Babbitt – Plutarch's Moralia, vol. V: De Iside et Osiride etc. (Loeb 306, 1936) — archive.org text layer

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Attribution: Babbitt – Plutarch's Moralia, vol. V: De Iside et Osiride etc. (Loeb 306, 1936); public domain in Canada (death year verified: Babbitt d.1935 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1443095 d. 1935-09-13; creator field "(1867-1935)" in https://archive.org/metadata/plutarchs-moralia-vol.-5-loeb-306) — staged at corpus/incoming/histories/historians/plutarch-de-iside/plutarch-moralia-loeb-306-vol5.pdf from https://archive.org/details/plutarchs-moralia-vol.-5-loeb-306 (HIST-1, 2026-09-29)); OCR text by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.

Licence: public domain in Canada (author died ≤ 1971, verified; LICENCES.md §7) — US position (recorded, does not gate the class; PD-CA 2026-09-26): US: published 1931–1963 — renewal not checked (records the US position only; PD-CA 2026-09-26: Canada decides)

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ref	L0 witness
p. 239
20150	PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
20151	(428) ov8ev coral rcov aXXcov els ov8ev yap eKelvcov
20152	perafidXXeiv 7recj>VKev.
20153	eco yap o n /cat
20154	to
20155	t o v
20156	KaXovpevov 8co8et<ae8pov oroiyeiov aXXo ttolovolv,
20157	o v k ¿Ketvo to OKaXrjvov, e£ ov rrjv Trvpapl8a teal
20158	t o oKraehpov /cat to elKooaeSpov o TlXarajp ovv-
20159	B iorrjoiv,
20160	¿bore,” apa yeXcov o ' Appcbvios elrrev,
20161	(t rj ravra ooi hiaXvreov rj t8t¿v n X c k t c o v 7rept
20162	rrjs Koivrjs airopias .”
20163	34.
20164	Kaycu, “ m9avcorepov ov8ev eyco Xeyeiv ev
20165	ye n o rrapovn* peAnov o
20166	locos eo n v ibias evuvvas
20167	vnex^iv 8o£t)s rj aXXorpias.
20168	Aeycu t o Ivvv av9is
20169	apxrjs o n Suotv
20170	viroKeipevcov <f>voecov, rrjs pev
20171	alo9rjrrjs
20172	¿v yeveoet /cat cf>9opa perafidXov /cat
20173	<f>oprjrrjs aXXor* aXXcos, erepas 8’ ev ovota vorjTrjs
20174	del Kara ra v ra cooavnos exovorjs, Sitvov eo n v ,
20175	co eraipe, rrjv pev vorjrrjv 8uoplo9ai /cat 8iacj>opdv
20176	ex^iv ev eavrfj, rrjv 8e ocopanKrjv /cat 7Ta9rjnKrjv
20177	q el prj piav n s arroXelrrei1 ovprrecfrvKvTav avrrj /cat
20178	ovwevovoav2 aAAa
20179	/cat 8uorrjoiv, ayava-
20180	Kreiv /cat 8vox^paiveiv.
20181	to, yap pdvipa /cat 0ita
20182	8rjirov paXXov avrlov exe°9a i TrpoorjKei /cat <j>evyeiv
20183	cos dvvorov eo rt roprjv aTraoav /cat Siaoraoiv.
20184	aAAa /cat rovrcov rj
20185	t o v erepov 8vvapis d'lTropevrj
20186	pel^ovas evelpyaorai rcbv Kara tottov Siaoraoecov
20187	rots vorjroLS ra s Kara Xoyov teal I8eav avopoidrrj-
20188	ra s.
20189	o9ev eviorapevos rols ev t o ttolv arro^aivovoiv
20190	o WXdnov t o r ov elval <j>rjoi /cat to TauTOV /cat
20191	1 a7roA€t7rci] a7roAei7rot in all mss. except E.
20192	2 ovwevovoav] ovinrveovoav in three MSS.
20193	0 Plato, Sophist, 256 c ; cf, also Moralia, 391 b, supra,
20194	446
20195	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 428
20196	into being, there will be none of the others, since,
20197	because of its nature, it cannot transmute itself into
20198	any one of them. I leave out of account the fact that
20199	they make the element of the dodecahedron, as it is
20200	called, something else and not that scalene from
20201	which Plato constructs the pyramid and the octa
20202	hedron and the icosahedron. So,” added Ammonius,
20203	laughing, “ either you must solve these problems
20204	or else contribute something of your own con
20205	cerning this difficulty in which we all find ourselves
20206	involved.”
20207	34.
20208	“ For the present, at least,” said I, " I have
20209	nothing more plausible to offer; but perhaps it is better
20210	to submit to examination on views of one’s own rather
20211	than on another’s.
20212	I repeat, therefore, what I said
20213	at the beginning, that if two natures be postulated,
20214	one evident to the senses, subject to change in crea
20215	tion and dissolution, carried now here now there,
20216	while the other is essentially conceptual and always
20217	remains the same, it is a dreadful thing that, while
20218	the conceptual nature has been parcelled out and
20219	has variety within itself, we should feel indignant
20220	and annoyed if anyone does not leave the corporeal
20221	and passive nature as a unity knit together and con
20222	verging upon itself, but separates and parts it.
20223	For
20224	it is surely fitting that things permanent and divine
20225	should hold more closely together and escape, so far
20226	as may be, all segmentation and separation.
20227	But
20228	even on these the power of Differentiation has laid
20229	its hand and has wrought in things conceptual dis
20230	similarities in reasons and ideas, which are vaster
20231	than the separations in location.
20232	Wherefore Plato,a
20233	opposing those who declare for the unity of the whole,
20234	says that these five things exist: Being, Identity,
20235	447
p. 240
20236	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
20237	(428) t o erepov, 67tI rraot Se klpijolp Kal ordoip.
20238	optcov
20239	D ovv tt4v t€ tovtcop, ov Oavfiacrrop fjpy el tcop irepre
20240	(JCOpaTLKCOP (TTOLXeicDP €K€LPQ)P €KOL(JTOP eKaOTOV
20241	fjufjirjfia rfj <f>voet Kal eZhcoXop i o n yeyeprjpepop
20242	ovk apeiKTOP oi58’ elXiKpweg, aAAa
20243	tco paXiora
20244	fie r c e w €Kaarop ¿KaoTrjg Sumpecog.
