724 | And the god, who has contrived to |
| 5725 | bring about all these things, shall then have quiet and |
| 5726 | shall repose for a time,0 no long time indeed, but for |
| 5727 | the god as much as would be a moderate time for a |
| 5728 | man to sleep. |
| 5729 | 6 Jacoby, Frag. Gr, Hist., Theopompus, no. 65. |
| 5730 | c The meaning of the text is clear enough, but the wording |
| 5731 | of it is uncertain. |
| 5732 | 115 |
| p. 70 | |
| 5733 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 5734 | (370) |
| 5735 | fH pev ovv pdyoov pvdoXoyla roiovrov eyev rpo- |
| 5736 | rrov. |
| 5737 | (48.) XaASaioi 8c rcòv irXavrjTajv ovs1 Oeovs |
| 5738 | yevedXlovs2 koXovol, Svo pev àyadovpyovs, Suo Se |
| 5739 | KaKOTTotovsy peorovs Se rovę rpelę aTroĄaivovcri Kai |
| 5740 | KOLVovę. |
| 5741 | r a S’ 'HLXXtivojv rrdal ttov SfjXa, rrjv pev |
| 5742 | àyadrjv Atos1 5OXvprrlov pie piSa, rrjv S’ àrrorpÓTraiov3 |
| 5743 | "AiSou rroiovpevcov, ¿k S’ ’AcfrpoSirrjs Kai ”Apeos |
| 5744 | D 4 Appovlav yeyovevai pvdoXoyovvrcov4* cov 6 pèv |
| 5745 | OLTTTjvrjs Kai <f)iXóveLKos, ?) Se peiXly^os Kai yevédXios. |
| 5746 | 2/co7Tet Se toÙ? c^lXogo^ ovs rovroię crvp(Į>epo- |
| 5747 | pévovs. |
| 5748 | 'HpaKXeiros pèv yàp àvriKpvs TToXepov |
| 5749 | òvopa^ei “ TTarépa Kal fiacnXea /cat Kvpcov Trdvrojv |
| 5750 | /cat 7W pèv ''Qprjpov evyópevov |
| 5751 | e/c re feak' èpiv e/c r ’ dvOpcornov àiroXeaOat |
| 5752 | ХаѵѲаѵеіѵ, фт^аі, rfj тгаѵтсоѵ yeve'cret катарсореѵоѵ, |
| 5753 | e/c pdy^js Kat àvrvjTaBelas rrjv yéveaiv èxovrœv, |
| 5754 | rjXiov Se prį VTTepßrjaeaBat tous* TTpoafjKOvras opovç• |
| 5755 | et Sè pfj, yopyam as5 piv A lktjs èiriKovpovs |
| 5756 | evprįoeiv. |
| 5757 | E |
| 5758 | ’ЕрлтеЗо/сАт?? |
| 5759 | Se |
| 5760 | rrjv pèv |
| 5761 | ауаѲоѵруоѵ |
| 5762 | à pxhv |
| 5763 | i( фсХотт^та” /cat “ фіХІаѵ,” ttoXXolkis S’ appovlav |
| 5764 | 1 ovs Wyttenbach : |
| 5765 | 2 yevcOXiovs Wyttenbach : уеѵіоѲ аі ovs. |
| 5766 | 3 алтотрбттаюѵ Markland : аттотроттаіоѵ. |
| 5767 | 4 |
| 5768 | /i.uöoAoyouv'Ttuv Bernardakis : рмдоХоуоѵѵтаі. |
| 5769 | 5 yopyconds F.C.В. ( = ’EpiPV€S 604 a): yAcorras. |
| 5770 | a The translation is based on an emendation of Wytten |
| 5771 | bach *s, which makes the words refer to Chaldean astrology |
| 5772 | 116 |
| 5773 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 370 |
| 5774 | Such, then, is the character of the mythology of |
| 5775 | the sages. |
| 5776 | (48.) The Chaldeans declare that of the |
| 5777 | planets, which they call tutelary gods,° two are |
| 5778 | beneficent, two maleficent, and the other three are |
| 5779 | median and partake of both qualities. |
| 5780 | The beliefs |
| 5781 | of the Greeks are well known to all ; they make |
| 5782 | the good part to belong to Olympian Zeus and the |
| 5783 | abominated part to Blades, and they rehearse a |
| 5784 | legend that Concord is sprung from Aphrodite and |
| 5785 | Ares,6 the one of whom is harsh and contentious, |
| 5786 | and the other mild and tutelary. |
| 5787 | Observe also that the philosophers are in agree |
| 5788 | ment with these ; for Heracleitus c without reserva |
| 5789 | tion styles War “ the F ather and King and Lord of |
| 5790 | All,” and he says that when Homer d prays that |
| 5791 | Strife may vanish away from the ranks of the gods and of |
| 5792 | mortals, |
| 5793 | he fails to note that he is invoking a curse on the |
| 5794 | origin of all things, since all things originate from |
| 5795 | strife and antagonism ; also Heracleitus says that |
| 5796 | the Sun will not transgress his appropriate bounds, |
| 5797 | otherwise the stern - eyed maidens, ministers of |
| 5798 | Justice, will find him out.e |
| 5799 | Empedocles/ calls the beneficent principle “ friend |
| 5800 | ship ” or “ friendliness,” and oftentimes he calls Con- |
| 5801 | (i.e. the planet under which one is born). |
| 5802 | Cf. Sextus Empiri |
| 5803 | cus, Adversus Mathematicos, v. 29. |
| 5804 | 6 That is, from Love and War. |
| 5805 | c Diels, Frag, der Vorsokratiker, i. p. 88, no. b 53. |
| 5806 | d II. xviii. 107, but Plutarch modifies the line to suit his |
| 5807 | context. |
| 5808 | e Cf. Moralia, 604 a ; Origen, Against Celsus, vi. 4 2 ; |
| 5809 | Diels, Frag, der Vorsokratiker, i. p . 96, no. b 94. |
| 5810 | 1 |
| 5811 | Ibid. p. 2 3 2 , Empedocles, no. 18 ; p. 239, no. 17,1. 19; |
| 5812 | and p. 269, no. 122 ( = Moralia, 474 b ) . |
| 5813 | 117 |
| p. 71 | |
| 5814 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 5815 | KaXeî “ OepLepcorriv,”1 ttjv Sè yeipova “ veiKos oï3Ào- |
| 5816 | fX€vov 91 kclÎ “ Srjpw aipiaToeooav |
| 5817 | 0 1 |
| 5818 | pi€V |
| 5819 | ïlvdayOpLKOL |
| 5820 | S ta |
| 5821 | 7rXei6vCOV |
| 5822 | OVOfldrCüV |
| 5823 | K a rriy o p o v a i |
| 5824 | tov pièv â y a d o v r o |
| 5825 | ev to TTerrepa- |
| 5826 | G jievov to piévov r o ev6v to irepiTTov to T eT paytovov |
| 5827 | to lgov2 to Se£tov to X aparpdv, tov Se kclkov ttjv |
| 5828 | SuaSa to arreipov ' to (f>ep6pievov to KapurvXov to |
| 5829 | dpT iov to eT€pojir]K€ç to a v io o v to aptO Tepov to |
| 5830 | o ko t€ivov, cï)Ç T av T aç d p y a s yeveG ecoç vn oK eipievas' |
| 5831 | ’A v a Ç a y o p a ç Sè vovv /cat a n etp o v , *ApiOTOTeXrjç Se |
| 5832 | F to pièv etSos* to Se G Teprjoiv, UX otcov Se 77oÀÀa^'oi} |
| 5833 | pièv oîov ¿TrrjXvyaÇopLevoç3 /cat TiapaKoXviTTopievos |
| 5834 | tojv evavTicov apycov t j\v pièv tolvtov ovopid^ei, rfjv |
| 5835 | Se d a r e p o v èv Se tolç No/xotç 7787777 p eofiv T ep oç œv |
| 5836 | ov StJ alviypiüôv ouSè GVfifioXLKCüs, aÀÀà K vplois |
| 5837 | ovdpiaGiv ov pu a ipvxf} (f>rjGL K iv eîo û a i tov K oopiov, |
| 5838 | ¿AAà 7rXeloGtv lgojç, hvoîv Se TrdvTtoç ovk eXaTTOGiv, |
| 5839 | dll'4 |
| 5840 | ttjv pièv â y a d o v p y o v e lv a i, |
| 5841 | ttjv 8’ |
| 5842 | èvavT iav |
| 5843 | TavTjj |
| 5844 | /cat Tcor |
| 5845 | èvavT iœ v S rjp u ov p y ov |
| 5846 | diroXeiTrei |
| 5847 | Se /cat |
| 5848 | TpiTTjv |
| 5849 | Tcvà |
| 5850 | pieTa^v |
| 5851 | <f)VGtv |
| 5852 | ovk |
| 5853 | aifjv)(ov |
| 5854 | ov S* âX oyov ov 8’ aKÎvrjTov e£ avT rjç, cooTrep eVtot |
| 5855 | 371 vofilC ovG iv, |
| 5856 | àXX* |
| 5857 | àvaK€LpL€vrjv |
| 5858 | dpL<f>oîv |
| 5859 | e/cetVatç, |
| 5860 | €(f)L€pL€V7]v |
| 5861 | Se |
| 5862 | TT^s* |
| 5863 | apielvovoç |
| 5864 | del |
| 5865 | /cat |
| 5866 | TTododoaV |
| 5867 | K a l |
| 5868 | SiœKovoav, |
| 5869 | cbç |
| 5870 | r à |
| 5871 | c m o i/T a |
| 5872 | SrjXcooei |
| 5873 | t o v |
| 5874 | 1 kclXcÎ d€fi€pio7nv Bentley : /coAcÎct0ch ¡lépom, |
| 5875 | 2 ro caov added by Xylander. |
| 5876 | 3 €7n]Xvya^6pL€vos Baxter and one ms. : « nXvyiÇôpçvoç, |
| 5877 | 4 tov Squire : o0o\ |
| 5878 | 118 |
| 5879 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 370-371 |
| 5880 | cord “ sedate of countenance ” ; the worse principle |
| 5881 | he calls “ accursed quarrelling ” and “ blood-stained |
| 5882 | strife.” |
| 5883 | The adherents of Pythagoras a include a variety of |
| 5884 | terms under these categories : under the good they |
| 5885 | set Unity, the Determinate, the Permanent, the |
| 5886 | Straight, the Odd, the Square, the Equal, the Right |
| 5887 | handed, the B right; under the bad they set Duality, |
| 5888 | the Indeterminate, the Moving, the Curved, the |
| 5889 | Even, the Oblong, the Unequal, the Left-handed, the |
| 5890 | Dark, on the supposition that these are the under |
| 5891 | lying principles of creation. |
| 5892 | For these, however, |
| 5893 | Anaxagoras postulates Mind and Infinitude, Aris |
| 5894 | totle b Form and Privation, and Plato,0 in many |
| 5895 | passages, as |
| 5896 | though |
| 5897 | obscuring and |
| 5898 | veiling his |
| 5899 | opinion, names the one of the opposing principles |
| 5900 | “ Identity ” and the other “ Difference ” ; but in his |
| 5901 | Laws? when he had grown considerably older, he |
| 5902 | asserts, not in circumlocution or symbolically, but in |
| 5903 | specific words, that the movement of the Universe |
| 5904 | is actuated not by one soul, but perhaps by several, |
| 5905 | and certainly by not less than two, and of these the |
| 5906 | one is beneficent, and the other is opposed to it |
| 5907 | and the artificer of things opposed. |
| 5908 | Between these |
| 5909 | he leaves a certain third nature, not inanimate |
| 5910 | nor irrational nor without |
| 5911 | the power to move |
| 5912 | of itself,0 as some think, but with dependence on |
| 5913 | both those others, and desiring the better always |
| 5914 | and yearning after it and pursuing it, as the succeed |
| 5915 | ing portion of the treatise will make clear, in the |
| 5916 | a Cf, Moralia, 881 e, and Aristotle, Metaphysics, i. 5 |
| 5917 | (986 a 22). |
| 5918 | b Cf. Aristotle, Metaphysics, i. 9 (990 b). |
| 5919 | e Timaevs, 35 a ; cf, Moralia, 441 f. |
| 5920 | d Plato, Laws, 896 d if. |
| 5921 | e Cf, 374 e, infra. |
| p. 72 | |
| 5922 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 5923 | (371) Абуоѵ ttjv Аіуѵтттісоѵ ѲеоАоуіаѵ ріаАіата ravrrj rfj |
| 5924 | фіАоаофіа arvvoLKCLOvPTos• |
| 5925 | 49- Mepieiypévrj yàp rj тоѵ Se тоѵ k o g i j l o v yéveoi s |
| 5926 | каі avaracns eį; еѵаѵтісоѵ ov įj l t jv ІаооѲеѵœv Svvd- |
| 5927 | ijl€ü)v, dAAà riję ßeA т lovos то краток сот iv- алтоАе - |
| 5928 | оѲаі Sè тг)ѵ фаѵАг]ѵ тгаѵтаттааіѵ абѵѵатоѵ, |
| 5929 | t t o A A t j v |
| 5930 | pièv ерлтефѵкѵіаѵ тер ошрьаті, 7t o A A t j v Se rfj фѵуу} |
| 5931 | тоѵ 7таѵт0$ Kat1 7rp'òs t t j v ßeArlova del1 Svapiayov- |
| 5932 | aav. |
| 5933 | iv pièv ovv rįj фѵур vovs каі Aóyos o |
| 5934 | t o j i > |
| 5935 | apiGTCov ттаѵтсоѵ rjyep,œv каі Kvpios ”0 oipLs еотіѵ, |
| 5936 | B èv Se yfj каі 7тѵеѵр.аті каі vSari каі оѵраѵср каі |
| 5937 | d a r pois то тетауріеѵоѵ каі каѲеот^коя каі ѵуіаіѵоѵ |
| 5938 | œpais каі красгеоі каі 7repioSois *OcripiSos ¿7Topporj |
| 5939 | каі eucœv ерьфаіѵорьеѵг}' Т ѵфсЬѵ Sè rrjs ф^ХѴ^ r ° |
| 5940 | 7таѲт]тік0ѵ каі тітаѵікоѵ каі аАоуоѵ каі ёрлтАг}Ктоѵ |
| 5941 | тоѵ Sè crœpiaTiKov то і 7ТІК7]роѵ2 каі vooœSeç каі |
| 5942 | тарактікоѵ aœpiais3 каі SvoKpaaiais, каі крѵфеаіѵ |
| 5943 | rjAiov каі афаѵюр.оія oeArjvrįs, oîov ек8роріаІ каі |
| 5944 | афг)ѵіаар,оі4 Тѵфшѵо£' каі тоѵѵоріа KaTrjyopeî то |
| 5945 | Щ Ѳ, <рь тоѵ Тѵфшѵа каАоѵоі* фра^еі pièv то ката- |
| 5946 | SvvaoTevov |
| 5947 | каі |
| 5948 | KaTaßia^opievov, |
| 5949 | фра^еі |
| 5950 | Se то6 |
| 5951 | 7toXA(xkis аѵаатрофг]Ѵ каі ттаАіѵ ѵ7терщ8г)оіѵ.7 |
| 5952 | В е |
| 5953 | С ßcova Sè Tivès pièv eva тсоѵ тоѵ Тѵфшѵо$ етаіроаѵ |
| 5954 | уеуоѵеѵаі Аіуоѵаіѵ, Ma^eÆcùs S’8 аѵ тоѵ Tvòajva |
| 5955 | каі Tießwva каАеіаѲаі' от]ріalvei Sè тоѵѵоріа каѲе^іѵ |
| 5956 | 1 каі . . . act Wytteiibach : aci . . . каі. |
| 5957 | 2 €TTLK7jpov Ху]ander (ішХг]7ттоѵ?)і іткХутоѵ. |
| 5958 | 3 aa>ptais Baxter: aöptais. |
| 5959 | 4 афуѵіасгроі Markland : аф аѵш роі. |
| 5960 | 5 ф Ху]ander : аѵ. |
| 5961 | 6 то] ttjv Marklaiid. |
| 5962 | 7 vTTcpTrrjbrįOLv] vTTCK7tT]brjGLv Holwerda. |
| 5963 | 8 MavcÔcüS 8* Markland: paveQos. |
| 5964 | 120 |
| 5965 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 371 |
| 5966 | endeavour to reconcile the religious beliefs of the |
| 5967 | Egyptians with this philosophy.® |
| 5968 | 49. The fact is that the creation and constitution |
| 5969 | of this world is complex, resulting, as it does, from |
| 5970 | opposing influences, which, however, are not of equal |
| 5971 | strength, but the predominance rests with the better. |
| 5972 | Yet it is impossible for the bad to be completely |
| 5973 | eradicated, since it is innate, in large amount, in the |
| 5974 | body and likewise in the soul of the Universe, and is |
| 5975 | always fighting a hard fight against the better. |
| 5976 | So |
| 5977 | in the soul Intelligence and Reason, the Ruler and |
| 5978 | Lord of all that is good, is Osiris, and in earth and |
| 5979 | wind and water and the heavens and stars that which |
| 5980 | is ordered, established, and healthy, as evidenced by |
| 5981 | seasons, temperatures, and cycles of revolution, is the |
| 5982 | efflux of Osiris b and his reflected image. |
| 5983 | But Typhon |
| 5984 | is that part of the soul which is impressionable, im |
| 5985 | pulsive, irrational and truculent, and of the bodily part |
| 5986 | the destructible, diseased and disorderly as evidenced |
| 5987 | by abnormal seasons and temperatures, and by obscura |
| 5988 | tions of the sun and disappearances of the moon,c |
| 5989 | outbursts, as it were, and unruly actions on the part |
| 5990 | of Typhon. |
| 5991 | And the name “ Seth,” d by which they |
| 5992 | call Typhon, denotes this ; it means “ the overmaster |
| 5993 | ing” and “ overpowering,” 6 and it means in very many |
| 5994 | instances “ turning back,’,jr and again “ overpassing.” |
| 5995 | Some say that one of the companions of Typhon was |
| 5996 | Bebon,*7 but Manetho says that Bebon was still |
| 5997 | another name by which Typhon was called. |
| 5998 | The |
| 5999 | name signifies “ restraint ” or “ hindrance,” as much as |
| 6000 | 0 Cf. 372 e and 377 a , infra. |
| 6001 | b See the note on 365 b, supra. |
| 6002 | c Cf. 368 f , supra. |
| 6003 | d Cf. 367 d , supra, and 376 a , infra. |
| 6004 | e So also in the Egyptian papyri. |
| 6005 | f Cf. 376 b, infra. |
| 6006 | 9 Cf. 376 a , infra. |
| 6007 | 121 |
| p. 73 | |
| 6008 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 6009 | (371) rj kcoAvolv, (log roTg TTpayptaoLv oS<3 fia h i^ o v o i Kal |
| 6010 | 7rpog o XPV <f>epop,€voLg ¿viOTap,4vr}s rrjg r o d T v - |
| 6011 | <f>covog 8vvap,€Cog. |
| 6012 | (50.) 8 lo K al tcov p k v rjpepcov |
| 6013 | £a>cov ¿7Tovcpiovcnv av rco |
| 6014 | to ap b a O io ra ro v , o v o v |
| 6015 | reov S’ aypicov r a OrjpLCoSeoTara, /rpo/coSeiAov K al |
| 6016 | tov TTorapuov lttttov. |
| 6017 | Ilepi p kv |
| 6018 | ow 1 r o d ovov |
| 6019 | TTpo8z8r]AooKapL£v. |
| 6020 | ¿v |
| 6021 | fE p p o d ttoAcl Se Yvtycovog ayaA/xa S g lk v v o v c t lv lttttov |
| 6022 | TTOTafuov i(f)y ov fiefirjK ev U p a£ ocf)€i ¡iax o p ,ev og , rep |
| 6023 | D p,kv L7T7TCp TOV Tv<f>COVa &€LKVVVT€S, TO) 8’ ItpaKL |
| 6024 | Svvapuv K al dpx^'jv, rjv fita KTcopcvog o T v<fxbv ttoA- |
| 6025 | Aolkls ovk a v v e r a i2 r a p a r r o p ie v o g vtto r fjs KaKLag |
| 6026 | K al T a p a rrc o v . |
| 6027 | Sto K al Ovovreg ¿¡38¿prj r o d T vf3l |
| 6028 | pLT)vog, rjv KaXodoLV d ^ i^ iv ulcn 8og ek <&olvlkt]s , |
| 6029 | €THTrAaTTOVCL TOLS TTOTTaVOLS LTTTTOV TTOTapLLOV SeSe- |
| 6030 | fidvov. |
| 6031 | iv 8’ *ArroAAcovog ttoAcl VeVOpLLOpitVOV e a r l |
| 6032 | KpoKoSelA ov <f>ay€Iv Travrcog e K a o r o v 77/xepa 8k ¡.ua |
| 6033 | drjpevoavTCS |
| 6034 | ooo v g av SvvcvvraL |
| 6035 | K al |
| 6036 | K reiv av reg |
| 6037 | aTravTLKpv r o d U pod TrpofiaAAovcFL• K al A¿yovoLV cog |
| 6038 | o Hvcfrcov t o v T£lpov a7Te8pa /cpo/coSeiAos* y ev d p ev o g , |
| 6039 | E Travra K al £<pa K al (j>VTa K al ttoB t] r a <f>avAa K al |
| 6040 | fiA afiep a TvcfxLvog e p y a K al fikprj /ecu3 KLvfjpLara |
| 6041 | 7TOLOVfJL€VOl. |
| 6042 | 51. T o r S’ ”0 <JLpLV a v ttliAlv o(f>6aApLcp K al ctkyj- |
| 6043 | TTTpep ypd(j>OVOLV, tov TO fJL€V T7JV TTpivOLaV c/x- |
| 6044 | <f>aiv€L/ to 8c TTjv 8vvapLLV, cog "0 pLrjpog t o v d p x o v r a |
| 6045 | 1 fiev ovv Markland: pev. |
| 6046 | 2 avverai Strijd; avierai Markland: aviarai, |
| 6047 | 3 Not in the mss. but in the Aldine cd. |
| 6048 | 4 ¿fufratvei F.C.B. et al.: ep<f>atveiv. |
| 6049 | ° Supra, 362 f . |
| 6050 | b The text and significance of this passage are none too |
| 6051 | clear. |
| 6052 | 122 |
| 6053 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 371 |
| 6054 | to say that, when things are going along in a proper |
| 6055 | way and making rapid progress towards the right |
| 6056 | end, the power of Typhon obstructs, them. |
| 6057 | (50.) For |
| 6058 | this reason they assign to him the most stupid of the |
| 6059 | domesticated animals, the ass, and of the wild animals, |
| 6060 | the most savage, the crocodile and the hippopotamus. |
| 6061 | In regard to the ass we have already® offered some |
| 6062 | explanation. |
| 6063 | At Hermopolis they point out a statue |
| 6064 | of Typhon in the form of an hippopotamus, on whose |
| 6065 | back is poised a hawk fighting with a serpent. |
| 6066 | By the |
| 6067 | hippopotamus they mean to indicate Typhon, and by |
| 6068 | the hawk a power and rule, which Typhon strives to |
| 6069 | win by force, oftentimes without success, being con |
| 6070 | fused by his wickedness and creating confusion.6 For |
| 6071 | this reason, when they offer sacrifice on the seventh |
| 6072 | day of the month Tybi, which they call the “ Coming |
| 6073 | of Isis from Phoenicia/’ they imprint on their sacred |
| 6074 | cakes the image of an hippopotamus tied fast. |
| 6075 | In |
| 6076 | the town of Apollonopolis it is an established custom |
| 6077 | for every person without exception to eat of a croco |
| 6078 | dile c ; and on one day they hunt as many as they |
| 6079 | can and, after killing them, cast them down directly |
| 6080 | opposite the temple. |
| 6081 | And they relate that Typhon |
| 6082 | escaped Horus by turning into a crocodile, and they |
| 6083 | would make out that all animals and plants and inci |
| 6084 | dents that are bad and harmful are the deeds and |
| 6085 | parts and movements of Typhon. |
| 6086 | 51. Then again, they depict Osiris by means of an |
| 6087 | eye and a sceptre,d the one of which indicates fore |
| 6088 | thought and the other power, much as Homer e in |
| 6089 | c Cf. Herodotus, ii. 69 ; Aelian, De Natūra Animalium, |
| 6090 | x. 21 ; Strabo, xvii. 1. 47 (p. 817). |
| 6091 | d Cf. 354 f , supra. |
| 6092 | e Homer, I l i a |
| 6093 | d |
| 6094 | * viii. 22. |
| 6095 | 123 |
| p. 74 | |
| 6096 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 6097 | кае fiaaeXevoPTa тгартсор “ Ъур' |
| 6098 | vttoltov кае p y - |
| 6099 | атсора M каХсор, еоеке rep p ep уттатсо то кратод |
| 6100 | a v ro v , rco Se руатсоре тур evfiovXeap ка1 тур |
| 6101 | фроруаер aypaeu eep. |
| 6102 | у р аф оь ае kcli И раке top веор |
| 6103 | tovtop тгоХХакед• evropea y a p офесод xmepfidXXee |
| 6104 | ка1 тгтуаесод o£vrrjri, K a l Ьеоекеер a vrov ¿Хауеату1 |
| 6105 | F гр о ф у ттефуке. |
| 6106 | Хеуетае Se K a l рекрсор атафсор |
| 6107 | o p p a a e 2 |
| 6108 | yyp уттерттеторерод ¿ттфаХХем- отар Se |
| 6109 | ттеорерод3 ¿тте top |
| 6110 | iтотарор кат аеру, то тгтерор |
| 6111 | еатуаер o p d o v ттесор Se |
| 6112 | кХерее |
| 6113 | tovto |
| 6114 | iraX iv ф |
| 6115 | SyXog ¿ a n аеасоар ер од кае 8еатгефеуусод top кроко- |
| 6116 | SeeXoP' dp y a p а р п а а в у , p ep ei то тгтерор соаттер |
| 6117 | еату тгетгууод. |
| 6118 | Па ртауоь |
| 6119 | Se |
| 6120 | кал |
| 6121 | арврсотгорорфор |
| 6122 | 'OaepeSos |
| 6123 | d y aX p a 8еекруоуаер, ¿^орвеа^ор та> alSoecp Sta то |
| 6124 | уорерор кае то трбферор. |
| 6125 | артгеуору Se фХоуоее8е! |
| 6126 | 372 атеХХоуаер4 a vrov тад еекорад, уХеор acopa3 туд |
| 6127 | тауавоу Svpdpecog сод оратор ova lag роутуд yyov- |
| 6128 | pepot. |
| 6129 | Sto кал катафрореер d£eop ¿ап тсор тур |
| 6130 | yXlov афалрар Туфсоре ттроарербртсор, со Харттрор |
| 6131 | ovoep ovoe асотуреор ovoe тад eg ovoe yepeaeg ovoe |
| 6132 | керуаед ретрор eyovaa кае Хоуор, аЛАа тарартеа |
| 6133 | тгроаукее* кае ауурор, а / фвеерее тгоХХа тсор ¡¿cocov |
| 6134 | кае /ЗХаатарортсор, ovx yXlov ветеор еруор, аЛАа |
| 6135 | тсор ¿р уу кае аере ру кав’ сорар кераррурерсор |
| 6136 | 1 ¿\axioTT} Bernardakis : бЛа^сота тт}. |
| 6137 | 2 о/х/хаог] осоца<п Xylander. |
| 6138 | 3 mo/zevoj Bernardakis: m ov fiev os. |
| 6139 | 4 afi7T€xov7} . . . ordXXovoLV Baxter: dfiTrexovr) Se <f>Aoyo€i8r)s |
| 6140 | oriAAovaa. |
| 6141 | 5 acofia] o/u/za Markland. |
| 6142 | 6 <S F.C .B.; os Baxter: ols. |
| 6143 | a Cf. Aelian, Be Natura Animalium, ii. 42, and Por |
| 6144 | phyry, Be Abstinentia, iv. 9. |
| 6145 | b Ibid. x. 24. |
| 6146 | 124 |
| 6147 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 371-372 |
| 6148 | calling the Lord and King of all “ Zeus supreme and |
| 6149 | counsellor" appears by “supreme” to signify his prowess |
| 6150 | and by “ counsellor ” his careful planning and thought |
| 6151 | fulness. |
| 6152 | They also often depict this god by means of |
| 6153 | a hawk ; for this bird is surpassing in the keenness of |
| 6154 | its vision and the swiftness of its flight, and is wont |
| 6155 | to support itself with the minimum amount of food. |
| 6156 | It is said also in flying over the earth to cast dust |
| 6157 | upon the eyes of unburied dead a ; and whenever it |
| 6158 | settles down beside the river to drink it raises its |
| 6159 | feather upright, and after it has drunk it lets this |
| 6160 | sink down again, by which it is plain that the bird |
| 6161 | is safe and has escaped the crocodile,6 for if it be |
| 6162 | seized, the feather remains fixed upright as it was |
| 6163 | at the beginning. |
| 6164 | Everywhere they point out statues of Osiris in |
| 6165 | human form of the ithyphallic type, on account of |
| 6166 | his creative and fostering power c ; and they clothe |
| 6167 | his statues in a flame-coloured garment, since they |
| 6168 | regard the body of the Sun as a visible manifestation |
| 6169 | of the perceptible substance of the power for good.d |
| 6170 | Therefore it is only right and fair to contemn those |
| 6171 | who assign the orb of the Sun to Typhon/ to whom |
| 6172 | there attaches nothing bright or of a conserving nature, |
| 6173 | no order nor generation nor movement possessed |
| 6174 | of moderation or reason, but everything the re |
| 6175 | verse ; moreover, the drought/ by which he destroys |
| 6176 | many of the living creatures and growing plants, is |
| 6177 | not to be set down as the work of the Sun, but rather |
| 6178 | as due to the fact that the winds and waters in the |
| 6179 | earth and the air are not seasonably tempered when |
| 6180 | * Cf. 365 b , supra. |
| 6181 | d Cf. 393 d and 477 c, infra. |
| 6182 | e Cf. 372 e , infra. |
| 6183 | f Cf. 367 d , supra. |
| 6184 | 125 |
| p. 75 | |
| 6185 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 6186 | (372) 7TP€vpbaTC0P K al v 8 a tcop, o r a v rj r ijs a r a K r o v Kal |
| 6187 | aopLG rov |
| 6188 | SvvdfJLecos |
| 6189 | dpXV |
| 6190 | nXrjpbpLeXrjGaaa |
| 6191 | K a r a - |
| 6192 | crfiear} ra s apa9vpudaeis. |
| 6193 | B |
| 6194 | 52. ’Ev Se rots* Upols vpbvois tov *0alpi8os ava- |
| 6195 | KaXovvrai top ¿p Tats ayKaXats KpvnTopb€POP rod |
| 6196 | rjXlov, Kal |
| 6197 | 777 rpiaKahi |
| 6198 | tov ’E m ^ i ptr)Pos |
| 6199 | ¿op- |
| 6200 | ra^ovGLV ¿<f)9aXpLcop "Clpov yeveOXtov, ore aeXrjpr] |
| 6201 | Kal rjXtos €771 ptas“ 'evOeias yeydpaatp, cos ov ptopop |
| 6202 | ttjp oeXrjPrjp aXXa Kal top rjXiop optpta tov "Clpov |
| 6203 | Kal (¡>cos rjyovptepot. |
| 6204 | T 7} Sc oySorj (¡>9 Lpoptos tov Oaco<f>l {¡aK Trjptas |
| 6205 | 7]Xlov y€Pe9XioPl a y oven /¿era (f>9tPO7TC0ptprjP iarj- |
| 6206 | pteptap, ¿p,(f)aipoPT€s olop vnepetaptaTO S Sefo^ai K al |
| 6207 | pd)G€iOS, Tip T€ 9 eppLCp ycyPOpb€POP K al2 Tip (f>a>t I |
| 6208 | C eVSea, k Xlp6p,€pop K al nX dyiop a f t rjptcop <f>€popt€POP. |
| 6209 | *E TV Se TTJP fioVP V7TO T p on d s X€LlJi€PLi;¿S' €ITTOlKIS |
| 6210 | n ep l top p aop neptcfyepovGt tov 'HA iou3, K al /caAetrai |
| 6211 | £TjTrjGLS ’OcrtptSos* rj neptSpoptr}, to v8cop xetptcopos |
| 6212 | Trjs 9eo v 7To9ovcrr)s* T oaav T aK is Se n ep u acri,* o n |
| 6213 | ttjp ¿770 Tponcop xeLpLeptPWP ¿n l T p o n a s 9 epvpas |
| 6214 | n a p o S o p 5 e/3So/xa> fjirjpl ovp,Trepaip€L. |
| 6215 | Aeyerat Se /cat |
| 6216 | 9 vgat Tip rjXicp rerpaSt ptrjpds tGTaptePov naPTiOP |
| 6217 | TTpOJTOS TQ.pOS o "Igl8 oS, d)S eP TOLS €7Uypa(f)OpL€POLS |
| 6218 | r €P€9Xlols " tlp o v y e y p a n T a i. |
| 6219 | K at ptrjp rjptepas eKaoTrjs Tptxcos em9vpucoGt Tip |
| 6220 | D rjXiip, prjTiP7]P ptep vito Tas apaToXas, Gptvppap Se |
| 6221 | pb€GOVpaPOVPTL, TO Se KaXovpb€POP KV(f)t 7T€pl SvGpbds* |
| 6222 | 1 yevedXiov Bentley: ytviodai ov. |
| 6223 | 2 Kal Petavius : evSea Kal. |
| 6224 | 3 In the mss. tov *HAtov follows 7r€piBpop,rj and not ttc/h- |
| 6225 | <f)€povoi; transposed by Pinder. |
| 6226 | 4 TTtpuaoi Wyttenbach : ircpUicn. |
| 6227 | 5 7rapoBov] ircpioSov Markland. |
| 6228 | 126 |
| 6229 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 372 |
| 6230 | the principle of the disorderly and unlimited power |
| 6231 | gets out of hand and quenches the exhalations.® |
| 6232 | 52. In the sacred hymns of Osiris they call upon |
| 6233 | him who is hidden in the arms of the Sun ; and on |
| 6234 | the thirtieth of the month Epiphi they celebrate the |
| 6235 | birthday of the Eyes of Horus, at the time when the |
| 6236 | Moon and the Sun are in a perfectly straight line, |
| 6237 | since they regard not only the Moon but also the Sun |
| 6238 | as the eye and light of Horus. |
| 6239 | On the 8th of the waning of the month Phaophi |
| 6240 | they conduct the birthday of the Staff of the Sun |
| 6241 | following upon the autumnal equinox, and by this |
| 6242 | they declare, as it were, that he is in need of support |
| 6243 | and strength, since he becomes lacking in warmth and |
| 6244 | light, and undergoes decline, and is carried away from |
| 6245 | us to one side. |
| 6246 | Moreover, at the time of the winter solstice they |
| 6247 | lead the cow seven times around the temple of the |
| 6248 | Sun and this circumambulation is called the Seeking |
| 6249 | for Osiris, since the Goddess in the winter-time yearns |
| 6250 | for wrater ; so many times do they go around, because |
| 6251 | in the seventh month the Sun completes the transition |
| 6252 | from the winter solstice to the summer solstice. |
| 6253 | It is |
| 6254 | said also that Horus, the son of Isis, offered sacrifice to |
| 6255 | the Sun first of all on the fourth day of the month, as |
| 6256 | is written in the records entitled the Birthdays of |
| 6257 | Horus. |
| 6258 | Every day they make a triple offering of incense to |
| 6259 | the Sun, an offering of resin at sunrise, of myrrh at |
| 6260 | midday, and of the so-called |
| 6261 | c |
| 6262 | y |
| 6263 | p |
| 6264 | h |
| 6265 | i at sunset ; the |
| 6266 | 0 Cf. 369 a, supra. |
| 6267 | 127 |
| p. 76 | |
| 6268 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 6269 | (372) œv екаатоѵ ov eyei Хоуоѵ, ѵотероѵ афт]у7]оорьаи. |
| 6270 | тоѵ 8* rjXiov ттасп to vto ls ттроотреттеаѲаі1 каі Ѳера- |
| 6271 | ттеѵеіѵ o'LovTCu. |
| 6272 | каі ri 8eî тгоХХа тоіаѵта ovvayetv; |
| 6273 | etai yàp oi тоѵ "OcnpLv avTiKpvs rjXiov elvat каі |
| 6274 | оѵорьа^еоѲаі aelpuov ѵф* *ЕА |
| 6275 | Xrjvœv Xéyovreç, ei каі |
| 6276 | 7rap’ AlyviTTiois rj TrpoorOecns2 тоѵ арѲроѵ тоѵѵор,а |
| 6277 | 7Т€7тоіг]К€ѵ арьф ty ѵ о eco Ѳai, ttjv 8’ *Iaiv oï>x ¿тераѵ |
| 6278 | ttjs aeXrjvrjs аттофаіѵоѵте^' оѲеѵ5 каі тсоѵ ayaA- |
| 6279 | /іатшѵ avrfjs та pcèv кераофбра тоѵ pcrjvoec8ovs |
| 6280 | уеуоѵеѵас рирьгцмата, |
| 6281 | tolç Se pceXavooToXocs ерь- |
| 6282 | фасѵеоѲас4 ras* крѵфеі$ каі to vs nepcoKcaopcovs еѵ |
| 6283 | ois ЪиЬкеі тгоѲоѵоа тоѵ rjXcov. Sto каі ттpòs та |
| 6284 | Е ерсотска ttjv oeXrjvrjv еттскаХоѵѵтас, каі ttjv *law |
| 6285 | EvSoÇoç фт]ос ßpaßevecv та ерсотска. |
| 6286 | каі tovtols |
| 6287 | pcèv a/xcoayeVcos*5 тоѵ ттсѲаѵоѵ рьетеотс, тсоѵ 8е |
| 6288 | Т ѵфшѵа ттосоѵѵтшѵ тоѵ rjXcov оѵ8’ акоѵесѵ а£шѵ. |
| 6289 | ’АЛЛ’ rjpcecs avOis тоѵ оскесоѵ avaXaßojpcev Хоуоѵ. |
| 6290 | (53.) rj yàp ^lols Ioti рьеѵ то ttjs фѵоесо$ Ѳг)Хѵ, |