20245	o peep ye
20246	Kvfios ep<f>apdog OTaoecog olKeZop e o n ocopa 1 Sia
20247	ttjp tcop enLTTeSajp^ do<f>aXeiap Kal /JejSaioT^Ta* rrjg
20248	he rrvpapihog irag dp rig to 7rvpoeiheg Kal klptjtlkop
20249	ep rfj Xeittottjti tcop rrXevpcop Kal rfj tcjp ycoptcop
20250	o^ vttjtl
20251	Karaporjoeiep*
20252	rj
20253	he
20254	rod
20255	hcoheKaehpov
20256	cj)voLg, 7TepiXr]77nKrj
20257	tcop aXXcop oxypoTCOP ovoa
20258	tov oPTog etKajp 7rpog 7rav a v 2 3 to ocopaTLKOP y e -
20259	yopepat hogeie* tcop he Xolttcop hvoZp to pep elKooa-
20260	ehpop Trjg tov eTepov
20261	to 8 ’ ¿KTaehpop paXioTa
20262	E ttJs* TauTOu peTeiXj]X^P Iheag.
20263	hio tovto pep aepa
20264	o x^tlkop
20265	ovolag
20266	Trdorjg ep p ia pop(j>fj, OaTepop
20267	S ’ vhcop
20268	6 7 r l TiXetOTa tw KepappvoOaL yeprj 77010 -
20269	ttjtcop TpeTTopepop3 TrapeZx^P*
20270	eiirep ovp rj (bvotg
20271	dnaiTel ttjp loopoplap ep rrdoiy Kal Koopovg et/cos*
20272	¿ otl pfjT e 7rXelovg yeyopepai prjT* ¿XdTTOvg
20273	tcop
20274	TrapaheiypaTcop, oncog eKaoTOP ep4 eKaoTto Ta^tv
20275	rjyepopiKrjp ex'!) K a'L Svpapip, dooirep ep TaZg ov-
20276	o T a o eo i tcop ocopaTcop e o x y x e p .
20277	35. " Ou prjp aXXa tovto pep eoTCO TrapapvOia
20278	tov BavpatyOPTog, el ttjp ep yepeoei Kal peTafioXfj
20279	(f>voiP elg yeprj ToaavTa hiaipovpep.
20280	¿KeZpo S’ yhy
20281	1 aco/ia] arjpa Xylander; cf. €lko>v, infra.
20282	2 av added here by Bernardakis; in one
20283	m s . it stands
20284	after 8o\|ctc, but is omitted in the others.
20285	3 Tp€7r6fjL€vov Turnebus: rpenopeva.
20286	4 eV o m itte d in m o s t m s s.
20287	448
20288	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 428
20289	Differentiation, and, to crown all, Movement and
20290	Rest.
20291	Granted, then, that these five exist, it is not
20292	surprising if each of these five corporeal elements has
20293	been made into a copy and image of each of them
20294	respectively, not unmixed and unalloyed, but it is
20295	because of the fact that each of them participates
20296	most in its corresponding faculty.
20297	The cube is
20298	patently a body related to rest because of the security
20299	and stability of its plane surfaces.
20300	In the pyramid
20301	everybody may note its fiery and restless quality in
20302	the simplicity of its sides and the acuteness of its
20303	angles.
20304	The nature of the dodecahedron, which is
20305	comprehensive enough to include the other figures,
20306	may well seem to be a model with reference to all
20307	corporeal being.
20308	Of the remaining two, the icosa
20309	hedron shares in the nature of Differentiation mostly,
20310	and the octahedron in that of Identity.
20311	For this
20312	reason the octahedron contributed air, which in a
20313	single form holds all being in its embrace, and the
20314	icosahedron water, which by admixture assumes the
20315	greatest variety of qualities.
20316	If, therefore, Nature
20317	demands an equal distribution in all things, there is
20318	a reasonable probability that the worlds which have
20319	been created are neither more nor less in number
20320	than the patterns, so that each pattern in each world
20321	may have the leading rank and power just as it has
20322	acquired it in the construction of the primary bodies.
20323	35.
20324	" However, let this be a comfort for him that
20325	wonders because we divide Nature into so many
20326	classes in its generation and transmutation.
20327	But
20328	here is another matter a which I ask you all to con-
20329	° Cf. 887 f if., supra.
20330	449
p. 241
20331	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
20332	F <JK07T€LT€ KOLvfj 7TpOO€)(OVT€S OTl TCOV dvCVTÖLTtÜV1
20333	apxojv, Xeycv Se ro d evos K a l rrjs a o p lo ro v SvaSos,
20334	7} ptev ap,op<j)Las Trdanrjs g t o lx^cov ovaa K a l ara ^ la s
20335	OL7T€ipia K e K A rjra r rj 8e ro d evos <j>vats o p ito v o a
20336	K a l KaTaXaptßdvovaa Trjs arretpias to Kevov2 K al
20337	aXoyov K a l dopiGTOv ef.t(iop(f)ov Trapexerai, K a l ttjv
20338	¿7Toptevrjv
20339	7repl
20340	tol
20341	aloQ rfTa
20342	Setzet3
20343	K arayo pevaiv
20344	429 apuxjay€7TOjg
20345	vTToptevov
20346	i<al hexoptevov.
20347	a v ra i u
20348	npWTOV a i a p y a l Trepl to v dptdptov eTTufyaivovTat,
20349	ptaXXov 8* oAco? apidptos o v k ¿art to
20350	ttXrjOos, dv
20351	ptrj Kadarrep ethos vXrjs to ev yevoptevov4, eK rrjs
20352	aTTeipLas ro v aopLorov 7Tjj ptev ttXelov 7Tjj 8’ eX arrov
20353	a7TorepLvr]Tai.
20354	Tore
20355	ya p
20356	a piOpuos
20357	yLyvera i
20358	tcov
20359	7rXr}da>v eK aorov vtto t o v evos opt^optevov* edv S’
20360	avaipedfj to ev, TraXtv rj aoptOTos Suas Gvyx^CLtra
20361	ttolv dppvßpiov5 K a l arreipov K a l apteTpov e7Toir)oev.
20362	€7rei oe to ethos o v k avatpeats eort rrjs vArjs aAAa
20363	ptopc^rj
20364	K a l
20365	ra^ is
20366	vnoKetfieviijs,
20367	dvdyKr]
20368	K a l
20369	to)
20370	B dptdptcp Tas a p \d s evvTrapx^t'V apt(f)OTepas, odev r)
20371	TrpcoTTj K a l pteyioTrj 8ia<j)opd K a l dvopLot6Trjs y i m
20372	yovev.
20373	euTi ya p rj ptev a optoTos dpXV T°v dpTtov
20374	hrjpuovpyos rj he ßeXTttov
20375	t o v TrepiTTOv*' 7rptoTos
20376	Se Ttov apTitov Ta 8vo K a l tol T p ia tcov rreptTTCOv,
20377	e£ cov tol 7revTe Tjj ptev ovvOeoet kolvos tov apL(f>otv
20378	aptOptos Tjj
20379	8e
20380	Sw aptet yeyovtos
20381	neptTTOs.
20382	¿'8et
20383	y a p , els TrXelova /zep^
20384	t o v aloOr)Tov K a l
20385	ocopta-
20386	1 dvcordrcüv] dvcurdro) in all MSS. but one (J).
20387	2 K€VOV TurnebllS : <7T€VOV.
20388	3 ir€pL . . . 8et£ei] rfj 7Tcpl . . . B6£rj Wilamowitz-Möllendorff.
20389	4 ev yevofxevov Emperius : ¿yytvcpLevov.
20390	5 appvQfiov] apid/xov in several mss., whence Paton avapiOpov.
20391	6 rod 7T€pirrov Turnebus: wonep 17 rovrov, or ws rj rov 7TCpirrov
20392	In one m s.
20393	450
20394	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 428-429
20395	sider, and to give your undivided attention to i t : of
20396	those numbers which come at the very first (I mean
20397	the number one and the indeterminate duality), the
20398	second, being the elem ent underlying all formlessness
20399	and disarrangement, has been called infinity ; but
20400	the nature of the number one limits and arrests what
20401	is void and irrational and indeterminate in infinity,
20402	gives it shape, and renders it in some way tolerant
20403	and receptive of definition, which is the next step
20404	after demonstration regarding things perceptible.
20405	Now these first principles make their appearance at
20406	the beginning in connexion with number ; rather,
20407	however, larger amounts are not number at all unless
20408	the number one, created from the illimitability of
20409	infinity, like a form of m atter, cuts off more on
20410	one side and less on the other.
20411	Then, in fact, any of
20412	the larger amounts becomes number through being
20413	delimited by the number one.
20414	But if the number
20415	one be done away with, once more the indeterminate
20416	duality throws all into confusion, and makes it to be
20417	without rhythm , bounds, or measure.
20418	Inasmuch as
20419	form is not the doing away with m atter, but a shaping
20420	and ordering of the underlying m atter, it needs must
20421	be that both these first principles be existent in
20422	number, and from this has arisen the first and greatest
20423	divergence and dissimilarity.
20424	For the indeterminate
20425	first principle is the creator of the even, and the better
20426	one of the odd.
20427	Two is the first of the even numbers
20428	and three the first of the odd ; from the two com
20429	bined comes five,0 which in its composition is common
20430	to both numbers and in its potentiality is odd.
20431	For
20432	when the perceptible and corporeal was divided into
20433	0 Cf. 388 a , supra.
20434	451
p. 242
20435	P L U T A R C H ’S M O R A LIA
20436	(429) tlkov (lepinoįievov Šia tyjv ovįjl(Į>vtov avayKrjv1 rrjs
20437	¿T€p6rr)TOS, pLTĮT€ TOV 7Tpd)TOV dpTLOV y€V€G0aL pTJT€
20438	to v irpGiTOv TrepiTTOv, aAAa to v rpirov e/c to vto jv
20439	aTTore\ovpL€Vov, ottcjs air* ap<Į>oT€pa>v tcov apx&v
20440	yevrjrai,, Kai rrjs to dpnov Srjpuovpyovarję Kai rfįs
20441	C to TTeptrrov ov yap
20442	oldv r e rrjs erepas djraA A a-
20443	yrįvai tt)v ¿rep a v eKarepa yap apyrjs <Į>vglv (=xel
20444	Kai Svvaptv.
20445	ap<Į>oT€pu)v ovv ovvSva^opevcov, rj
20446	fieAricov KpaTrjoaoa rrjs dopiarias Š ia ipovarjs
20447	to
20448	ocopartKov ¿veorr), Kai rrjs vArję eV dpcfrorepoię
20449	Suorapevrjs peorjv rrjv povaSa depivrj S t^ a veprj-
20450	drjvai t o rrav o v k eiaaev, aAAa ttArjOoę pev yeyove
20451	Koopcov
20452	vyto rrįs
20453	eTepdrrjTos
20454	t o v doplarov
20455	Kai
20456	Š ia čiopas, TrepiTTOv Se ttA rįOos rj ravrov Kai cbpt-
20457	opevov Svvapis arreLpyaoTai, rrepiTrov Se to io v to v
20458	O T L 7TOppOJT€pa> TYJV <Į>vg iv rj fieAnov %Xei ^P0 “
20459	eAdelv o v k etaoev,
20460	el pev yap apiyes Kai Kadapov
20461	yjv to ev, ovo av
20462	oAojs elyev t) vArį o t a a r a a t v 67rei
20463	Se t u ) SiaiperiKto rrję SvaSos pepeiKraL, roprjv pev
20464	eSe'^aTO Kai S t a IpeGiv, evravda 8 ’ ecrttj t u > nepirro)
20465	t o v apTiov KparrjOevToę.
20466	36.
20467	“ Ato Kai TFepirdoaodaL to dpiOprįoaL rolę
20468	TToKaiols edos yjv KaAelv. otįaat Se Kai ra rravra tow
20469	rrevre 7Tapd>vvpa yeyovev ai Kara A oyov, are S rj rrįę
20470	7T€VTaSos €k
20471	tol)p 7rpu)TU)v apidpcov avveoTcvGrję.
20472	Kai yap oi pev aAAot 'iroXAaTrAaGia^opevoi rrpos
20473	dAAovs ets erepov avTcbv apiOpov ¿KfiaivovoLV rj
20474	1 ovįhĮ>vtov dvdyKTjv Wyttenbach : ovįx<Į>vow avayKT].
20475	2 ovb* av Bernardakis: oi)8ev.
20476	452
20477	° Cf, 374 a and 387 e, supra.
20478	several parts because of the innate necessity of
20479	differentiation, that number had to be neither the
20480	first even nor the first odd, but the third number,
20481	which is formed from these two, so that it might
20482	be produced from both the primary principles, that
20483	which created the even and that which created the
20484	odd, because it was not possible for the one to
20485	be divorced from the other ; for each possesses the
20486	nature and the potentiality of a first principle.