| 6291 | каі 8ектскоѵ ¿TrdoTjs yevéoeœs у каѲо тсѲгрѵт) каі |
| 6292 | TravSeyrjs ѵтто тоѵ TIXgltojvos, ѵтто Sè тшѵ тгоХХсоѵ |
| 6293 | pcvpcœvvpcos кекХг)тас, Sta то ттаоад ѵтто тоѵ Хоуоѵ |
| 6294 | третторсеѵт] рсорфа$ Se^eaftat каі c8eaç. |
| 6295 | еуес Se |
| 6296 | оѵрсфѵтоѵ |
| 6297 | ерсота |
| 6298 | тоѵ |
| 6299 | ттрсотоѵ |
| 6300 | каі |
| 6301 | кѵриѵтатоѵ |
| 6302 | rravTœv, о тауаѲсо таѵтоѵ еотс какесѵо тгоѲес каі |
| 6303 | F Зіажег ttjv 8’ ¿к тоѵ какоѵ феѵуес каі 8сшѲестас |
| 6304 | 1 ттроатріттеаѲаі Madvig : тт рог р4тт€оѲ ai. |
| 6305 | 2 ттрооѲеоід F.C.B. : TrpóQzuis. |
| 6306 | 3 оѲеѵ Markland: tv. |
| 6307 | 4 ір.фаіѵеаѲаі Markland : іріфаіѵоѵаі. |
| 6308 | 5 аркоауетиад Markland : àXXcog уI тгсод. |
| 6309 | a Cf. 888 A-end, infra. |
| 6310 | b An attempt to connect “Oaipig and o Zipiog? |
| 6311 | Cf. |
| 6312 | Diodorus, i. 1 1 . 3-4. |
| 6313 | 128 |
| 6314 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 372 |
| 6315 | reason which underlies each one of these offerings I |
| 6316 | will describe later.® They think that by means of all |
| 6317 | these they supplicate and serve the Sun. Yet, what |
| 6318 | need is there to collect many such things ? There are |
| 6319 | some who without reservation assert that Osiris is the |
| 6320 | Sun and is called the Dog-star (Sirius) by the Greeks b |
| 6321 | even if among the Egyptians the addition of the |
| 6322 | article has created some ambiguity in regard to the |
| 6323 | name ; and there are those who declare that Isis is |
| 6324 | none other than the Moon ; for this reason it is said |
| 6325 | that the statues of Isis that bear horns are imitations |
| 6326 | of the crescent moon, and in her dark garments are |
| 6327 | shown the concealments and the obscurations in which |
| 6328 | she in her yearning pursues the Sun. For this reason |
| 6329 | also they call upon the Moon in love affairs, and |
| 6330 | Eudoxus asserts that Isis is a deity who presides over |
| 6331 | love affairs. These people may lay claim to a certain |
| 6332 | plausibility, but no one should listen for a moment to |
| 6333 | those who make Typhon to be the Sun. |
| 6334 | But let us now take up again the proper subject |
| 6335 | of our discussion. |
| 6336 | (53.) Isis is, in fact, the female |
| 6337 | principle of Nature, and is receptive of every form |
| 6338 | of generation, in accord with which she is called by |
| 6339 | Platoc the gentle nurse and the all-receptive, and |
| 6340 | by most people has been called by countless names, |
| 6341 | since, because of the force of Reason, she turns |
| 6342 | herself to this thing or that and is receptive of all |
| 6343 | manner of shapes and forms. |
| 6344 | She has an innate |
| 6345 | love for the first and most dominant of all things, |
| 6346 | which is identical with the good, and this she yearns |
| 6347 | for and pursues ; but the portion which comes from |
| 6348 | evil she tries to avoid and to reject, for she serves |
| 6349 | c Cf. Plato, Timaeus, 49 a and 51 a ; also Mor alia, |
| 6350 | 1014 d, 1015 d, and 1023 a. |
| 6351 | 129 |
| p. 77 | |
| 6352 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 6353 | fioîpav, aріфоіѵ Įxkv ovaa X(J^)Pa KCJil |
| 6354 | pi'novaa S’ |
| 6355 | del npòs то ßeXrtov eį iavrrjç каі napeyovaa yevvdv |
| 6356 | ікеіѵсо1 каі катаапеіреіѵ els eavrrjv dnoppoàs2 * каі |
| 6357 | opLOLOTT^ras, aîç %atpet каі уеут)Ѳе кѵіакорііѵг) каі |
| 6358 | ѵттоттірптХа^ііѵт) тшѵ yeveaecov. |
| 6359 | еіксоѵ у ар еатіѵ |
| 6360 | ovalas iv vXrj yeveais каі pilpn)pia год ovros то |
| 6361 | yiyvófxevov. |
| 6362 | 54. |
| 6363 | "ОѲеѵ оѵк ' ano трбпоѵ |
| 6364 | ршѲоХоуоѵаі |
| 6365 | ttjv |
| 6366 | эOaipiSos ф^ХѴѵ àfàiov сіѵаі каі афѲартоѵ, то Se |
| 6367 | acopiа TToXXaKis Siaanâv каі афаѵі^еіѵ тоѵ Т ѵфсоѵа, |
| 6368 | ttjv 8’ rlaiv nXavcopievTjv каі |
| 6369 | Çrjreîv2 каі аѵѵ- |
| 6370 | арріоттеіѵ |
| 6371 | 7таХіѵ. |
| 6372 | то |
| 6373 | уàp |
| 6374 | оѴ каі ѵот]тоѵ каі |
| 6375 | ауаѲоѵ фѲopds каі pieTaßoXrjs креіттоѵ еатіѵ as4 5 |
| 6376 | 8* атт* аѵ тоѵ то аІаѲг]т0ѵ каі аооріатікоѵ ei Kovas |
| 6377 | екріаттетаі, каі Аоуоѵs каі еіòrj каі opioiOTrjTas |
| 6378 | avaXapißavei, каѲаттер iv кг)рш афрауі8е$ оѵк del |
| 6379 | Siapiivovaiv, dXXd KaTaXapißavei то атактоѵ аѵтс£ |
| 6380 | каі TapaxûSes еѵтаѵѲа Tjjs avo ^copa? dneXrjXa- |
| 6381 | pievov каі piaxopievov TTpòs тоѵ TÌlpov, ov rj TI<7i? |
| 6382 | еікоѵа тоѵ vorjTOV коаріоѵ аіаѲт]т0ѵ ov та yevva. |
| 6383 | Sto каі 81кг)ѵ феѵуеіѵ Хеуетаі voOeias imo Tvфœvos, |
| 6384 | cos оѵк d)v Kadapòs ov8’ elXiKpivrjs olos о ттатіцр, |
| 6385 | Xóyos avTOS каѲэ еаѵтоѵ dpiiyrįs каі dnaO^s, dXXà |
| 6386 | vevoOevpievos Tjj vXrj 8ià то асоріатікбѵ. |
| 6387 | nepiyly- |
| 6388 | ѵетаі Se каі viка,5 тоѵ 'Ерріоѵ, тоѵтіаті тоѵ Xóyov, |
| 6389 | piaprvpovvTos каі SeiKvvovTOS ori |
| 6390 | n |
| 6391 | p |
| 6392 | ò |
| 6393 | s |
| 6394 | то vorįrov |
| 6395 | i] ф ѵоя pieTaaxyjP'CLTi^opievT] тоѵ коаріоѵ diroSibw |
| 6396 | 1 ікеіѵсо Baxter: ікеіѵо. |
| 6397 | 2 аTToppoàs the more common form : ànoppolas. |
| 6398 | 8 каі ÇtjtcÎv] àva£,TjT€Îv Markland. |
| 6399 | 4 as Wyttenbach : nvàs. |
| 6400 | 5 тт tpiy lib ra i be каі ѵіка Xylander : rttpiyivovrai be каі ѵікаі. |
| 6401 | 130 |
| 6402 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 372-373 |
| 6403 | them both as a place and means of growth, but in |
| 6404 | clines always towards the better and offers to it |
| 6405 | opportunity to create from her and to impregnate her |
| 6406 | with effluxes and likenesses in which she rejoices and |
| 6407 | is glad that she is made pregnant and teeming with |
| 6408 | these creations. For creation is the image of being in |
| 6409 | matter, and the thing created is a picture of reality. |
| 6410 | 54. |
| 6411 | It is not, therefore, out of keeping that they |
| 6412 | have a legend that the soul of Osiris is everlasting and |
| 6413 | imperishable, but that his body Typhon oftentimes |
| 6414 | dismembers and causes to disappear, and that Isis |
| 6415 | wanders hither and yon in her search for it, and fits |
| 6416 | it together again a ; for that which really is and is |
| 6417 | perceptible and good is superior to destruction and |
| 6418 | change. The images from it with which the sensible |
| 6419 | and corporeal is impressed, and the relations, forms, |
| 6420 | and likenesses which this takes upon itself, like im |
| 6421 | pressions of seals in wax, are not permanently lasting, |
| 6422 | but disorder and disturbance overtakes them, being |
| 6423 | driven hither from the upper reaches, and fighting |
| 6424 | against Horus,b whom Isis brings forth, beholden of |
| 6425 | all, as the image of the perceptible wrorld. Therefore |
| 6426 | it is said that he is brought to trial by Typhon on |
| 6427 | the charge of illegitimacy, as not being pure nor un |
| 6428 | contaminated like his father, reason unalloyed and |
| 6429 | unaffected of itself, but contaminated in his substance |
| 6430 | because of the corporeal element. |
| 6431 | He prevails, |
| 6432 | however, and wins the case w'hen Hermes,b that is to |
| 6433 | say Reason, testifies and points out that Nature, by |
| 6434 | undergoing changes of form with reference to the |
| 6435 | perceptible, duly brings about the creation of the world. |
| 6436 | a Cf. 358 a, supra. |
| 6437 | b Cf. 358 d, supra. |
| 6438 | 131 |
| p. 78 | |
| 6439 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 6440 | (373) aiv. |
| 6441 | rj [lèv yap, eri rcòv dewv èv yaarpl rrjs 'P eas |
| 6442 | ovtojv, e£ "IcaSos Kal 'Ovipihos yevofievrj1 yeveois |
| 6443 | C ’ArroXXcovos alvirrerai to 7rplv eK(j>avrj yeveodai |
| 6444 | rovSe tov KoGfiov Kal GWTeXeoBrjvaL rep X¿yep2 ttjv |
| 6445 | vXrjv, (¡)VGet iXeyxo[i€vr[v ¿ 77’ avrrjs3 areXrj |
| 6446 | ttjv |
| 6447 | 7rpu)Tr]v yeveaiv è^eveyKeiv. |
| 6448 | Sto /cat <£acn ròv deòv |
| 6449 | cKeivov avd'rrrjpov vno gkotco yeveG0at, /cat 77peafiv- |
| 6450 | repov TQpov |
| 6451 | koXo v g iv ov yap rjv |
| 6452 | k 6 g[io s, aAA’ |
| 6453 | eiScoAóv Tt /cat kog[lov (fravraafia [leXXovTOS• |
| 6454 | 55. |
| 6455 | c0 S’ T£lpos ovTos avros ea n v cbpia/ievos Kal |
| 6456 | reXeios, ovk dvrjprjKobs tov Tv(f)d)va TravTarraoiv, |
| 6457 | aAAà to SpaGTijpLov Kal laxvpòv avtov Traprjprj- |
| 6458 | fievos. |
| 6459 | oflev ev KoTTTCp |
| 6460 | to |
| 6461 | ayaX[ia |
| 6462 | tov |
| 6463 | 'Qpov |
| 6464 | Xeyovaiv èv Trj ¿Tepa x eiPl T v(f>còvos at’Sota /caT- |
| 6465 | e^etv /cat tov 'Ep/XTyv fivdoXoyovGiv e^eXovra tov |
| 6466 | D Tv<f><x)vos rà vevpa X°P^ats“ XPV(jaG^aL> 8 l8(Ìgkovt€S |
| 6467 | cos to nav 0 Xoyos Siapfioadfievos GVficfxovov ¿£ |
| 6468 | aov[i<j>(i)vu}v fiepcov eTrolrjGe, Kal ttjv <f>6apTLK7[v ovk |
| 6469 | dniuXeaev aAA’ aveTTrjpcoae4 5 Bvvapuv. |
| 6470 | oOev èKeivrj |
| 6471 | [lèv àaOevrjs Kal dSpavrjs èvTavda <f)Vpo[ievr} Kal |
| 6472 | npoG7rXeKO[ievr] tols rradrjTiKoZs Kal [leTafioXiKois |
| 6473 | [lepeac,6 aeta/xtov [lèv èv yfj Kal Tp6[icov, a vx[iojv |
| 6474 | S’ ev8 aept /cat 7Tvev[idTO)v ¿ tottcov, av9is Sc 7Tprj- |
| 6475 | GTTjpcvv Kal Kepavvcàv Srj/iiovpyós Ì gtl. |
| 6476 | (f>ap[idTT€L |
| 6477 | Se /cat Xol[iols uSaTa /cat rrvev[iaTa, Kal [i^XP1 |
| 6478 | GeXrjvrjs dvaTpex^t Kal ava^am ^et Gvyxéovoa1 Kal |
| 6479 | [leXaivovaa TroXXaKis to Xapunpov, cos AiyvTTTioi |
| 6480 | 1 yevofievrj] XeyofjLevr) Hartman. |
| 6481 | 2 ra> A6yw Markland: t o v Aoyov. |
| 6482 | 3 air* avrrjs F.C.B. ; e<j>’ avrrjs Markland : err avrrjv. |
| 6483 | 4 av€7T7jpa)oe Baxter: ave7rX^pcvae. |
| 6484 | 5 uépeoL Squire : ueXecn. |
| 6485 | 132 |
| 6486 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 373 |
| 6487 | The birth of Apollo from Isis and Osiris, while these |
| 6488 | gods were still in the womb of Rhea, has the alle |
| 6489 | gorical meaning that before this world was made vis - |
| 6490 | ible and its rough material was completely formed by |
| 6491 | Reason, it was put to the test by Nature and brought |
| 6492 | forth of itself the first creation imperfect. This is the |
| 6493 | reason why they say that this god was born in the |
| 6494 | darkness a cripple, and they call him the elder Horus 0; |
| 6495 | for there was then no world, but only an image and |
| 6496 | outline of a world to be. |
| 6497 | 55. |
| 6498 | But this Horus is himself perfected and com |
| 6499 | plete ; but he has not done away completely with |
| 6500 | Typhon, but has taken away his activity and strength. |
| 6501 | Hence they say that at Kopto the statue of Horus |
| 6502 | holds in one hand the privy members of Typhon, and |
| 6503 | they relate a legend that Hermes cut out the sinews |
| 6504 | of Typhon, and used them as strings for his lyre, |
| 6505 | thereby instructing us that Reason adjusts the |
| 6506 | Universe and creates concord out of discordant |
| 6507 | elements, and that it does not destroy but only |
| 6508 | cripples the destructive force. |
| 6509 | Hence this is weak |
| 6510 | and inactive here, and combines with the susceptible |
| 6511 | and changeable elements and attaches itself to them, |
| 6512 | becoming the artificer of quakes and tremblings in |
| 6513 | the earth, and of droughts and tempestuous winds |
| 6514 | in the air, and of lightning-flashes and thunderbolts. |
| 6515 | Moreover, it taints waters and winds with pestilence, |
| 6516 | and it runs forth wanton even as far as the moon, |
| 6517 | oftentimes confounding and darkening the moon's |
| 6518 | brightness ; according to the belief and account of |
| 6519 | a Cf. 356 a, svpra. |
| 6520 | 6 8* ev Xylandcr : каі èv. |
| 6521 | avyx^ovaa Baxter : ovveyovoa. |
| 6522 | 133 |
| p. 79 | |
| 6523 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 6524 | E voįjll^ovol каі Xéyovaiv, o n го д *Ììpov vvv pèv |
| 6525 | еттата£е, vvv 8’ е£еХшѵ катеттіеѵ о Тѵфыѵ тоѵ |
| 6526 | офѲаХроѵ, eira reo rjXico rrdXiv алтеѣшке* rrXrjyrjv |
| 6527 | fjL€v a іѵіттореѵоі rrjv ката pirjva peiœaiv Trjç ae- |
| 6528 | Xrjvrjç, Trrjpœaiv Sè Trjv екХеіфіѵ, rjv о rjXioç іатаі |
| 6529 | Staфѵуоѵаг)1 Trjv акіаѵ Trjç yrjç evdvç аѵтіХарлгшѵ. |
| 6530 | 56. |
| 6531 | fH Se креіттшѵ каі Ѳеютера фѵаiç ¿к трішѵ |
| 6532 | еаті, тод vorjTod 6al Trjç vXrjç каі тод eк тоѵтсоѵ, |
| 6533 | F оѵ |
| 6534 | KoopLov "EXXrjveç |
| 6535 | ovopid^ovaiv. |
| 6536 | 6 pèv |
| 6537 | ovv |
| 6538 | ПХатшѵ то pL€v vorjTOv каі iSeav каі TrapaSeiyjia |
| 6539 | каі тгатера, Trjv S’ vXrjv каі jxrjTepa каі TiOrjvrjv |
| 6540 | eSpav те каі \d)pav yeveaeœç, то S’ eįj а[хфоіѵ |
| 6541 | екуоѵоѵ2 3 4 5 каі уеѵеаіѵ оѵорьaÇeiv еішѲеѵ. |
| 6542 | AiyvTTTÎovç S’ dv tlç еікааеіе тшѵ тріушѵшѵ то |
| 6543 | каХХютоѵ Tijxdv3 раХіата тоѵтсо Trjv тод rravToę |
| 6544 | фѵаіѵ opoiodvTaç, œç4 /cat ПАатсоѵ еѵ тг} ТІоХітеіа |
| 6545 | 8океі тоѵтсо ттроокехр^оѲаt то yaprjXiov Sidypappa |
| 6546 | аѵѵтаттшѵ. |
| 6547 | e^ct 8’ екеіѵо то тріушѵоѵ трішѵ Trjv |
| 6548 | rrpoç орѲіаѵ каі теттаршѵ Trjv ßaaiv каі ттеѵте |
| 6549 | 374 Trjv ѵттотеіѵоѵааѵ tооѵ Talę rrepieyovoaię Svvapévrjv. |
| 6550 | еікаатеоѵ ovv Trjv pèv rrpoç op0àç6 dppevi, Trjv Se |
| 6551 | ßaaiv OrjXeia, Trjv 8’ ѵттотеіѵоѵааѵ арфоіѵ еууоѵш, |
| 6552 | каі Tov jxev |
| 6553 | VJaipiv œç apxrjv, ttjv ò |
| 6554 | la iv ύ |
| 6555 | imoSoxrjv, тоѵ 8’ TÙpov œç <X7тотеХеа/ла. |
| 6556 | та jxev |
| 6557 | yàp тpia rrpœToç rrepiTToç еаті каі TeXeioç- та |
| 6558 | Se теттара TeTpayœvoç атго rrXevpâç артіоѵ Trjç |
| 6559 | SvaSoç• та 8c ттеѵте rrrj pèv тш ттатрі rrfj Se rfj |
| 6560 | 1 hia<j>vyovcrn Bentley: hia<j>vyova-r)s. |
| 6561 | 2 zKyovov Em peri us : Zyyovov. |
| 6562 | 3 Ti{iav added by Michael and F.C.B. |
| 6563 | 4 a»? Markland: a>. |
| 6564 | 5 o/>0ay] opQlav Reiske. |
| 6565 | 134 |
| 6566 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 373-374 |
| 6567 | the Egyptians, Typhon at one time smites the eye |
| 6568 | of Horus, and at another time snatches it out and |
| 6569 | swallows it, and then later gives it back again to the |
| 6570 | Sun. By the smiting, they refer allegorically to the |
| 6571 | monthly waning of the moon, and by the crippling, to |
| 6572 | its eclipse,® which the Sun heals by shining straight |
| 6573 | upon it as soon as it has escaped the shadow of the |
| 6574 | earth. |
| 6575 | 56. |
| 6576 | The better and more divine nature consists of |
| 6577 | three parts : the conceptual, the material, and that |
| 6578 | which is formed from these, which the Greeks call the |
| 6579 | world. |
| 6580 | Plato b is wont to give to the conceptual the |
| 6581 | name of idea, example, or father, and to the material |
| 6582 | the name of mother or nurse, or seat and place of |
| 6583 | generation, and to that which results from both the |
| 6584 | name of offspring or generation. |
| 6585 | One might conjecture that the Egyptians hold in |
| 6586 | high honour the most beautiful of the triangles,0 since |
| 6587 | they liken the nature of the Universe most closely to |
| 6588 | it, as Plato in the Republic d seems to have made use of |
| 6589 | it in formulating his figure of marriage. This triangle |
| 6590 | has its upright of three units, its base of four, and its |
| 6591 | hypotenuse of five, whose power is equal to that of |
| 6592 | the other two sides.0 |
| 6593 | The upright, therefore, may be |
| 6594 | likened to the male, the base to the female, and the |
| 6595 | hypotenuse to the child of both, and so Osiris may be |
| 6596 | regarded as the origin, Isis as the recipient, and Horus |
| 6597 | as perfected result. |
| 6598 | Three is the first perfect odd |
| 6599 | number : four is a square whose side is the even |
| 6600 | number two ; but five is in some ways like to its |
| 6601 | father, and in some ways like to its mother, being |
| 6602 | ° Cf. 368 f, supra. |
| 6603 | b Plato, Timaeus, 50 c-n. |
| 6604 | c Cf. 393 d , infra. |
| 6605 | d Plato, Republic, 546 b - c . |
| 6606 | 6 Cf. 429 e , infra. |
| 6607 | 135 |
| p. 80 | |
| 6608 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 6609 | Į 374) ĮJLTJTpl rrpOG€OLK€V) ¿K TpidSoÇ СГѴукеіреѵа KCLL Si><X- |
| 6610 | 8o$. |
| 6611 | каі та ттаѵта тсоѵ тгеѵте у ¿у ove ттаріЬѵѵра, |
| 6612 | /cat |
| 6613 | то |
| 6614 | аріѲрт^аааѲаі |
| 6615 | тгерттааааѲал |
| 6616 | Хеуоѵаіѵ. |
| 6617 | 7TOL€Î Sè тетраусоѵоѵ rj 7T€vràs аф’ iavrrjs, оаоѵ |
| 6618 | В tüjv урарратсоѵ тгар* Alyvirriois то тгХт]Ѳ0$ ¿ а п , |
| 6619 | каі остеом еѵіаѵтшѵ e^rj ypóvov о ^A m ç. |
| 6620 | Tor1 |
| 6621 | p è v |
| 6622 | o v v |
| 6623 | TÇ lp o v еіооѲааі каі Mtr2 тгроа- |
| 6624 | ауореѵеіѵ, оттер ¿Ьтіѵ бріореѵоѵ аІаѲг)т0ѵ у ар каі |
| 6625 | оратоѵ о K o a p o ç . |
| 6626 | rj S’ Ног? еатіѵ оте каі Mou# |
| 6627 | каі ттаХіѵ ’'АѲѵрі каі МеѲѵер ттроаауореѵетаі3- |
| 6628 | a r j p a i v o v a i |
| 6629 | Se |
| 6630 | тер pèv |
| 6631 | ттріЬтір тсоѵ |
| 6632 | оѵоратшѵ |
| 6633 | рт)тера* тер Se SevTe p ip оікоѵ * '£ lp o v коарюѵ, ouç |
| 6634 | каі ПАатсиг y œ p a v yeveaeœs каі Se^apevfįv то Sè |
| 6635 | трітоѵ аѵѵѲетоѵ еатіѵ ек те тou nXrjpovs каі тоѵ |
| 6636 | atVtou4* TrXrjprjç y a p еатіѵ rj vXti tov коароѵ каі т<р |
| 6637 | ауаѲср каі каѲарср каі кекоарг)реѵср аѵѵеатtr. |
| 6638 | С |
| 6639 | 57. Ао^еіе 8’ ar laws каі 'HcrtoSos та ттрсота |
| 6640 | TravTa yaos /cat yrjv /cat TapTapov /cat epa>ra ttolojv |
| 6641 | ovy ¿Tepas Xapßaveiv dpyag, aAAa TavTasf cV Srj |
| 6642 | Tcur ovopdreuv Tjj pev ’TatSt to tt^s yfjs, Tip S* |
| 6643 | Kjaipiöi |
| 6644 | to |
| 6645 | to v epcoTOSy Tip Oe 1 vipcovi |
| 6646 | to |
| 6647 | to v |
| 6648 | TapTapov peTaXapßdvovTes |
| 6649 | ttids8 aTroSlSopev |
| 6650 | to |
| 6651 | yap yaos SoKei ycopav Ttra /cat tottov to v navTos |
| 6652 | VTTOTtdeaOai. |
| 6653 | TlpoaKaXeiTai Se /cat tov IIAaTCuros* apcooyeTrcos |
| 6654 | Ta TTpaypaTa pvOov, or HcoKpaTrjs ev HvpTToaiip |
| 6655 | Trepl t rjs to v "EpcoTOS yeveaecos SifjXOe, t rjv Ylevlav |
| 6656 | Aeycor |
| 6657 | TeKvcov |
| 6658 | Seopevrjv |
| 6659 | Tip |
| 6660 | Tlopip |
| 6661 | KaOevSovTi |
| 6662 | 1 o *Am s. tov Xylander, confirmed by one ms. : o amerrov |
| 6663 | most mss. |
| 6664 | 2 koX Mtv Pinder and one ms. : Kalpuv. |
| 6665 | 3 ’irpooayop€V€Tai Basel ed. of 1542 : npoGayopevovai. |
| 6666 | 4 alriov\ ayaOov Markland; aprlov Reiske (ay tov?). |
| 6667 | 136 |
| 6668 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 374 |
| 6669 | made up of three and two.® |
| 6670 | And panta (all) is a |
| 6671 | derivative of pente (five), and they speak of counting |
| 6672 | as “ numbering by fives.” b |
| 6673 | Five makes a square of |
| 6674 | itself, as many as the letters of the Egyptian alphabet, |
| 6675 | and as many as the years of the life of the Apis. |
| 6676 | Horus they are wont to call also Min, which means |
| 6677 | “ seen ” ; for the world is something perceptible and |
| 6678 | visible, and Isis is sometimes called Muth, and again |
| 6679 | Athyri or Methyer. |
| 6680 | By the first of these names they |
| 6681 | signify “ mother,” by the second the mundane house |
| 6682 | of Horus, the place and receptacle of generation, as |
| 6683 | Plato c has it, and the third is compounded of “ full ” |
| 6684 | and “ cause ” ; for the material of the world is full, |
| 6685 | and is associated with the good and pure and orderly. |
| 6686 | '57. It might appear that Hesiod,d in making the |
| 6687 | very first things of all to be Chaos and Earth and |
| 6688 | Tartarus and Love, did not accept any other origins |
| 6689 | but only these, if we transfer the names somewhat |
| 6690 | and assign to Isis the name of Earth and to Osiris the |
| 6691 | name of Love and to Typhon the name of Tartarus ; |
| 6692 | for the poet seems to place Chaos at the bottom as |
| 6693 | a sort of region that serves as a resting-place for the |
| 6694 | Universe. |
| 6695 | This subject seems in some wise to call up the myth |
| 6696 | of Plato, which Socrates in the Symposium6 gives at |
| 6697 | some length in regard to the birth of Love, saying |
| 6698 | that Poverty, wishing for children, insinuated herself |
| 6699 | ° Cf. Moralia, 264 a , and Rose, Plutarch's Roman Ques |
| 6700 | tions, p. 170. |
| 6701 | b Cf. 387 e and 429 d -f , infra. |
| 6702 | e Plato, Timaeus, 52 d-53 a . |
| 6703 | Cf. also Moralia, 882 c and |
| 6704 | 1023 a . |
| 6705 | d Theogony, 116-122. |
| 6706 | * Plato, Symposium, 203 b. |
| 6707 | 5 77-avra] Travrwv Baxter. |
| 6708 | 6 7 rai/Tas] ra? avras Halm. |
| 6709 | 7 et F .C .B .; eiye Xylander: ye. |
| 6710 | 8 ttcjs Reiske: <hs. |
| 6711 | 137 |
| p. 81 | |
| 6712 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 6713 | (374) 'napaK\i6y)vaii Kal Kvtfaaoav e£ avrov текеси top |
| 6714 | D "Ерсота, <f>v(J€i peiKrov1 ovra Kal iravroSandv, are |
| 6715 | 8rj irarpos pèv ауавод каХ аофод ка1 rrdaiv a ит- |
| 6716 | ápKOvs, pr¡rpós 8’ a/x'rçyavou ка1 àrropov ка1 8i |
| 6717 | evSeiav a€t yXiyopevys |
| 6718 | erepov |
| 6719 | ка1 rrepl erepov |
| 6720 | Xnrapovar¡^ yeyevrjpévov. |
| 6721 | o yàp Поро? ovx erepos |
| 6722 | ¿ a n rod rrpcoTov èparov1 2 Kal ефетод Kal reXeíov кол |
| 6723 | avrápKovs* Ilcviav 8e rrjv vXrjv ттроаеьттеи, ev8ea |
| 6724 | pev ovcrav avrrjv кав* ¿avrrjv го д ауавод, rrXrjpov- |
| 6725 | pévrjv 8’ шг* avrov Kal ттоводаар del ка1 ¡летаХар- |
| 6726 | fÍávovoav. |
| 6727 | o 8è yevopevos ек tovtcov кос pos /cat |
| 6728 | г£2ро? où/с atStos* oóS’ ámaSr^s ov8’ афвартоя, ¿AA’ |
| 6729 | E actyevrjs cov prjxo^drai ra t? tcov Tradcov perafìoXaZs |
| 6730 | ка1 Trepi68ois act reo? /cat prj8erroTe фварг)аорероs |
| 6731 | 8iapevew. |
| 6732 | 58. X p^orcov 8c rots* |
| 6733 | pvdois ov% |
| 6734 | a>s Xoyous |
| 6735 | ттарттаи ovaiv, aXXà то ттроафорор екаатоо то ката3 |
| 6736 | rrjv opoiorrjra Aapfiavovras. |
| 6737 | orav ovv vXrjv Xeyco- |
| 6738 | pev, ov Set TTpòs evícov фсХоабфсои 8ó£as атгоферо- |
| 6739 | pevovs афу\0р t i acopa Kal olttolov apyóv re /cat |
| 6740 | аттрактор c£ eavrod Stavoctcr0ar /cat yàp eXaiov |
| 6741 | vXijv pvpov KaXovpev, xPV(T®v ayáX paros, ovk dvra |
| 6742 | 7гаспг)$ eprjpa 7roi¿Trjros*' avrrjv те rrjv фих*}1 * KaL |
| 6743 | F rrjv Stàvoiav го д avdpcoirov <hs vXrjv emarTjprjs /cat |
| 6744 | aperrjs та) Aoytp Koapelv /cat pvOpl^eLV Trapeyopev |
| 6745 | tov те vovv evioi tottov €i’8a)v6 аттефгргауто Kal twv |
| 6746 | vorjTcov о tov ек paye tov. |
| 6747 | 1 ficiKTov Xylander : у.акроѵ. |
| 6748 | 2 іратоѵ Markland : іраатоѵ, |
| 6749 | 3 то ката] ката Wyttenbach. |
| 6750 | 7toiót7¡tos Xylander : 6p.oi6rt]Tos» |
| 6751 | 6 €tb<úv\ lb€ioif Squire. |
| 6752 | 138 |
| 6753 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 374 |
| 6754 | beside Plenty while he was asleep, and having become |
| 6755 | pregnant by him, gave birth to Love, who is of a mixed |
| 6756 | and utterly variable nature, inasmuch as he is the son |
| 6757 | of a father who is good and wise and self-sufficient in |
| 6758 | all things, but of a mother who is helpless and without |
| 6759 | means and because of want always clinging close to |
| 6760 | another and always importunate over another. |
| 6761 | For |
| 6762 | Plenty is none other than the first beloved and de |
| 6763 | sired, the perfect and self-sufficient ; and Plato calls |
| 6764 | raw material Poverty, utterly lacking of herself in |
| 6765 | the Good, but being filled from him and always |
| 6766 | yearning for him and sharing with him. |
| 6767 | The World, |
| 6768 | or Horus,a which is born of these, is not eternal nor |
| 6769 | unaffected nor imperishable, but, being ever reborn, |
| 6770 | contrives to remain always young and never subject |
| 6771 | to destruction in the changes and cycles of events. |
| 6772 | 58. We must not treat legend as if it were history |
| 6773 | at all, but we should adopt that which is appropriate |
| 6774 | in each legend in accordance with its verisimilitude. |
| 6775 | Whenever, therefore, we speak of material we must |
| 6776 | not be swept away to the opinions of some philo |
| 6777 | sophers,6 and conceive of an inanimate and indiffer- |
| 6778 | entiated body, which is of itself inert and inactive. |
| 6779 | The fact is that we call oil the material of perfume |
| 6780 | and gold the material of a statue, and these are not |
| 6781 | destitute of all differentiation. |
| 6782 | We provide the very |
| 6783 | soul and thought of Man as the basic material of |
| 6784 | understanding and virtue for Reason to adorn and to |
| 6785 | harmonize, and some have declared the Mind to be |
| 6786 | a place for the assembling of forms and for the im |
| 6787 | pression of concepts, as it were.0 |
| 6788 | ° Cf. 373 d , supra. |
| 6789 | b Cf. 370 f , supra, and Diogenes Laertius, vii. 134. |
| 6790 | e Cf. Aristotle, De Anima, iii. 4 (429 a 27). |
| 6791 | 139 |
| p. 82 | |
| 6792 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 6793 | "E viol Se /cat to arripfia rrjs yvvaiKos ov Svvafuv |
| 6794 | ovS’ apxrjv, vXrfv 8e /cat rpo(f>rjv yeveaeojç elvai |
| 6795 | 8o£d£ovcnv. |
| 6796 | &v ¿xopuevovs xprj /cat tt)v Qeov ravTqv |
| 6797 | ovtoj 8iavoeXo6ai rod Trpœrov 6eov fxeraXayxdvov- |
| 6798 | crap act /cat ovvovoav |
| 6799 | epœrt rwv irepl ¿ kcXpop |
| 6800 | 375 dyadœp /cat KaXœv, ovx virevavriav aXX d)G7rep |
| 6801 | avSpa vopupuov /cat St/catoy ipdv dp St/cata/s* avpfj1 |
| 6802 | /cat yvvaiKa xpTjGTrjv eyovaav avhpa Kal avvovcrav |
| 6803 | OfJLivs 7TO06ÎV XéyopbeVy ovrœ ç del yXixofxeprjv eKeivov |
| 6804 | Kal irepl ¿kcXpop Xnrapovaav2 /cat dva7np,7rXapLev7)v |
| 6805 | rois |
| 6806 | KvpLwraroLç |
| 6807 | piepeaiv |
| 6808 | Kal |
| 6809 | Kadapcordrois' |
| 6810 | (59.) 07tov 8’ 6 Tvcfxbv 7TapepL7TL7TT€L Tojv eaxdrojp |
| 6811 | a7TT6p,evos, evTavda SoKovoav eTnoKvOpcxjird^eiP /cat |
| 6812 | TrevOeXv Xeyopiévrjv Kal Xelipav’ arra /cat onapay- |
| 6813 | /xara rou ’Oox/hSoç aval^relv Kal oroXi^eiP, vtto- |
| 6814 | Sexopievrjv |
| 6815 | ra |
| 6816 | (frdetpopieva |
| 6817 | Kal |
| 6818 | aTTOKpuirrovaav, |
| 6819 | B cSv7rep3 avacf>aiv€L rraXiP ra yiyvopepa Kal avirjcnv |
| 6820 | é£ eavrrjs. |
| 6821 | 0 1 |
| 6822 | pLev yàp ev ovpavq) Kal âarpoeç Xoyoi Kal elhrj |
| 6823 | Kal arroppoal rov deov /xeVouox, r à Se roXs Tradr]- |
| 6824 | TiKoXs Stca77ap/xeVa, yfj Kal OaXdrrrj Kal <f)vroXs Kal |
| 6825 | Çiüolç, StaÀt/o/xera4 /cat (frdeipopbeva Kal Qa7TTQfxevay |
| 6826 | TroXXaKLS5 au0tç c/cAa/XTrct /cat ava<j>alverai rals yeve- |
| 6827 | oeai. |
| 6828 | 8to ro^ |
| 6829 | T77 Nc(^0t/t ovvoiKeXv <f>7](nv |
| 6830 | o p£9oç, top 8* "Ooipiv Kpv<f)a ovyyepecrdat. |
| 6831 | ra |
| 6832 | yàp ea^aTa fiepr) rfjs vXrjç, a Ne<£iW /cat TcAeur^ |
| 6833 | koXovolv, 97 <f)6apTLKrj pLaXiora /carexet hvvapus* |
| 6834 | 1 âv BiKalcos ovvfj Bernardakis, c/*. 448 e : ev SiKaioavvy. |
| 6835 | 2 Xnrapovoav M arkland : ttapoverav. |
| 6836 | 3 (LvTTtp F.C.B. ; otaTrep Schwartz : c5ct7rep. |
| 6837 | 4 StaXvopeva Baxter; SiaAeyo/xeva. |
| 6838 | 5 rroXXaKis Markland; KfnToXXdfas. |
| 6839 | no |
| 6840 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 374-375 |
| 6841 | Some think the seed of Woman is not a power or |
| 6842 | origin, but only material and nurture of generation.® |
| 6843 | To this thought we should cling fast and conceive that |
| 6844 | this Goddess also who participates always with the |
| 6845 | first God and is associated with him in the love b of |
| 6846 | the fair and lovely things about him is not opposed |
| 6847 | to him, but, just as we say that an honourable and |
| 6848 | just man is in love if his relations are just, and a good |
| 6849 | woman who has a husband and consorts with him we |
| 6850 | say yearns for him; thus we may conceive of her as |