20487	So
20488	when the two were paired, the better one prevailed
20489	over the indeterminate as it was dividing the corporeal
20490	and checked i t ; and when matter was being dis
20491	tributed to the two, it set unity in the middle and
20492	did not allow the whole to be divided into twro parts,
20493	but there has been created a number of worlds by
20494	differentiation of the indeterminate and by its being
20495	carried in varying directions ;
20496	yet the power of
20497	Identity and Limitation has had the effect of making
20498	that number odd, but the kind of odd that did not
20499	permit Nature to progress beyond what is best.
20500	If
20501	the number one were unalloyed and pure, matter
20502	would not have any separation at all ; but since it has
20503	been combined with the dividing powrer of duality, it
20504	has had to submit to being cut up and divided, but
20505	there it stopped, the even being overpowered by the
20506	odd.
20507	36. “ It was for this reason that among the people
20508	of olden time it was the custom to call counting
20509	‘ numbering by fives.’ a
20510	I think also that ‘ panta *
20511	(all) is derived from ‘ pente ’ (five) in accord with
20512	reason, inasmuch as the pentad is a composite of the
20513	first numbers.® As a matter of fact, when the others
20514	are multiplied by other numbers, the result is a
20515	number different from themselves ; but the pentad,
20516	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 429
20517	453
p. 243
20518	PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
20519	8 e
20520	T r e v r a s , a v
20521	p c e v
20522	a p n a K t s
20523	X a p L ^ d v r j r a c ,
20524	r o v SeVa
20525	7rot€6
20526	r e A e i o v
20527	e a v
20528	Se
20529	T r e p i r r a K t s ,
20530	i a v r r j v 1
20531	t t o X i v
20532	d r r o 8 l 8 c o o L V .
20533	e c o S ’
20534	o n 7T p c o r r j 2
20535	p u e v ¿k 7r p c o r c o v
20536	E h v o l v
20537	r e r p a y c o v c o v
20538	o v v € O T 7 ] K €
20539	r r j g
20540	r e
20541	f i o v a 8 0 ?
20542	K a l
20543	r f j s
20544	r e r p a h o s
20545	r j
20546	T r e v r a s ,
20547	T r p c o r r j S’
20548	t o o v
20549	S w a p c e v r ]
20550	r o i s 7 T p o a v r r j s 8 v o l to /caAAioTOV r c o v o p d o y c o v i c o v
20551	r p i y c o v c o v
20552	o v v L o r r j o r
20553	7 r p < o r r j
20554	8 e 7T O t e i
20555	r o v
20556	r j p u o X c o v
20557	Ao y o v .
20558	o v
20559	y a p
20560	locos olk€la
20561	r a v r a
20562	tols
20563	v n o K e i -
20564	p t e v o i s
20565	r r p d y / j L a o t v aAA’
20566	¿ K e i v o
20567	p b d X X o v ,
20568	to
20569	c j > v o e i
20570	S c a i p e n K o v
20571	r o v a p i d p c o v
20572	K a l
20573	to
20574	r r A e i o r a
20575	r o v r c o 3
20576	t t ) v
20577	< f > v o i v
20578	8 c a y e p e e i v .
20579	e v e i p u e *
20580	y a p
20581	r j p u v
20582	a v r o i s
20583	a i o d r j o e i s
20584	T r e v r e
20585	K a l
20586	p e e p ? ]
20587	i / j v x r j s ,
20588	< f > v n K o v 5 a l o 6 r ) -
20589	T L K O V
20590	€ 7 n 6 v f J L 7 ] T L K O V
20591	d v p c o e t 8 e $
20592	X o y i O T L K O V
20593	K a l
20594	SaKTvXovs
20595	¿Karepas
20596	x €LP°$
20597	rooovrovs,
20598	Kal
20599	to
20600	F yovipicorarov OTrepjjba Trevraxfj oxc^opcevov.
20601	ov yap
20602	iordprjral yvvr) irAeiova reKovo* rj6 77evre reKva1
20603	rats avrals cb8tot.
20604	Kal rrjv 'Peav A lyvTrnoi jjlvOo-
20605	Xoyovot Trevre deovs reKeiv, alvtrrdpLevoL rrjv €K
20606	puds vXrjs rcov Trevre Koopccov yeveoiv.
20607	ev 8e rep
20608	navrl Trevre pcev £covais o ttepl yrjv t 6ttos, Trevre
20609	Se kvkXols o ovpavos 8uopioraiy 8volv apKTiKois
20610	Kal
20611	8 vol
20612	rpoTTiKols
20613	Kal
20614	fieoco
20615	rco
20616	lorjp,epivcp
20617	430 Trevre S’ a l rcov TrXavcopLevcov
20618	aorpcov
20619	Treplo8oi
20620	yeydvaoiv, *HAtou Kal Qcoocfropov Kal H tlA{$covos
20621	opLo8popLovvrcov.
20622	evappedveos Se feat r) rov Koofiov
20623	ovvra^Ls, coonep apceXec Kal to 7rap’ rjpuv rjpp,o-
20624	1 cai/rqv Bernardakis: eavrov.
20625	2 irpcjTr) Turnebus: 7rptorov, or rrpuyrov el,
20626	3 tovtiq Wyttenbach : tovtcov.
20627	4 eveifxe (as below bis) Bernardakis : iv pev.
20628	5 <I>vtikov Wyttenbach : <j>vou<ov.
20629	6 rj added by Emperius.
20630	7 reKva Wyttenbach: au^a.
20631	a Cf. 388 d, supra,
20632	454
20633	6 Ibid. 391 a.
20634	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 429-430
20635	if it be taken an even number of times, makes ten
20636	exactly ; and if an odd number of times, it reproduces
20637	itself.® I leave out of account the fact that it is the
20638	first composite of the first two squares, unity and the
20639	tetrad 6 ; and that it is the first whose square is equal
20640	to the two immediately preceding it, making with
20641	them the most beautiful of the right-angled triangles c;
20642	and it is the first to give the ratio 1 \| : l.d However,
20643	perhaps these matters have not much relation to
20644	the subject before u s; but there is another matter
20645	more closely related, and that is the dividing power of
20646	this number, by reason of its nature, and the fact that
20647	Nature does distribute most things by fives.
20648	For
20649	example, she has allotted to ourselves five senses and
20650	five parts to the soule : physical growth, perception,
20651	appetite, fortitude, and reason; also five fingers on
20652	each hand, and the most fertile seed when it is divided
20653	five times, for there is no record that a woman ever
20654	had more than five children together at one birth/
20655	The Egyptians have a tradition 0 that Rhea gave birth
20656	to five gods, an intimation of the genesis of the five
20657	worlds from one single Matter ; and in the universe
20658	the surface of the earth is divided among five zones,
20659	and the heavens by five circles, two arctic, two tropic,
20660	and the equator in the middle.