| 6851 | always clinging close to him and being importunate |
| 6852 | over him and constantly filled with the most domi |
| 6853 | nant and purest principles. |
| 6854 | (59-) Rut where Typhon |
| 6855 | forces his way in and seizes upon the outermost areas, |
| 6856 | there we may conceive of her as seeming sad, and |
| 6857 | spoken of as mourning, and that she seeks for the |
| 6858 | remains and scattered members of Osiris and arrays |
| 6859 | them, receiving and hiding away the things perish |
| 6860 | able, from which she brings to light again the things |
| 6861 | that are created and sends them forth from herself. |
| 6862 | The relations and forms and effluxes of the God |
| 6863 | abide in the heavens and in the stars ; but those things |
| 6864 | that are distributed in susceptible elements, earth |
| 6865 | and sea and plants and animals, suffer dissolution and |
| 6866 | destruction and burial, and oftentimes again shine |
| 6867 | forth and appear again in their generations. |
| 6868 | For this |
| 6869 | reason the fable has it that Typhon cohabits with |
| 6870 | Nephthys c and that Osiris has secret relations with |
| 6871 | h erd ; for the destructive power exercises special |
| 6872 | dominion over the outermost part of matter which |
| 6873 | they call Nephthys or Finality.* |
| 6874 | But the creating |
| 6875 | 0 Cf. Moralia, 651 c, and 905 c. |
| 6876 | b Cf. 372 e , and 383 a , infra. |
| 6877 | c Cf. 356 a , supra. |
| 6878 | d Cf. the note on 356 e , supra. |
| 6879 | * Cf. 355 f and 366 b, supra. |
| 6880 | 141 |
| p. 83 | |
| 6881 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 6882 | (375) r) Se yóviIios каі acorrjpios d oOevès оттерла каі |
| 6883 | C dpiavpòv eis ra v ra SiaSLSœoiv, аттоХХѵріеѵоѵ1 ѵтго |
| 6884 | тоѵ T vcfxjüvos, 7tXtjv ooov r} rlois VTroXapLßavovaa |
| 6885 | оф^еі каі трефе i каі ovvioTrjoi. |
| 6886 | 60. |
| 6887 | K aѲоХоѵ 8’ арье¿vœu ovrós еотіѵ, œorrep каі |
| 6888 | TlXdrœv ѵттоѵоеі каі ’A piaroréXr]s. |
| 6889 | Kiveîrai Se rrjs |
| 6890 | фѵсreœç то ¡lèv yôvijaov каі oœrrjpiov етт* a i тоѵ каі |
| 6891 | 7Tpòs то eîvai, то S’ аѵаіретікоѵ каі фѲартікоѵ атг’2 |
| 6892 | аѵтоѵ каі 7Тpòs то рьг] eîvai. |
| 6893 | Sto то pièv Tloiv ка- |
| 6894 | Xovcri irapà то іеоѲаі ріет emoTrjfirjs каі фереоѲat, |
| 6895 | Kivrjcriv ovcrav ерьфѵ%оѵ каі фроѵірюѵ. |
| 6896 | оѵ уар еаті |
| 6897 | тоѵѵоріа ßapßapiKov, аЛА5 œairep toÎs deoîs тгаспѵ |
| 6898 | diто Svoîv prjpidTœv3 тоѵ Ѳеатоѵ каі тоѵ OéovTos |
| 6899 | D еотіѵ ovoĮia коіѵоѵ, ovTœ ttjv Ѳеоѵ таѵтг^ѵ dirò tt}s |
| 6900 | emoTTjpirjs apia каі Trjs Kivrjoeœs Tloiv pièv rjpieîs, |
| 6901 | *\oiv S’ Atyu7TTtot каХоѵоіѵ. |
| 6902 | ovTœ Se каі ТІХатсоѵ |
| 6903 | фг]оІ ttjv ovo Lav4 SrjXovv tovç rraXaiovs “ lolav5 ” |
| 6904 | KaXovvTas• ot/тсо каі ttiv voyjoiv каі ttjv фроѵг)оіѵ, |
| 6905 | œs vov фораѵ каі Kivrįoiv ovoav lepievov каі феро- |
| 6906 | piévov, каі то* ovvievai каі тауаѲоѵ oXœs каі аре- |
| 6907 | Т7)ѵ i n i t o Îs del péovoC каі Ѳеоѵоі ѲеоѲаt* каѲаттер |
| 6908 | аѵ тгаХіѵ t o Îs аѵтіфшѵоѵоіѵ ovópiaoi ХоіЬореіоѲаі |
| 6909 | то какоѵ * то ttjv фѵоіѵ ерлтоЫ^оѵ каі ovvSeov каі |
| 6910 | 1 airoXXvixevov Bentley: anoXXvpivrj or -pevovs. |
| 6911 | 2 an’ Squire: vn. |
| 6912 | 3 pTjfiaTcjv Markland : ypapparcvv, |
| 6913 | 4 ovoiav Baxter from Plato, Cratylus, 401 c: oolav, |
| 6914 | 5 lolav] io o la v or ialav in Plato, ib id , |
| 6915 | 6 t o Baxter: t o v . |
| 6916 | 7 act proven Goodwin from Plato, Cratylus, 4 15 o : evpovoi. |
| 6917 | 142 |
| 6918 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 375 |
| 6919 | and conserving power distributes to this only a weak |
| 6920 | and feeble seed, which is destroyed by Typhon, |
| 6921 | except so much as Isis takes up and preserves and |
| 6922 | fosters and makes firm and strong.® |
| 6923 | 60. |
| 6924 | In general this god is the better, as both Plato |
| 6925 | and Aristotle conceive. |
| 6926 | The creative and conserving |
| 6927 | element of Nature moves toward him and toward |
| 6928 | existence while the annihilating and destructive |
| 6929 | moves away from him towards non-existence. |
| 6930 | For |
| 6931 | this reason they call Isis by a name derived from |
| 6932 | “ hastening ” (hiemai) witli understanding,6 or being |
| 6933 | borne onward (pheromai), since she is an animate and |
| 6934 | intelligent movement; for the name is not a foreign |
| 6935 | name, but, just as all the gods have a name in |
| 6936 | common c derived from two words, “ visible ” (theaton) |
| 6937 | and “ rushing ” (theon), in the same way this goddess, |
| 6938 | from her understanding 6 and her movement, we call |
| 6939 | Isis and the Egyptians call her Isis. |
| 6940 | So also Plato d |
| 6941 | says that the men of ancient times made clear the |
| 6942 | meaning of “ essence ” (ousia) by calling it “ sense ” |
| 6943 | (isia). |
| 6944 | So also he speaks of the intelligence and |
| 6945 | understanding as being a carrying and movement |
| 6946 | of mind hasting and being carried onward ; and also |
| 6947 | comprehension and good and virtue they attribute |
| 6948 | to those things which are ever flowing and in rapid |
| 6949 | motion, just as again, on the other hand, by means of |
| 6950 | antithetical names they vilified evil: for example, that |
| 6951 | which hinders and binds fast and holds and checks |
| 6952 | a Of, 356 f , supra, |
| 6953 | b Cf, 351 f , supra. |
| 6954 | e Cf, Plato, Cratylus, 397 d . |
| 6955 | d Ibid. 401 c. |
| 6956 | 8 то какой Wyttenbach from Plato, Cratylus, 415 c: rcov |
| 6957 | ката. |
| 6958 | 143 |
| p. 84 | |
| 6959 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 6960 | t(TXov K a'L kcvXvov teadat Kal levae kolklclv air op lav |
| 6961 | SeeXlav dvlav Trpocrayopevovras .l |
| 6962 | 6 1 . |
| 6963 | fO 8 ' "O aipis ¿ k ro v oaiov Kal2 lepov rovvopea |
| 6964 | fl€p,€LypL€VOV €CrX7)K€' KOLVOS yap ¿GTL TOiV €V OVpaVCp |
| 6965 | Kal rdjv ev "A iSou Ao y o s% S v r a peev lepa r a S’ |
| 6966 | ocrta roZs rraXaiols e6osz rjv TTpocrayopeveLV. |
| 6967 | o 8* |
| 6968 | ava<f>alvojv r a ovpavia Kal rtov avca (j>epopi€vcov |
| 6969 | Xoyos "A vovpes* ecrre S’ o re Kal fE ppLavovftis oVo- |
| 6970 | pea^erae, to ptev w s roZs dvco ro 8 ’ cos* to is K ara) |
| 6971 | TTpoorjKaiv, |
| 6972 | Sto Kal Ovovolv avra> r o peev XevKov |
| 6973 | aX eK rpvova, r o Se6 KpoKiav, Ta piev eiXiKpwfj Kal |
| 6974 | <f>avd, r a u pLeiKra Kal TTOLKiXa vopul^ovres. |
| 6975 | Ou 8 eZ Se Oavpid^eev rcov ovopuaroiv rrjv els ro |
| 6976 | 'EXXtjvlkov dvdirXaoLv Kal y a p aAAa pbvpta roZs |
| 6977 | peed ea r apeevoes e/c rrjs 'EAAaSos* ovveK ireodvra /xe^pc |
| 6978 | vvv Trapapuevei Kal i-evvrevei n a p |
| 6979 | erep o is, <Lv evia |
| 6980 | rrjv |
| 6981 | tto erjr iKrjv |
| 6982 | dvaKaXovjievrjv |
| 6983 | SLaftdXXovoLV |
| 6984 | cos* |
| 6985 | fiapfSapi^ovoav |
| 6986 | ol |
| 6987 | yX corras |
| 6988 | r a |
| 6989 | ro ia v ra 6 |
| 6990 | Trpocr- |
| 6991 | a y o p ev o v res. |
| 6992 | ev Se raZs 'E p jio v Xeyopuevaes fH/UXocs |
| 6993 | lo ro p o v m yeypa(f)6ai rrepl rd>v lepcov ovopidrcov, ore |
| 6994 | rrjv peev e n l rrjs ro v rjXlov rrepL<f>opds rera y jiev rjv |
| 6995 | Svvapuv TQ pov, e,EAArjves 8 ’ 'ArroXXajva KaXovoe* |
| 6996 | rrjv o |
| 6997 | cttl ro v 7rvevpiaros |
| 6998 | ol ptev |
| 6999 | U crepev, |
| 7000 | ol oe |
| 7001 | 1 irpoaayopevovras Reiske: TtpooayopevovTUiv. |
| 7002 | 2 /cat added in the Aldine ed. |
| 7003 | 3 eOos added by Markland. |
| 7004 | 4 Aoyos "Avoi/jSt? Reiske: avovfiis \6yos. |
| 7005 | 5 to pev . . . to he Reiske: tov pev . . . rov he. |
| 7006 | 6 ra roiavra Xylander: ras roiavras. |
| 7007 | a Cf. 376 d, infra. |
| 7008 | It is impossible to reproduce these |
| 7009 | fanciful derivations in an English translation. |
| 7010 | Most of them |
| 7011 | may be found in Plato, Cratylus, 401 c-4 1 5 e. |
| 7012 | Note that |
| 7013 | Plutarch would connect the abstract suffix -ta with the |
| 7014 | shorter stem of elpi “ go.” |
| 7015 | 144 |
| 7016 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 375 |
| 7017 | Nature from hasting and going they called baseness, |
| 7018 | or “ ill-going” (Itak-ia), and helplessness or “ diffi |
| 7019 | culty of going ” (apor-ia), and cowardice or “ fear of |
| 7020 | going” (deil~ia), and distress or “ not going” (an-id).a |
| 7021 | 61. |
| 7022 | Osiris has a name made up from “ holy ” (hosion) |
| 7023 | and “ sacred ” (hieron) b ; for he is the combined rela |
| 7024 | tion of the things in the heavens and in the lower |
| 7025 | world, the former of which it was customary for |
| 7026 | people of olden time to call sacred and the latter to |
| 7027 | call holy. Rut the relation which discloses the things |
| 7028 | in the heavens and belongs to the things which tend |
| 7029 | upward is sometimes named Anubis and sometimes |
| 7030 | Hermanubisc as belonging in part to the things above |
| 7031 | and in part to the things below.d |
| 7032 | For this reason |
| 7033 | they sacrifice to him on the one hand a white cock |
| 7034 | and on the other hand one of saffron colour, regarding |
| 7035 | the former things as simple and clear, and the others |
| 7036 | as combined and variable. |
| 7037 | There is no occasion to be surprised at the re |
| 7038 | vamping of these words into Greek.6 The fact is that |
| 7039 | countless other words went forth in company with |
| 7040 | those who migrated from Greece, and persist even to |
| 7041 | this day as strangers in strange lands ; and, when the |
| 7042 | poetic art would recall some of these into use, those |
| 7043 | who speak of such words as strange or unusual falsely |
| 7044 | accuse it of using barbarisms. Moreover, they record |
| 7045 | that in the so-called books of Hermes it is written in |
| 7046 | regard to the sacred names that they call the power |
| 7047 | which is assigned to direct the revolution of the Sun |
| 7048 | Horus, but the Greeks call it Apollo ; and the power |
| 7049 | assigned to the wind some call Osiris and others |
| 7050 | Cf. 382 e , infra. |
| 7051 | .Porphyry in Eusebius, Praepar. Evang. iii. 11. 2. |
| 7052 | Cf. 368 e , supra. |
| 7053 | e Cf. 362 d -e , supra. |
| 7054 | 145 |
| p. 85 | |
| 7055 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 7056 | 376 Y id p a m v . |
| 7057 | rj Se1 H coOls2 А1уутттшт1 crrjpiaiveL k v t j- |
| 7058 | olv fj to K v e iv 810 kclI ттаратроттfjs yevopLevrjs to v |
| 7059 | ovdpLCLTOs |
| 7060 | 'E X X rjv ia ri |
| 7061 | kvcov |
| 7062 | кекА цт аь |
| 7063 | то |
| 7064 | d o r p o v , |
| 7065 | оттер tbiov r t fs *'Ig i8 o s v o p ii^o v cn v . |
| 7066 | т раст а pcev ovv |
| 7067 | 8 e i фьАотсрьесоваь тгерХ tcov ovopcaTCOV, o v p ity aAAa |
| 7068 | pcaAAov |
| 7069 | V(f>eipiYjv3 |
| 7070 | аИ |
| 7071 | t o v |
| 7072 | H a p a m 8 o s |
| 7073 | AlyvTTTLOis |
| 7074 | 7] |
| 7075 | t o v |
| 7076 | U aipL O os, |
| 7077 | eK eiv o |
| 7078 | puev |
| 7079 | £ ev iK o v, |
| 7080 | t o v t o |
| 7081 | о |
| 7082 | 'EAAt^ c/cov, арьфсо '8 ' ev o s в е о д к а с p u d s 8 vvapbecos |
| 7083 | rjyovpbevos. |
| 7084 | 62. |
| 7085 | vEot/ce Se rou rot? /cat та А1уутттьа. |
| 7086 | ttjv pcev |
| 7087 | y a p Tlcriv 7roAAaKLs tco t t js *A d rjv d s оиорьать к а А о дсп |
| 7088 | ф ра^оут с |
| 7089 | to lo v to v A o y o v |
| 7090 | rjAdov |
| 7091 | олт |
| 7092 | ¿pLavTrjs,” |
| 7093 | В о п е р |
| 7094 | eo T iv |
| 7095 | avTO K ivfjTov |
| 7096 | ф o p d s 8tjAcotlk6 v • о Se |
| 7097 | Т у ф со у , сооттер e lp rp ra i, ^rjO /cat В eficov /cat 2 /x v |
| 7098 | ovo/xa^€Tat, jStatov Ttva /cat kcoAv tlk tjv e ir io y e o iv r f |
| 7099 | im evavTLO H nv rj аиаат роф г}У ерьф ам еш fiovAopbevcov |
| 7100 | tcov ovoptaTcov. |
| 7101 | * E ti ttjv <n8rjpiT iv AlBov оот еоу "C lp o v , T ьфсоуоъ |
| 7102 | Se |
| 7103 | t o v cri8rjpov, cos |
| 7104 | lo T o p e i Mave^cos*,7 K aA ovcnv' |
| 7105 | соотгер y a p о a i8 rjp o s TroAAaKis piev eAKopcevcp ка1 |
| 7106 | €7TOpL€V(p rrp o s TTJV AiOoV OpLOWS eCTTt, 7ToAAaKLS S’ |
| 7107 | аттоотрефетаь /cat |
| 7108 | аттокроуетас |
| 7109 | TTpos |
| 7110 | t o v v o v t Io v, |
| 7111 | ovtcos tj (JcoTrjptos /cat dyaO rj ка 1 A oyov e ^ o v o a to v |
| 7112 | косгрьоУ K ivrjcns етпотрефеь 7готе8 /cat тгросгауетаь |
| 7113 | C /cat pcaA aK coTepav9 n o t e l , T reid o v o a ttjv cn<Arjpdvn |
| 7114 | 1 э} 8^ F.C .B.: oi 8e. |
| 7115 | 4 |
| 7116 | F.C .B .: aa>0i. |
| 7117 | 8 V<f>€Lfi7JV Bentley : V(f)L€fl€V7]V. |
| 7118 | A av Emperius. |
| 7119 | 5 fxkv Markland : pkv ovv. |
| 7120 | • $ added by F.C.B. ($ |
| 7121 | Pohlenz). |
| 7122 | 7 M avedw s Squire: pavcdos. |
| 7123 | 8 €7TlOTp€<f>€L 7T0T€ F.C.B. : €ШОТрефы TOT€ 1П ОПв MS., €7П~ |
| 7124 | отрсфсты те in the rest. |
| 7125 | 146 |
| 7126 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 376 |
| 7127 | Serapis , |
| 7128 | -•lici Sothis in Egyptian signifies “ preg |
| 7129 | nancy ” (cyesis) or “ to be pregnant ” (cyein) : there |
| 7130 | fore in Greek, with a change of accent,® the star is |
| 7131 | called the Dog-star (Cyon), which they regard as the |
| 7132 | special star of Isis.& |
| 7133 | Least of all is there any need |
| 7134 | of being very eager in learning about these names. |
| 7135 | However, I would rather make a concession to the |
| 7136 | Egyptians in regard to Serapis than in regard to |
| 7137 | Osiris ; for I regard Serapis as foreign, but Osiris as |
| 7138 | Greek, and both as belonging to one god and one |
| 7139 | power. |
| 7140 | 62. |
| 7141 | Like these also are the Egyptian beliefs ; for |
| 7142 | they oftentimes call Isis by the name of Athena, |
| 7143 | expressive of some such idea as this, “ I came of |
| 7144 | myself,” which is indicative of self-impelled motion. |
| 7145 | Typhon, as has been said,c is named Seth and Bebon |
| 7146 | and Smu, and these names would indicate some forcible |
| 7147 | and preventive check or opposition or reversal.* |
| 7148 | Moreover , they call the loadstone the bone of Horus, |
| 7149 | and iron the bone of Typhon, as Manethoe records. |
| 7150 | For, as the iron oftentimes acts as if it were being |
| 7151 | attracted and drawn toward the stone, and often |
| 7152 | times is rejected and repelled in the opposite direction, |
| 7153 | in the same way the salutary and good and rational |
| 7154 | movement of the world at one time, by persuasion, |
| 7155 | attracts and draws toward itself and renders more |
| 7156 | a Plutarch attempts to connect kvojv, “ dog,” with kvcov, |
| 7157 | the present participle of kva), “ to be pregnant.” |
| 7158 | b Cf. 359 c-e and 365 f , supra. |
| 7159 | c 367 d and 371 b, supra. |
| 7160 | d Cf. 371 b, supra. |
| 7161 | e Frag. 77. |
| 7162 | 9 раХаксйтсраѵ Keiske : раХакштероѵ. |
| 7163 | акХт)раѵ . . . тѵфшѵеюѵ Markland: окХг)ріаѵ . . . тѵфшѵюѵ. |
| 7164 | 147 |
| p. 86 | |
| 7165 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 7166 | (376) ¿Ketvrjv Kal rvcf)d)vetov, elr |
| 7167 | av9ts avaox^9eZoa els |
| 7168 | €avrrjv aveorpeifre1 2 * Kal KareSvoev els rrjv arroptav. |
| 7169 | *E rt <j>rjol rrepl rov A tos o Ei!8o£os pv9oXoyeZv |
| 7170 | Atyvirrtovs, (8s rtov OKeXevv avfjL7T€<j>VK6rajv avrcp |
| 7171 | prj Svvdpevos fiaSt^etv, vrr9 atoxvvrjs ev2 ¿papula |
| 7172 | Sterptfiev 7} S’ Hens: Starepovoa Kal Staorrjoaoa |
| 7173 | r a pipy] ra v ra rov oevparos aprtrroSa rrjv rropetav |
| 7174 | 7japeoyev* |
| 7175 | atvtrrerat Se Kal Sta rovrevv o pv9os |
| 7176 | otl KaO9 eavrov o rov 9eov vovs Kal Aoyos ev |
| 7177 | rep aoparco Kal aef>aveZ fiefirjKejDS els yeveotv3 vito |
| 7178 | Ktvrjoeevs 'rrporjX9ev. |
| 7179 | 6 3 . |
| 7180 | ’Epcfratvet Kal to oeZorpov, o n oeteo9at Set |
| 7181 | ra ovra Kal prjSerrore rraveudai <f>opas, aXX* otov |
| 7182 | e£eyetpeo9at Kal KXoveZodat KaraSap9dvovra Kal |
| 7183 | D papatvopeva. |
| 7184 | rov yap Tvefrevva <f>aot roZs ere tor pots |
| 7185 | OLTTorpeTietv Kal arroKpoveodat SrjXovvres ort rrjs |
| 7186 | (f>9opas ovvSeovorjs Kal loraorjs, avdts avaXvet rrjv |
| 7187 | (f>votv Kal aviorrjot Sta rrjs Ktvrjoeevs rj yeveots. |
| 7188 | Tou Se oetorpov rrepufrepovs avcoQev ovros, rj |
| 7189 | aifrls4 rrepte^et ra oetopeva rerra p a . |
| 7190 | Kal yap rj |
| 7191 | yevvevpevrj Kal ef)9etpopevrj ptoZpa rod Koopov rrept- |
| 7192 | eyerat pev vtto rrjs oeXrjvtaKrjs o<f>atpas, KtveZrat S* |
| 7193 | ev a vrr) rravra Kal perafiaXXerat Sta rcov rerrdpevv |
| 7194 | orot%eteov, 7Tvpos Kal yrjs Kal vSaros Kal a epos, |
| 7195 | rrj S’ aj/riSt rov oetorpov Kara Kopv<f>rjv evropevov- |
| 7196 | E otv atXovpov av9pevirov rrpoooyrrov exovra, Karev S9 |
| 7197 | vtto r a oetdpeva rrrj pev ’TorSos* rrrj Se lSeef)9vos |
| 7198 | TrpSoevTTov, a tvtrropevot roZs pev TTpooevrrots yeveotv |
| 7199 | Kal reXevrrjv (avrat yap elot rwv orotx^teov p e ra - |
| 7200 | 1 avicrrpeijsk] ¿TreoTpei/je Holwerda. |
| 7201 | 2 cV added by Wyttenbach. |
| 7202 | 8 yeveenv] y€WT]OLv Hartman. |
| 7203 | 4 axjjis Aldine ed.: o</as. |
| 7204 | 148 |
| 7205 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 376 |
| 7206 | gentle that harsh and Typhonian movement, and then |
| 7207 | again it gathers itself together and reverses it and |
| 7208 | plunges it into difficulties. |
| 7209 | Moreover, Eudoxus says that the Egyptians have |
| 7210 | a mythical tradition in regard to Zeus that, because |
| 7211 | his legs were grown together, he was not able to |
| 7212 | walk, and so, for shame, tarried in the wilderness; |
| 7213 | but Isis, by severing and separating those parts of his |
| 7214 | body, provided him with means of rapid progress. |
| 7215 | This fable teaches by its legend that the mind and |
| 7216 | reason of the god, fixed amid the unseen and in |
| 7217 | visible, advanced to generation by reason of motion. |
| 7218 | 63. |
| 7219 | The sistrum (rattle) also makes it clear that |
| 7220 | all things in existence need to be shaken, or rattled |
| 7221 | about, and never to cease from motion but, as it were, |
| 7222 | to be waked up and agitated when they grow drowsy |
| 7223 | and torpid. |
| 7224 | They say that they avert and repel |
| 7225 | Typhon by means of the sistrums, indicating thereby |
| 7226 | that when destruction constricts and checks Nature, |
| 7227 | generation releases and arouses it by means of motion.® |
| 7228 | The upper part of the sistrum is circular and its |
| 7229 | circumference contains the four things that are |
| 7230 | shaken ; for that part of the world which undergoes |
| 7231 | reproduction and destruction is contained underneath |
| 7232 | the orb of the moon, and all tilings in it are subjected |
| 7233 | to motion and to change through the four elements : |
| 7234 | fire, earth, water, and air. At the top of the circum |
| 7235 | ference of the sistrum they construct the figure of a |
| 7236 | cat with a human face, and at the bottom, below the |
| 7237 | things that are shaken, the face of Isis on one side, |
| 7238 | and on the other the face of Nephthys. |
| 7239 | By these |
| 7240 | faces they symbolize birth and death, for these are |
| 7241 | the changes and movements of the elements ; and by |
| 7242 | ° C/. 375 u, supra. |
| 7243 | 149 |
| p. 87 | |
| 7244 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 7245 | jSoAcù Kal Kiurjoeiç), rœ 8’ atXovpœ rrju aeX^urju 8ià |
| 7246 | ro ttolklXov Kal uvKrovpyov Kal yovip,ov rov diqplov. |
| 7247 | Xéyerat yàp eu riKretu, eïra Svo Kal rpla Kal réa - |
| 7248 | aapa Kal néure • Kal Ka9' eu ovtojç axpi rœ u h rrà |
| 7249 | npooridrjuw, œ ar |
| 7250 | okto j Kal eiKoai r à nàura ri- |
| 7251 | Kreiu, oaa Kal rrjç aeXrjurjg cf>œr9 e a n u . |
| 7252 | rovro p,èv |
| 7253 | F ovu c'aœç pcvûœSéarepou- al 8’ eu roîç op,p,acnu avrov |
| 7254 | Kopai nXrjpovadai 'pieu Kal nXarvueadai S okovglv eu |
| 7255 | nauaeXtfuœ, Xenrvueadai 8e Kal fxapavyelu eu raïs |
| 7256 | pieiœaeai rov àarpov. |
| 7257 | rœ 8 ’ àuOpœnop,op(f)œ rov |
| 7258 | aîXovpov ro uoepôu Kal XoyiKou epL<j>aLuerai rœu |
| 7259 | nepl rrju aeXiqurju pierafioXœu. |
| 7260 | 64. ¿LvueXoun 8* elnelu ov09 v8œp ovô7 rjXiou |
| 7261 | V |
| 7262 | t / > |
| 7263 | y |
| 7264 | \ |
| 7265 | S~\ |
| 7266 | " TT |
| 7267 | > |
| 7268 | n ~ |
| 7269 | >/ |
| 7270 | ovre yrju ovr |
| 7271 | ovpavou |
| 7272 | VJoipiu rj |
| 7273 | tenu opvύ eyet |
| 7274 | uopbi^eiu, ovre nvp 'Tvÿœua nàXiu ovr avypiou ouSe |
| 7275 | UaAarrau, aAA |
| 7276 | anAœs ooou eanu ev rouroiç a - |
| 7277 | 377 pLerpou Kal draKrou vnepftoXaîç rj eu8elais Tv</>œui |
| 7278 | rrpoavépLoures, ro 8è KeKoapi'qpieuou Kal dyaffou Kal |
| 7279 | œcpeAipiov œç |
| 7280 | lcriôos* pieu epyou eiKoua oe Kat pu- |
| 7281 | pLrjpLa Kal Xoyou 9OaipiSos oefiopieuoi Kal npLœureç, |
| 7282 | o v k |
| 7283 | du |
| 7284 | âpLaprauoipieu. |
| 7285 | àXXà |
| 7286 | Kal rou |
| 7287 | Eil8o£ou |
| 7288 | àm arovura navaopieu Kal 8ianopovura nœ ç ovre |
| 7289 | Arqpuyrpi rrjs rœ u epœnKœu èmpieXeias piereanv |
| 7290 | âXX9 "IcnSt, ro r e 1 Acouvaou ov rou N eîXou av^eiv |
| 7291 | ovre rœ u redurjKorœu àp^etu SvuaaOai.2 |
| 7292 | eul yàp |
| 7293 | Xoyœ Koivœ rovs deovs rovrovç nepl ndaau àya- |
| 7294 | Oov pioîpav rjyovpieda reràyQ ai, Kal nàu oaou ëuean |
| 7295 | 1 ro tc E. Capps : t o v t € . |
| 7296 | 2 hvvaoQai Helmbold : hvvapevov. |
| 7297 | e Cf. Photius, Bibliotheca, 242 (p. 343 a 5 ed. Bekker). |
| 7298 | b Cf. 367 D, supra. |
| 7299 | 150 |
| 7300 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 376-377 |
| 7301 | the cat they symbolize the moon because of the varied |
| 7302 | colouring, nocturnal activity, and fecundity of the |
| 7303 | animal. |
| 7304 | For the cat is said to bring forth first one, |
| 7305 | then two and three and four and five, thus increasing |
| 7306 | the number by one until she reaches seven,® so that |
| 7307 | she brings forth in all twenty-eight, the number also |
| 7308 | of the moon’s illuminations. |
| 7309 | Perhaps, however, this |
| 7310 | may seem somewhat mythical. But the pupils in the |
| 7311 | eye of the cat appear to grow large and round at the |
| 7312 | time of full moon, and to become thin and narrow at |
| 7313 | the time of the wanings of that heavenly body. |
| 7314 | By |
| 7315 | the human features of the cat is indicated the intelli |
| 7316 | gence and the reason that guides the changes of the |
| 7317 | moon.6 |
| 7318 | 64. |
| 7319 | To put the matter briefly, it is not right to |
| 7320 | believe that water or the sun or the earth or the sky |
| 7321 | is Osiris or Isis c ; or again that fire or drought or the |
| 7322 | sea is Typhon, but simply if we attribute to Typhond |
| 7323 | whatever there is in these that is immoderate and |
| 7324 | disordered by reason of excesses or defects ; and if |
| 7325 | we revere and honour what is orderly and good and |
| 7326 | beneficial as the work of Isis and as the image and |
| 7327 | reflection and reason of Osiris, we shall not be wrong. |
| 7328 | Moreover, we shall put a stop to the incredulity of |
| 7329 | Eudoxuse and his questionings how it is that Demeter |
| 7330 | has no share in the supervision of love affairs, but |
| 7331 | Isis has ; and the fact that Dionysus cannot cause |
| 7332 | the Nile to rise, nor rule over the dead. |
| 7333 | For by |
| 7334 | one general process of reasoning do we come to |
| 7335 | the conclusion that these gods have been assigned |
| 7336 | to preside over every portion of what is good ; |
| 7337 | and whatever there is in nature that is fair and |
| 7338 | c Cf. 363 d and 364 d, supra. |
| 7339 | d Cf. 364 a and 369 a, supra. |
| 7340 | e Frag. 63. |
| 7341 | 151 |
| p. 88 | |
| 7342 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 7343 | (377) rfj </)voci KaXòv Kal àyaOòp 8cà toutous* V7rdpxew> |
| 7344 | top picp SiScWa ràç âpxdç, ttjp 8* VTTo8cxopLCPrjp |
| 7345 | B Kal 8iapcpiovoap. |
| 7346 | 6 5 . O utcu 8 c K al r o ts TroAAoîs* K al <f>opnKoîç em - |
| 7347 | ^ctp^CTo/xer, etre Tais* /caéT w pav p,eT afioA aîç r o v |
| 7348 | 7T€pl€X°VTOS CtTC TCUÇ KapTTLOV y CP CO COI K al OTTOpaiÇ |
| 7349 | K al ap ôroL ç ^a/pouo-i r à irepl tovç Ocovç toutous1 |
| 7350 | ovpoikclovptcç, K dl X cyoprcç d a n r c o d a t p,èp |
| 7351 | top |
| 7352 | "O o ip iv , o r e KpvTrreraL r fj y fj2 orrcipopicpos o /cap- |
| 7353 | ttoç, a v d iç 8’ a v a fiio v a d a i K al à v a ÿ a iv c o d a i, d re |
| 7354 | pX aorrjO cayç |
| 7355 | àp x tf- |
| 7356 | 8 io |
| 7357 | K al X cycrai,3 |
| 7358 | tt\p *Io iv |
| 7359 | alodopicvY]v o n KucL TTcpidifjaodai <f>vXaKTrjpiop ckttj |
| 7360 | purjvôs lo r a iic v o v Oacu</>r t IktcoOa i 8 c ro v 'A p n o - |
| 7361 | C Kparrjv TTCpl rp o rraç ^£tp,eptms arcXrj Kal peapop |
| 7362 | cp toîç TTpoavOovoi Kal npofiA aorapovoi. |
| 7363 | 8to Kal |
| 7364 | <f>aKcijp avrà) <f)vopicv(ji)P d n a p x à ç CTn<j>cpovoi, r à ç |
| 7365 | 8c Ào^etous rjpicpaç |
| 7366 | c o p ra ^ a v pierà |
| 7367 | ttjp capivrjp |
| 7368 | lorjpicpiap. |
| 7369 | r a v r a y à p |
| 7370 | a kovoptcç |
| 7371 | d y a n œ o i |
| 7372 | Kal |
| 7373 | 7TiorcvovoiP, a v rô dcp |
| 7374 | ck tüjp 7rpox^ipcop Kal o v p- |
| 7375 | 7]9ùjp to m davòv cXkoptcç. |
| 7376 | 66. Kat 8 civop ov8cp, dp TTpœrop picp rjfiîp ro v s |
| 7377 | Ocovç <f>vAdrTU)oi koipovç K al pbrj rroiœ otp A ly v - |
| 7378 | TTTliüV I8L0VÇ, pL7]8c NCÎXoP rjp TC NClXoÇ â p 8 c i pLOPTJP |
| 7379 | X^)pap toîç op op iaoi tovtoiç KaraXapL^aPO Prcç, pirj8' |
| 7380 | cX7] P>rj8c XüJTOVÇ pLOPTJP* OcOTTOUaP XcyOPTCÇ a n o - |
| 7381 | OTCpœoi pieydA iop dcœ p tovç àXXovç dpdpu)7Tovç, oîç |
| 7382 | D NcîXoç picv ovk cotip ov8c B ovtoç ovSc Mcpi<f>içm |
| 7383 | tIolp 8c Kal tous TTCpl avttjp Ocovç cxovoi Kal |
| 7384 | 1 rovrovs] TovTOLS Madvig. |
| 7385 | 2 T77 yfj Bentley : rrjs yrjs. |
| 7386 | 3 Xeyerai Strijd and F.C.B. : AçyçoOcu. |
| 7387 | 4 fióvrjv F.C.B. : fiTf. |
| 7388 | a Cf. 378 », infra. |
| 7389 | b Cf. 358 d, supra. |
| 7390 | 152 |
| 7391 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 377 |
| 7392 | good exists entirely because of them, inasmuch as |
| 7393 | Osiris contributes tlie origins, and Isis receives them |
| 7394 | and distributes them. |
| 7395 | 65. In this way we shall undertake to deal with the |
| 7396 | numerous and tiresome people, whether they be such |
| 7397 | as take pleasure in associating theological problems |
| 7398 | with the seasonal changes in the surrounding atmo |
| 7399 | sphere, or with the growth of the crops and seed |
| 7400 | times and ploughing ; and also those who say that |
| 7401 | Osiris is being buried at the time when the grain is |
| 7402 | sown and covered in the earth and that he comes to |
| 7403 | life and reappears when plants begin to sprout. For |
| 7404 | this reason also it is said that Isis, when she perceived |
| 7405 | that she was pregnant, put upon herself an amulet® on |
| 7406 | the sixth day of the month Phaophi ; and about the |
| 7407 | time of the winter solstice she gave birth to Harpo- |
| 7408 | crates, imperfect and premature,6 amid the early |
| 7409 | flowers and shoots. For this reason they bring to him |
| 7410 | as an offering the first-fruits of growing lentils, and |
| 7411 | the days of his birth they celebrate after the spring |
| 7412 | equinox. |
| 7413 | When the people hear these things, they |
| 7414 | are satisfied with them and believe them, deducing |
| 7415 | the plausible explanation directly from what is |
| 7416 | obvious and familiar. |
| 7417 | 66. And there is nothing to fear if, in the first place, |
| 7418 | they preserve for us our gods that are common to both |