20661	Five, too, are the
20662	orbits of the planets, if the Sun and Venus and Mercury
20663	follow the same course. The organization of the world
20664	also is based on harmony, just as a tune with us is seen
20665	c Ibid. 373 f.
20666	d Ibid, 389 d.
20667	* Cf, 390 f , supra ; Plato, Republic, 410 b, 440 e-441 a ;
20668	and much diffused in Timaeus, 70 ff.
20669	f Cf. Moralia9 264 b ;
20670	Aristotle, Historia Animalium,
20671	vii. 4 (584 b 33); since Plutarch’s time there have been a
20672	few authenticated cases of sextuplets.
20673	9 Cf, 355 d-f, supra.
20674	455
p. 244
20675	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
20676	(430) ojievov ¿v rrevre rerpayopbcov deoeoiv ¿parai, rcov
20677	vrrdrcov Kai įieocov Kai avvrjpipievcov Kai S¿e£euy-
20678	/>levcov Kai VTrepfioAaicov- Kai r a pieAcpbovpieva 8ia-
20679	arrjpbara rrevre, 8ieois Kai rjpurdviov Kai rovos Kai
20680	rpirjparoviov Kai hirovov.
20681	ovrcos rj (Į)vois
20682	c o ik c
20683	roj rrevre 7roieiv arravra x a^P€LV piaXXov rj rw
20684	o<f>aipoei8rį/ Kadarrep 9 ApiororeArjs eXeye.
20685	37. ** * Tt 8rjrajJ <Į)rjoai ris av, ‘ o YlAarcov cm ra
20686	B 7livre oyrj'para Tdv rd>v rrevre Koapicov api6fxov
20687	avrjveyKev, cittcov ori rrj rrepirrrrj avordoei o Oeos
20688	¿7ti ro rrav Kareyprjaaro ¿Keivo 8ia^cpypa(f)cov1 2; ’
20689	etra rrjv 7rėpi rov rrArjdovs rcov Koapicov vrrodels
20690	¿LTTOplav,
20691	rrorepov
20692	ev
20693	rj
20694	rrevr
20695	avrovs
20696	aXrj9ela
20697	7T€<f)VKOraS A ey€iv 77pOGrjl<ei, 8rjX6s ¿Gnv evreV0€V
20698	oldpievos cbppirjodai rrjv vrrovoiav.
20699	eirrep ovv 8ei
20700	7rpos
20701	rrjv
20702	eicelvov
20703	biavoiav
20704	errayeiv
20705	ro
20706	eiKos,
20707	gko7Tco[X€v3 ori r ai s rcov acojaarcov Kai ox'r}jadrcov
20708	¿kcivcov
20709	biotopais
20710	avayKrj
20711	Kai
20712	Kivrjoecov
20713	evdvs
20714	erreaOai 8ia<Į)opds, coarrep av ros SiSaoKei, ro 81a-
20715	Kpivdpievov rj ovyKpivopievov ajxa4 rrjs ovalas rrj
20716	C erepoicoaei Kai rov rorrov pieraAAarreiv arro^aivo-
20717	fievos.
20718	av yap ¿ į depos rrvp yevrjrai, AvOevros rov
20719	oKrae8pov Kai KeppianoOevros eis Trvpapiibas, rj
20720	rraAiv drjp ¿k TTvposy avvcoodevros Kai ovvOAifievros
20721	eis OKraebpov, ov Svvarov pieveiv ottov trpdrepov
20722	rjv, aXXa <j>evyei Kai <f>eperai rrpos erepav x c^pav
20723	eK^ia^opievov Kai jiayojievov rois eviorapievois Kai
20724	1 o<Į>(upo€i8r} Turnebus : a</>aipo€iSeî.
20725	2 81 al<pypa<f>tūv Patzig from Plato, Timaeus, 55 c ff., and
20726	Plutarch, Moralia, 1003 c: 8iaypd<Į>u)v.
20727	3 ¿Trdyeiv . . . OK07rwpL€v Wyttcnbach: dndyciv . . . okottujv.
20728	4 a/xa Turnebus : ov o įia.
20729	456
20730	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 430
20731	to depend on the five notes of the tetrachorda :
20732	lowest, middle, conjunct, disjunct, and highest ; and
20733	the musical intervals are five : quarter-tone, semitone,
20734	tone, tone and a half, and double tone.
20735	Tims it
20736	appears that Nature takes a greater delight in making
20737	all things in fives than in making them round, as
20738	Aristotle b has said.
20739	37.
20740	“ ‘ Why, then,’ someone will say, * did Plato c
20741	refer the number of his five worlds to the five geo
20742	metric figures, saying that God used up the fifth
20743	construction on the universe in completing its
20744	embellishment ? ’ Further on, where he suggests the
20745	question about there being more worlds than one,d
20746	whether it is proper to speak of one or of five as in
20747	truth naturally existent, it is clear that he thinks that
20748	the idea started from this source.
20749	If, therefore, we
20750	must apply reasonable probability to his conception,
20751	let us consider that variations in movement necessarily
20752	follow close upon the variations in the bodies and their
20753	shapes, as he himself teaches* when he makes it plain
20754	that whatever is disunited or united changes its place
20755	at the same time with the alteration of its substance.
20756	For example, if fire is generated from air by the
20757	breaking up of the octahedron and its resolution into
20758	pyramids, or again if air is generated from fire by its
20759	being forced together and compressed into an octa
20760	hedron, it is not possible for it to stay where it was
20761	before, but it escapes and is carried to some other
20762	place, forcing its way out and contending against
20763	anything that blocks its course or keeps it back.
20764	• Cf. 389 e , 1028 f , 1138 f-1139 b .
20765	b Cf. Aristotle, De Caelo, ii. 4 (286 b 10).
20766	c Plato, Timaeus, 55 c.
20767	d Ibid. 31 a ; cf. 3S9 f and 421 f, supra.
20768	e Plato, Timaeus, 57 c.
20769	457
p. 245
20770	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
20771	(430) KCLT€7T€LyOVGlV.
20772	€TL 8e fJL&XXoV eLKOVL TO GVpL^aLVOV
20773	€V$€LKVVTCU, ‘ TO is VITO TCOV TrXoKaVOJV1 Kal op-
20774	yaveuv t G)v1 7repl
20775	ttjv tov
20776	oltov KadapOLV areio-
20777	pLevoLS Kal3 avaXiKp,a>fi€Vois 9
20778	opLoltos
20779	Xe'ycov
20780	tcl
20781	D aToiyeia oelovTa ttjv vXtjv vtt* eKeivrjs t € oeLopLeva,
20782	rrpooxwpew del tcl opLOLa tols opLoioLS, dXXrjv re
20783	X<i>pcLV dXXa icrxeLvA TTplv
20784	avTwv yeveodaL to nav
20785	8LaKoopLTjdev ovtcos ovv totc* Trjs vXtjs exovorjs cus
20786	to 7Tav eLKOs ov
20787	Oeos7 direvTiv evdvs at,
20788	irpcDTai 7T€VT€ 7tol6ttjt€s I8las eyovGai porras e<j>e-
20789	povTO ^ cu/hs, °v TravTaTraaiv ov8’ elXiKpivcos ¿ 770-
20790	KpivofievaL, Sia to uavTOiv avapLepLeLypLevcav del ra
20791	KpaTovpLzva tols eTTiKpaTovot Trap a8 (f>voiv err eo 9 at.
20792	8lo 8tj tols tcov GojpLaTOJV yeveoLv aXXcov dXAaxfj
20793	cfrepopLevcov
20794	ioapidpLovs
20795	pLeplBas
20796	Kal
20797	Siacrratm?
20798	67Toirjoav, ttjv piev ov Kadapov rrvpos aXXa TrvpoeL8rj,
20799	ttjv 8’ ovk apiLyovs aWepos aXX’ aWepoeL$rj, ttjv
20800	E 8’ ov yijs aVTrjs Ka69 eavTTjv aXXa yeoeL8fj' pidXLOTa
20801	8e Kara9 ttjv aepos kolvcoglv ttjv vSaros 8iedevTo10
20802	7roXXdjv, toGTrep
20803	elprjTaL,
20804	tcuv
20805	aXXo^vXcov11 ava-
20806	TTeTrXrjopLev'12 aireXdelv.
20807	ov yap o deos 8LeoTrjoev
20808	ovSe SLajKLoe ttjv ovalav, aAA* vtt* avTrjs SiecrrcDcrav
20809	avTrjv Kal <f>epopLevrjv
20810	opls ¿v a KoopilaLs togovtols
20811	1 v7to tcov 7r\oKavu)v Turnebus from Plato, T
20812	i m
20813	a
20814	e
20815	u
20816	s , 52 e :
20817	i n i tw v in tiy o v rc o v .
20818	8 tw v Turnebus i b i d .
20819	3 o e io fiiv o is K al Turnebus i b
20820	i d . : iy K fifiiv o is .
20821	4 aAAa ta x * iv Turnebus i b i d . : aA \ ais o i or aAAa o i.
20822	5
20823	Bernardakis: in (an ?).
20824	* ovv rore] to lvw in one ms. (E).
20825	7 ov Ocds Wyttenbach from Plato: evO ioas or evO ios*
20826	8 rrap a] K a r a Xylander.
20827	9 Kara F.C.B.: k c u .
20828	10 8iiO evro F.C.B.: 8«i t6.
20829	458
20830	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 430
20831	What takes place he describes more clearly by a
20832	simile,0 saying that in a manner like to * grain and
20833	chaff being tossed about and winnowed by the fans
20834	and other tools used in cleaning the grain ' the
20835	elements toss matter about and are tossed about by
20836	i t ; and like always draws near to like, some things
20837	occupying one place and others another, before the
20838	universe becomes completely organized out of the
20839	elements.
20840	Thus, when matter was in that state in
20841	which, in all probability, is the universe from which God
20842	is absent, the first five properties, having tendencies
20843	of their own, were at once carried in different direc
20844	tions, not being completely or absolutely separated,
20845	because, when all things were amalgamated, the
20846	inferior always followed the superior in spite of
20847	Nature.b
20848	For this reason they produced in the
20849	different kinds of bodies, as these were carried some
20850	in one direction and others in another, an equal
20851	number of separate divisions with intervals between
20852	them, one not of pure fire, but fiery, another not of
20853	unmingled ether, but ethereal, another not of earth
20854	by itself alone, but earthy ; and above all, in keeping
20855	with the close association of air with water, they
20856	contrived, as has been said,c that these should come
20857	away filled with many foreign elements.
20858	It was not
20859	the Deity who parted substance and caused it to rest
20860	in different places, but, after it had been parted by its
20861	own action and was being carried in diverse ways in
20862	such great disarray, he took it over and set it in
20863	a Plato, Timaeus, 52 e .
20864	b Some would prefer to make Plutarch say * in keeping
20865	with Nature.’
20866	e Cf. 428 d - e , supra.
p. 246
20867	PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
20868	TTapaXafiœv, eraÇe Kal ovvrjpIxooe 8i* àvaXoyias
20869	Kai pL€GoTuyros* eîd* eKaoTT) Xoyov èyKaraoryjaas
20870	woirep appLoorrjv Kai (Į>vXaKa, Koapcovs ¿nolrjGc
20871	TOGOVTOVÇ,
20872	O G a
20873	y€V 7)
20874	T LO V
20875	7Tpd)T<J0V
20876	GOJĮIOlTOJV
20877	p V7T7jpxz.
20878	ra v ra pièv ovv rrj YlXarœvoç dvaKclo9w
20879	xdpiTi Si* 'A ijliaw viov èyw 8è rrepl puev aptOpiov
20880	KOGpLWV OVK dv 7 7 0 T 6
20881	8 u O X V p L G a Î p L 7 ] V
20882	O T l
20883	T O G O V T O L ,
20884	ttjv Sè TrXeiovas pÀv évos ov pLrjv ¿ 7reipovç dXX*
20885	<l)pLGp,€VOVS 7rXrj9€L TLÔepLCVrjV 8o£aV Ol>S€T€paÇ €K€L~
20886	vwv dXoywTcpav rjyovpLat, to (/>v g €l rrjç vXtjç g k €-
20887	8a g to v Kal picpLOTov ôpwv ouV i(f>y ¿voç p,evov o v t
20888	431
20889	dncLpov V7TO rov Xoyov fSa8l£,€iv ecopicvov.
20890	el
20891	8' àXXaxdOt TTov Kavravda1 rrjç ’AfcaS^/xeiaç v t to-
20892	pupLvrjGKovreç iavrovç
20893	to ayav rrįs nloTews a<į>-
20894	aipû)IjL€v,
20895	Kal
20896	ttjv aGcfraXeiav wGirep
20897	¿v
20898	^copup
20899	0(Į>aXcpw,
20900	rip
20901	irepl
20902	ttjç
20903	aircLplag
20904	Xoyw,
20905	p,6vov
20906	8iaGwIiwpiev .”