| 7419 | peoples and do not make them to belong to the |
| 7420 | Egyptians only, and do not include under these names |
| 7421 | the Nile alone and the land which the Nile waters, |
| 7422 | and do not assert that the marshes and the lotus are |
| 7423 | the only work of God’s hand, and if they do not deny |
| 7424 | the great gods to the rest of mankind that possess no |
| 7425 | Nile nor Buto nor Memphis. But as for Isis, and the |
| 7426 | gods associated with her, all peoples own them and are |
| 7427 | 153 |
| p. 89 | |
| 7428 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 7429 | (377) ytyvcouKovutv am a vres, evtovs ptev ov rraXat rots* |
| 7430 | Trap’ AlyvTrrlcov ovoptaot KaXetv pbepbadrjKores, ¿Ka |
| 7431 | urov sa rrjv Svvapuv |
| 7432 | apXVs* ¿Tnardptevoi Kal |
| 7433 | rificovreg. |
| 7434 | Aevrepov, o ptei^ov e a n v , ottcos o<f)6Spa TTpou- |
| 7435 | e£ovoi Kal <f>oj3rjaovTaL, ptrj XaOtoatv els Trvevptara |
| 7436 | Kat pevptara Kal anopovs Kal aporovs Kal iraQr) yrjs |
| 7437 | Kal pterafioXds cbpcov Siaypd<f>ovres r a Bela Kal |
| 7438 | 8taXvovres' cvoTrep oi Atovvuov rov olvov, f,H <f>aturov |
| 7439 | Se rrjv <f>X6y a % Qepaecfrdvrjv Se <f>r)ui ttov KAeavifys* |
| 7440 | to Sta rtov KapTTtov (f>ep6ptevov Kal <f>ovevoptevov |
| 7441 | Tjvevpua. |
| 7442 | Trotr^rrjs Se n s €rrl rtov Bept^ovrtov |
| 7443 | rrjptos or |
| 7444 | al^rjol Arjptfjrepa KtoXoroptevotv. |
| 7445 | E ovSev yap ovrot Statf>epovut rtov lurta Kal KaXtos1 |
| 7446 | Kal ayKvpav fjyovptevtov Kvfiepvfirr]v, Kal vfjpbara |
| 7447 | Kal KpoKas v<f>avtt)vs Kal arrovSetov rj pteXtKparov rj |
| 7448 | Tmaavr)v la rp ov aXXa2 Setvas Kal adeovs eptTrotovut |
| 7449 | Sofas*, dvaLuOrjrois Kal aiffvxots Kal <f>6etpoptevats |
| 7450 | avayKattos vtty dvOptontov Seoptevtov Kal xpto/xeVar.' |
| 7451 | tj)vueut Kal Trpayptaotv ovoptara Bedov ¿TTt<f>epovres. |
| 7452 | T a u ra ptev yap avra vorjaat Beovs ovk ear tv. |
| 7453 | F (67.) ov yap avow 3 ouS’ a i/jvxov ovSM avBptoTrots o |
| 7454 | Oeos VTTox^ipiov9 ¿770 rovrtov Se rovs ^/oa>/xeVoas |
| 7455 | avrois 8topovptevovs rjpuv Kal rrapexovras aevaa Kal |
| 7456 | 8tapKrj Beovs evoptiaaptev, ovx ¿repovs Trap’ ¿repots |
| 7457 | 1 KaXois Xylander: koXovs. |
| 7458 | 2 aAAa] a/ia Be Bentley. |
| 7459 | 3 avow Reiske: o$v. |
| 7460 | 4 ovB' added by Bentley. |
| 7461 | « Cf. Moralia, 757 b - c. |
| 7462 | b Frag. 547. |
| 7463 | c Cf. The Life and Poetry o Homer, chap, xxiii. in Ber- |
| 7464 | nardalds, vol. vii. |
| 7465 | 154 |
| 7466 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 377 |
| 7467 | familiar with them, although they have learned not |
| 7468 | so very long ago to call some of them by the names |
| 7469 | which come from the Egyptians ; yet they have from |
| 7470 | the beginning understood and honoured the power |
| 7471 | which belongs to each one of them. |
| 7472 | In the second place, and this is a matter of greater |
| 7473 | importance, they should exercise especial heed and |
| 7474 | caution lest they unwittingly erase and dissipate |
| 7475 | things divine a into winds and streams and sowings |
| 7476 | and ploughings, developments of the earth and |
| 7477 | changes of the seasons, as do those who regard |
| 7478 | wine as Dionysus and flame as Hephaestus. |
| 7479 | And |
| 7480 | Cleanthes b says somewhere that the breath of air |
| 7481 | which is carried (pheromenon) through the crops and |
| 7482 | then suffers dissolution (phoneuomenon) is Pherse- |
| 7483 | phone ; and a certain poet has written with reference |
| 7484 | to the reapers,6 |
| 7485 | Then when the sturdy youth come to sever the limbs of |
| 7486 | Demeter. |
| 7487 | The fact is that these persons do not differ at all from |
| 7488 | those who regard sails and ropes and anchor as a |
| 7489 | pilot, warp and woof as a weaver, a cup or an honey |
| 7490 | mixture or barley gruel as a physician. |
| 7491 | But they |
| 7492 | create in men fearful atheistic opinions by confer |
| 7493 | ring the names of gods upon natural objects which |
| 7494 | are senseless and inanimate, and are of necessity de |
| 7495 | stroyed by men when they need to use them. |
| 7496 | It is impossible to conceive of these things as being |
| 7497 | gods in themselves ; (67.) for God is not senseless nor |
| 7498 | inanimate nor subject to human control. |
| 7499 | As a result |
| 7500 | of this we have come to regard as gods those who |
| 7501 | make use of these things and present them to us and |
| 7502 | provide us with things everlasting and constant. Nor |
| 7503 | do we think of the gods as different gods among |
| 7504 | 155 |
| p. 90 | |
| 7505 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 7506 | ovSè f$apf3apovs Kal *EÀÀrjvas ov8è vortovs Kal |
| 7507 | fSopetovs* dXX' coairep rjXtos Kal oeXtfvrj Kal ovpavos |
| 7508 | Kal yrj Kal OaXarra Kotvà Tràatv, ovopta^erat 8' |
| 7509 | âXXcos |
| 7510 | vtt |
| 7511 | aXXcov, ovrcos ¿vos Xoyov rov ra v ra |
| 7512 | 378 Koaptovvros Kal puas TTpovotas eTTtrpoTrevovarjs Kal |
| 7513 | Svvaptecov VTTovpyujv ¿7tI navra1 rerayptévcov, erepat |
| 7514 | Trap' erepots Kara voptovs yeydvaat rtptal Kal npoa- |
| 7515 | Tjyoptat' Kal ovptf3oXots xpd W ai KaOtepcoptevots ol |
| 7516 | ptèv2 aptvSpots ol Se rpavorepots ettI n i del a rrjv |
| 7517 | vdrjatv oSrjyovvres o v k aKtv8vvcos. |
| 7518 | evtot yap diro- |
| 7519 | oÿaXévres rravranaatv els 8etat8atptovtav coXtodov, |
| 7520 | ol 8è <f>evyovres coanep eXos3 rrjv 8etat8atptovtav |
| 7521 | eXa0ov avOts coanep els Kprjptvov iftneadvres rrjv |
| 7522 | dOedrTjra. |
| 7523 | 08. Ato |
| 7524 | 8et |
| 7525 | ptdXtara |
| 7526 | rrpos |
| 7527 | ra v ra |
| 7528 | Xoyov |
| 7529 | ¿k |
| 7530 | </)tXoaro(f)tas ptvaraycoyov avaXafiovras oatcos 8ia- |
| 7531 | B voetaOat rcov Xeyopiévcov Kal 8pcoptevcov eKaarov, |
| 7532 | tva ptrf, Kadanep Qe68copos ¿lire rovs Xdyovs avrov |
| 7533 | rfj 8e£tq nporelvovros evtovs rfj dp tore pa 8 eye ad at |
| 7534 | rcov aKpotoptevcov, ovrcos Tjpcets a KaXcos ol vdptot |
| 7535 | nepl ra s ôvatas Kal rà s eoprds eraijav erepcos vno- |
| 7536 | Xaptfiavovres èÇaptaprcoptev. |
| 7537 | ort yàp enl rov Xoyov |
| 7538 | dvotareov an avra, Kal Trap9 ai'rcov eKetvcov eart |
| 7539 | Xa fie tv. |
| 7540 | rfj ptèv yàp evarr) ¿7rl Se/ca rov npcorov |
| 7541 | paqvos |
| 7542 | èoprd^ovres |
| 7543 | rep *E pptfj |
| 7544 | pteXt |
| 7545 | Kal |
| 7546 | g v k o v |
| 7547 | eafJtovatv eirtAeyovres, |
| 7548 | yAvKV rj aArjoeta. |
| 7549 | ro be |
| 7550 | 1 navra M arkland : ttovtos* |
| 7551 | 2 Kad it pea pivots ol pèv Salmasius : Kadicpwpivoi ¡iev. |
| 7552 | 3 cAo? Xvlander: cSos* or cSoç. |
| 7553 | a See the note at the end of chapter 11 (355 d, supra). |
| 7554 | b Cf. Moralia, 467 в. |
| 7555 | 156 |
| 7556 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 377-378 |
| 7557 | different peoples, nor as barbarian gods and Greek |
| 7558 | gods, nor as southern and northern gods ; but, just as |
| 7559 | the sun and the moon and the heavens and the earth |
| 7560 | and the sea are common to all, but are called by |
| 7561 | different names by different peoples, so for that one |
| 7562 | rationality which keeps all these things in order and |
| 7563 | the one Providence which watches over them and |
| 7564 | the ancillary powers that are set over all, there have |
| 7565 | arisen among different peoples, in accordance with |
| 7566 | their customs, different honours and appellations. |
| 7567 | Thus men make use of consecrated symbols, some |
| 7568 | employing symbols that are obscure, but others those |
| 7569 | that are clearer, in guiding the intelligence toward |
| 7570 | things divine, though not without a certain hazard. |
| 7571 | For some go completely astray and become engulfed |
| 7572 | in superstition ; and others, while they fly from |
| 7573 | superstition a as from a quagmire, on the other hand |
| 7574 | unwittingly fall, as it were, over a precipice into |
| 7575 | atheism. |
| 7576 | 68. Wherefore in the study of these matters it is |
| 7577 | especially necessary that we adopt, as our guide in |
| 7578 | these mysteries, the reasoning that comes from |
| 7579 | philosophy, and consider reverently each one of the |
| 7580 | things that are said and done, so that, to quote |
| 7581 | Theodor us,6 who said that while he offered the good |
| 7582 | word with his right hand some of his auditors received |
| 7583 | it in their left, we may not thus err by accepting in a |
| 7584 | different spirit the things that the laws have dictated |
| 7585 | admirably concerning the sacrifices and festivals. |
| 7586 | The fact that everything is to be referred to reason |
| 7587 | we may gather from the Egyptians themselves ; for |
| 7588 | on the nineteenth day of the first month, when they |
| 7589 | are holding festival in honour of Hermes, they eat |
| 7590 | honey and a fig ; and as they eat they say, “ |
| 7591 | A sweet |
| 7592 | 157 |
| p. 91 | |
| 7593 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 7594 | (378) rrjs "IorSo? фѵХактг}рюѵ, о періаптеаваі рьѵѲо- |
| 7595 | Хоуоѵаіѵ аVTTĮV, і£ерріг]ѵеѵетаі “ феѵѵг] аХгіѲф.” |
| 7596 | С то v V 'Арпократуѵ оѵте Ѳеоѵ areXrj каі vrjniov |
| 7597 | оѵте %е8/>07Геоѵ1 riva ѵорпатеоѵ, àXXà rov nepl |
| 7598 | ѲееЬѵ iv dvdpebnois Хбуоѵ veapov каі areXovs каі |
| 7599 | аЬіарвреотоѵ проататт)ѵ каі ошфроѵютг}ѵ Sto тер |
| 7600 | ото/хаті то v ЪактѵХоѵ еуеі проакеіріеѵоѵ ix^pivdlas |
| 7601 | каі aiœnrjs ovpißoÄov iv Se тер Шеаорг} firjvl tcüv |
| 7602 | X^bponœv епіфіроѵте$ Xiyovaiv, “ уХштта тѵх?}, |
| 7603 | уХеЬтта Salpiœv.” |
| 7604 | тшѵ S’ |
| 7605 | іѵ Аіуѵптер |
| 7606 | фѵтшѵ |
| 7607 | ріаХіата rfj веер кавіершаваі Хіуоѵаі rrjv ттераеаѵ, |
| 7608 | дті карЫа рііѵ о Kapnòs avrrjç, yXcorrrj 8 е то |
| 7609 | фѵХХоѵ еоікеѵ. |
| 7610 | оѵЫѵ у ар |
| 7611 | шѵ av9pœnos eyecv |
| 7612 | піфѵке Ѳеіотероѵ Хоуоѵ каі ріаХіата тоѵ ттері Ѳееоѵ, |
| 7613 | D оѵ8е ріеі^оѵа ponrjv |
| 7614 | npòs evbaipiovlav. |
| 7615 | Sto тер |
| 7616 | piev els то xPrìarVPLOV *ѵтаѵѲа катіоѵті пареу- |
| 7617 | yvéopiev оспа фроѵеіѵ, еѵфцріа2 Хіуеіѵ. |
| 7618 | оі 8б тгоХХоІ |
| 7619 | уеХоіа Ьршаіѵ іѵ таis nopinaîs каі raîç eopraîs |
| 7620 | еѵфт]ріІаѵ 7TpoKTjpvTTOvreç, etra ттері rœv ѲесЬѵ |
| 7621 | avTCüv та 8ѵафг)рьотата каі Xeyovres каі 8ia- |
| 7622 | voovpievoi. |
| 7623 | 69- П & ow xP7i(7T^oi; ^GTL rabS a кѵв pelnais каі |
| 7624 | àyeXdarois каі nevdlpiois Ovalais, el pnjre пара- |
| 7625 | Xelneiv* та vevopiiapiéva каXœç è'xei раг\те фѵреіѵ |
| 7626 | ras ттері Ѳееоѵ 86£aç каі аѵѵтараттеіѵ ѵпофіаis |
| 7627 | arónois; |
| 7628 | каі пар "KXXrjaiv o/xota 7ГоЛЛ<х уіуѵетаі |
| 7629 | nepl тоѵ аѵтоѵ opiov ті xpdvov, ois Аіуѵптюі 8рш- |
| 7630 | 1 хеЬроттеаѵ Emperius : ;(€8р07та>ѵ. |
| 7631 | 2 €ѵфтцла Meziriacus : сист^/ха. |
| 7632 | 8 ттара\сітт€іѵ Bernardakis : ттаракптсіѵ. |
| 7633 | а Cf. 377 в, supra. |
| 7634 | 158 |
| 7635 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 378 |
| 7636 | thing is Truth.” |
| 7637 | The amulet® of Isis, which they |
| 7638 | traditionally assert that she hung about her neck, is |
| 7639 | interpreted ” a true voice.” |
| 7640 | And Harpocrates is not |
| 7641 | to be regarded as an imperfect and an infant god, |
| 7642 | nor some deity or other that protects legumes, but |
| 7643 | as the representative and corrector of unseasoned, |
| 7644 | imperfect, and inarticulate reasoning about the gods |
| 7645 | among mankind. |
| 7646 | For this reason he keeps his finger |
| 7647 | on his lips in token of restrained speech or silence. |
| 7648 | In the month of Mesore they bring to him an offering |
| 7649 | of legumes and say, “ The tongue is luck, the tongue |
| 7650 | is god.” |
| 7651 | Of the plants in Egypt they say that the |
| 7652 | persea is especially consecrated to the goddess |
| 7653 | because its fruit resembles a heart and its leaf a |
| 7654 | tongue. |
| 7655 | The fact is that nothing of man’s usual |
| 7656 | possessions is more divine than reasoning, especially |
| 7657 | reasoning about the gods ; and nothing has a greater |
| 7658 | influence toward happiness. |
| 7659 | For this reason we give |
| 7660 | instructions to anyone who comes down to the oracle |
| 7661 | here to think holy thoughts and to speak words of |
| 7662 | good omen. But the mass of mankind act ridiculously |
| 7663 | in their processions and festivals in that they proclaim |
| 7664 | at the outset the use of words of good omen,6 but later |
| 7665 | they both say and think the most unhallowed thoughts |
| 7666 | about the very gods. |
| 7667 | 69- How, then, are we to deal with their gloomy, |
| 7668 | solemn, and mournful sacrifices, if it be not proper |
| 7669 | either to omit the customary ceremonials or to con |
| 7670 | found and confuse our opinions about the gods by un |
| 7671 | warranted suspicions ? Among the Greeks also many |
| 7672 | things are done which are similar to the Egyptian |
| 7673 | ceremonies in the shrines of Isis, and they do them at |
| 7674 | b The regular proclamation (cu^v/xctrc) used by the Greeks |
| 7675 | at the beginning of any ceremony. |
| 7676 | 159 |
| p. 92 | |
| 7677 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 7678 | E aiv ev rot? 9laeiotg.1 |
| 7679 | /cat yap ^ABrprqtn vyarevovaw |
| 7680 | at yvvaZKeg ev ®eapLO<j>oplots XafJLal KadijpLevaiy Kal |
| 7681 | Bota>rot r a rfjs ’A yaia? pueyapa Kwovaw2 ¿naxO^i |
| 7682 | rrjv eoprrjv ¿Keivrjv ovopud^ovreg, cog Sta rrjv rrjg |
| 7683 | lioprjg KadoSov ev d xeL r V$ ^'^PLr]Tpog ovarjg. |
| 7684 | e o n |
| 7685 | 8’ |
| 7686 | o |
| 7687 | purjv |
| 7688 | ovrog |
| 7689 | rrepl |
| 7690 | IIAetaSas“3 |
| 7691 | onopipLog, |
| 7692 | ov |
| 7693 | 9 A9vp AlyiinTLOL, TIvaveiffLCUva S’ 9AOrjvaZoc, B olcotoI |
| 7694 | Se Aapbdrpiov KaXovai. |
| 7695 | rovg Se npog eanepav |
| 7696 | oiKovvras iaropeZ ©ednopiTrog rjyeZodai /cat KaXeZv |
| 7697 | rov pcev yet/nawa K povov, to Se 9epog 9 A<j>po8irr\v, |
| 7698 | F to S’ eap Ylepaecf>dvrjv, e/c Se Kpovov /cat ’A <f>po- |
| 7699 | 81rrjg yewacrOai rravra. |
| 7700 | <t>pvyeg Se rov Oeov olo- |
| 7701 | pbevoi x^^ddvog KadevSew, Oepovg 89 eypr^yopevat, |
| 7702 | ro re |
| 7703 | puev |
| 7704 | Karevvaapcovg, |
| 7705 | Tore |
| 7706 | 8 ’ |
| 7707 | dveyepaeig |
| 7708 | fiaKx^vovreg avrco reAovat. |
| 7709 | Ba^Xaydveg Se Kara- |
| 7710 | SelaOai /cat Ka9eLpyvvo9ai x €LlJ'dovog, rjpog Se KweZ- |
| 7711 | oOai Kal dvaXvea9ai <j>d(JKovcn. |
| 7712 | 70. K at SlScoaw o Kaipog VTrovoiav eirl rcov Kap- |
| 7713 | ttujv rfj diTOKpvipeL yeveodai tov oKv9pco7raapbdv, |
| 7714 | ovg oi TraXaiol deovg puev ovk evopu^ov, aXXa Scopa |
| 7715 | Bedov am y/cata /cat /xeyaAa 7Tpog to jurj £t}v aypioog |
| 7716 | 379 /cat 9rjpLCoScdg. |
| 7717 | Ka69 rjv S’ tdpav rovg puev ¿ 7ro4 |
| 7718 | SevSpajv |
| 7719 | idopcov |
| 7720 | afiavi^opuevovg |
| 7721 | TTavraTraaw |
| 7722 | Kal |
| 7723 | a7ToXeL7Tovrag, rovg5 sa /cat avrol Kareanetpov8 eVt |
| 7724 | yAlaxptog Kal drrdpajg, Siapt,cbpLevoi ralg X€PGL TVV 1 2 3 4 5 |
| 7725 | 1 ’Iceto ts“] oatots“ in m o s t m s s. |
| 7726 | 2 Ktvouatv] v a r io u s e m e n d a tio n s h a v e b e e n p r o p o s e d , k z v o v- |
| 7727 | o iv , Kovicocriv, |
| 7728 | k Aciovctiv, a n d o n e m s. s e e m s t o h a v e |
| 7729 | ko vo vo lv, |
| 7730 | b u t n o n e m a k e s th e m e a n in g c l e a r . |
| 7731 | 3 IIA eiaS as X y l a n d e r : -nA eidSa. |
| 7732 | 4 ¿ ito] ¿7ro rd>v R e is k e . |
| 7733 | 5 t o v s W y t t e n b a c h : o v s. |
| 7734 | c Ka.T€cnT€ipov H o l w e r d a : K a ra (n reip a v o r KaTacriT€ipavT€S. |
| 7735 | 160 |
| 7736 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 3 7 9 -3 8 0 |
| 7737 | about the same time. |
| 7738 | At Athens the women fast at |
| 7739 | the Thesmophoria sitting upon the ground ; and the |
| 7740 | Boeotians move the halls of the Goddess of Sorrow |
| 7741 | and name that festival the Festival of Sorrow,a since |
| 7742 | Demeter is in sorrow because of her Daughter’s |
| 7743 | descent to Pluto’s realm. |
| 7744 | This month, in the season |
| 7745 | of the Pleiades, is the month of seeding which the |
| 7746 | Egyptians call Athyr, the Athenians Pyanepsion, and |
| 7747 | the Boeotians Damatrius.^ |
| 7748 | Theopompusc records |
| 7749 | that the people who live toward the west believe that |
| 7750 | the winter is Cronus, the summer Aphrodite, and the |
| 7751 | spring Persephone, and that they call them by these |
| 7752 | names and believe that from Cronus and Aphrodite |
| 7753 | all things have their origin. |
| 7754 | The Phrygians, believ |
| 7755 | ing that the god is asleep in the winter and aw'ake |
| 7756 | in the summer, sing lullabies for him in the winter and |
| 7757 | in the summer chants to arouse him, after the manner |
| 7758 | of bacchic worshippers. |
| 7759 | The Paphlagonians assert |
| 7760 | that in the winter he is bound fast and imprisoned, |
| 7761 | but that in the spring he bestirs himself and sets |
| 7762 | himself free again. |
| 7763 | 70. The season of the year also gives us a suspicion |
| 7764 | that this gloominess is brought about because of the |
| 7765 | disappearance from our sight of the crops and fruits |
| 7766 | that people in days of old did not regard as gods, but |
| 7767 | as necessary and important contributions of the gods |
| 7768 | toward the avoidance of a savage and a bestial life. |
| 7769 | At the time of year when they saw some of the fruits |
| 7770 | vanishing and disappearing completely from the |
| 7771 | trees, while they themselves were sowing others in |
| 7772 | a mean and poverty-stricken fashion still, scraping |
| 7773 | a Cf. Pausanias, ix. 8. 1, and Preller, Griechlsche Mytho- |
| 7774 | logie1, i. 759, note 3 ; but the matter is very uncertain. |
| 7775 | b The month sacred to Demeter. |
| 7776 | e Frag. 335. |
| 7777 | 161 |
| p. 93 | |
| 7778 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 7779 | (379) YVV KCLL nepLOTeXXoPTes avdts, €7r’ aS'qXco tco ttoXlp |
| 7780 | ¿KTeXelodat Kal avvreXetap eįetp dnodepLepot, ttoXXol |
| 7781 | (¡airrovoi poptota Kai 7repdovotp eirparrop. |
| 7782 | eld’ |
| 7783 | cborrep rjptets top d)vovp,evov fhfiXia nAarcovos cbvei- |
| 7784 | odat <f>ap,ev UXarajva, Kal MeVavSpov vTTOKpiveodat |
| 7785 | top1 ra M evdvSpov TroLTĮpuara 8tandeptepop,2 ovtcos |
| 7786 | ¿KelvoL tols tojp decop opoptaoi ra tcop decop Scopa |
| 7787 | B f<al TroirjpLara KaXeip ovk e<f>el8oPTOy nptcoPTes viro |
| 7788 | y pelas Kai oepLPvvovTes. |
| 7789 | oi S’ vare pop dnaiSevrajs |
| 7790 | 8eyoptepot |
| 7791 | Kal |
| 7792 | aptadcos |
| 7793 | apaoTpe<I>opres |
| 7794 | cm rovę |
| 7795 | deovs ra Tradq tcop Kaprrcop, Kai Tas* rrapovoias tcop |
| 7796 | CLPayKalcop Kal a7roKpvifjets decop yepeoeis Kal <f>dopds |
| 7797 | ov Trpoaayopevopres ptopop aXXa Kal poptl^opres, |
| 7798 | drorrcop Kal rrapapoptcop Kal rerapayptepcop 8oįcop |
| 7799 | avrovs |
| 7800 | €P€7rXr)craP, |
| 7801 | Kairo l |
| 7802 | tov |
| 7803 | rrapaXiyov |
| 7804 | tt)p |
| 7805 | arom ap ¿p ocfrdaXpLOts eyopres. |
| 7806 | cu ptep ovp3 E epo- |
| 7807 | c/)dprjs o VLoXocfrdoPtos rj£icooe* rovę K lyvirrlovs, el |
| 7808 | C deovs popbi^ovoi, pLrj dpiqpeiPy el Se dpqpovai, deovs |
| 7809 | piTj PopLil^eiP. |
| 7810 | aAAo n rj6 yeXolop apta dpqpovpras |
| 7811 | evyeodat rovs Kapnovs rraXiP dpa<I>aipeip Kal re- |
| 7812 | Xeiovp |
| 7813 | eavroLS, |
| 7814 | ottcos |
| 7815 | ttoXlp |
| 7816 | dpaXloKcoprat |
| 7817 | Kal |
| 7818 | dpiqpuiPTai; (71.) to S’ ovk e o n tolovtop, aXXa dprj- |
| 7819 | povol ptep rovs KapiTovs, ovyoprai Sc tols alriots Kal |
| 7820 | 8oTrjpcn deois erepovs ttolXlp peovs irote lp Kal ava- |
| 7821 | <į>vetp ¿ ptI tcop airoXXvpte'pcop. |
| 7822 | odep dptora AeyeTat |
| 7823 | 1 vTTOKpiveodat rov in one ms. : rov xmoKplvzodai. |
| 7824 | 2 SianOepicvov Wvttenbach: vnorcdcgevov. |
| 7825 | 8 ev p.€v ovv Bernardakis: ov p.6vov. |
| 7826 | 4 rjįicoo€ Wyttenbach : rj i£i}s ol. |
| 7827 | ° aAAo rt rj F.C .B.: aAA* on. |
| 7828 | a Cf. Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratikert i. 44, Xenophanes, |
| 7829 | no. a 13; also Moralia, 171 d, 228 f , and 763 d ; and Hera- |
| 7830 | cleitus, no. b 127 (Diels, i. 103). |
| 7831 | 162 |
| 7832 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 379 |
| 7833 | away the earth with their hands and again replacing |
| 7834 | it, committing the seeds to the ground with uncertain |
| 7835 | expectation of their ever appearing again or coming |
| 7836 | to fruition, they did many things like persons at a |
| 7837 | funeral in mourning for their dead. |
| 7838 | Then again, |
| 7839 | even as we speak of the man who buys the books of |
| 7840 | Plato as “ buying Plato,” and of the man who repre |
| 7841 | sents the poems of Menander as “ acting Menander,” |
| 7842 | even so those men of old did not refrain from calling |
| 7843 | by the names of the gods the gifts and creations of |
| 7844 | the gods, honouring and venerating them because of |
| 7845 | the need which thev had for them. |
| 7846 | The men of later |
| 7847 | times accepted this blindly, and in their ignorance |
| 7848 | referred to the gods the behaviour of the crops and |
| 7849 | the presence and disappearance of necessities, not |
| 7850 | only calling them the births and deaths of the gods, |
| 7851 | but even believing that they are so ; and thus they |
| 7852 | filled their minds with absurd, unwarranted, and |
| 7853 | confused opinions although they had before their |
| 7854 | eyes the |
| 7855 | absurdity of such illogical reasoning. |
| 7856 | Rightly did Xenophanes a of Colophon insist that the |
| 7857 | Egyptians, if they believed these to be gods, should |
| 7858 | not lament them ; but if they lamented them, they |
| 7859 | should not believe them to be gods. |
| 7860 | Is it anything |
| 7861 | but ridiculous amid their lamentations to pray that |
| 7862 | the powers may cause their crops to sprout again and |
| 7863 | bring them to perfection in order that they again be |
| 7864 | consumed and lamented ? (71.) This is not quite the |
| 7865 | case : but they do lament for their crops and they do |
| 7866 | pray to the gods, who are the authors and givers, that |
| 7867 | they produce and cause to grow afresh other new |
| 7868 | crops to take the place of those that are undergoing |
| 7869 | destruction. Hence it is an excellent saying current |
| 7870 | 163 |
| p. 94 | |
| 7871 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 7872 | (379) irapà |
| 7873 | tols |
| 7874 | (Į>lXogo(Į>ols |
| 7875 | to |
| 7876 | rovę įjlt) ĮiavOdvovras |
| 7877 | ¿pOcòs ¿Koveiv ¿vopLarojv KaKcos XPVa@al Kai T0^s |
| 7878 | TTpaypiacnv aiOTTep *EAAtįvcov oi r a ^aA/ca Kai r a |
| 7879 | yp anra Kai Xldiva pLrj Įxa6ovres /¿778’ eBicrdevres |
| 7880 | D xyaÀ/xara Kai tliiÒs 8ed)v, aAAà Oeovs KaXetv, eira |
| 7881 | ToXpLcòvres Xeyciv, ori T7]v ’A drjvàv A a)(dp7]s ¿ į- |
| 7882 | éSvoe, tov 8’ AnóXXojva xpvoovs ^oarpv^ovs c^oi^ra |
| 7883 | AlOVVOLOS OLTT€K€ip'€V, 6 Se Zeus* o Ka7T£TCL)ÀiOS* rrepl |
| 7884 | tov €[A<f)vXiov TróXepLov èveTrprjodr] Kal SiefiBdprj, |
| 7885 | Xav9avovoLl |
| 7886 | crvvecIyeXKÓpLevoi2 |
| 7887 | Kal |
| 7888 | TrapaSe^ó/xerot |
| 7889 | Só£as* 7Tovrjpàs €7Top,€vas tols ovojxaoLv. |
| 7890 | T ovto 8’ ovx r\KLOTa TTZTróvPaoLV AlyvTTTLOL irepl |
| 7891 | rà Ti/xcó/xem tcùv ^cocov. |
| 7892 | ''JLXXrjves /xer yàp eV ye |
| 7893 | tovtols Xeyovotv op9còs Kal voijll^ovglv lepòv *A(j>po- |
| 7894 | Slt7]s £,<pov elm i tt)v ttepLOTepàv Kai tov SpaKovTa |
| 7895 | Trjs *A9r)vàs Kal tÒv KopaKa tov ’A ttoXXcovos Kal |
| 7896 | TOV Kvva Trjs *ApT€pLL8oS, d)S EuptmS^S“ |
| 7897 | E |
| 7898 | 'RKaTTjs ayaXp,a <f>coocjyopov kvcov ¿077.3 |
| 7899 | AlyVTTTLOiV 8’ OL TToXXol 9€pa7T€VOVT€S avTa r à £<ua |
| 7900 | Kal 7Tepi€7TovT€s d>s 9eovs ov yéXtoTos įiovov ovSe |
| 7901 | yXevaopLov KaTaTreTrXrjKaOL Tas Upovpyias, aAAà |
| 7902 | tovto Trjs ajScAreptas* eAcryioToi' ¿gtl kokov- Só£a |
| 7903 | 8* ipL<f>v€TaL §€Lvrj, tovs pL€v doPeveis K a l aKaKovs |
| 7904 | els aKpaTOV virepelirovGa4 tt)v SeioxSai/xoiaW, tols |
| 7905 | 1 AavQavovoi Baxter: fiavdavovm. |
| 7906 | 2 ovv€<Į>€Xkoįxcvoi Bemardak is : ovv e^eA/co/xevot |
| 7907 | 3 €<T7į Xylander : èooiv. |
| 7908 | 4 v7T€p€LTTOvaa Reiske : vnepciSovoa. |
| 7909 | a Cf. Moralia, 707 f. |
| 7910 | b The gold was removed by him from the chryselephantine |
| 7911 | 164. |
| 7912 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 379 |
| 7913 | among philosophers th at they th at have not learned |
| 7914 | to interpret rightly the sense of words are wont to |
| 7915 | bungle their actions.0 |
| 7916 | For exam ple, there are some |
| 7917 | among the Greeks who have not learned nor habitu |
| 7918 | ated themselves to speak of the bronze, the painted, |
| 7919 | and the stone effigies as statues of the gods and |
| 7920 | dedications in their honour, but they call them gods ; |
| 7921 | and then they have the effrontery to say that Lachares |
| 7922 | stripped A thena,& that Dionysius sheared Apollo of |
| 7923 | the golden locks, and that Jupiter Capitolinus was |
| 7924 | burned and destroyed in the Civil W ar,c and thus |
| 7925 | they unwittingly take over and accept the vicious |
| 7926 | opinions that are the concomitants of these names. |
| 7927 | This has been to no small degree the experience of |
| 7928 | the Egyptians in regard to those animals that are held |
| 7929 | in honour. In these m atters the Greeks are correct in |
| 7930 | saying and believing that the dove is the sacred bird of |
| 7931 | Aphrodite, that the serpent is sacred to A thena, the |
| 7932 | raven to Apollo, and the dog to Artem is— as Euri |
| 7933 | pides d says, |
| 7934 | Dog you shall be, pet of bright Hecate. |
| 7935 | But the great m ajority of the Egyptians, in doing |
| 7936 | service to the animals themselves and in treating them |
| 7937 | as gods, have not only filled their sacred offices with |
| 7938 | ridicule and derision, but this is the least of the evils |
| 7939 | connected with their silly practices. |
| 7940 | There is engen |
| 7941 | dered a dangerous belief, which plunges the weak and |
| 7942 | innocent into sheer superstition, and in the case of the |
| 7943 | statue of Athena in the Parthenon; c/. W. B. Dinsmoor, Amer. |
| 7944 | Journ. Arch, xxxviii. (1934) p. 97. |
| 7945 | c July 6, 83 b.c., according to Life of Sulla, chap, xxvii. |
| 7946 | (469 b). |
| 7947 | The numerous references may be found in Roscher, |
| 7948 | Lexikon der gr. und rom. Mythologies ii. 714. |
| 7949 | d Nauck, Trag. Frag. Graec., Euripides, no. 968. |
| 7950 | 165 |
| p. 95 | |
| 7951 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 7952 | 8è hpifLvrepois /cat dpaavrépocs els adéovs e/x- |
| 7953 | irhrrovoa /cat drjpux)8eLS Xoyiopiovs. |
| 7954 | fj1 /cat irepl |
| 7955 | rovrœv rà et/cora 8ieX9eîv ovk âvdppioorov io n . |
| 7956 | 72. |
| 7957 | To pièv yàp els ravra rà £a>a tous* Oeovs |
| 7958 | F rov Tv(f)œva |
| 7959 | 8eioavras |
| 7960 | pierafiaXeîv, |
| 7961 | oïov |
| 7962 | aito- |
| 7963 | Kpvirrovras èavrovs oœpiaoiv ïfieœv /cat kvvœv /cat |
| 7964 | lepaKœv, irâoav virepirèiraiKe réparé lav /cat p,vdo- |
| 7965 | Xoylav /cat to ^ats i/fi^ats* |
| 7966 | tcov Oavovrœv 6gat |
| 7967 | hiapLevovow els ravra puova ylyveoOai rrjv iraXty- |
| 7968 | yeveoiav opbolœs |
| 7969 | amarov. |
| 7970 | rœv 8è fiovXopièvœv |
| 7971 | TToXirLKTjv nva Xeyeiv alrlav ol pièv ”Ocnpw èv rfj |
| 7972 | pLeyaXrj or pana <f> aatv els pièpr) iroXXà 8iavelpiavra |
| 7973 | rrjv 8vvapav a2 * Ào^oo? /cat rd£eis 'FtXXrjviKœs* |