20907	38.
20908	*EpLOV Se Ta\)T €L7t6vTOS O ArjpLTJTpLOS, “ op-
20909	û
20910	>f *f I
20911	ii A
20912	f
20913	a
20914	uwç,
20915	€<p7j,
20916	AapiTTpias Trapatvei.
20917	1 iroXXaîç yàp ol Oeol puopcf)aîs 9
20918	OV
20919	1 G oj>L G piaT W V y
20920	WÇ
20921	E v p iT rcS rjÇ
20922	(f>YJGLVy
20923	àXXà
20924	7TpaypL(XTWV
20925	‘ G(f)dXXoVGLV
20926	rjpiâsy
20927	OTaV
20928	WÇ
20929	6776-
20930	GTajXCVOL ToXpiWpL€V àTTO<I>aLV€oôaL 7T€pl TTjXlKOVTWV.
20931	/
20932	<
20933	\ /
20934	j
20935	e
20936	e
20937	> \
20938	i f
20939	a AA
20940	avoLGTcos
20941	o
20942	A oyos,
20943	<*>s
20944	o
20945	a vto s
20946	avrjp
20947	<f>yjoLv, in i ttjv et; àpx^js
20948	vttoOcglv .
20949	ro yàp â<f>-
20950	B LGTapevwv Kal a7ToXcL7rovTwv Ta xP7)(TTVPia T^v
20951	8aipiovwv woTTcp opyava tcxvltwv àpyà Kal avavSa
20952	kclg6at Xcxüèv tTtpov Xoyov iyeipei to v Trepl ttjç
20953	alrlaç įieltyOva Kal Svvdficws, fj2 x P wijlcvol 7tolovgl
20954	1 Kavravda] Kav in neari y ail MS3.
20955	2 2Î Turnebus : <I> (o>s, aïs)»
20956	460
20957	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 430-431
20958	order and fitted it together by the use of proportions
20959	and means. Then, after establishing Reason in each as
20960	a governor and guardian, he created as many worlds
20961	as the existing primal bodies.
20962	Let this, then, be an
20963	offering for the gratification of Plato on Ammonius's
20964	account, but as for myself, I should not venture to
20965	assert regarding the number of worlds that they are
20966	just so many ; but the opinion that sets their number
20967	at more than one, and yet not infinite, but limited in
20968	amount, I regard as no more irrational than either
20969	of the others, when I observe the dispersiveness and
20970	divisibility implicit by nature in Matter, and that it
20971	neither abides as a unit nor is permitted by Reason to
20972	progress to infinity. But if in any other place we have
20973	recalled the Academy a to our mind, let us do so here
20974	as well, and divest ourselves of excessive credulity
20975	and, as if we were in a slippery place in our discussion
20976	about infinity, let us merely keep a firm footing."
20977	38. When I had said this, Demetrius remarked,
20978	“ Lamprias gives the right advice ; for
20979	The gods make us to slip by many forms
20980	not ‘ of tricks,* as Euripidesb says, but of facts,
20981	whenever we make bold to pronounce opinions about
20982	such matters as if we understood them.
20983	‘ But the
20984	discussion must be carried back,* as the same writer
20985	says,c to the assumption made at the beginning. For
20986	what was said then, that when the demigods with
20987	draw and forsake the oracles, these lie idle and
20988	inarticulate like the instruments of musicians, raises
20989	another question of greater import regarding the
20990	causative means and power which they employ to
20991	° Cf. 387 f , supra.
20992	b Cf. Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 674, Euripides, no. 972.
20993	c Cf. the note on 390 c, supra.
20994	461
p. 247
20995	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
20996	(431) KGLToxovç rois èvdovcnaafioîs Kal (fravraoiaoriKovs
20997	tovs 7Tpo<f>rjTaç Kal ra s 7rpo(f>r]TL8aç.
20998	ov yàp oï6v
20999	re rrjv eKXecifjiv alnaoQai rov dnavSav rà pLavreîa,
21000	pur] neiodevras ov rponov ¿(¡)€otcüt€ç avroîç Kal
21001	7Tapovr€ç èvepyà Kal Aoyia itolovolv ol Saipioves.”
21002	I TroAapœv o o Apipucovios,
21003	oiei yap erepov ri
21004	tous* Saipiovas,” etTrev, “ rj {¡jvyàs ovraç TTepnroXeZv
21005	Kad5 'HcrioSov * r]4pa éooapiévovs 1 ;
21006	ipiol pièv yap,
21007	C fjv
21008	àvdpü)7TOÇ
21009	eyei
21010	Sta<j>opàv
21011	irpos
21012	dvdpcoTrov
21013	V7TOKpwopL€vov
21014	rpaycoSiav
21015	rj
21016	Kcopup8lavy
21017	ravrrjv
21018	€X€LV S OK€Î fax?)
21019	TTpOÇ1 2 3 4
21020	ifjVXTJV
21021	€V€OK€VaopL€Vr]V
21022	crco/xa tco2 Trapovn jStcp Trpoo<j>opov 2
21023	ouSev ovv
21024	dXoyov ov8è OavpLaorov, el if/vyol ^vyols iv rv y xd-
21025	vovoai (f)avracLaç epLTroiovoi rov pLeXXovroç, cocnrep
21026	r]pL€îs àXXrjiïoiç ov rrâvTa 8ià (frcovfjç aÀÀà Kal ypapi-
21027	pLaai Kal diyovres puovov Kal TrpoofiXeifjavreç 7roXXà
21028	Kal pL7]vvopi€v tcov yeyovorcov Kal rœ v ¿oopicvcov
21029	7TpoarjpiaivopL€v.
21030	el pr] rt ov Xéyeiç €T€pov, co
21031	Aaparpia* Kal yàp evayx°$
21032	K£ TLS <f>u>vr] TTpos
21033	rj/iaç, cbs oov TroXXà ttepl rovrœv év Ae^aàeca
21034	Revois
21035	SiaXeyBevTos,
21036	a>v
21037	ovSev
21038	o
21039	St rjyovpievoç
21040	D aKpipcos SiepLvripLovtvz”
21041	“ Mr) Oavpiào'ps,” ccfrrjv èyœ, “ 7roXXal yàp api a
21042	rrpd^eis 8cà pueoov Kal aayoÀtat ovvTvyxavovoai
21043	Stà t o pavreiav4 elvai Kal dvolav rovç Xoyovç St-
21044	€07rap]L€vovç rjpuv Kal OTropd8aç eTroirjoav.”