| 7974 | KaXovonvy eiTLGrjpia Sovvai4 £cpopLop(j>a irâatv, œv |
| 7975 | 380 eKaarov rœ 5 yevet tcov Gvvvepn)6èvrœv lepov ye- |
| 7976 | vèadai /cat ripuov ol 8è rovs varepov jSaatÀcts* e/c- |
| 7977 | irXrjÇeœs evetea rœv iroXepilœv èmÿaiveGdai Orjplœv |
| 7978 | XpvGaç |
| 7979 | irporopiàs |
| 7980 | /cat |
| 7981 | dpyvpàs |
| 7982 | ireptnûepièvovs' |
| 7983 | âXXot 8è rœvSe rœv Seivœv nva /cat iravovpyœv |
| 7984 | fiaGiXéœv LGropovGL rovg Alyvirnovs Karapba66vra |
| 7985 | rfj pièv <f)voei |
| 7986 | kov(/>ovs /cat irpos pier >f}oXrjv /cat |
| 7987 | veœrepuGpiOv oÇvppoirovs |
| 7988 | ovraç, apLayov 8è /cat |
| 7989 | SVGKaOeKrov vno irXjjQovs 8vvapuv èv rœ ovpu- |
| 7990 | <j>poveîv8 /cat Koivoirpayeîv e%ovras, ài8iov avrols |
| 7991 | èyKaraoireîpaL7 8el£avras SeioiSaipioviav, 8ia<f>opàs |
| 7992 | B àiravorov irpo<f>aGiv. |
| 7993 | rœv yàp drfplœv, à irpoo- |
| 7994 | i 2?Xylander: rj. |
| 7995 | 2 a added by Wyttenbach. |
| 7996 | 3 ‘EÀAtjmkcoç X y lander : cÀAynxàç. |
| 7997 | 4 Sovvai Marklandî hovvat /cat. |
| 7998 | 5 tKaoTov rai Salmasius : cVaoroj. |
| 7999 | 6 <rufjuf>pov€Îv Markland : <roj<f>pov€Îv. |
| 8000 | 7 cy/caraoTrctpat Meziriacus : eV Karaanopâ. |
| 8001 | 8 Set^avra] Si5a£avra H. Richards. |
| 8002 | 166 |
| 8003 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 379-380 |
| 8004 | more cynical and bold, goes off into atheistic and |
| 8005 | brutish reasoning.® Wherefore it is not inappropriate |
| 8006 | to rehearse in some detail what seem to be the facts |
| 8007 | in these matters. |
| 8008 | 72. The notion that the gods, in fear of Typhon, |
| 8009 | changed themselves into these animals,6 concealing |
| 8010 | themselves, as it were, in the bodies of ibises, dogs, |
| 8011 | and hawks, is a play of fancy surpassing all the wealth |
| 8012 | of monstrous fable. The further notion that as many |
| 8013 | of the souls of the dead as continue to exist are reborn |
| 8014 | into these animals only is likewise incredible. |
| 8015 | Of |
| 8016 | those who desire to assign to this some political reason |
| 8017 | some relate that Osiris, on his great expedition, |
| 8018 | divided his forces into many parts, which the Greeks |
| 8019 | call squads and companies, and to them all he gave |
| 8020 | standards in the form of animals, each of which came |
| 8021 | to be regarded as sacred and precious by the descend |
| 8022 | ants of them who had shared in the assignment. |
| 8023 | Others relate that the later kings, to strike their |
| 8024 | enemies with terror, appeared in battle after putting |
| 8025 | on gold and silver masks of wild beasts' heads. |
| 8026 | Others record that one of these crafty and unscrupu |
| 8027 | lous kings,0 having observed that the Egyptians |
| 8028 | were by nature light-minded and readily inclined to |
| 8029 | change and novelty, but that, because of their |
| 8030 | numbers, they had a strength that was invincible and |
| 8031 | very difficult to check when they were in their sober |
| 8032 | senses and acted in concert, communicated to them |
| 8033 | and planted among them an everlasting superstition, |
| 8034 | a ground for unceasing quarrelling. For he enjoined |
| 8035 | a See the note on 355 d , supra. |
| 8036 | b Of. Diodorus, i. 86. 3. |
| 8037 | e Ibid. i. 89. 5 and 90. |
| 8038 | 167 |
| p. 96 | |
| 8039 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 8040 | ^380) ета^ер aXXois aXXa rifiav ка1 oefieodai, Svap,epcos |
| 8041 | каХ тгоХерлкаоя аХХуХося ттрооферорьероор, ка! тро- |
| 8042 | фг]р етерар erepov1 7троа1еавас 7тефук6тоя,2 ap,v- |
| 8043 | ’ ортея2 a el rots* |
| 8044 | oIkzIols |
| 8045 | екаотос |
| 8046 | ка! x a^ €7T^ |
| 8047 | iSiKovpevojv* ферортея еХаоваРОР толя tcop Orjpicov |
| 8048 | ^x0pai9 |
| 8049 | ОУРефеХкор,€Р015 |
| 8050 | Kal |
| 8051 | OVV€K7ToXep,OVp,€VOl |
| 8052 | ттроя |
| 8053 | aXXrjXoVS. |
| 8054 | pLOVOL |
| 8055 | yap €TL PVP |
| 8056 | AlyVTTTLiOP |
| 8057 | A vkottoXltcu TrpofiaTOi' ¿odiovaiv, етге! кал Ху коя, |
| 8058 | op веор vopii^ovoiv oi S’ ’O^upuy^iTai кав* f)p,as, |
| 8059 | TCOP K.yPO7ToXlTC0P TOP O^vpvyxov IX^VV еовсОРТСОР, |
| 8060 | кура6 оуХХа/Зортея кал вуоартея соя lepetov кат- |
| 8061 | О ефауор* ¿к Se tovtov катаотартея с1я ттбХерьор |
| 8062 | aXXrjXоуя те SiedrjKap каксоя ка1 усгтерор утго |
| 8063 | 'P<op,aicop KoXatoficpoi SieTedrjoap. |
| 8064 | 73. ПоААсиу Se Хеуортсор eiV таита та £а>а ttjp |
| 8065 | т о у Туфсороя а у т о у SiapaoBai фахг)Р, alpiTTeo6ai |
| 8066 | So£eiep oip о рьдвоя otl ттаоа фгкпя аХоуоя ка1 |
| 8067 | 6г)риЬЬг)я тг]Я т о у какоу Sасрьороя уеуоре рьо1рая, |
| 8068 | какеЪор екр,есХшо6р,еро1 ка! 7тарг}уородртея rrepi- |
| 8069 | ¿TToyoi таита ка ! |
| 8070 | бераттеуоуоиг |
| 8071 | Slp |
| 8072 | Se |
| 8073 | тгоХу я |
| 8074 | ерлтстттт^ ка1 ^аАетго? аухр>оя еттаусор уттер/ЗаХ- |
| 8075 | Ао ртсо я |
| 8076 | rj |
| 8077 | рбаоуя оХеврсооя ?} оурьфорая аХХая |
| 8078 | тгараХоуоУя ка! аХХокбтоУЯ, evia tc o p тсрьсорьерсор |
| 8079 | o l 1ереТя атгауортея |
| 8080 | утто |
| 8081 | о ко т со рьета спится ка! |
| 8082 | D г)сгух1ая arreiXodoL ка! 8е8£ттортас то ттрсотор, ар |
| 8083 | 1 стipov Ileiske: iripovs. |
| 8084 | 2 7Г€фукото$ Reiske (Wvttenbach prefers irepcov erepa . . . |
| 8085 | 7i€<f>vKOTO)v: ттефькотаъ). |
| 8086 | 3 dpvvovres Xylander: a/xuvovra?. |
| 8087 | 4 dbtKovpLevwv Markland: abiKOvpcvoi. |
| 8088 | 5 оиуефеХкоцсусн Wvttenbach: avveXKopcvoi. |
| 8089 | 6 Kvva Reiske: кvvas. |
| 8090 | a Cf. 353 c and 358 в, supra ; Aelian, De Natura Anima |
| 8091 | lium , xi. 27, and Juvenal, xv. 35. |
| 8092 | 168 |
| 8093 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 380 |
| 8094 | on different peoples to honour and revere different |
| 8095 | animals ; and inasmuch as these animals conducted |
| 8096 | themselves with enmity and hostility toward one |
| 8097 | another, one by its nature desiring one kind of food |
| 8098 | and another another, the several peoples were ever |
| 8099 | defending their own animals, and were much offended |
| 8100 | if these animals suffered injury, and thus they were |
| 8101 | drawn on unwittingly by the enmities of the animals |
| 8102 | until they were brought into open hostility with one |
| 8103 | another. |
| 8104 | Even to-day the inhabitants of Lycopolis |
| 8105 | are the only people among the Egyptians that eat |
| 8106 | a sheep ; for the wrolf, whom they hold to be a god, |
| 8107 | also eats it. And in my day the people of Oxyrhynchus |
| 8108 | caught a dog and sacrificed it and ate it up as if |
| 8109 | it had been sacrificial meat,tt because the people of |
| 8110 | Cynopolis were eating the fish known as the oxy |
| 8111 | rhynchus or pike. |
| 8112 | As a result of this they became |
| 8113 | involved in war and inflicted much harm upon each |
| 8114 | other ; and later they were both brought to order |
| 8115 | through chastisement by the Romans. |
| 8116 | 73. |
| 8117 | Many relate that the soul of Typhon himself |
| 8118 | was divided among these animals. The legend would |
| 8119 | seem to intimate that all irrational and brutish nature |
| 8120 | belongs to the portion of the evil deity, and in trying |
| 8121 | to soothe and appease him they lavish attention and |
| 8122 | care upon these animals. |
| 8123 | If there befall a great |
| 8124 | and severe drought that brings on in excess either |
| 8125 | fatal diseases or other unwonted and extraordinary |
| 8126 | calamities, the priests, under cover of darkness, in |
| 8127 | silence and stealth, lead away some of the animals |
| 8128 | that are held in honour ; and at first they but threaten |
| 8129 | and terrify the animals,5 but if the drought still per- |
| 8130 | 6 |
| 8131 | Cf. Mitteis und Wilcken, Grundzuge und Chrestomathie |
| 8132 | der Papyruskunde, i. p. 125. |
| 8133 | 169 |
| p. 97 | |
| 8134 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 8135 | (380) 8* im pivr), кавсереиоусп1 ка1 сгфаттоуспу, <Ьд Stf |
| 8136 | rtva KoAaapov ovra rod 8alpovog rodrov 77 кавар- |
| 8137 | pov aAAtos piy a v inrl peylaroig* Kal yap iv EtAet- |
| 8138 | 0viag2 7roAet |
| 8139 | £cuvrag |
| 8140 | dvdpamoyg |
| 8141 | кагетгХрптраааи |
| 8142 | dig Ма^ббко? |
| 8143 | ioroprjKe, |
| 8144 | Tu<^a>r€tou?3 |
| 8145 | KaAodvreg, |
| 8146 | koll rrjv тефрау avrcov AiKpcbvreg ¿¡фаии^ои Kal |
| 8147 | SUoTreipov. |
| 8148 | аААа rodro p iv i8pdro фаиершд каь |
| 8149 | кав9 eva Kaipov 'iv rats Kvvaaiv rjpipaig* ai 8e |
| 8150 | rcov npcopivcov £aicov кавсереуоесд dnropprjroi kcll |
| 8151 | E xpovois агакгосд nrpog та стурптспттоита ycyvopevai |
| 8152 | robs nroAAoyg AavOavoyoi, nrArjv orav тафад4 еусоос |
| 8153 | Kal rcov aAAcov avaSeiKvyvreg evia nravrcov nтар- |
| 8154 | ovrcov cryvepfiaAAcocrLv5 olopevoi го д Туфсоиод a v n - |
| 8155 | Аупt€lv кас KoAorieiv |
| 8156 | to rjbopevov. |
| 8157 | о yap ^A m g |
| 8158 | hoK€L p e r э oAiycov aAAcov Upog elvac rod ’0 olpuSog* |
| 8159 | €K€LV(p Se та пАеХага nrpoavipoyoi. |
| 8160 | Kav aAr)9r)g |
| 8161 | о A ¿yog oyrog fj, orjpaiveiv rjyodpai to <Cp)Toyp€vov |
| 8162 | intI rcov opoAoyoypivcov ка1 Kocvag iyovrcov та? |
| 8163 | n p a g , olov io n v Xfiig ка1 iipai; Kal кууокефаАод, |
| 8164 | аутбд т’6 о *Amg ка1 о MivSrjg1- оутсо 8rj yap rov |
| 8165 | iv MivSrjrt rpayov KaAodcn. |
| 8166 | F |
| 8167 | 74. Aeinrerai 8i 8rj to ^petcoSe? /cat to oyp- |
| 8168 | I3oAlkov, cov evia daripov, тгоААа S’ арфоХи per- |
| 8169 | ioyrjKe. |
| 8170 | fiodv pev oSv /cat ttpo^arov Kal lyvevpova |
| 8171 | 1 KaOicpcvovai Reiske: кавиероьаь |
| 8172 | 2 EiAeiffoia? Parthey: i8i,6vas. |
| 8173 | 3 Tv<f>ojv€tovs Squire: Tvtfxoviovs. |
| 8174 | 4 тафа$] *Amhos тафад Xylander. |
| 8175 | 6 GvvcpLpdXXwGiv Wyttenbach and Bernardakis: |
| 8176 | owe/t- |
| 8177 | BaXcjGiv. |
| 8178 | 6 t * added by F.C.B. |
| 8179 | 7 ка1 6 Mdvhrjs added by Semler ( с /. Herodotus, ii. 46). |
| 8180 | Alii alia. |
| 8181 | 170 |
| 8182 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 380 |
| 8183 | sists, they consecrate and sacrifice them, as if, |
| 8184 | forsooth, this were a means of punishing the deity, |
| 8185 | or at least a mighty rite of purification in matters |
| 8186 | of the highest importance ! The fact is that in the |
| 8187 | city of Eileithyia they used to burn men alive,® as |
| 8188 | Manetho has recorded ; they called them Typhonians, |
| 8189 | and by means of winnowing fans they dissipated and |
| 8190 | scattered their ashes. But this was performed publicly |
| 8191 | and at a special time in the dog-days. The consecra |
| 8192 | tions of the animals held in honour, however, were |
| 8193 | secret, and took place at indeterminate times with |
| 8194 | reference to the circumstances ; and thus they are |
| 8195 | unknown to the multitude, except when they hold |
| 8196 | the animals’ burials,6 and then they display some of |
| 8197 | the other sacred animals and, in the presence of all, |
| 8198 | cast them into the grave together, thinking thus to |
| 8199 | hurt and to curtail Typhon’s satisfaction. The Apis, |
| 8200 | together with a few other animals, seems to be sacred |
| 8201 | to Osirisc ; but to Typhon they assign the largest |
| 8202 | number of animals. If this account is true, I think it |
| 8203 | indicates that the object of our inquiry concerns those |
| 8204 | which are commonly accepted and whose honours are |
| 8205 | universal : |
| 8206 | for example, the ibis, the hawk, the |
| 8207 | cynocephalus, and the Apis himself, as well as the |
| 8208 | Mendes, for thus they call the goat in Mendes/* |
| 8209 | 74. |
| 8210 | There remain, then, their usefulness and their |
| 8211 | symbolism ; of these two, some of the animals share |
| 8212 | in the one, and many share in both. |
| 8213 | It is clear that |
| 8214 | the Egyptians have honoured the cow, the sheep, and |
| 8215 | ° Cf. Diodorus, i. 88. 5. |
| 8216 | 6 Cf. 359 d , supra; Diodorus, i. 21. 5 ; 83. 1 and 5 ; |
| 8217 | 84. 7. |
| 8218 | e Cf. 362 c- d , supra. |
| 8219 | d Cf. Herodotus, ii. 46 ; Diodorus, i. 84. 4 ; Strabo, xvii. |
| 8220 | 1. 19. |
| 8221 | 171 |
| p. 98 | |
| 8222 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 8223 | SrjXov от L ypelas еѵека каі (ЬфеХеІад етірг^сгаѵ (ws |
| 8224 | A ti ¡XV іо i Kopiibovs, та тсЬѵ aTTaXaßcov еѵршкоѵтая |
| 8225 | фа каі котгтоѵтад1 * ѲеттаХоІ Se ireXapyovs, оті |
| 8226 | TToXXovs офеи$ Trįs yrjs dvaSiSovcrrję ¿тфо.ѵеѵт€$ |
| 8227 | ¿¿¡cóXeoav amavTas* Sto каі vopov еѲеѵто феѵуеіѵ |
| 8228 | ogtis |
| 8229 | dv |
| 8230 | àiTOKTeLvrj |
| 8231 | 7теХарубѵ), |
| 8232 | dcnriSa |
| 8233 | Se |
| 8234 | каі |
| 8235 | yaXrjv |
| 8236 | каі |
| 8237 | KavOąpov, |
| 8238 | eiKovas |
| 8239 | Tivàs |
| 8240 | èv |
| 8241 | avToîs |
| 8242 | 381 dpavpàs œanep èv отауоаіѵ rjXiov Trįs tcüv Ѳесоѵ |
| 8243 | Svvapecos |
| 8244 | /cartScWes** |
| 8245 | тг)ѵ |
| 8246 | p è v |
| 8247 | y dp |
| 8248 | yaXrjv |
| 8249 | еті |
| 8250 | 7ToXXol vopitpvoi каі Xeyovoi ката то ovs o^euo- |
| 8251 | pevrjv, тф Sè оточат i тіктоѵааѵ, еікаара Trįs тоѵ |
| 8252 | Xóyov yeveoecos e trat* то Se каѵѲарсоѵ у ¿vos оѵк |
| 8253 | eyetv OrjXeiav, dppevas Se rrdvTas афievai тоѵ yòvov |
| 8254 | els |
| 8255 | ttjv офаіротгоюѵреѵг}ѵ |
| 8256 | vXrjv, rįv KvXivSovaiv |
| 8257 | dvTißdSrjv (L0ovvTes, ¿остер 8океі тоѵ ovpavòv о |
| 8258 | rjXios |
| 8259 | es |
| 8260 | TovvavTiov |
| 8261 | ттеріатрефеіѵ, |
| 8262 | avTos |
| 8263 | dirò |
| 8264 | Svopœv еш tos dvaToXàs фep6pevos^ |
| 8265 | dorriSa S* |
| 8266 | B (os ayrjpœv каі ypiopevrįv Kivrjaeaiv dvopydvois |
| 8267 | рет* |
| 8268 | еѵггетеlas |
| 8269 | каі |
| 8270 | vypoTrjTos |
| 8271 | асгтрапіį2 7троо- |
| 8272 | еікаааѵ. |
| 8273 | 75. Olì рг)Ѵ 01)8 ’ о KpoKoSeiXos curtas* 7n6avrjs |
| 8274 | dpoipovaav eo^/ce тіруѵ, dAAà piprjpa3 Ѳеоѵ Ae- |
| 8275 | уетаі yeyovevat, povos pèv dyXcoaaos cov. фсоѵ^ |
| 8276 | yàp о Oeios Xóyos arrpooSerįS еоті, каі |
| 8277 | 1 kÓ7ttovt€s] ка.7ттоѵт€$ Hatzidakis. |
| 8278 | 2 аотратгг} Strijd : dатра> г). |
| 8279 | 3 p.LĮjLr]ĮjLa in one ms. : où piprjpa. |
| 8280 | a Cf. Aristotle, Be Mirabilibus Ause. 23 (832 a 14) ; |
| 8281 | Pliny, Natural History, x. 31. 62 ; |
| 8282 | Stephanus Byzant. |
| 8283 | s.v. ѲеооаХІа. |
| 8284 | 172 |
| 8285 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 380-381 |
| 8286 | the ichneumon because of their need for these animals |
| 8287 | and their usefulness. |
| 8288 | Even so the people of Lemnos |
| 8289 | hold larks in honour because they seek out the eggs |
| 8290 | of the locust and destroy them ; and so the people of |
| 8291 | Thessaly honour storks,® because, when their land |
| 8292 | produced many snakes,5 the storks appeared and |
| 8293 | destroyed them all. |
| 8294 | For this reason they passed a |
| 8295 | law that whoever killed a stork should be banished |
| 8296 | from the country. |
| 8297 | The Egyptians also honoured the |
| 8298 | asp, the weasel, and the beetle, since they observed |
| 8299 | in them certain dim likenesses of the power of the |
| 8300 | gods, like images of the sun in drops of water. There |
| 8301 | are still many people who believe and declare that |
| 8302 | the weasel conceives through its ear and brings forth |
| 8303 | its young by way of the mouth, and that this is a |
| 8304 | parallel of the generation of speech. |
| 8305 | The race of |
| 8306 | beetles has no female,0 but all the males eject their |
| 8307 | sperm into a round pellet of material which they roll |
| 8308 | up by pushing it from the opposite side, just as |
| 8309 | the sun seems to turn the heavens in the direction |
| 8310 | opposite to its own course, which is from west to east. |
| 8311 | They compare the asp to lightning, since it does not |
| 8312 | grow old and manages to move with ease and supple |
| 8313 | ness without the use of limbs. |
| 8314 | 75. |
| 8315 | The crocodile,d certainly, has acquired honour |
| 8316 | which is not devoid of a plausible reason, but he is |
| 8317 | declared to be a living representation of God, since he |
| 8318 | is the only creature without a tongue ; for the Divine |
| 8319 | Word has no need of a voice, and |
| 8320 | b Cf. Clement of Alexandria, Protrepticus, ii. 39. 6 ; |
| 8321 | Plutarch’s source may have been Theophrastus, Frag. 174. 6 |
| 8322 | (Wimmer, vol. iii. p. 220). |
| 8323 | c Cf. the note on 355 a, supra, |
| 8324 | d Cf. Herodotus, ii. 69. |
| 8325 | 173 |
| p. 99 | |
| 8326 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 8327 | (381) |
| 8328 | 8l афофоѵ |
| 8329 | ßaivcov кеХеѵѲоѵ ката Slktjv та Ovtit9 ay et} |
| 8330 | рьоѵоѵ Se фаспѵ еѵ ѵурф SiaiTiopiévov ras* офеis |
| 8331 | ѵрьеѵа Xeîov каі 8іафаѵг} ттаракаХѵтттесѵ ¿к тоѵ |
| 8332 | рьетсоттоѵ катерхо^ѵоѵ, |
| 8333 | coot e ßXerreiv p,rį ßXeiто- |
| 8334 | рьеѵоѵ, о2 тф ттрсотср Ѳеф ovpußeßrjKev. |
| 8335 | оттоѵ S9 аѵ |
| 8336 | г) OfjXeia T7jç ytop/is аттотеку, тоѵто NеІХоѵ ттерад |
| 8337 | еттіотатаі Trįs av^rjoecos |
| 8338 | уеѵорьеѵоѵ. |
| 8339 | ev |
| 8340 | ѵурф |
| 8341 | yàp ov Svvdpievaïf тгбррсо Sè фoßovpievaL3 тіктеіѵ, |
| 8342 | C OVTOJS aKpißcüs ттроасоѲаѵоѵтаі то рьеХХоѵ, сооте |
| 8343 | тер ттотарьф ттрооеХѲоѵті yprįodai Хоуеѵорьеѵаі каі |
| 8344 | ѲаХттоѵоаі, та 8’ фа Çrjpà каі äßpeKTa фѵХаттеіѵ. |
| 8345 | е£rįKovTa Se |
| 8346 | t lk to v o lv , |
| 8347 | каі тооаѵтаід rjpLepais |
| 8348 | екХеттоѵоі, |
| 8349 | каі |
| 8350 | to o o v t o v s |
| 8351 | Çcoolv |
| 8352 | eviavTovs |
| 8353 | oi |
| 8354 | рьакротатоѵ ÇcovTes, о тсоѵ рьетрсоѵ ттрсотоѵ еоті |
| 8355 | tols ттері та ovpdvia ттраурьатеѵорьеѵо^. |
| 8356 | ’AAAà pirjv тсоѵ Si’ арьфотера Тірьсорьеѵсоѵ ттері |
| 8357 | puèv тоѵ |
| 8358 | k v v Òs eïprjTai ттрооѲеѵ rj S ’ tßts атто- |
| 8359 | ктеіѵоѵоа рьеѵ та Ѳаѵатг^фора тсоѵ ерттетсоѵ ¿81- |
| 8360 | 8а£е ттрсотт) кеѵсорьато$ Іатрікоѵ уреіаѵ каті8оѵта$ |
| 8361 | auTTjv* кХѵ£орьеѵг)ѵ каі каѲаіроріеѵг)ѵ ѵф9 еаѵтг)$- |
| 8362 | D oi Sè ѵорарьштатоі тсоѵ Іересоѵ каѲароюѵ ѵ8сор |
| 8363 | ауѵі^орьеѵоі Xapbßdvovcnv оѲеѵ Ißt s ттеттсокеѵ* ov |
| 8364 | 1 /cara Blktjv ra Ovtjt* dyet] /cat Bitcrjs ra dvrjra dyet K ara Blktjv |
| 8365 | ail corrected by the mss. of Euripides. |
| 8366 | 2 о Meziriacus : |
| 8367 | 3 Bvvd.Ij.evai . . . |
| 8368 | CO. |
| 8369 | ßovfievoi. |
| 8370 | <f>oßovIievai Meziriacus: BvvaĮj.€voi . . |
| 8371 | 4 avTTjv Strijd : ovrco. |
| 8372 | фо~ |
| 8373 | a Euripides, Troades, 887-888; cf. Plutarch, Moralia, |
| 8374 | 1007 c. |
| 8375 | b Ibid. 982 c ; Aristotle, Hist. Animalium, v. 33 (558 a 17). |
| 8376 | c Cf. Aelian, Be Natura Animalium, ii. 33, v. 52. |
| 8377 | 174 |
| 8378 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 381 |
| 8379 | through noiseless ways advancing, guides |
| 8380 | By Justice all affairs of mortal men.® |
| 8381 | They say that the crocodile is the only animal living |
| 8382 | in the water which has a thin and transparent mem |
| 8383 | brane extending down from his forehead to cover up his |
| 8384 | eyes, so that he can see without being seen ; and this |
| 8385 | prerogative belongs also unto the First God. |
| 8386 | In |
| 8387 | whatever part of the land the female crocodile lays |
| 8388 | her eggs, well she knows that this is destined to mark |
| 8389 | the limit of the rise of the Nile 6 ; for the females, |
| 8390 | being unable to lay their eggs in the water and afraid |
| 8391 | to lay them far from it, have such an accurate percep |
| 8392 | tion of the future that they make use of the oncoming |
| 8393 | river as a guide in laying their eggs and in keeping |
| 8394 | them warm; and thus they preserve them dry and |
| 8395 | untouched by the water. |
| 8396 | They lay sixty eggs c and |
| 8397 | hatch them in the same number of days, and those |
| 8398 | crocodiles that live longest live that number of years : |
| 8399 | the number sixty is the first of measures for such |
| 8400 | persons as concern themselves with the heavenly |
| 8401 | bodies. |
| 8402 | Of the animals that are held in honour for both |
| 8403 | reasons, mention has already been made of the dog.d |
| 8404 | The ibis/ which kills the deadly creeping things, was |
| 8405 | the first to teach men the use of medicinal purgations |
| 8406 | when they observed her employing clysters and being |
| 8407 | purged by herself/ |
| 8408 | The most strict of the priests |
| 8409 | take their lustral water for purification from a place |
| 8410 | where the ibis has drunk 9 : for she does not drink |
| 8411 | d Supra, 355 b and 368 f . |
| 8412 | * Cf. Diodorus, i. 87. 6. |
| 8413 | f Cf. Aelian, Be Natura Animalium, ii. 3 5 ; |
| 8414 | Pliny, |
| 8415 | Natural History, x. 40 (75). |
| 8416 | B Cf. Moralia% 974 c ; Aelian, Be Natura Animalium, |
| 8417 | vii. 45. |
| 8418 | 175 |
| p. 100 | |
| 8419 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 8420 | (381) Trivet |
| 8421 | yap |
| 8422 | el1 |
| 8423 | vocrcobes |
| 8424 | tj |
| 8425 | Trecj>appbaypLevov |
| 8426 | ouSe |
| 8427 | TTpoaeiGi. |
| 8428 | rfj be rcov nobcov btaardaeL2 npos ¿AA |
| 8429 | 77- |
| 8430 | Xovg Kal to pvyxos looTrXevpov Troiei rptycovov e n |
| 8431 | 8’ rj Tcbv pueXdvajv nrepcov 7r/oos*3 4 ra XevKa TroiKiXia |
| 8432 | Kal pbel^tg epL<j>aivet aeXrjvrjv apb(j>LKvpTov. |
| 8433 | Ov bei b e davpbd^eiv, el yAarypas* opboiorrjras |
| 8434 | oütcos* rjyairrjuav A ly v ir n o i. |
| 8435 | /cat y a p K al4 WEA- |
| 8436 | Xrjves ev r e ypatfroZs ev r e rrXaaroZs et/cacr/xacrt |
| 8437 | E 9ecov ¿xP'li(javro itoXXols TotovroLs• 010 y |
| 8438 | K/o^T7y |
| 8439 | Atos* rjv dyaX fia pi] '¿xov <3ra* ra) yap dpxovri Kal |
| 8440 | Kvplcp 7rdvrcov ovbevog aK oveiv rrpoofjKet. |
| 8441 | ra> SI |
| 8442 | rrjs yA.9rjvas rov bpaK ovra OeiSias' Trape9rjKe, tco |
| 8443 | be rfjs ' A ^ p oblrrjs ev "HAiSc trjv x ^ X ^ W y w s |
| 8444 | ptev Trapdevovs <f>vXaKrjs beoptevas, rats' Se yapuerals |
| 8445 | F OLKovplav |
| 8446 | K al |
| 8447 | cncoTrrjv |
| 8448 | TTpenovaav. |
| 8449 | rj |
| 8450 | be rov |
| 8451 | IIoaetSa)^os* rp la iv a |
| 8452 | avpbßoXov |
| 8453 | e o n |
| 8454 | rrjs |
| 8455 | Tplrrjs |
| 8456 | X^opois, rjv 9aXarra /carent /xera roi/ ovpavov Kal |
| 8457 | rov a ep a reraypbevrj. |
| 8458 | Sto /cat rrjv 5Apb<f)LTplT7jv Kal |
| 8459 | rov s' Tptrcoms' ovTtos (Lvbpbacrav. |
| 8460 | Ot 86 Iluöayopetot /cat aptdpLovg Kal o^Ty/xara |
| 8461 | 0ed)e ¿Koapbrjcrav ttpoorjyoptats*. |
| 8462 | to puev yap loro- |
| 8463 | nXevpov rptycovov ¿KaXovv *A9rjvav Kopv<j>ayevrf |
| 8464 | Kal rptroyevetav, otl rptol Ka9erots a7?o ra)v rpiwv |
| 8465 | ycovicov ayoptevats Statpetrat* ro S’ I p 5ArroXXojva |
| 8466 | 7tXtj9ovs a7ro<f)dcreL Kal St’ drrXorrjTa rrjs6 ptovdbos' |
| 8467 | 1 et Michael (from Moral. 974 c): rj. |
| 8468 | 2 Staa r d a e i Böttcher : Staß a o € i. |
| 8469 | 3 rrpos Reiske: rrcpl. |
| 8470 | 4 Kal yap Kal Xylander: Kal. |
| 8471 | 5 Kopv<j>ayevTj an obvious correction of early editors; Kopv(j>a- |
| 8472 | yevvrj. |
| 8473 | 6 rrXrjdovs a77o0aaet Kal St’ d^Xorr^ra rrjs Wyttenbach and |
| 8474 | Böttcher: rreidovoa TTpocfydcrci Kal SnrXordTTjs. |
| 8475 | 176 |
| 8476 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 381 |
| 8477 | water if it is unwholesome or tainted, nor will she |
| 8478 | approach it. |
| 8479 | By the spreading of her feet, in their |
| 8480 | relation to each other and to her bill, she makes |
| 8481 | an equilateral triangle.® |
| 8482 | Moreover the variety and |
| 8483 | combination of her black feathers with her white |
| 8484 | picture the moon in its first quarter. |
| 8485 | There is no occasion for surprise that the Egyptians |
| 8486 | were so taken with such slight resemblances ; for the |
| 8487 | Greeks in their painted and sculptured portrayals of |
| 8488 | the gods made use of many such. |
| 8489 | For example, in |
| 8490 | Crete there wras a statue of Zeus having no ears ; for |
| 8491 | it is not fitting for the Ruler and Lord of all to listen |
| 8492 | to anyone. |
| 8493 | Beside the statue of Athena Pheidias |
| 8494 | placed the serpent and in Elis beside the statue of |
| 8495 | Aphrodite the tortoise,6 to indicate that maidens |
| 8496 | need watching, and that for married women staying |
| 8497 | at home and silence is becoming. |
| 8498 | The trident of |
| 8499 | Poseidon is a symbol of the Third Region where the |
| 8500 | sea holds sway, for it has been assigned to a demesne |
| 8501 | of less importance than the heavens and the air. For |
| 8502 | this reason they thus named Amphitrite and the |
| 8503 | Tritons.0 |
| 8504 | The Pythagoreans embellished also numbers and |
| 8505 | figures with the appellations of the gods. |
| 8506 | The equi |
| 8507 | lateral triangle they called Athena, born from the |
| 8508 | head and third-born, because it is divided by three |
| 8509 | perpendiculars drawn from its three angles. |
| 8510 | The |
| 8511 | number one they called Apollo d because of its rejec |
| 8512 | tion of plurality 6 and because of the singleness of |
| 8513 | ° Cf. Moralia, 670 c. |
| 8514 | b Cf. Moralia, 142 n ; Pausanias, vi. 25. 2. |
| 8515 | c An effort to derive these names from rpiros, 44 third." |
| 8516 | d Cf. the note on 354 f , supra. |
| 8517 | e Cf. 393 b, infra. |
| 8518 | 177 |
| p. 101 | |
| 8519 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 8520 | epiv Se ttjv SvdSa каі тоХраѵ1, SÎktjv Se ttjv TpiaSa, |
| 8521 | тоѵ yàp dSiKeîv каі dSiKeîoOai кат |
| 8522 | еХХеіфіѵ каі |
| 8523 | vTrepßoXrjv |
| 8524 | dvros, |
| 8525 | laorrjrc то2 Ыкаюѵ еѵ реет со |
| 8526 | yéyovev rj Se KaXovpévrj тетрактѵд, та e į каі |
| 8527 | 382 тріакоѵта, р еу kitos fy opKos, (Ls теѲрѵХцтаі, каі |
| 8528 | Koopos |
| 8529 | (Ьѵбраотаі, |
| 8530 | теттаршѵ |
| 8531 | реѵ |
| 8532 | артішѵ |
| 8533 | та>ѵ |
| 8534 | 7Трсотсоѵ, теттарсоѵ Se тсоѵ ттеріттооѵ els таѵто |
| 8535 | аѵѵтіѲереѵсоѵ, diroTeXovpevos. |
| 8536 | 76. |
| 8537 | WtTTep оѵv oi SoKipdoTūToi |
| 8538 | tG)v фіХоаофсоѵ |
| 8539 | оѵ8’ еѵ афѵуо^ каі doœpaTois тграураоіѵ аіѵіура? |
| 8540 | тоѵ Ѳеіоѵ KaTiSovTes rjÇiovv âpeXeîv ovSèv ovS’ |
| 8541 | атіра^еіѵ, еті pâXXov oïopai та s ev alaOavopevais |
| 8542 | каі фѵ%г)ѵ ¿xovcrais каі irdOos каі fjOos фѵоеспѵ |
| 8543 | ISiOTTįTas ката то et/cós*4 ауаттг)теоѵ eivaiь, оѵ таѵта |
| 8544 | TcpojVTas, aXXà Sia тоѵтсоѵ то Ѳеіоѵ, <Ls еѵар- |
| 8545 | В уеотеріоѵ еооігтріоѵ каі фѵсгеі уеуоѵотсоѵ, еоот*6 |
| 8546 | оруаѵоѵ rj техvyìv ^бГ7 той ттаѵта KoopovvTos Ѳеоѵ |
| 8547 | vopc^eiv, |
| 8548 | каі |
| 8549 | oAcos*8 dÇiovv |
| 8550 | ye9 pr)Sev |
| 8551 | афѵхоѵ |
| 8552 | ерфѵхоѵ prjS’ аѵаіоѲг)тоѵ аІоѲаѵореѵоѵ креіттоѵ |
| 8553 | eivai, prjS9 аѵ тоѵ оѵрттаѵта Tis ХРѵо° ѵ ороѵ каі |
| 8554 | opapaySov els таѵто оѵрфорг)сгг). |
| 8555 | оѵк еѵ xpóais10 |
| 8556 | yàp ovS* év (jXTIpacriv ovS* èv Xеіотг]оіѵ еууіуѵетаі |
| 8557 | то Ѳеіоѵ, аХХ атіротераѵ '¿x€l ѵекрооѵ poîpav, ocra |
| 8558 | prj ретеох€> p/rçSe ретеу€ІѴ той |
| 8559 | ігефѵкеѵ. |
| 8560 | rj Se |
| 8561 | £а)сга каі ßXenovoa каі Kivrjoecos dpxty |
| 8562 | аvttjs |
| 8563 | ехоѵоа каі yvœaiv оікеіеоѵ каі аХХотрісоѵ фѵоis |
| 8564 | 1 ToXfiav] 7roXcfiov Reiske. |
| 8565 | 2 to added by Michael. |
| 8566 | 3 aiviyfxa] filfirjfia Meziriacus. |
| 8567 | 4 €lkos Markland: fjQos* |
| 8568 | 5 tlvai Bernardakis: ovv. |
| 8569 | 6 wot9 Michael and F.C .B.: tos. |
| 8570 | 7 Set Wyttenbach: act. |
| 8571 | 8 K ai oXtos Bentley: koAcu?. |
| 8572 | 9 y€ R ciske : re. |
| 8573 | 10 xp°aL$ the more usual form: |
| 8574 | 178 |
| 8575 | ISIS AN D OSIRIS, 381-382 |
| 8576 | unity. |
| 8577 | The number two they called “ Strife/’ and |
| 8578 | “ Daring,” and three they called “ Justice,” for, |
| 8579 | although the doing of injustice and suffering from in |
| 8580 | justice are caused by deficiency and excess, Justice, |
| 8581 | by reason of its equality, intervenes between the two. |
| 8582 | The so-called sacred quaternion, the number thirty- |
| 8583 | six, was, so it is famed, the mightiest of oaths, and it |
| 8584 | has been given the name of “ World ” since it is made |
| 8585 | up of the first four even numbers and the first four |
| 8586 | odd numbers added together. |
| 8587 | 76. If, then, the most noted of the philosophers, |
| 8588 | observing the riddle of the Divine in inanimate and in |
| 8589 | corporeal objects, have not thought it proper to treat |
| 8590 | anything with carelessness or disrespect, even more do |
| 8591 | I think that, in all likelihood, we should welcome those |
| 8592 | peculiar properties existent in natures which possess |
| 8593 | the power of perception and have a soul and feeling |
| 8594 | and character. |
| 8595 | It is not that we should honour these, |
| 8596 | but that through these we should honour the Divine, |
| 8597 | since they are the clearer mirrors of the Divine by |
| 8598 | their nature also, so that we should regard them as |
| 8599 | the instrument or device of the God who orders all |
| 8600 | things. |
| 8601 | And in general we must hold it true that |
| 8602 | nothing inanimate is superior to what is animate, and |
| 8603 | nothing without the power of perception is superior |
| 8604 | to that which has that power— no, not even if one |
| 8605 | should heap together all the gold and emeralds in the |
| 8606 | world. |
| 8607 | The Divine is not engendered in colours or in |
| 8608 | forms or in polished surfaces, but whatsoever things |
| 8609 | have no share in life, things whose nature does not |
| 8610 | allow them to share therein, have a portion of less |
| 8611 | honour than that of the dead. |
| 8612 | But the nature that |
| 8613 | lives and sees and has within itself the source of |
| 8614 | movement and a knowledge of what belongs to it and |
| 8615 | 179 |
| p. 102 | |
| 8616 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 8617 | (382) KaAAovs r 1 eoiraK€v arropporju Kal polpav ¿k tov |
| 8618 | (frpovovvTOS, “ orcp2 Kv^epvdrat t o 3 avpnav *’ Ka6* |
| 8619 | C 'Hpa/cAeirov. |
| 8620 | odev ov yelpov ev tovtols eLKa^erai |
| 8621 | to Belov rj yaAkoIs* Kai AiBlvois SrĮpiovpyrįpaaiv, |
| 8622 | a cfrBopds pi€v opolœs Severai |
| 8623 | Kai |
| 8624 | em ypdjoeis, |
| 8625 | aLo0rjO€<os Sè irao^s (frvaec Kai avvéaeœs eGTeprprai. |
| 8626 | 7TÇpl pèv OVV TÜJV TipLüJpL€V(DV ÇtütOV TŒVTŒ SoKtpdÇüJ |
| 8627 | pbdAivTa to)v Aey&pevœv. |
| 8628 | 77. |
| 8629 | TiToAal 8 ’ al pev "laiSos TroïKiAat, rats* /?a- |
| 8630 | (frais' TTçpl yàp xiArjv rj Svvapus avTrjs iravTa ytyvo- |
| 8631 | pevrjv Kai Seyopévrjv, <frü)s (Jk o t o s, rjpépav v v k t g , |
| 8632 | 7Tvp vScop, Çcorjv BavaTov, àpyrjv TeAevTr\w rj 8 ’ |
| 8633 | ’OaipiSoç o v k eyei GKtdv ovSè 7Tou<iAp6v, aÀÀ’ ev |
| 8634 | anAovv |
| 8635 | t o (frcoToeiSes' aKpaTOV yàp rj àpyfj Kal |
| 8636 | àpuyès t o TrpcoTOv Kal votjtov. |
| 8637 | oBev a T ra į TavTrjv5 |
| 8638 | D dvaAafidvTes arroTlBeuTai Kal (frvAaTTovcnv âdpaTOv |
| 8639 | Kal âifrav o t o v . |
| 8640 | Tais 8 ’ ’Iata/catç6 ypcovTai ttoA - |
| 8641 | Aa/as*- eu yprjaei y dp r à aiorBrjTa Kal npoyecpa |
| 8642 | ¿Vra 7ToAAds duarrTv^eis Kal Béas avTœv aAAor' |
| 8643 | âAAcos dpeifiopLevajv SISœoiv. |
| 8644 | rj Sè t o v votjtov Kal |
| 8645 | elAiKpivovs |
| 8646 | Kal |
| 8647 | drrAov7 |
| 8648 | vorjois |
| 8649 | cdoTrep |
| 8650 | àoTpaTrrj |
| 8651 | SiaAdpxfraoa |
| 8652 | ttjs ifrvyrjs8 |
| 8653 | airat; |
| 8654 | i totç |
| 8655 | Bvyelv |
| 8656 | Kal |
| 8657 | TTpooiSelv Trapeoye? |
| 8658 | S to /cat YlAaTœv Kal ’A pioro- |
| 8659 | TeArjs eTTOTTTLKov t o v t o to pèpos |
| 8660 | ttjs (friAoaocfrcas |
| 8661 | 1 KaXXovs t Papabasileios from Plato, Phaedrus, p. 251 b : |
| 8662 | dWcjs re. |
| 8663 | 2 oro> Markland : on ats. |
| 8664 | 3 ro Bentley : ro rc. |
| 8665 | 4 ^aA/cot? Salmasius : ^aA/ceioię. |
| 8666 | 5 TavT-rjv Markland : raura. |
| 8667 | 6 rats1 S* ’IcnoLKaîs Markland: rots 8’ loiclkoîs. |
| 8668 | 7 ¿ttAou Emperius (à y v o v ? F.C.B.): ‘aytou. |
| 8669 | 8 r fj ÿ v x fj Markland. |
| 8670 | 8 Trapiam e Bentley: T rpooeax*. |
| 8671 | 180 |
| 8672 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 382 |
| 8673 | what belongs to others, has drawn to itself an efflux |
| 8674 | and portion of beauty from the Intelligence “ by |
| 8675 | which the Universe is guided,” as Heracleitus a has it. |
| 8676 | Wherefore the Divine is no worse represented in |
| 8677 | these animals than in works of bronze and stone which |
| 8678 | are alike subject to destruction and disfiguration, and |
| 8679 | by their nature are void of all perception and com |
| 8680 | prehension. |
| 8681 | This, then, is what I most approve in |
| 8682 | the accounts that are given regarding the animals |
| 8683 | held in honour. |
| 8684 | 77. As for the robes, those of Isis b are variegated in |
| 8685 | their colours ; for her power is concerned with matter |
| 8686 | which becomes everything and receives everything, |
| 8687 | light and darkness, day and night, fire and water, life |
| 8688 | and death, beginning and end. |
| 8689 | But the robe of |
| 8690 | Osiris has no shading or variety in its colour, but only |
| 8691 | one single colour like to light. |
| 8692 | For the beginning |
| 8693 | is combined with nothing else, and that which is |
| 8694 | primary and conceptual is without admixture ; where |
| 8695 | fore, when they have once taken off the robe of Osiris, |
| 8696 | they lay it away and guard it, unseen and untouched. |
| 8697 | But the robes of Isis they use many times over ; for in |
| 8698 | use those things that are perceptible and ready at hand |
| 8699 | afford many disclosures of themselves and opportuni |
| 8700 | ties to view them as they are changed about in |
| 8701 | various ways. |
| 8702 | But the apperception of the concep |
| 8703 | tual, the pure, and the simple, shining through the |
| 8704 | soul like a flash of lightning, affords an opportunity to |
| 8705 | touch and see it but once.c For this reason Plato d and |
| 8706 | Aristotle call this part of philosophy the epoptice or |
| 8707 | a Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, i. 86, Heracleitus, |
| 8708 | no. b 41. |
| 8709 | * Cf. 352 b, supra. |
| 8710 | c Cf. Plato, Letters, vii. 344 b. |
| 8711 | d Plato, Symposium, 210 a. |
| 8712 | • Cf. Life of Alexander, chap. vii. (668 a). |
| 8713 | 1 8 1 |
| p. 103 | |
| 8714 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 8715 | каХодоср, eus* ос та 8о£аота кас рьескта ка1 ттаито- |
| 8716 | 8атта тадта тгара^есфарсерос тш Хоусо, Trpos то |
| 8717 | тгрсотор екесро кас алтХоур кас avXov к^аХХортас, |
| 8718 | Е кас OcyovTes apccüoykTTOJS1 Trjs перс ауто KaOapds |
| 8719 | aXrjdecas осой |
| 8720 | kpTeXrj2 |
| 8721 | reAos* |
| 8722 | еде«' |
| 8723 | фсХооофсаг,3 |
| 8724 | рорсс^оуос. |
| 8725 | 78. Kat тодв* оттер ос |
| 8726 | р у р U peîs афоосоурсерос |
| 8727 | кас ттаракаХуттторсерос реет* eyX apecas утто8т]Хоуоср |
| 8728 | chs о вео$ oStos àpxçc K0LL ftcLacXeyec тсср теврг)- |
| 8729 | kotcùv oi>x €T€pos tov т о у каХоурскроУ тсар |
| 8730 | r/E A - |
| 8731 | A7]crcv "AcSoy ка1 ПАoyTœ vos, âyvooypcevov orrœs |
| 8732 | âXr)6ks коте, ЬсатараттеС1 tous rroXXoys шгоуооиута? |
| 8733 | èv yfj кас У7ТО yrjp tov Upov кас oocop œ s àXr}6œs |
| 8734 | F "Oocpcp olKecv, опо и та осЬрсата |
| 8735 | круптетас |
| 8736 | tojp |
| 8737 | теХos еде«' Зокоуртсор. |
| 8738 | о 8 ’ еотс pckp аутод аттес |
| 8739 | тата) Trjs yrjs ахрол>то$ кас àpccavTos кас кава род |
| 8740 | oyocas |
| 8741 | dira orjs |
| 8742 | ф ворар |
| 8743 | S e ^ o /x e ^ s |
| 8744 | кас |
| 8745 | Оаратор. |
| 8746 | av9pd)7Tü)v 8k ф у х м $ кртаувос5 pckp утто ошрсатсор |
| 8747 | кас ттаваср TT€pc€x°pcévacs |
| 8748 | о ук еотс рсетоуоса |
| 8749 | то у |
| 8750 | вео у , ттХrjv ooop ovecpaTos арсауроу всуесv porjoec |
| 8751 | 8cà фсХо(7офса$ * отар 8 ’ атгоХувесоас рсетаотососр |
| 8752 | 383 вс s то âc8ks6 кас a оратор кас aTraOks кас àyvov, |
| 8753 | oStos ayT aîs rjyepcœv коте кас fiaocXcys о 6 e 6 s , |
| 8754 | iÇrjpTTjpckvacs |
| 8755 | cos |
| 8756 | âv |
| 8757 | алг’ |
| 8758 | аутоу |
| 8759 | кас |
| 8760 | Oeœpckpacs |
| 8761 | о.TrXrjOTœs кас ттовоуоася то perj фатор pcr)8k рг)тор7 |
| 8762 | àvdpum ocs koXXo s* ou ttjv ^Iocp o rraXacos аттофасрес |
| 8763 | 1 àiux)oy€TT<t)S F.C.B. : âXXcoç. |
| 8764 | 2 eVreA-rç] ¿v теХету Reiske. |
| 8765 | 3 (¡нХооофСая Reiske. |
| 8766 | 4 Ôtaraparret Xyîander : Stara/жттеи'. |
| 8767 | 5 evravOoî] ivravOl Holwerda. |
| 8768 | * acôeç Parmentier : actSes*. |
| 8769 | 7 prjrov] oparov Wyttenbach. |
| 8770 | a Cf. 375 d , supra. |
| 8771 | 182 |
| 8772 | b Cf. 372 e and 374 F, supra. |
| 8773 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 382-383 |
| 8774 | mystic part, inasmuch as those who have passed |
| 8775 | beyond these conjectural and confused matters of all |
| 8776 | sorts by means of Reason proceed by leaps and bounds |
| 8777 | to that primary, simple, and immaterial principle ; |
| 8778 | and when they have somehow attained contact with |
| 8779 | the pure truth abiding about it, they think that they |
| 8780 | have the whole of philosophy completely, as it were, |
| 8781 | within their grasp. |
| 8782 | 78. |
| 8783 | This idea at the present time the priests |
| 8784 | intimate with great circumspection in acquitting |
| 8785 | themselves of this religious secret and in trying to |
| 8786 | conceal it : that this god Osiris is the ruler and king |
| 8787 | of the dead, nor is he any other than the god that |
| 8788 | among the Greeks is called Hades and Pluto. |
| 8789 | But |
| 8790 | since it is not understood in what manner this is true, |
| 8791 | it greatly disturbs the majority of people who suspect |
| 8792 | that the holy and sacred Osiris truly dwells in the |
| 8793 | earth and beneath the earth,a where are hidden away |
| 8794 | the bodies of those that are believed to have reached |
| 8795 | their end. |
| 8796 | But he himself is far removed from the |
| 8797 | earth, uncontaminated and unpolluted and pure from |
| 8798 | all matter that is subject to destruction and death ; |
| 8799 | but for the souls of men here, which are compassed |
| 8800 | about by bodies and emotions, there is no association |
| 8801 | with this god except in so far as they may attain to a |
| 8802 | dim vision of his presence by means of the appercep |
| 8803 | tion which philosophy affords. But when these souls |
| 8804 | are set free and migrate into the realm of the invisible |
| 8805 | and the unseen, the dispassionate and the pure, then |
| 8806 | this god becomes their leader and king, since it is |
| 8807 | on him that they are bound to be dependent in their |
| 8808 | insatiate contemplation and yearning for that beauty |
| 8809 | which is for men unutterable and indescribable. |
| 8810 | With this beauty Isis,& as the ancient story declares, |
| 8811 | 183 |
| p. 104 | |
| 8812 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 8813 | (383) Aoyos* epcòaav del /cat SccoKovaav /cat avvovaav ai/a- |
| 8814 | mfi7rXdvai r à evrav9a ndvrwv1 KaXcov /cat ayadwv, |
| 8815 | Oda yeV€Ge<OS fl€réa“)(y]K€. |
| 8816 | Taura ¡lèv ovv ovrcos e^et ròv ¡laXiara 9eols |
| 8817 | npenovra Xoyov. |
| 8818 | (79*) *1 8è 8e? /cat nepl rcov |
| 8819 | 9vpuo)pL€V<x)v rjpLepas eKaarrjs ehreiv, coGnep tnr |
| 8820 | eoxófirjv, €K€Ìvo Sta v o le ¿77 n s av* 7 7porepov cos del |
| 8821 | B P'èv ol avSpes ev G7TovSfj pLeyioTTj rl9evrai rà rrpòs |
| 8822 | vyletav ¿TnTTjSevpLara, /xaAiora Se rat? iepovpyicus |
| 8823 | /cat rats* dyveiais /cat StatVats oi>x rjrrov evean3 |
| 8824 | rov oglov to vyiecvov. |
| 8825 | ov yap cpovro KaXcòs ^X€lv |
| 8826 | ovre o(l)p,a<nv ovre iffvxcus vttovXols /cat vood)8eoi |
| 8827 | 9epaneveiv to KaOapov /cat ajSAajSès 'TTavrrj /cat |
| 8828 | d¡Ilavrov. |
| 8829 | enei rolvvv o arjp, <0 nXeiGra xpcu/ae0a |
| 8830 | /cat avv€opL€v, |
| 8831 | ovk del rrjv avrrjv e^et StaOeaiv |
| 8832 | /cat Kpaoiv, aAAa vvKnop nvKvovraL /cat 7Tte^et to |
| 8833 | aatpia /cat ovvdyei rrjv iffvx'fjv els to 8vo9vpiov /cat |
| 8834 | C TrecfjpovTLKos olov dxXv<x>8rj yiyvopLevrjv /cat jSapeiav, |
| 8835 | dvaoravres evOvs emdupucooi prjrlvrjv, 9epanevovres |
| 8836 | /cat KaOalpovres rov aepa rfj Sta/cptaet /cat to |
| 8837 | ovpi<f>vrov rep acó/xaTt nvevpLa p,epLapaap,évov avap- |
| 8838 | piTTi^ovres, exovarjs ti rrjs ocrpLrjs a<f>o8pòv /cat |
| 8839 | KararrXrjKnKov. |
| 8840 | A vOls 8e pLeGrjpifìpias aìa9avóp,evoi a<f>68pa 1toX- |
| 8841 | Xrjv /cat /Japeiav ava9vp,lacriv a n o y^s* eX/eovra fila |
| 8842 | ròv rjXiov /cat KarapLecyvvovra4 to) aep t, tj)*' apivpvav |
| 8843 | em9vpucÒGL. |
| 8844 | SiaXvec yàp rj 9epp,orrjs /cat gkl8vtjgl |
| 8845 | to GVviGrdpLevov |
| 8846 | èv rep rrepiexovn |
| 8847 | 9oXepòv |
| 8848 | /cat |
| 8849 | tAt/a/Ses*. |
| 8850 | /cat y à p ot larpol npòs r d XoipuKa 7rd9rj |
| 8851 | 1 7t<utcov] irdvra Wyttenbach. |
| 8852 | 2 av added by Bernardakis. |
| 8853 | 3 eveem Wyttenbach : ìotltovtL |
| 8854 | 4 Karapiyvvovra Xylander : KaTafuyvvovres. |
| 8855 | 184 |
| 8856 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 383 |
| 8857 | is for ever enamoured and pursues it and consorts |
| 8858 | with it and fills our earth here with all things fair |
| 8859 | and good that partake of generation. |
| 8860 | This which I have thus far set forth comprises that |
| 8861 | account which is most befitting the gods. (79.) If, |
| 8862 | as I have promised,® I must now speak of the offerings |
| 8863 | of incense which are made each day, one should first |
| 8864 | consider that this people always lays the very greatest |
| 8865 | stress upon those practices which are conducive to |
| 8866 | health. Especially in their sacred services and holy |
| 8867 | living and strict regimen the element of health is no |
| 8868 | less important than that of piety. For they did not |
| 8869 | deem it proper to serve that which is pure and in all |
| 8870 | ways unblemished and unpolluted with either bodies |
| 8871 | or souls that were unhealthy and diseased.6 |
| 8872 | Since, |
| 8873 | then, the air, of which we make the greatest use and |
| 8874 | in which we exist, has not always the same consistency |
| 8875 | and composition, but in the night-time becomes dense |
| 8876 | and oppresses the body and brings the soul into |
| 8877 | depression and solicitude, as if it had become befogged |
| 8878 | and heavy, therefore, immediately upon arising, they |
| 8879 | burn resin on their altars, revivifying and purifying |
| 8880 | the air by its dissemination, and fanning into fresh |
| 8881 | life the languished spirit innate in the body, inasmuch |
| 8882 | as the odour of resin contains something forceful |
| 8883 | and stimulating. |
| 8884 | Again at midday, when they perceive that the sun |
| 8885 | is forcibly attracting a copious and heavy exhalation |
| 8886 | from the earth and is combining this with the air, they |
| 8887 | burn myrrh on the altars ; for the heat dissolves and |
| 8888 | scatters the murky and turgid concretions in the |
| 8889 | surrounding atmosphere. In fact, physicians seem to |
| 8890 | a 372 c, supra. |
| 8891 | * Cf. the Roman taboo in Moraliat 281 c. |
| 8892 | 185 |
| p. 105 | |
| 8893 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 8894 | (383) ßorjOeZv Ьокоѵсп фХоуа noXXrjv rrotovvTes сos Хептѵ- |
| 8895 | D vovoav тоѵ ¿¿pa- Xeiттѵѵеі 8е ßeXnov, eàv evwSr) |
| 8896 | įvXa каіеѵспѵ, oïa кѵтгаріттоѵ каі аркеѵѲоѵ кал |
| 8897 | 7теѵк7)$. |
| 8898 | "Акршѵа уоѵѵ ròv Іатроѵ еѵ *АѲіjvais |
| 8899 | viго тоѵ рьеуаѵ Хоірьоѵ еѵ8окір,У)оаі Хеуоѵсп, пгѵр |
| 8900 | кеХеѵоѵта ттаракаіеіѵ roîç voaovatv- ех>ѵг)ае у ар |
| 8901 | оѵк оXlyovs, |
| 8902 | *ApKJToreXrjç 8е фг)сп каі рьѵреоѵ |
| 8903 | каі аѵѲееоѵ каі XétpLwvwv evef)8ets arrorrvoLas оѵк |
| 8904 | еХаттоѵ ¿x ^lv тоѵ ттро$ rj8ovr}v то тrpàs ѵуіеіаѵ, |
| 8905 | фѵхроѵ оѵта фѵаес каі ттауетеЬ8г] тоѵ еукефаХоѵ |
| 8906 | rjpepia Tjj Ѳеррь6тг}ті каі Хеіотідті Stayeovcraę. |
| 8907 | el |
| 8908 | 8е каі тг)ѵ орьѵрѵаѵ пар Аіуѵтгтіоі$ ßaX1 каХогкпѵ, |
| 8909 | е£ерілг]ѵеѵѲеѵ Se тоѵто рьаХшта фра^еі тrjs ттХг)- |
| 8910 | pcvcreojç* екокорт орбѵ, еатіѵ fįv каі тоѵто рьар- |
| 8911 | тѵріаѵ тер Xôyœ tt\s aÌTtas SiScocriv. |
| 8912 | E 80. То Se кѵфс рьеіурьа /хеѵ еккаі8ека рьерсоѵ5 |
| 8913 | аѵѵтіѲерьеѵеоѵ іаті, /хеАсто? каі оІѵоѵ каі отафі8оs |
| 8914 | каі кѵттіроѵ, prjTÎvrjs те каі apLvpvrjs каі аатга- |
| 8915 | ХаѲоѵ каі oreoreXeœç, еті Sè crj^tѵоѵ те каі аафаХтоѵ |
| 8916 | каі Ѳрѵоѵ4 каі ХапаѲоѵ, 7rpoç 8 è to v to ls аркеѵѲ18еоѵ |
| 8917 | арьфоіѵ, |
| 8918 | œv |
| 8919 | ttjv p,èv рьеі^оѵа |
| 8920 | ttjv S* еХаттоѵа |
| 8921 | каХоѵеп, |
| 8922 | каі |
| 8923 | кар8ари!)рьоѵ |
| 8924 | каі каХарьоѵ, |
| 8925 | аѵѵ- |
| 8926 | тІѲеѵтаі 8’ оѵх oneos етѵх^ѵ, âXXà урарьрьатеоѵ |
| 8927 | lepcov to ls рьѵрефоід, отаѵ таѵта рьеіуѵѵеѵенѵ, ava- |
| 8928 | усуѵеоакорьеѵеоѵ. |
| 8929 | тоѵ 8’ аptOpióv, et каі ттаѵѵ 8океІ |
| 8930 | тетраусоѵод ¿п о тетрауеЬѵоѵ каі pcóvos ¿xo jv t w v |
| 8931 | ïaœv laaK L S ¿ріѲрсоѵ6 тер x^piep |
| 8932 | ttjv перірьетроѵ |
| 8933 | 1 ßaX] aàA Iablonski. |
| 8934 | 2 7r\j)pU>0€U)S F . C . B . J ArjprjO€(X>S. |
| 8935 | 3 fiepojv Empcrius : рѵш>. |
| 8936 | 4 Ѳрѵоѵ] Ѳѵоѵ Strijd. |
| 8937 | 5 rcjv lovùv , . . аріѲршѵ Wyttenbach ; тоѵ шоу , . . іріѲроѵ, |
| 8938 | 186 |
| 8939 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 383 |
| 8940 | bring relief to pestilential affections by making a large |
| 8941 | blazing fire, for this rarefies the air. But the rarefica- |
| 8942 | tion is more effective if they burn fragrant woods, such |
| 8943 | as that of the cypress, the juniper, and the pine. At |
| 8944 | any rate, they say that Acron, the physician in Athens |
| 8945 | at the time of the great plague, won great repute by |
| 8946 | prescribing the lighting of a fire beside the sick, and |
| 8947 | thereby he helped not a few. |
| 8948 | Aristotle a says that |
| 8949 | fragrant exhalations from perfumes and flowers and |
| 8950 | meadows are no less conducive to health than to |
| 8951 | pleasure, inasmuch as by their warmth and lightness |
| 8952 | they gently relax the brain, which is by nature cold |
| 8953 | and frigid. |
| 8954 | If it is true that among the Egyptians |
| 8955 | they call myrrh “ bal,” and that this being interpreted |
| 8956 | has the particular meaning “ the dissipation of |
| 8957 | repletion,” then this adds some testimony to our |
| 8958 | account of the reason for its use. |
| 8959 | 80. Cyphl6 is a compound composed of sixteen |
| 8960 | ingredients : |
| 8961 | honey, wine, raisins, cyperus, resin, |
| 8962 | myrrh, aspalathus, seselis, mastich, bitumen, rush, |
| 8963 | sorrel, and in addition to these both the junipers, of |
| 8964 | which they call one the larger and one the smaller, |
| 8965 | cardamum, and calamus. These are compounded, not |
| 8966 | at random, but while the sacred writings are being |
| 8967 | read to the perfumers as they mix the ingredients. |
| 8968 | As for this number, even if it appears quite clear that |
| 8969 | it is the square of a square and is the only one of the |
| 8970 | numbers forming a square that has its perimeter equal |
| 8971 | 0 Of, Rose, Aristoteles Pseudepigraplius, p. 233. |
| 8972 | b Of. Muller, Frag, Hist, Graec, ii. p. 616 (Manetho, |
| 8973 | frag. 84). |
| 8974 | An interesting note in Parthey’s edition (pp. |
| 8975 | 277-280) describes the different kinds of cyphi mentioned |
| 8976 | in ancient writers, and gives in modern terms recipes for |
| 8977 | three. |
| 8978 | 187 |
| p. 106 | |
| 8979 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 8980 | F ïurjv |
| 8981 | a y au Ѳ a i} rrpoarjKovTCos eXax^crra ргртеоѵ els |
| 8982 | ye Tovro avvepyelv, aAAa та1 2 ттХеІата та>ѵ uvX- |
| 8983 | Xapißavopevcov арсорьапкад eyovra Svvdp,eis уХѵкѵ |
| 8984 | ттѵеѵрьа каі xprl(JrVv ^^irjU iv avadvplauiv, ѵф’ |
| 8985 | 0 т’ a-ąp трегто pievos каі то ошрьа Sià tt}ç rrvorjs |
| 8986 | Кіѵоѵрьеѵоѵ Хе leus* каі rrpourjvœs4 ѵтгѵоѵ те5 каі |
| 8987 | K p â u iV еттауаіуоѵ içye1 Ka'L т |
| 8988 | Xvrrrjpà каі аѵѵтоѵа |
| 8989 | тоуѵ |
| 8990 | рьеѲг)рьеріѵсоѵ |
| 8991 | фрэѵті8соѵ |
| 8992 | avev |
| 8993 | pedrjs |
| 8994 | olov |
| 8995 | 384 а/х/хата ^аАа Ka'L SiaXvei9 /cat то фаѵтаапкоѵ каі |
| 8996 | Ьектікоѵ оѵеірсоѵ роріоѵ шаттер катотттроѵ алто- |
| 8997 | Хеаіѵеі каі rroieî каѲарсЬтероѵ оѵSèv rjrrov rj та |
| 8998 | кроѵрьата Trjs Xvpas, oïs ¿хрсоѵто rrpò тшѵ ѵттѵшѵ |
| 8999 | 01 ТІѵѲауореіОі, то ¿parades каі âXoyov Trjs фѵх^9 |
| 9000 | e^errąbovTes |
| 9001 | оѵтсо |
| 9002 | каі |
| 9003 | deparrevovTes. |
| 9004 | та |
| 9005 | yàp |
| 9006 | оифраѵта rroXXdKis pièv ttjv aïadrjUiv атгоХеіттоѵиаѵ |
| 9007 | аѵакаХестаи, |
| 9008 | 7toXX(Îkls |
| 9009 | Sè |
| 9010 | 7таХіѵ |
| 9011 | äpußXvvei |
| 9012 | каі |
| 9013 | катг) ре pildei Staxcopievœv еѵ тер оеЬрьать тсаѵ аѵа- |
| 9014 | Хорьатсоѵ ѵтто XecoTrjTOS* wurrep eviOi тшѵ Іатрсоѵ |
| 9015 | тоѵ ѵтгѵоѵ eyyiyveudai Xeyovuiv, отаѵ rj Trjs тро- |
| 9016 | фrįs |
| 9017 | àvadvpLiaois |
| 9018 | olov |
| 9019 | ертгоѵиа |
| 9020 | Xe lœs |
| 9021 | rrepl та |
| 9022 | В иттХаухуа каі фг]Хафсоиа ттоіг}* тсѵа уаруаХшроѵ. |
| 9023 | Та) Sè кѵфі хрыѵтаі каі тгеѵраті каі Х Р^art7, |
| 9024 | тпѵореѵоѵ yàp |
| 9025 | 8океІ |
| 9026 | та |
| 9027 | evròs |
| 9028 | Kadalpecv |
| 9029 | сos9 |
| 9030 | Xprj ріаХактікоѵ ov.9 |
| 9031 | àvev Sè тоѵтеѵѵ prjTivrj рьсѵ |
| 9032 | euTiv epyov rjAiov каі арьѵрѵа |
| 9033 | nTpos тгрѵ eiArjv |
| 9034 | тс v |
| 9035 | фѵтеѵѵ ек8акрѵ6ѵтеоѵ. |
| 9036 | тсиѵ Sè то кѵфі uvvTidévTCuv |
| 9037 | 1 ауаоѲаі F.C.B. ; ¿.уаітаоѲаі Wyttenbach : ауаусаѲаі. |
| 9038 | 2 аЛЛа та М ark land : afta. |
| 9039 | 3 Aeuoç Reiske: Sei ws. |
| 9040 | 4 7rpocrqvws Meziriacus : irpòs rjfias. |
| 9041 | 5 ѵтгѵоѵ те M eziriacus : хгтпѵоѵтаі. |
| 9042 | 6 7Toifj Markland: тгоіеі. |
| 9043 | 7 xP^aTL Baton : /с/эа/хаті. |
| 9044 | 8 w$ added by F.C.B. |
| 9045 | 9 6v added by Wyttenbach. |
| 9046 | 188 |
| 9047 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 383-384 |
| 9048 | to its area,® and deserves to be admired for this reason, |
| 9049 | yet it must be said that its contribution to the topic |
| 9050 | under discussion is very slight. Most of the materials |
| 9051 | that are taken into this compound, inasmuch as they |
| 9052 | have aromatic properties, give forth a sweet emanation |
| 9053 | and a beneficent exhalation, by which the air is |
| 9054 | changed, and the body, being moved gently and |
| 9055 | softly b by the current, acquires a temperament con |
| 9056 | ducive to sleep; and the distress and strain of our daily |
| 9057 | carking cares, as if they were knots, these exhala |
| 9058 | tions relax and loosen without the aid of wine. |
| 9059 | The |
| 9060 | imaginative faculty that is susceptible to dreams it |
| 9061 | brightens like a mirror, and makes it clearer no less |
| 9062 | effectively than did the notes of the lyre which the |
| 9063 | Pythagoreans c used to employ before sleeping as a |
| 9064 | charm and a cure for the emotional and irrational in |
| 9065 | the soul. |
| 9066 | It is a fact that stimulating odours often |
| 9067 | recall the failing powers of sensation, and often again |
| 9068 | lull and quiet them when their emanations are diffused |
| 9069 | in the body by virtue of their ethereal qualities ; |
| 9070 | even as some physicians state that sleep supervenes |
| 9071 | when the volatile portion of our food, gently perme |
| 9072 | ating the digestive tract and coming into close contact |
| 9073 | with it, produces a species of titillation. |
| 9074 | They use cyphi as both a potion and a salve ; |
| 9075 | for taken internally it seems to cleanse properly the |
| 9076 | internal organs, since it is an emollient. |
| 9077 | Apart from |
| 9078 | this, resin and myrrh result from the action of the |
| 9079 | sun when the trees exude them in response to the |
| 9080 | heat. |
| 9081 | Of the ingredients which compose cyphi, |
| 9082 | * Cf. 367 f , supra. |
| 9083 | 6 Cf. Mor alia, 1087 e . |
| 9084 | * Cf. Plato, Timaeus, 45 d , and Quintilian, ix. 4. 12 . |
| 9085 | ajLLvpva Squire and one m s. : op.vpvav. |
| 9086 | 11 elXrjv Reiske : oeXrfvrjv. |
| 9087 | 189 |
| p. 107 | |
| 9088 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 9089 | (384) ear iv а ѵѵкгі ^aipei piaXXov, соапер оста nvevpaai |
| 9090 | ifjvxpoîs |
| 9091 | каі oKiaîs |
| 9092 | каі épóaois каі vypórrjai |
| 9093 | грефеаѲаі 7тефѵкеѵ. |
| 9094 | enei то rrjs rjįiepaę фй^ еѵ |
| 9095 | рьеѵ ear i каі апХоѵѵ каі ròv yjX lov о ПіѴЗа/эо? |
| 9096 | opaauai <pr)aiv |
| 9097 | eprjpas oi aio epos * о де ѵѵкге- |
| 9098 | С pivòs a7]р краріа каі аѵрреіур,а noXXœv yéyove |
| 9099 | ф<і)тшѵ каі bvvapeœv, оіоѵ аперрагшѵ els êv ano |
| 9100 | navrés äarpov кагарребѵгсоѵ. |
| 9101 | eiKorœs oSv екеіѵа |
| 9102 | piev (Ls anXâ каі àф* rjXiov rrjv yeveaiv exovra Si9 |
| 9103 | rjįiepas, ravra S’ œs ріеікта каі navrobanà rais |
| 9104 | noiorrjaiv àpxoIicvrjS WKros епіѲѵришаі. |
| 9105 | 1 ¿prêtas Pindar : ip-qp.r]ç. |
| 9106 | a Pindar, Olympian Odes, i. 6. |
| 9107 | 6 Some think the essay ends too abruptly; others think it |
| 9108 | 190 |
| 9109 | ISIS AND OSIRIS, 384 |
| 9110 | there are some which delight more in the night, that |
| 9111 | is, those which are wont to thrive in cold winds and |
| 9112 | shadows and dews and dampness. |
| 9113 | For the light of |
| 9114 | day is single and simple, and Pindar a says that the |
| 9115 | sun is seen 11 through the deserted aether.” |
| 9116 | But the |
| 9117 | air at night is a composite mixture made up of many |
| 9118 | lights and forces, even as though seeds from every |
| 9119 | star were showered down into one place. |
| 9120 | Very |
| 9121 | appropriately, therefore, they burn resin and myrrh |
| 9122 | in the daytime, for these are simple substances |
| 9123 | and have their origin from the sun ; but the cyphi, |
| 9124 | since it is compounded of ingredients of all sorts of |
| 9125 | qualities, they offer at nightfall.* 6 |
| 9126 | is quite complete; each reader may properly have his own |
| 9127 | opinion. |
| 9128 | 191 |
| p. 108 | |
| 9129 | THE E AT DELPHI |
| 9130 | (DE E APUD DELPHOS) |
| p. 109 | |
| 9131 | INTRODUCTION |
| 9132 | P lutarch, in this essay on the E at Delphi, tells us |
| 9133 | that beside the well-known inscriptions at Delphi |
| 9134 | there was also a representation of the letter E , the |
| 9135 | fifth letter of the Greek alphabet. |
| 9136 | The Greek name |
| 9137 | for this letter was E l, and this diphthong, in addition |
| 9138 | to being used in Plutarch’s time as the name of E |
| 9139 | (which denotes the number five), is the Greek word |
| 9140 | for “ if,” and also the word for the second person |
| 9141 | singular of the verb “ to be ” (thou art). |
| 9142 | In searching for an explanation of the unexplain |
| 9143 | able it is only natural that the three meanings of E l |
| 9144 | (“ five,” “ if,” ‘‘ thou a rt”) should be examined to see if |
| 9145 | any hypothesis based on any one of them might |
| 9146 | E ossibly yield a rational explanation ; |
| 9147 | and these |
| 9148 | ypotheses constitute the skeleton about which is |
| 9149 | built the body of Plutarch’s essay. |
| 9150 | From it we gain |
| 9151 | some interesting delineations of character and an |
| 9152 | engaging portrayal of the way in which a philosopher |
| 9153 | acts, or reacts, when forced unwillingly to face the |
| 9154 | unknowable. |
| 9155 | Plutarch puts forward seven possible explanations |
| 9156 | of the letter : |
| 9157 | (1) |
| 9158 | It was dedicated by the Wise Men, as a protest |
| 9159 | against interlopers, to show that their number was |
| 9160 | actually five and not seven (E l = E , five). |
| 9161 | 194 |
| p. 110 | |
| 9162 | THE E AT DELPHI |
| 9163 | (2) E l is the second vowel, the Sun is the second |
| 9164 | planet, and Apollo is identified with the sun (E l = E , |
| 9165 | the vowel). |
| 9166 | (3) E l means " i f ” : people ask the oracle IF |
| 9167 | they shall succeed, or IF they shall do this or that |
| 9168 | (E l » " i f " ) . |
| 9169 | (4) E l is used in wishes or prayers to the god, |
| 9170 | often in the combination eWt or €i ydp (EI = " i f ” or |
| 9171 | " if only ”)• |
| 9172 | (5) E l, "if ,” is an indispensable word in logic for |
| 9173 | the construction of a syllogism (E l = " if ”). |
| 9174 | (6) Five is a most important number in mathe |
| 9175 | matics, physiology, philosophy, and music (EI = E, |
| 9176 | " five ”). |
| 9177 | (7) E l means “ thou art ” and is the address of the |
| 9178 | consultant to Apollo, to indicate that the god has |
| 9179 | eternal being (£1 = " thou art ”).a |
| 9180 | Attempts to explain the letter have been also made |
| 9181 | in modern times by Gottling, Berickte der Sachs. |
| 9182 | Gesell. der Wiss. I. (1846-47) pp. 311 IF., and by |
| 9183 | Schultz in Philologies (1866), pp. 214 ff. |
| 9184 | Roscher, in |
| 9185 | Philologies (1900), pp. 21 ff*. ; (1901),pp. 81 fF. ; (1902), |
| 9186 | pp. 513 fF.; Hermes (1901), pp. 470 ff. (comment also by |
| 9187 | C. Robert in the same volume, p. 490), and the Philo- |
| 9188 | logische Wochenschrift ( 1 9 2 2 ), col. 1211, maintains that |
| 9189 | E l is an imperative from eif.u, "g o ,” addressed to the |
| 9190 | person who came to consult the oracle, and that it |
| 9191 | means " go on,” " continue ” into the temple. |
| 9192 | The |
| 9193 | value of this explanation is somewhat doubtful, |
| 9194 | since E l in this word (cfyu) is a true diphthong, |
| 9195 | and so is not generally spelled with simple E |
| 9196 | except |
| 9197 | in the |
| 9198 | Corinthian alphabet. |
| 9199 | Although |
| 9200 | * This explanation is accepted by Poulsen (Delphi, p. |
| 9201 | 149), but is open to very serious objections. |
| 9202 | 195 |
| p. 111 | |
| 9203 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 9204 | Roscher cites a few examples from inscriptions in |
| 9205 | other dialects where the true diphthongal E l seems |
| 9206 | to be represented by simple E , his evidence is not |
| 9207 | convincing. |
| 9208 | O. |
| 9209 | Lagercrantz, in Hermes, xxxvi. ( 1 9 0 1 ) pp. 411 if., |
| 9210 | interprets the E as meaning Ij “ he said.” |
| 9211 | To this, of |
| 9212 | course, Roscher objects and suggests that Lagercrantz |
| 9213 | might have thought also of y “ verily.” |
| 9214 | Thus all the |
| 9215 | various possibilities of interpretation have in turn |
| 9216 | been suggested, and rejected by others. |
| 9217 | W. N. Bates, in the American Journal o f Archaeology, |
| 9218 | xxix. (1925) pp. 239-246, tries to show that the E |
| 9219 | had its origin in a Minoan character E associated |
| 9220 | with (\£ (as is shown by the evidence of a Cretan gem |
| 9221 | in the Metropolitan Museum of New York) and later |
| 9222 | transferred to Delphi. |
| 9223 | Since the character was not |
| 9224 | understood, it, like other things at Delphi, came to |
| 9225 | be associated with Apollo. |
| 9226 | This character has been |
| 9227 | found on the old omphalos discovered in 1913 at |
| 9228 | Delphi in the temple of Apollo.a |
| 9229 | Interesting are the two coins reproduced in Imhoof- |
| 9230 | Blumer and P. Gardner, A Numismatic Commentary on |
| 9231 | Pausanias, plate x. nos. xxii. and xxiii. (text, p. 119)> |
| 9232 | which show the E suspended between the middle |
| 9233 | columns of the temple. |
| 9234 | Learned scholars should |
| 9235 | note that the letter represented is E , not E l : there- |
| 9236 | a It might also be recorded that J. E. Harrison, in |
| 9237 | Comptes Rendus du Congres International d'Archeologie |
| 9238 | (Athens, 1905), thinks that the E was “ originally three |
| 9239 | betyl stones or pillars placed on a basis and representing |
| 9240 | the three Charites ” ! |
| 9241 | Moreover, C. Fries, in Rheinisches |
| 9242 | Museum fü r Philologie, lxxix. (1930) 343-344, offers as |
| 9243 | “ nodi explicatio ” the fact that in Sumerian inscriptions E |
| 9244 | means house or temple, and so may be connected with |
| 9245 | Babylonian ritual (note the Chaldean in chap, iv.)! |
| 9246 | 1 9 6 |
| p. 112 | |
| 9247 | THE E AT DELPHI |
| 9248 | fore such explanations as are based on the true |
| 9249 | diphthong are presumably wrong. |
| 9250 | The title of the essay is included in the catalogue of |
| 9251 | Lamprias, where it appears as No. 117. |
| 9252 | It is not |
| 9253 | infrequently quoted or referred to by later writers. |
| 9254 | It has been separately edited by Bernardakis in the |
| 9255 | volume of essays in honour of Ernst Curtius, Leipzig, |
| 9256 | 1894. |
| 9257 | Of interest is also The Delphic Maxims in |
| 9258 | Literature, by Eliza Gregory Wilkins, Chicago, 1929. |
| 9259 | 197 |
| p. 113 | |
| 9260 | TA nPOSfilIA TOT ATAAOrOT |
| 9261 | AMMÛNIOS, AAMÜPIA5, IIAOTTAPXOS, ©EHN, |
| 9262 | ET2TPO<K)2, NIKANAP02 |
| 9263 | D |
| 9264 | 1. H tlx^ Î olç tiolv ov (f>avXa>ç exovcnv, a> (f>iXe |
| 9265 | Ttapanlœv, evervxov nptorjv, à At/catap^oç Et)pi- |
| 9266 | 7TÎ8r}V OL€TCU 7Tp6s *ApX^XaOP €L7T€ÎV |
| 9267 | OV fiovXopLCU nXoVTOVVTl 8(Vp€iadcU 7T€V7)S, |
| 9268 | p rj pi* a<j>pova K pivrjs i) h iS o v ç a lr e îv 8 okco. |
| 9269 | Xapi&TCU pèv yàp ov8ev o Sihovs an* oXiyœv puKpà |
| 9270 | roîç noXXà K€KTrjpL€vois, àniarovpevos 8’ avrl pr]- |
| 9271 | Si8oyat KaKorjdelaç kal àveXevdeplas npoo- |
| 9272 | E Xapfiavei 86£av. |
| 9273 | opa 8rj oaov eXevôepidrrjri /cat |
| 9274 | /caÀÀci r à xPr)lJLaTLK^L |
| 9275 | XeLnerai rœv àno Xoyov |
| 9276 | Kal aofiiaç, a 1 /cat 8i8ovai tcaXôv icrn /cat 8i8ovraç |
| 9277 | àvraiTeîv opota napà rœv Xappavovrœv. |
| 9278 | eyw yovv |
| 9279 | npos ore /cat Stà cre rots* auront <f>IXotç t w v YlvdiKœv |
| 9280 | Xoyœv èvlovs cocrnep anapxàs ânocrreXXcov, opoXoyco |
| 9281 | npocrhoKav érepovç /cat nXeLovas /cat j8eXrLovag nap* |
| 9282 | vpœv, are 8rj /cat noXei xpoo/zeVan/ peydXrj /cat |
| 9283 | 1 a added by Madvig. |
| 9284 | (384) |
| 9285 | IIEPI TOT El TOT EN AEAOOI1I |
| 9286 | ° A poet living at Athens in Plutarch’s day ; see Moralia, |
| 9287 | 396 d ff. and 628 a. |
| 9288 | 198 |
| 9289 | (The persons who take part in the conversation are: |
| 9290 | Ammonius, Lamprias, Plutarch, Theon, Eustrophus, Nic- |
| 9291 | ander, and others whose names are not given.) |
| 9292 | 1. N ot long ago, my dear Sarapion,® I came upon |
| 9293 | some lines, not badly done, which Dicaearchus thinks |
| 9294 | Euripides b addressed to Archelaus : |
| 9295 | I will not give poor gifts to one so rich, |
| 9296 | Lest you should take me for a fool, or I |
| 9297 | Should seem by giving to invite a gift. |
| 9298 | For he does no favour who gives small gifts from |
| 9299 | scanty means to wealthy men ; and since it is not |
| 9300 | credible that his giving is for nothing, he acquires |
| 9301 | in addition a reputation for disingenuousness and |
| 9302 | servility. |
| 9303 | Observe also how, as far as independence |
| 9304 | and honour are concerned, material gifts fall far |
| 9305 | below those bestowed by literary discourse and |
| 9306 | wisdom ; and these gifts it is both honourable to |
| 9307 | give and, at the same time, to ask a return of like |
| 9308 | gifts from the recipients. |
| 9309 | I, at any rate, as I send |
| 9310 | to you, and by means of you for our friends there, |
| 9311 | some of our Pythian discourses, an offering of our |
| 9312 | first-fruits, as it were, confess that I am expecting |
| 9313 | other discourses, both more numerous and of better |
| 9314 | quality, from you and your friends, inasmuch as |
| 9315 | you have not only all the advantages of a great |
| 9316 | b Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag., Euripides, no. 969. |
| 9317 | T H E E A T D ELPH I |
| 9318 | 199 |
| p. 114 | |
| 9319 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 9320 | oxoXrjs pudXXov ev ¡¡LpXiois noXXoig Kal 7ravToSa7rats |
| 9321 | StarptjSat? evTTopovvrcDV. |
| 9322 | * 0 S' OVV (fiiXoS1 3AlToXX(x)V €OLK€ TOLS pi€V 7T€pl TOV |
| 9323 | F fiiov arroplag laoBai Kal SeaXveiv BepuoTeveov rots |
| 9324 | Xpeopievoeg, ra g Se 7repl tov Xoyov avros evievae |
| 9325 | Kal 7rpof}dXXeiv rep ef>vejei <j>iXoejo<f)ep, rfj *l*vxf}2 ope^iv |
| 9326 | epiTTOLcov aycjyov eirl ttjv aXrjBeiav, ex>g aXXoig re |
| 9327 | 7ToXXolg 8fjX6v eoTi Kal rfj 7repl9 tov el KaBiepeoaei. |
| 9328 | rovro yap eiKog ov Kara tvx?}v oi5S* olov |
| 9329 | oltto |
| 9330 | KXrjpov Teov ypapcpcdrcov povov ev TTpoehpia vrapd |
| 9331 | 385 rep Seep yeveoBai Kal Xafteiv dvaBrjpeaTog rd^iv lepov |
| 9332 | Kal BeapcaTog* aAA* rj Svvapuv avrov Kanhovrag |
| 9333 | IhLav Kal 7repLTT7jv rj ovpipdXep xpco/^eVous* rrpog |
| 9334 | erepdv rt rex)v a£ieov oirovhfjg rovg ev dpxfj 7repl |
| 9335 | rov 9eov ef)iXoero<f>rioavTag, ovreo npoBeoBat,4 |
| 9336 | UoXXaKig ovv aXXore rov Xoyov ev rfj oxoXfj |
| 9337 | rrpofiaXXopLevov |
| 9338 | ¿KKXlvag |
| 9339 | arpepea |
| 9340 | Kal |
| 9341 | napeXBeov, |
| 9342 | evayxog vnto rebv vleov eXrj<f)0r)v £evoig ria l avp- |
| 9343 | <f>t,XoTipLOvpLevog, ovg |
| 9344 | evBvg ¿k AeXef>ex>v |
| 9345 | aTraLpeiv |
| 9346 | peXXovrag ovk rjv ev7rpe7reg irapayeiv ov8e Trapai- |
| 9347 | reZoBai, Travreog aKovoaL rt TrpoBvpovpevovg. |
| 9348 | w ore6 |
| 9349 | B KaBLoag irepl rov veevv ra pev avrog rjp^aprjv £rjTeZv, |
| 9350 | r a 8’ ¿Kelvovg epeorav, vtto tov tottov Kal tojv Xoyeov |
| 9351 | avrebv dvepLinjod'Qv9 a TraXai 7Tore KaB9 ov Kaipov C7r- |
| 9352 | 1 Qiaos'] <f>tXooo<f>os E. Harrison. |
| 9353 | 8 rV faxy seems to be required by ip.iToiu>v9 although some |
| 9354 | construe it differently: rrjs $vxys. |
| 9355 | 3 Reiske would omit irepi. |
| 9356 | 4 Ttpo64a6ai\ most mss. have ixpoaiaQa 1. |
| 9357 | 5 ware F.C .B.: cas 8e. |
| 9358 | 6 avepLvqaOrjv added by Meziriacus. |
| 9359 | * At this time Athens had been for several centuries a |
| 9360 | university city. |
| 9361 | 200 |
| 9362 | THE E AT DELPHI, 384-385 |
| 9363 | city,® but you have also more abundant leisure amid |
| 9364 | many books and all manner of discussions. |
| 9365 | It seems that our beloved Apollo finds a remedy |
| 9366 | and a solution for the problems connected with our |
| 9367 | life by the oracular responses which he gives to those |
| 9368 | who consult him ; but the problems connected with |
| 9369 | our power to reason it seems that he himself launches |
| 9370 | and propounds to him who is by nature inclined to the |
| 9371 | love of knowledge, thus creating in the soul a craving b |
| 9372 | that leads onward to the truth, as is clear in many other |
| 9373 | ways, but particularly in the dedication of the E .c |
| 9374 | For the likelihood is that it was not by chance nor, as |
| 9375 | it were, by lot that this was the only letter that came |
| 9376 | to occupy first place with the god and attained the |
| 9377 | rank of a sacred offering and something worth seeing; |
| 9378 | but it is likely that those who, in the beginning, sought |
| 9379 | after knowledge of the god either discovered some |
| 9380 | peculiar and unusual potency in it or else used it as a |
| 9381 | token with reference to some other of the matters of |
| 9382 | the highest concern, and thus adopted it. |
| 9383 | On many other occasions when the subject had |
| 9384 | been brought up in the school I had quietly turned |
| 9385 | aside from it and passed it over, but recently I was |
| 9386 | unexpectedly discovered by my sons in an animated |
| 9387 | discussion with some strangers, whom, since they |
| 9388 | purposed to leave Delphi immediately, it was not |
| 9389 | seemly to try to divert from the subject, nor was it |
| 9390 | seemly for me to ask to be excused from the dis |
| 9391 | cussion, for they were altogether eager to hear some |
| 9392 | thing about it. I found them seats, therefore, near |
| 9393 | the temple, and I began to seek some answer myself |
| 9394 | and to put questions to them ; influenced as I was by |
| 9395 | the place and the conversation itself, I remembered |
| 9396 | b Cf, Moralia9 673 b. |
| 9397 | e Cf, 426 e , infra. |
| 9398 | 201 |
| p. 115 | |
| 9399 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 9400 | (385) ¿8rjpei |
| 9401 | Nepa/i' rjKovGapcv ’A/x/xanaou Kal tivcov |
| 9402 | aXXcov 8l€^l6vtojv, evravOa |
| 9403 | rrjs |
| 9404 | avrijs |
| 9405 | airoplas |
| 9406 | OfJLOLQJS €jJL77€GOV<7r)S. |
| 9407 | 2. "O n fxkv yap oi>x fjrrov o 0eos (^iXoGocfiOS 1) |
| 9408 | pavTis ¿86k€l1 naoiv opBcos rrpos tovto tcop ovo- |
| 9409 | parcov €Kaorov ’A/x/xcuiaos* rideadat Kal 8t,8doK€LV> |
| 9410 | ws TIvOlos p€V ¿ota, Tots apxopevois /xcu>8av€iv Kal |
| 9411 | 8La7Tvv6dv€G0ai* ArjAcos 8e Kal <&avatos ols 07817 n |
| 9412 | C SrjAovrai Kal V7ro<f>alv€Tai rrjs aArjdelas' 'iGprjvtos |
| 9413 | Se rots I^ouat rrjv ¿THGT'qprjv, Kal Aeoxqvdpios* |
| 9414 | OTav ivepycoGL Kal dnoXavcoGi xpco/xeyot to) Sta- |
| 9415 | Aeyeodai Kal <f>iXoao<f)€tv irpos aKArjXovs* |
| 9416 | " €7rei Se |
| 9417 | TOU (f>iAoGO(f)€LV€<f>rj, “ TO ^TjT€LV OLpxrf> TOV Sc |
| 9418 | £,r)T€LVz to Bavpa^eiv Kal drropetv, cIkotojs r a 7roAAa |
| 9419 | tou^ Tre.pl rov Beov €oik€V aivlypaoi KaraK€Kpv<f)dai> |
| 9420 | Kal Xoyov Tiva 7ro0ow Ta Sta r l Kal SiSacr/caAiar rrjs |
| 9421 | auTLas* olov cm too Trvpos rov adavarov, to /caie- |
| 9422 | a0at pdvov avro0L rcov £vAa>v eXaTqv, Kal 8a(f>vrjv |
| 9423 | imdvpuaGdai, /cat to Svo Molpas lSpvG0at rravraxov |
| 9424 | rpiobv vopui^opbevajv, Kal to p/^Se/xia yuvat/a 7rpo? to |
| 9425 | D XPri° T1^Pl0V ¿tvai npoaeABeiv, Kal to too TpL7ro8os, |
| 9426 | Kal 00a TOiavTa, Tots prj rravTaTTaoiv aXoyois Kal |
| 9427 | aifjvxois v(/>€Lp€va ScAca^ct /cat TrapaKaAet rrpos to |
| 9428 | a/coTTCtt' Tt /cat a/coocto /cat StaAeyeoBai rrepl avTcov. |
| 9429 | 1 «Sofca Turnebus: SokcT. |
| 9430 | 2 Acaxyvopios Xylander: Acaxr)v optos. |
| 9431 | 8 apx^ added by Cobet, rot? 8c |
| 9432 | by Paton; c/. Plato, |
| 9433 | Theaetetus, 155 d. |
| 9434 | 0 C/. 303 a, i/i/m ; Cornutus, chap, xxxii. ; von Arnim, |
| 9435 | Sfoicorum Yeterum Fragmentay i. 543 (p. 123); and “ Apollo ” |
| 9436 | in the Index thereto. |
| 9437 | 202 |
| 9438 | THE E AT DELPHI, 385 |
| 9439 | what, when Nero was here some years ago, I had |
| 9440 | heard Ammonius and others discussing, when the |
| 9441 | same question obtruded itself in a similar way. |
| 9442 | 2. |
| 9443 | That the god is no less a philosopher than a |
| 9444 | prophet Ammonius seemed to all to pos tulate and prove |
| 9445 | correctly, with reference to this or to that one of his |
| 9446 | several titles a ; that he is the “ Pythian ” (Inquirer) |
| 9447 | for those that are beginning to learn and inquire ; |
| 9448 | the “ Delian ” (Clear) and the 4 Phanaean * (Dis |
| 9449 | closing) for those to whom some part of the truth is |
| 9450 | becoming clear and is being disclosed; the * Ismenian *h |
| 9451 | (Knowing) for those who have knowledge ; and the |
| 9452 | “ Leschenorian ” (Conversationalist) when people have |
| 9453 | active enjoyment of conversation and philosophic |
| 9454 | intercourse with one another. |
| 9455 | “ Since,” he went on |
| 9456 | to say, “ inquiry is the beginning of philosophy, and |
| 9457 | wonder and uncertainty the beginning of inquiry,0 it |
| 9458 | seems only natural that the greater part of what |
| 9459 | concerns the god should be concealed in riddles, and |
| 9460 | should call for some account of the wherefore and an |
| 9461 | explanation of its cause. For example, in the case of |
| 9462 | the undying fire, that pine is the only wood burned |
| 9463 | here, while laurel is used for offering incense ; that |
| 9464 | two Fates have statues here/* whereas three is every |
| 9465 | where the customary number; that no womane |
| 9466 | is allowed to approach the prophetic shrine ; the |
| 9467 | matter of the tripod ; and the other questions of |
| 9468 | this nature, when they are suggested to persons who |
| 9469 | are not altogether without mind and reason, act as a |
| 9470 | lure and an invitation to investigate, to read, and to |
| 9471 | b Plutarch’s attempt to connect Ismenian with 18- (of8a) |
| 9472 | can hardly be right. |
| 9473 | c Cf. Plato, Theaetetus, 155 d. |
| 9474 | d Cf. Pausanias, x. 24. 4. |
| 9475 | e Of. Euripides, Ion, 222. |
| 9476 | 203 |
| p. 116 | |
| 9477 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 9478 | (385) opa 8e |
| 9479 | K ai r a v r l r a npoypdfip,ara, ro * yvcodi |
| 9480 | aavrov 9 K ai ro |
| 9481 | * firjSev |
| 9482 | ayav,' |
| 9483 | oaas |
| 9484 | Įflrrjcreis |
| 9485 | K€Kivr)K€ (¡>iAoa6(Į>ovs K ai ooov Aoycov nArjOos a<Į>’ |
| 9486 | eK aarov Kaūanep ano anepparos avanecf>VKev* ojv |
| 9487 | ov8evos fjrro v oipiai yovipiov Aoycov1 2 eivai ro vvv |
| 9488 | t^rovpevov 99 |
| 9489 | 3. Flnovros 8e ra v ra rov 'AjJLjJLcnvlov, A ajinpiaę |
| 9490 | o a8eAc/)os elne “ Kai pirjv ov rjpieis aKrjKoapiev Aoyov |
| 9491 | anAovs ris ¿orrt Kai KopuSfj fipayvs. |
| 9492 | Aeyovai yap |
| 9493 | E eKeivovs rovs cro(Į>ovs vn* evicov Se cro<Į)i(jrds npoo- |
| 9494 | ayopevOevras avrovs pi^v eivai nevre, XiAcora Kai |
| 9495 | 0aA |
| 9496 | fjv Kai SoAcuva Kai TSlavra Kai EtirraKov* ¿nei |
| 9497 | 8e KAeo/JouAoę o A iv8icov rvpavvos, €ira Uepiav- |
| 9498 | 8pos o lAopivdios, ov8ev avrois aperrjs perov ov8e |
| 9499 | oo<f>ias, aAAa 8vvapiei Kai <f>lAois Kai |
| 9500 | icara- |
| 9501 | jSta^opievoi rrjv 86£av, evefšaAov eis rovvopia rcov |
| 9502 | ao<f>wv Kai n v a s yvcopas Kai A |
| 9503 | oyovs e£enep,nov Kai |
| 9504 | 8ieanetpov eis rrjv 'EAAaSa rois vn9 ¿Kelvojv A |
| 9505 | eyo- |
| 9506 | pevois opiolovs• 8vax^pavavras apa rovs av8pas |
| 9507 | eįe\eyxew /zev ovk eOeAeiv rrjv aAa^ovelav ov8e |
| 9508 | F <j)avep<A)s vnep 8o£rjs anex9dvea0ai Kai 8ta/xa^ea0at |
| 9509 | n pos avOpconovs pieya 8vvapbevovs, evravOa 8 e <jv v - |
| 9510 | eAOovras |
| 9511 | avrovs |
| 9512 | KaQ* |
| 9513 | avrovs |
| 9514 | Kai 8iaAex0evras |
| 9515 | aAArjAois> avaOeivai rcov ypapiparcov o rfj re ra £ei |
| 9516 | nepn ro v earl Kai rov dpidpiov r a nevre 8rjXol, |
| 9517 | paprvpopievovs piev vnep avrcov npos rov deov ori |
| 9518 | t |
| 9519 | y |
| 9520 | * |
| 9521 | t |
| 9522 | \ |
| 9523 | « A P |
| 9524 | \ |
| 9525 | \ |
| 9526 | V |
| 9527 | 2 |
| 9528 | * |
| 9529 | nevr eteri, rov o epoopov Kai rov eKrov anonoiov- |
| 9530 | pevovs Kai anopdAAovras d>s ov npoorjKovras a v |
| 9531 | rois. |
| 9532 | ori 89 ovk ano OKonov ra v ra Aeyerai, yvoirj |
| 9533 | ris av aKovaas rcov Kara ro lepov ro pev xpvoovv ei |
| 9534 | 1 A oyaiv M a d v ig j A oyov. |
| 9535 | 2 t ov Be €ktov Kai tov e^Bofiov Reiske. |
| 9536 | 204 |
| 9537 | THE E AT DELPHI, 385 |
| 9538 | talk about them. |
| 9539 | Note also these inscriptions a here, |
| 9540 | ‘ Know thyself* and ‘ Avoid extremes,* how many |
| 9541 | philosophic inquiries have they set on foot, and what |
| 9542 | a horde of discourses has sprung up from each, as |
| 9543 | from a seed ! |
| 9544 | And no less productive of discourse |
| 9545 | than any one of them, as I think, is the present subject |
| 9546 | of inquiry.** |
| 9547 | 3. |
| 9548 | When Ammonius had said this, Lamprias, my |
| 9549 | brother, said, “ As a matter of fact, the account that |
| 9550 | we have heard is simple and quite brief. |
| 9551 | For they |
| 9552 | say that those wise men who by some are called |
| 9553 | the * Sophists * were actually five in number : Chilon, |
| 9554 | Thales, Solon, Bias, and Pittacus. |
| 9555 | But when Cleo- |
| 9556 | bulus, the despot of the Lindians, and later Periander |
| 9557 | of Corinth, who had no part or portion in virtue or |
| 9558 | wisdom, but forcibly acquired their repute through |
| 9559 | power and friends and favours, invaded this name of |
| 9560 | the Wise Men, and sent out and circulated throughout |
| 9561 | Greece certain sentiments and sayings very similar |
| 9562 | to those famous utterances of the Wise Men, these, |
| 9563 | naturally, did not like this at all, but were loath to |
| 9564 | expose the imposture or to arouse open hatred over |
| 9565 | a question of repute, or to carry through a contest |
| 9566 | against such powerful men ; they met here by them |
| 9567 | selves and, after conferring together, dedicated that |
| 9568 | one of the letters which is fifth in alphabetical order |
| 9569 | and which stands for the number five, thus testifying |
| 9570 | for themselves before the god that they were five, |
| 9571 | and renouncing and rejecting the seventh and the |
| 9572 | sixth as having no connexion with themselves. |
| 9573 | That |
| 9574 | this account is not beside the mark anyone may |
| 9575 | realize who has heard those connected with the shrine |
| 9576 | ° Of. Moralia% 164 b , 408 e , 511 a . |
| 9577 | 205 |
| p. 117 | |
| 9578 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 9579 | At fi las rrjs K aiaapoę yvvaiKos ovopta^ovrcov, to 8e |
| 9580 | 386 x a^K°^v *A8r)vala)w to 8e npcorov Kai 7raAatorarov |
| 9581 | rfj S* ovalą £vAtvov ert vvv rcov ao<Į>tov KaAovatv, |
| 9582 | d)9 ovx ¿vos aAAa kolvov avadrjĮia rrdvroxv yevo- |
| 9583 | Įievov.” |
| 9584 | 4. |
| 9585 | * 0 įiev ovv 9A įjlįuvvcos ¿¡vvyfj 8tepiei8laaev, |
| 9586 | VTTOvorjaas |
| 9587 | 18lą roy AaįiTrplav 86įrj |
| 9588 | Kexpfjadat, |
| 9589 | rrAdrreoOai 8* laroptav Kai aKoiįv ¿repcov rrpos r o |
| 9590 | avvrrevdvvov. |
| 9591 | erepos 84 rts 4<Į>rj rcov Trapdvrcov cbs |
| 9592 | op, o ta ra v r ¿artu ots rrpoyrjv o XaASatos’ ¿<Į)Avdpei |
| 9593 | įevos, ¿ittcl įjtev elvat ra (f>a>vr}v I8lav acf>tevra icov |
| 9594 | ypapipidrcov, ¿Trrd 8e rovs Ktvyjatv auTOTeAi? Kai |
| 9595 | aavvSerov ¿v ovpavcp Ktvovptevovs d a r ¿pas • elvat |
| 9596 | oe rr\ ra ęet oevrepov ro r et ro)v <pcovr)evrcov air |
| 9597 | dpx?]S Kai rov jįAtov arro aeArjvrjs rd)v TrAavrjrcov |
| 9598 | rjAlo) 8* ’ArroAAcova rov avrov tbs 4ttos ehretv iravras |
| 9599 | EjAArjvas vofxt^etv. |
| 9600 | aAAa r a v n p,ev, |
| 9601 | ecpi7, |
| 9602 | rravra- |
| 9603 | Traatv ¿k nlvaKos Kai nvAalas.*' |
| 9604 | * 0 Se Aapnrplas eAadev, cos* eotKe, rovs a<Į>9 tepov |
| 9605 | Ktvr^aas cm rov avrov Aoyov. |
| 9606 | d ptev yap ¿Ketuos |
| 9607 | elnev, ov8els ¿ylyvcooKe AeA<Į>tbv rrjv 8e Kotvrjv Kai |
| 9608 | TreptrjyrjrtKrjv 8o£av eis ro pteaov 7rpofįyov, ovre rrjv |
| 9609 | 01Įftv a£iovvres ovre rov <Į)66yyov aAAa rovvopta |
| 9610 | įiovov rov ypaptytaros ¿X€LV Tt vvpifioAov. |
| 9611 | (5.) “ eart |
| 9612 | yap, cbs vrroAaĮifidvovoL AeA(f>ol/> Kai1 r or e2 7rpo- |
| 9613 | C rjyopcov eAeye Nt/cai/Spos o lepevs, “ axijįia* Kai |
| 9614 | Įjbop(j)7j rrjs rrpos rov Oeov ¿vrevįecos, Kai raįjtv |
| 9615 | 1 *ai del. Stegmann. |
| 9616 | 2 Kai Tore Wyttcnbach : Kai r e or ye. |
| 9617 | 3 apj/x a Mezil iaciiS: ayr//xa. |
| 9618 | a Cf. Moralia, 1130 a or 331 f , supra, or 303 c, infra. |
| 9619 | 206 |
| 9620 | THE E AT DELPHI, 385-386 |
| 9621 | naming the golden E the E of Li via, Caesar s wife, |
| 9622 | and the bronze E the E of the Athenians, while the |
| 9623 | first and oldest one, made of wood, they still call to |
| 9624 | this day the E of the Wise Men, as though it were an |
| 9625 | offering, not of one man, but of all the Wise Men in |
| 9626 | common.” |
| 9627 | 4. |
| 9628 | Ammonias smiled quietly, suspecting privately |
| 9629 | that Lamprias had been indulging in a mere opinion |
| 9630 | of his own and was fabricating history and tradition |
| 9631 | regarding a matter in which he could not be held |
| 9632 | to account. |
| 9633 | Someone else among those present said |
| 9634 | that all this was similar to the nonsense which the |
| 9635 | Chaldean visitor had uttered a short time before: |
| 9636 | that there are seven vowels in the alphabet and seven |
| 9637 | stars that have an independent and unconstrained |
| 9638 | motion ; that E is the second in order of the vowels |
| 9639 | from the beginning, and the sun the second planet after |
| 9640 | the moon, and that practically all the Greeks identify |
| 9641 | Apollo with the Sun.a |
| 9642 | ‘‘But all this,” said he, “ has |
| 9643 | its source in slate and prate b and in nothing else.” |
| 9644 | Apparently Lamprias had unwittingly stirred up |
| 9645 | the persons connected with the temple against his |
| 9646 | remarks. |
| 9647 | For what he had said no one of the Del- |
| 9648 | phians knew anything about; but they were used to |
| 9649 | bring forward the commonly accepted opinion which |
| 9650 | the guides give, holding it to be right that neither the |
| 9651 | appearance nor the sound of the letter has any cryptic |
| 9652 | meaning, but only its name. |
| 9653 | (5.) “ For it is, as the |
| 9654 | Delphians assume,”— and on this occasion Nicander, |
| 9655 | the priest, spoke for them and said, “ the figure and |
| 9656 | form of the consultation of the god, and it holds the |
| 9657 | * An expression as obscure in the Greek as in the English. |
| 9658 | It means, apparently,4i idle talk.** |
| 9659 | Cf. S. A. Naber, Mnemo |
| 9660 | syne, xxviii. (1900) p. 134. |
| 9661 | 207 |
| p. 118 | |
| 9662 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 9663 | (386) 7]y€ĮX°VlK7]V ¿.V TOtS* CptOT^piaGiV €%€l TtOV )(p(OĮl€VQ)V |
| 9664 | ¿KaGTOTC Kai 8ia7rvv0avopiev(ov ei |
| 9665 | vlk^govglv, et |
| 9666 | yapafjGovGiv, et Gvpitj)epei irAelv, et yecopyeiv, et ¿770- |
| 9667 | SrjpieZv. |
| 9668 | tols 8 e StaAe/crt/cots* \aLpeiv eAeye Gotuos |
| 9669 | cov o c/eos*, ouoev oiopievois |
| 9670 | €K to v |
| 9671 | et Įiopiov Kai |
| 9672 | ro v p e r* a v ro v a^uL piaros TTpaypia y iy v eo d a i, Traaas |
| 9673 | r a s ep tO T r ĮG e is V T T o je r a y p L e v a ę to tirą) /cat vocov cos* |
| 9674 | Trpdypiara Kai rrpootepievos. |
| 9675 | errel S* lScov to epto- |
| 9676 | Tav tos p b d v T iv ¿g t Iv rjpuv Kai to et^ea^at kolvov |
| 9677 | cbs 7 |
| 9678 | Tpos deov, OVX rįTTOV OlOVTai T7)S 7TeVGTLKrjs TTįV |
| 9679 | D evKTLKTjv to y p a rp ia Trepiex^iv Svvapav9 ‘ et y a p |
| 9680 | axf>eXov9 <Į)7]g Iv eK aoTos Ttbv ev^opLevtov, Kai ’A /r^ t- |
| 9681 | Ao^os* |
| 9682 | et y a p tos2 epuol y ¿volto X€bPa NeojSotiA^s* 0tyeZv. |
| 9683 | Kai |
| 9684 | TOU |
| 9685 | * €L0€ 9 |
| 9686 | T7JV |
| 9687 | SčVTCpaV |
| 9688 | GvXAaf3rjV* |
| 9689 | 770p- |
| 9690 | eA/cecr0at <f>aGiv, olov to 2 co<Į>povos |
| 9691 | a/za TeKvcov 6rjv 8evo pieva9 |
| 9692 | Kai to *OpurjpiKov |
| 9693 | tos Or]v Kai gov eyoj Avoto pievos* |
| 9694 | « |
| 9695 | < |
| 9696 | »; |
| 9697 | ev4 8e Ttp |
| 9698 | et |
| 9699 | ro |
| 9700 | evKTiKov |
| 9701 | K ai |
| 9702 | arroxp^VTCOs |
| 9703 | SrjAovadai.” |
| 9704 | 6. |
| 9705 | Taura rou Ni/cav8pou SieA0ovTO9> otada yap |
| 9706 | 8rj ©etom rov eraZpov, rjpeTO to v *A.p,pubviov ei |
| 9707 | 1 oioĮi€vois Xylander: oi¿¡ievos. |
| 9708 | 2 coy Wyttenbach: <bs. |
| 9709 | 3 Bernardakis would add c o a n e p koX t o Ot jv after ovXXaPrjv. |
| 9710 | 4 €v] eu Michael. |
| 9711 | 0 |
| 9712 | C/*. the long list of questions thus introduced in Hunt |
| 9713 | 208 |
| 9714 | THE E AT DELPHI, 386 |
| 9715 | first place in every question of those who consult the |
| 9716 | oracle and inquire if they shall be victorious, if they |
| 9717 | shall marry, if it is to their advantage to sail the sea, |
| 9718 | if to take to farming, if to go abroad.0 But the god in |
| 9719 | his wisdom bade a long farewell to the logicians who |
| 9720 | think that nothing real comes out of the particle 4 if ' |
| 9721 | combined with what the consultant thinks proper to |
| 9722 | undertake, for the god conceives of all the inquiries |
| 9723 | subjoined to this as real things and welcomes them as |
| 9724 | such. And since to inquire from him as from a pro |
| 9725 | phet is our individual prerogative, but to pray to him |
| 9726 | as to a god is common to all, they think that the |
| 9727 | particle contains an optative force no less than an |
| 9728 | interrogative. |
| 9729 | 4 If only I could,' is the regular |
| 9730 | expression of a wish, and Archilochus b says, |
| 9731 | If to me it might be granted Neobule’s hand to touch. |
| 9732 | And in using 4 if only ' they assert that the second |
| 9733 | word |
| 9734 | is |
| 9735 | added |
| 9736 | unnecessarily, |
| 9737 | like |
| 9738 | Sophron'se |
| 9739 | 4 surely *: |
| 9740 | Surely in want of children as well. |
| 9741 | This is found also in Homer d |
| 9742 | Since I surely shall break your might |
| 9743 | but, as they assert, the optative force is adequately |
| 9744 | indicated by the 4 if.' ” |
| 9745 | 6. When Nicander had expounded all this, my |
| 9746 | friend Theon, whom I presume you know, asked |
| 9747 | and Edgar, Select Papyri (in the L.C.L.), i. pp. 436-438 |
| 9748 | (nos. 193-195). |
| 9749 | b Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graec. ii. p. 402, Archilochus, no. 71; |
| 9750 | or Edmonds, Elegy and Iambus (L.C.L.), ii. p. 134. |
| 9751 | e Kaibel, Comic. Graec. Frag. p. 160, Sophron, no. 36. |
| 9752 | d II. xvii. 29. |
| 9753 | 209 |
| p. 119 | |
| 9754 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 9755 | SiaXeKnKrj Trapped las p e r ea n v ovra> TTepLvfipiapie- |
| 9756 | E reus1 aK7)Kovia' rov 8’ 5AppcovLov Xeyecv rrapa- |
| 9757 | KeXevopevoV Kal fiorjdeiv, “ aAA |
| 9758 | o rt p ev ,” €<£77, |
| 9759 | “ SiaAeKriKcvraros o 6e6s ea n v , ol noXXol rcbv |
| 9760 | Xpyvpcov SrjXovcnv rov yap avrov SrjnovOev ¿ a n |
| 9761 | Kal Xvew Kal ttolzlv apiptfioAias. |
| 9762 | e n S’, (varrep |
| 9763 | HXarcov ¿Xeye, xg^oyxou 8odevros |
| 9764 | ottojs rov ¿v |
| 9765 | A t/Ao) ficopov hi7TAaoLaa(A)Giv, o rrjs aKpas e^ec09 |
| 9766 | 7T€pl yevoperplav epyov i otlv, ov rovro rrpoararreiv |
| 9767 | rov Oeov aXXa yecoperpelv2 SiaKeAeveaOai rots* "EA- |
| 9768 | Xrjaiv ovtojs apa xp-qopLOvs ap<pifi6Aovs ¿Kcpepcov o |
| 9769 | F deos av£ei Kal avviarr^aL hiaAektlktjv d)$ avayKalav |
| 9770 | roZs peXXovaiv opQu)s avrov avv'qaeiv. |
| 9771 | ev Se Sia- |
| 9772 | AeKriKr} hrjTTov peylarrjv eyec Svvapiv o avva7rnKos |
| 9773 | ovroal avvSeapos, a re Sfj ro XoytKcorarov cry7]“ |
| 9774 | parl^cov a^lcopa9 770)9 yap ov roiovro ro ovv- |
| 9775 | rjppevov, el ye rrjs pev vrrap^eojs rcbv rrpaypdrcov |
| 9776 | eyei Kal r a drjpla yvcbaiv, ¿KoXovdov Se Oecoplav |
| 9777 | Kal KpLow dvdpcbrrcp povcp rrapaSeSojKev rj (pvais; |
| 9778 | o n yap |
| 9779 | ijpepa |
| 9780 | Kai |
| 9781 | (pcos ea n v |
| 9782 | aiauavovrai |
| 9783 | ool otjttov Kai Avkol Kat Kvves Kat opvtues* o n o |
| 9784 | et |
| 9785 | rjpepa, <pcbs ea n v * ovSev aAAo avvlrjai 7tXtjv av- |
| 9786 | dpamos, rjyovpevov Kal Xrjyovros epepaaeevs re Kal |
| 9787 | avvaprrjaeajs rovrcov 77/309 aXXr]Xa Kal cr^ecrecos Kal |
| 9788 | Siacpopas povos eycov evvoiav, e£ cvv al a7roSei£ei$ |
| 9789 | rfjv KvpLCorarrjv apX7)v Aapjidvovaiv. |
| 9790 | in el roLvvv |
| 9791 | <pcAoao<pia pev e a n rrepl aAijOecav, aArjdeias Se |
| 9792 | 1 |
| 9793 | 7T€pa»/3pta/xeVio9 F.C.B. i 7T€pwpptGfjL€vjj (Blass would add Kal |
| 9794 | KCLKuts before ¿.ktjkovig.). |
| 9795 | 2 Kal yetopeT peiv in most mss. |
| 9796 | 0 Cf. Moralia, 579 b-d ; and on the doubling of the cube, |
| 9797 | T. L. Heath, A Manual of Greek Mathematics (Oxford, |
| 9798 | 1931), pp. 154-170. |
| 9799 | 210 |
| 9800 | THE E AT DELPHI, 386-387 |
| 9801 | Ammonius if Logical Reason had any rights in free |
| 9802 | speech, after being spoken of in such a very insulting |
| 9803 | manner. |
| 9804 | And when Ammonius urged him to speak |
| 9805 | and come to her assistance, he said, “ That the god |
| 9806 | is a most logical reasoner the great m ajority of his |
| 9807 | oracles show clearly ; for surely it is the function of |
| 9808 | the same person both to solve and to invent ambigui |
| 9809 | ties. |
| 9810 | M oreover, as Plato said, when an oracle was |
| 9811 | given th at they should double the size of the altar at |
| 9812 | Delos a (a task requiring the highest skill in geo |
| 9813 | m etry), it was not this that the god was enjoining, |
| 9814 | but he was urging the Greeks to study geom etry. |
| 9815 | And so, in the same way, when the god gives out |
| 9816 | ambiguous oracles, he is promoting and organizing |
| 9817 | logical reasoning as indispensable for those wrho are |
| 9818 | to apprehend his meaning aright. |
| 9819 | Certainly in logic |
| 9820 | this copulative conjunction has the greatest force, |
| 9821 | inasmuch as it clearly gives us our most logical form, |
| 9822 | the syllogism. |
| 9823 | Must not the character of the hypo |
| 9824 | thetical syllogism be of this s o r t: granted that even |
| 9825 | wild animals have apperception of the existence of |
| 9826 | things, yet to man alone has Nature given the power |
| 9827 | to observe and judge the consequences ? |
| 9828 | That ‘ it is |
| 9829 | day * and that ‘ it is light ’ assuredly wolves and dogs |
| 9830 | and birds perceive by their senses ; but ‘ if it is day, |
| 9831 | then it is light,* no creature other than man appre |
| 9832 | hends,6 for he alone has a concept of antecedent and |
| 9833 | consequent, of apparent implication and connexion of |
| 9834 | these things one with another, and their relations and |
| 9835 | differences, from which our demonstrations derive |
| 9836 | their most authoritative inception. Since, then, philo |
| 9837 | sophy is concerned with truth, and the illumina- |
| 9838 | b Cf. von Arnim, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, ii. 216 |
| 9839 | (p. 70) and 239 (p. 78). |
| 9840 | 211 |
| p. 120 | |
| 9841 | PLUTARCH’S MORALIA |
| 9842 | (387) <f>(bs arróSei^is, arroSei^ecjs 8* apXT] T° avvrjpLpievov t |
| 9843 | elk Ótcús rj rovro ow e^ovaa Kal rrocovaa Svvapiis |
| 9844 | V7TO |
| 9845 | ao<f>cov |
| 9846 | ávSpcov |
| 9847 | rw |
| 9848 | piáXiara |
| 9849 | rrjv |
| 9850 | aXrjOeiav |
| 9851 | rjyarTrjKori deep KadiepeóOrj. |
| 9852 | B |
| 9853 | “ Kat puexvris piev o Beos piavriKrj Se réyvrj 7repl ro |
| 9854 | pieXXov €K réov 7rapóvreov rj 7rapepxrjpi¿veov. |
| 9855 | ovSevos |
| 9856 | yap ovr |
| 9857 | ávalnos rj y ¿veáis ovr* áXoyos rj rrpo- |
| 9858 | yveoais' aAA> errel rreívra rois yeyovoai ra yiyvo- |
| 9859 | pieva ra re yevrjaójaeva rois yiyvopiévois errerai kcll |
| 9860 | avvrjprrjr ai Kara 8ie£oSov ¿ 77’ |
| 9861 | apXV$ |
| 9862 | t ¿Xos |
| 9863 | rrepalvovaav, o ras a Irlas €is ravró avvSeiv re npós |
| 9864 | aXXrjXa Kal ovp,rrX¿Ket,v <f>vaiKéos emarelpievos olSe |
| 9865 | Kal rrpoXeyeiv |
| 9866 | ra r eóvra ra r eaaápieva 7rp¿ r eóvra. |
| 9867 | Kal KaXa>s "Opsrjpos 7rpcbrov era^e r a Trapóvra eirá |
| 9868 | ro piéXXov Kal ro Trapcpxyipiévov airó yap rov ovr os |
| 9869 | o avXXoyiapios Kara rrjv rov avvrjpip,evov Svvapuv, |
| 9870 | eos |
| 9871 | ei roo |
| 9872 | e o n , rooe rrporjyrjrai, |
| 9873 | Kai iraKiv |
| 9874 | ei |
| 9875 | C toS’ ea rl, ro Se y evrjaer a i! |
| 9876 | ro yap re^viKOV Kal |
| 9877 | XoyiKov warrep eiprjrai yvéoais aKoXovBias, rrjv Se |
| 9878 | 7rp¿aXrjifjiv rj aiaOrjais reo Xóyep SISeoaiv. |
| 9879 | oOev, el |
| 9880 | Kal yXíaxpov2 elireiv, o v k a7roarpéxpopiai rovrov elvai |
| 9881 | rov rrjs áXrjdelas rpi7roSa rov Xóyov, os rrjv rov |
| 9882 | Xrjyovros 7Tpos ro 7Tporjyovpievov aKoXovdíav dépuevos |
| 9883 | eirá TTpoaXafitüv rrjv vrcapi~iv érrdyei ro avpnrepaapia |
| 9884 | rrjs arroSel^ecos. |
| 9885 | rov ovv TivBiov, el Srj piovaiKfj 0’8 |
| 9886 | 1 iTpor¡yr¡Tai H. Richards: 7rporjy€irat. |
| 9887 | 2 yXLaxpov Wyttenbach : aloxpov. |
| 9888 | 3 pLOvottcrj 6’] p.ovoiKf¡ T€p7T¿p.€vos P. Maas. |
| 9889 | 212 |
| 9890 | ° Homer, II. i. 70. |
| 9891 | THE E AT DELPHI, 387 |
| 9892 | tion of truth is demonstration, and the inception of |
| 9893 | demonstration is the hypothetical syllogism, then with |
| 9894 | good reason the potent element that effects the con |
| 9895 | nexion and produces this was consecrated by wise |
| 9896 | men to the god who is, above all, a lover of the truth. |
| 9897 | “ The god,moreover, is a prophet, and the prophetic |
| 9898 | art concerns the future that is to result from things |
| 9899 | present and past. |
| 9900 | For there is nothing of which |
| 9901 | either the origin is without cause or the foreknow |
| 9902 | ledge thereof without reason ; but since all present |
| 9903 | events follow in close conjunction with past events, |
| 9904 | and all future events follow in close conjunction with |
| 9905 | present events, in accordance with a regular pro |
| 9906 | cedure which brings them to fulfilment from begin |
| 9907 | ning to end, he wrho understands, in consonance |
| 9908 | with Nature, how to fathom the connexions and |
| 9909 | interrelations of the causes one with another knows |
| 9910 | and can declare |
| 9911 | What now is, and in future shall be, and has been of afore |
| 9912 | time.0 |
| 9913 | Very excellently did Homer place first in order the |
| 9914 | present, then the future and the past, for the syllogism |
| 9915 | based on hypothesis has its source in what is ; for |
| 9916 | example, * if this is, then that has preceded,’ and |
| 9917 | again, ‘ if this is, then that shall be.’ |
| 9918 | The technical |
| 9919 | and rational element here, as has been stated, is the |
| 9920 | knowledge of consequences ; but the senses provide |
| 9921 | the argument with its premise. |
| 9922 | Therefore, even if |
| 9923 | it be a poor thing to say, I shall not be turned aside |
| 9924 | from saying it, that this is the tripod of truth, namely, |
| 9925 | argument, which lays down the consequent relation |
| 9926 | of the conclusion to the antecedent, and then, pre |
| 9927 | mising the existent condition, induces the completion |
| 9928 | of the demonstration. |
| 9929 | Therefore, if the Pythian god |
| 9930 | 213 |
| p. 121 | |
| 9931 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 9932 | (387) rjSerat Kai kvkvcov <f>covals Kai KiOdpas iĮj6(Į>ols, r i |
| 9933 | davįiaardv ¿ a n StaAeKTLKrjs <f)tAla t o v t |
| 9934 | do nate- |
| 9935 | I) adai to v Aoyov to pepos Kai dyarrav, <L pdAtcrTa |
| 9936 | Kai rrAe loreo rrpooypcopevovs opą rovę <f>iXoo6(f>ovs ; |
| 9937 | “ f0 S’ 'HpaKArjs, OV7TOJ tov HpoprjOea XeXvKOJS |
| 9938 | ov8e tols rrepl tov Xelpcova Kai "A rA avra oo<Į>i(JTaZs |
| 9939 | Sl€lAeypevos aXAd veos cov Kal Kopu8rj Boiam os“, |
| 9940 | avaipcov rrjv SiaAeKTLKrjv K ai KarayeXcbv rov * et |
| 9941 | TO 7Tp(OTOV TO S€VT€pOV,* VTTOOTTaV |
| 9942 | eS o £ e ßiOL TOV |
| 9943 | TpL7ro8a Kai Sta/xa^ecr^at 7Tpos tov deov vrrep Trjs |
| 9944 | T€yV7JS, €77€t 7TpOL<OV y€ TCp XP°VCP KaL OVTOS €OLK€ |
| 9945 | pbavTLKCūTaTos opov yeveodac Kai SiaAeKTiKcbraTos ’ * |
| 9946 | 7. riauo-a/xeVou Se tov Qecovos, Eucrrpo^oy ’AÖt)- |
| 9947 | vaTov otpai tov elrrovTa elvaL rrpos rjpas, “ opas, |
| 9948 | E cos dpvvei Tjj SiaAe/cn/a} Qecov 7rpoOvpcos, povovov |
| 9949 | TTJV AčOVTrįv ¿TT€v8vadpL€VOS; OVTOJS1 ov8* rjpas TOVs |
| 9950 | TravTa ovXXrjß8r]v rrpdypaTa Kal <f>vo€is Kal apxas |
| 9951 | de tcov o/xou Kal avdpcorrelcov ev aptūpto rtOepevovs, |
| 9952 | Kal 770Au paAioTa tcov kaXtbv Kal rcplcov tovtov |
| 9953 | rjyepova rroiovpevovs Kal Kvpiov, etKos2 r]ovxiav |
| 9954 | ayeiv aAA’ drrdp^aodai tco Oeco Trjs <f>iXr]s padrj- |
| 9955 | pariKrjs, avTO pev etfi* eavTov pryre 8vvapec prfre |
| 9956 | popurį pLTjT€ tco prjpaTL to et tcov aXXcov otolx^lcov |
| 9957 | Sta<f>epetv rjyovpevovs, cos Se peydXov 77pos |
| 9958 | tol |
| 9959 | oXa Kal Kvpiov orjpeiov aptOpov TeTiprjoOai Trjs |
| 9960 | 1 ovrois Wyttenbach: ovttco. |
| 9961 | 2 «Vos* Turnebus: etScus. |
| 9962 | 0 The Greek equivalent of “ Philistine.*’ |
| 9963 | 6 Cf. Moralia, 413 a, 557 c, 560 d ; Pausanias, x. 13. 4 ; |
| 9964 | Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, ii. 6. 2 (with Frazer’s note in L.C.L. |
| 9965 | edition); Roscher, Lexikon der gr. und röm. Mythologie, |
| 9966 | 214 |
| 9967 | THE E AT DELPHI, 387 |
| 9968 | plainly finds pleasure in music and the songs of swans |
| 9969 | and the sound of lyres, what wonder is it that, because |
| 9970 | of his fondness for logical reasoning, he should wel |
| 9971 | come and love that portion of discourse of which he |
| 9972 | observes philosophers making the most particular and |
| 9973 | the most constant use ? |
| 9974 | “ Heracles, before he had released Prometheus or |
| 9975 | had conversed with the sophists that were associated |
| 9976 | with Cheiron and Atlas, when he was young and a |
| 9977 | thorough Boeotian,0 would do away with logical |
| 9978 | reasoning ; . he ridiculed the ‘ if the first, then the |
| 9979 | second,' and resolved to carry off the tripod by force b |
| 9980 | and fight it out with the god over his art ; since, at |
| 9981 | any rate, as he advanced in years, he also appears to |
| 9982 | have become most skilled in prophecy and in logic." |
| 9983 | 7. |
| 9984 | When Theon ceased, Eustrophus the Athenian, |
| 9985 | I think it was, said to us in answer, “ Do you see |
| 9986 | how zealously Theon defends logic, all but arraying |
| 9987 | himself in the lion's skin ? |
| 9988 | Under such conditions, |
| 9989 | we who repose in the Theory of Numbers all affairs |
| 9990 | together, natures and principles of things divine and |
| 9991 | human alike, and make this theory far above all else |
| 9992 | our guide and authority in all that is beautiful and |
| 9993 | valuable, should not be likely to hold our peace, but |
| 9994 | to offer to the god the first-fruits of our beloved |
| 9995 | mathematics, believing, as we do, that, taken by |
| 9996 | itself, E is not unlike the other letters either in power |
| 9997 | or in form or as a spoken word, but that it has come |
| 9998 | to be held in honour as the symbol of a great and |
| 9999 | sovereign number, the pempad, from which the wise |
| 10000 | i. p. 2213 ; Baumeister, Denkmäler des klassischen Alter |
| 10001 | tums, i. p. 463 ff. |
| 10002 | The attempt of Heracles to carry off |
| 10003 | the tripod is represented on the treasury of the Siphnians |
| 10004 | in the Museum at Delphi. |
| 10005 | 215 |
| p. 122 | |
| 10006 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 10007 | •nepnahos, a(f)y ov to apiOpeiv o i oo(Į>ol nepTra^eiv |
| 10008 | F wvopa^ov.*1 |
| 10009 | ia v r a oe TTpoę rjpas eAeyev ov Trai^cvv o bu- |
| 10010 | OTpoĄos, aAA* |
| 10011 | enel TTįViKavra TrpooeKeiprjv ro lę |
| 10012 | paOr^paoiv epiraQais, ra^a S771 peAAcvv eis 7ravT<x |
| 10013 | Tiprjcreiv to |
| 10014 | pr]dev ayav |
| 10015 | ev |
| 10016 | A K aorjpeia yevo- |
| 10017 | pevos. |
| 10018 | 8. E ittof ouf KaXkiOTa tov E uctTpo<į>ov t w d p i- |
| 10019 | / ) |
| 10020 | A |
| 10021 | \ / |
| 10022 | \ |
| 10023 | J |
| 10024 | / |
| 10025 | i ( |
| 10026 | J |
| 10027 | \ |
| 10028 | upcp Avė iv Ti]v a7Topiav. |
| 10029 | errei ya/), |
| 10030 | €9171/, |
| 10031 | €l£ |
| 10032 | to |
| 10033 | apTiov |
| 10034 | veveprjpevov |
| 10035 | ttclvtos |
| 10036 | apiOpov |
| 10037 | K ai |
| 10038 | to |
| 10039 | 388 TrtpiTTOv rj plev povas ap<f>oTepa)v eniKoįvos eoTi T77 |
| 10040 | hvvapei, Si o /cai TrpooTiOepevrj tov pev nepiTTOv |
| 10041 | apiOpov dpTiov n oiei tov 8’ apTiov 7repiTT0V' apyr]v |
| 10042 | Se rou pev apTiov tol Šuo tou Sc rrepiTTOv ra Tpla |
| 10043 | TToiovvTai, t d S e 7reVre yevvaTai tovtojv it pas aA- |
| 10044 | AtįAovs peiyvvpevcov, 6Ikotojs eo’^ /c e Tiprjv TrpooTos |
| 10045 | ¿k TrpcoTcov arroTeAovpevos, K ai * yapos 9 ¿TrcovopaoTai |
| 10046 | T jj to v apTiov rrpos to dfįAv rrepiTTOV S5 au 7rpos* |
| 10047 | to appev opoioT7]Ti% |
| 10048 | Tais yap eis 10a Topais tcov |
| 10049 | apiOpcdv, o pev apTios TrdvTjj huorapevos įm oKelirei |
| 10050 | Tiva SeKTiK7jv dpxrjv olov ev eavTiį) K ai %copav, cf |
| 10051 | g Se tw nepiTTto to a vto TradovTi peoov del 7repleoTi |
| 10052 | rrjs vepijaew s yovipov2* ff yovipcoTepos eoTi to v |
| 10053 | eTepovy K ai peiyvvpevos del KpaTei, KpaTeiTai S’ |
| 10054 | ovSenoTe• ylyveTai yap ec; dp<f>oiv KaT* ovhepiav |
| 10055 | 1 hrj Wyttenbach : he. |
| 10056 | 2 yoviįLov] Įiopiov Emperius. |
| 10057 | 0 |
| 10058 | That is, by counting on the fingers : cf. 374- a, $vpra> |
| 10059 | and 429 d, infra. |
| 10060 | b Cf. 431 a, infra. |
| 10061 | e Cf. 429 a, infra. |
| 10062 | d Cf. Moralia, 263 f , 1012 e , 1018 c, and Clement of |
| 10063 | Alexandria, Stro?nateis> v. chap. xiv. 93. 4 (p. 702 Potter). |
| 10064 | 216 |
| 10065 | THE E AT DELPHI, 387-388 |
| 10066 | gave the name ‘ pempazein 9 to counting which is |
| 10067 | done by fives." a |
| 10068 | These words Eustrophus addressed to us not in jest, |
| 10069 | but for the reason that at this time I was devoting |
| 10070 | myself to mathematics with the greatest enthusiasm, |
| 10071 | although I was destined soon to pay all honour to the |
| 10072 | maxim 4 Avoid extremes,’ when I had once become a |
| 10073 | member of the Academy.6 |
| 10074 | 8. |
| 10075 | I said, therefore, that Eustrophus solved the |
| 10076 | difficulty most excellently with his number. |
| 10077 | “ For |
| 10078 | since," I continued, “ every number may be classified |
| 10079 | as even or odd, and unity, by virtue of its potentiality, |
| 10080 | is common to both, for the reason that its addition |
| 10081 | makes the odd number even and the even number |
| 10082 | odd,c and since two makes the first of the even num |
| 10083 | bers and three the first of the odd, and five is produced |
| 10084 | by the union of these numbers, very naturally five has |
| 10085 | come to be honoured as being the first number created |
| 10086 | out of the first numbers ; and it has received the |
| 10087 | name of ‘ marriage ’ d because of the resemblance of |
| 10088 | the even number to the female and of the odd number |
| 10089 | to the male.6 |
| 10090 | For in the division of numbers into two |
| 10091 | equal factors, the even number separates completely |
| 10092 | and leaves a certain receptive opening and, as it were, |
| 10093 | a space within itself; but in the odd, when it under |
| 10094 | goes this process, there is always left over from the |
| 10095 | division a generative middle part. |
| 10096 | Wherefore it is |
| 10097 | more generative than the other, and in combination |
| 10098 | it is always dominant and is never dominated/ |
| 10099 | For |
| 10100 | in no combination of these two numbers (even and |
| 10101 | odd) is there produced from the two an even number, |
| 10102 | * Cf. Moralia, 288 c-e . |
| 10103 | f Cf. Plutarch, Lift and Poetry of Homer, 145 (Bernar- |
| 10104 | dakis, vol. vii. p. 416). |
| 10105 | 217 |
| p. 123 | |
| 10106 | PLUTARCH'S MORALIA |
| 10107 | (388) Įielįtv aprios aXXa Kara 7rdcras 7repirros. e n 8e |
| 10108 | pidXXov a utos* eniPaXXtov avrtp Kai crvvnd e pievos |
| 10109 | 8eiKW<Ji rrjv 81a <Į>opav ¿Karepos' aprios pik v ydp |
| 10110 | ov8eis aprlcp avveX0cbv nepirrov 7rapeoyev ovS* |
| 10111 | r) rov olKelov1 vit* aaBevelas dyovos2 cbv erepov |
| 10112 | Kai areA^ę* 7T€pirrol |
| 10113 | 8e pieiyvvpievoi nepirrols |
| 10114 | aprlovs noXXovs 81d to navrrj yovipiov anoreXovai. |
| 10115 | Q ras S* aXXas o v k dv n s iv Kaipio vvv ineįloi Svva- |
| 10116 | pieis Kai 8ia<f)opds rtov apiBpitov. |
| 10117 | tos ov v appevos |
| 10118 | re rov nptorov Kai 0rjXeos opiiXlą8 ra nevre yiyvo- |
| 10119 | pieva yapiov oi Uv9ay6peioi npoaeinov. |
| 10120 | tl *E o ri 8’ fj Kai (f)vcns AcAe/crat r (p ne pi avrov |
| 10121 | noXAanXaaiacrpicp naXiv eis eavrov nepalvtov. |
| 10122 | tos |
| 10123 | ydp rj <f>vcns \afiovcra nvpov iv aneppian Kai XPr)ora~ |
| 10124 | pievrf noXXa piev ev pieaco <į>vei vyrpiara Kai ei8r), 81* |
| 10125 | tov eni reAos eęayei ro epyov, eni naon oe nvpov |
| 10126 | aveSeiįev anoSovoa rrjv apxr]v iv toj reXei rov |
| 10127 | navros, ovrto toov Xomtov apiBpitov, orav avrovs |
| 10128 | noXXanXaoiacrtocnv, eis erepovs reXevrtovrtov rfj |
| 10129 | Į) av£rjoei, piovos o rtov nevre Kai e į yevopievos |
| 10130 | roaavraK is avrovs dva<j>epovai Kai avacrcp^ovaiv. |
| 10131 | eįaKis yap r a e£ rpiaK ovraeį, Kai nevraKis ra |
| 10132 | nevre elKoomevre ylyverai. |
| 10133 | Kai naXiv o piev rtov |
| 10134 | e£ ana£ rovro noiei Kai piovay^uos a iro s a<Į>* eavrov |
| 10135 | rerpaytovos yiyvdpievos' rįj 8e nepina8i5 Kai rovro |
| 10136 | piev avpiPePrįKe /cara noXXanXacriacrpiov, I8loos Se ro |
| 10137 | 1 ro v oIkciov F.C .B.: to olkclov. |
| 10138 | 2 ay o v os Xylander : arroyovos. |
| 10139 | 3 o/uAią \Vyttenbach: o ¡¿r) Š ia or ¿įj.olott)t i. |
| 10140 | 4 XPrlo a tl ^vri F.C. B .: x@a lJL*V7l or Xca tx^vrt or XWalx^vrl» |
| 10141 | 5 ireįnrahi Bernardakis: n eyraS i. |
| 10142 | 218 |
| 10143 | THE E AT DELPHI, 388 |
| 10144 | but in all combinations an odd. |
| 10145 | Moreover, each when |
| 10146 | applied to itself and made composite with itself |
| 10147 | shows the difference. |
| 10148 | For no even number united |
| 10149 | with even gives an odd number, nor does it ever show |
| 10150 | any departure from its own distinctive nature, being |
| 10151 | impotent through its weakness to produce the other |
| 10152 | number, and having no power of accomplishment; |
| 10153 | but odd numbers combined with odd produce a |
| 10154 | numerous progeny of even numbers because of their |
| 10155 | omnipresent generative function. |
| 10156 | It would not be |
| 10157 | timely at this moment to enumerate the other |
| 10158 | potent properties and divergences of numbers ; let |
| 10159 | it suffice to say that the Pythagoreans called Five |
| 10160 | a * Marriage * on the ground that it was produced by |
| 10161 | the association of the first male number and the first |
| 10162 | female number. |
| 10163 | “ There is also a sense in which it has been called |
| 10164 | * Nature,' since by being multiplied into itself it ends |
| 10165 | in itself again. For even as Nature receives wheat in |
| 10166 | the form of seed and puts it to its use, and creates in |
| 10167 | the interim many shapes and forms through which |
| 10168 | she carries out the process of growth to its end, but, |
| 10169 | to crown all, displays wheat again, and thus presents |
| 10170 | as her result the beginning at the end of the whole, |
| 10171 | so in like manner, while the other numbers when |
| 10172 | raised to a power end in different numbers as the |
| 10173 | result of the increase, only the numbers five and six, |
| 10174 | when multiplied by themselves, repeat themselves |
| 10175 | and preserve their identity. |
| 10176 | Thus six times six is |
| 10177 | thirty-six, and five times five is twenty-five ; and |
| 10178 | furthermore, the number six does this but once, and |
| 10179 | the single instance is when it is squared ; but with |
| 10180 | five this result is obtained in raising it to any power, |
| 10181 | and it has a unique characteristic, when added to |
| 10182 | 219 |
Provenance
- title
- Babbitt – Plutarch's Moralia, vol. V: De Iside et Osiride etc. (Loeb 306, 1936) — archive.org text layer
- dialect
- none
- source
- text layer of corpus/incoming/histories/historians/plutarch-de-iside/plutarch-moralia-loeb-306-vol5.pdf (archive.org OCR; tools/build_repository.py histories())
- licence
- public domain in Canada (author died ≤ 1971, verified; LICENCES.md §7) — US position (recorded, does not gate the class; PD-CA 2026-09-26): US: published 1931–1963 — renewal not checked (records the US position only; PD-CA 2026-09-26: Canada decides)
- share
- public
- attribution
- Babbitt – Plutarch's Moralia, vol. V: De Iside et Osiride etc. (Loeb 306, 1936); public domain in Canada (death year verified: Babbitt d.1935 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1443095 d. 1935-09-13; creator field "(1867-1935)" in https://archive.org/metadata/plutarchs-moralia-vol.-5-loeb-306) — staged at corpus/incoming/histories/historians/plutarch-de-iside/plutarch-moralia-loeb-306-vol5.pdf from https://archive.org/details/plutarchs-moralia-vol.-5-loeb-306 (HIST-1, 2026-09-29)); OCR text by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.
- file
- History/Historians – Greek and Roman/Plutarch — De Iside et Osiride/plutarch-moralia-loeb-306-vol5.text-layer.L0.txt
L0 witness
Cite as:
Babbitt – Plutarch's Moralia, vol. V: De Iside et Osiride etc. (Loeb 306, 1936) — archive.org text layer. text layer of corpus/incoming/histories/historians/plutarch-de-iside/plutarch-moralia-loeb-306-vol5.pdf (archive.org OCR; tools/build_repository.py histories()). Layers as published by the Kemetic project (Yousef Hanna), 2026: Coptic · Cairene · Kemetic, /doc/history/historians-greek-and-roman/plutarch-de-iside-et-osiride/plutarch-moralia-loeb-306-vol5.text-layer/. Babbitt – Plutarch's Moralia, vol. V: De Iside et Osiride etc. (Loeb 306, 1936); public domain in Canada (death year verified: Babbitt d.1935 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1443095 d. 1935-09-13; creator field "(1867-1935)" in https://archive.org/metadata/plutarchs-moralia-vol.-5-loeb-306) — staged at corpus/incoming/histories/historians/plutarch-de-iside/plutarch-moralia-loeb-306-vol5.pdf from https://archive.org/details/plutarchs-moralia-vol.-5-loeb-306 (HIST-1, 2026-09-29)); OCR text by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.
What the layers are
L0 witness
The text as its witness or edition has it, original spelling; its dialect is a description and is never standardized.
The text as its witness or edition has it, original spelling; its dialect is a description and is never standardized.
L0.5 transliteration
For Egyptian texts: the transliteration with the editors' marks turned into the symbols ° * < > _ ^ (ruled 2026-09-10). For papyri: the edition's Leiden marks as the same symbols, and the editors' readings beside the scribe's as ‹scribe→editors› (ruled PAP-3).
For Egyptian texts: the transliteration with the editors' marks turned into the symbols ° * < > _ ^ (ruled 2026-09-10). For papyri: the edition's Leiden marks as the same symbols, and the editors' readings beside the scribe's as ‹scribe→editors› (ruled PAP-3).
L1 Cairene
Standardized Greco-Bohairic spelling and grammar, generated by code from the layer above under the rulings of the project.
Standardized Greco-Bohairic spelling and grammar, generated by code from the layer above under the rulings of the project.
L2 Kemetic
The Kemetic alphabet, generated by code from L1.
The Kemetic alphabet, generated by code from L1.
English
Quoted translations where they exist, credited; otherwise model drafts, marked as drafts.
Quoted translations where they exist, credited; otherwise model drafts, marked as drafts.