21045	’AAAà VVV,” O ’ApLpLCOVLOÇ €(f>r]y “ K al OXoXrjV
21046	â y o v ra s a K p o a rà s efyetç5
21047	KaL ^podvpiovs6 r a puev
21048	1 ÿvxh irp°s added by Xylander.
21049	2 ru> added by Emperius.
21050	3 TTp6o<j)opov Reiske : npoo^epeiv»
21051	4 fiavreiav F.C.B. (cf. 1125 e ) : piavretov.
21052	462
21053	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 431
21054	make the prophetic priests and priestesses possessed
21055	by inspiration and able to present their visions. For
21056	it is not possible to hold that the desertion by the
21057	demigods is the reason for the silence of the oracles
21058	unless we are convinced as to the manner in which
21059	the demigods, by having the oracles in their charge
21060	and by their presence there, make them active and
21061	articulate.”
21062	Here Ammonius joined in and said, “ Do you really
21063	think that the demigods are aught else than souls that
21064	make their rounds, ‘ in mist apparelled,’ as Hesiod a
21065	says ? To my mind the difference between man and
21066	man in acting tragedy or comedy is the difference
21067	between soul and soul arrayed in a body suitable for
21068	its present life. It is, therefore, not at all unreasonable
21069	or even marvellous that souls meeting souls should
21070	create in them impressions of the future, exactly as
21071	we do not convey all our information to one another
21072	through the spoken word, but by writing also, or
21073	merely by a touch or a glance, we give much infor
21074	mation about what has come to pass and intimation
21075	of what is to come. Unless it be, Lamprias, that you
21076	have another story to tell. For not long ago a rumour
21077	reached us about your having had a long talk on these
21078	subjects with strangers at Lebadeia, but the man who
21079	told of it could recall none of it with exactness.”
21080	“ You need not be surprised,” said I, “ since many
21081	activities and distractions occurring in the midst of it,
21082	because it was a day for oracles and sacrifice, made
21083	our conversation desultory and disconnected.”
21084	“ But now,” said Ammonius, “ you have listeners
21085	with nothing to distract them and eager to seek and
21086	° Works and Days, 125.
21087	5 e y a s ] * x €l in m o s t m s s .
21088	8 irpodvpiovs Reiske : irp6 6vfioi.
21089	4 63
p. 248
21090	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
21091	tpr)T€LV та Se рьаѵѲаѵеіѵ, epiSos екттоЬсоѵ ovor)s каі
21092	фіХоѵеікІа^ aTTaorjs avyyvd)pa(]s Se ттаѵті Хбуср каі
21093	TrapprjoLas cos opas SeSopieviqs ’’
21094	39. Таита Sr) каі тсоѵ dXXcov оѵртгаракаХоѵѵ-
21095	тсоѵ, рьскроѵ eycb аш)7тгісга$, “ каі p,rjv атто Tvxys
21096	TLVOS, cS ’Ajtx/xail>L€, TOLS TOT€ X6yOLS aVTOS 0*PXVV
21097	E n v a
21098	каі rrapoSov evSeSooKas.
21099	el yap at Sta-
21100	кріѲеІоаі ad)paros, i) /Х17 /хетао^оисгаі то ттара-
21101	паѵ фѵхаі Salpioves elai ката ае каі тоѵ Ѳеіоѵ
21102	'YioloSov,
21103	ayvol1 етхѲбѵші фѵХаке$ Ѳѵг)тсоѵ аѵѲрсоттсоѵ,
21104	8іа ті Tas еѵ
21105	tols асорьааи фѵха$ екеіѵг]s Trjs
21106	Svvapiecos аттоатероѵрьеѵ, fj та рьеХХоѵта каі ттро-
21107	уіуѵсоакеіѵ тгефѵкааі каі rrpoSrjXovv ol Salpoves;
21108	оѵте yap SvvapLV оѵте pepos ovSev етпуІуѵеоѲаі
21109	rats* фѵхсй^, отаѵ аттоХІтгсоаі то асорьа, pbrj кектгр-
21110	рьеѵасд ттрбтероѵ еІко$ еатіѵ, аХХ del рьеѵ е^есѵ,
21111	e^etv Se фаѵХотера та> асорсаті рьерьеиурьеѵа^, каі
21112	та рьеѵ oXojs aSrjXa каі кекрѵ(і(леѵа та S’ aodevrj
21113	F каі араѵра каі tois St* o/xt^A^s* opcooiv fj klvov-
21114	pievois ev vypcp ттаратгХг^аІсоя Svaepya каі jSpaSe'a,
21115	каі 7гоХХг)ѵ тгоѲоѵѵта Ѳераттеіаѵ тоѵ оікеіоѵ каі
21116	аѵаХг]фіѵ афаіреасѵ Se каі каѲарасѵ тоѵ каХѵтттоѵ-
21117	tos.2
21118	соаттер уар о rjXt,os оі>х отаѵ Ьіафѵул та
21119	ѵефг) уіуѵетаі Xap,7Tpos, аАЛ’ еаті рьеѵ del фаіѵетаі
21120	432 8 ’ і)рйѵ еѵ op,ixXfl Ьѵафат]д каі dpiavpog, ovtcos 77
21121	ФѴХѴ r l v pt'OLVTLKTjv оѵк етпктатаі Svvapuv ек/Заоа 1
21122	1 ayvol] іаѲХоІ Hesiod.
21123	* каХѵтттоѵтоъ Emperius: k Xztttovtos (m dXvovtos in one ms.,
21124	which also adds a short paraphrase of what has gone before).
21125	464
21126	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 431-432
21127	gain information 011 this point or that ; all strife and
21128	contention is banished and a sympathetic hearing
21129	and freedom of statement, as you observe, is granted
21130	for all that may be said.”
21131	3 9 .
21132	As the others also joined in the request, I, after
21133	a moment of silence, continued, “ A sa matter of fact,
21134	Ammonius, by some chance you happen to be the one
21135	who provided the opening and approach for what was
21136	said on that occasion.
21137	For if the souls which have
21138	been severed from a body, or have had no part with
21139	one at all, are demigods according to you and the
21140	divine Hesiod,®
21141	Holy dwellers on earth and the guardian spirits of mortals,
21142	why deprive souls in bodies of that power by virtue
21143	of which the demigods possess the natural faculty
21144	of knowing and revealing future events before they
21145	happen ? For it is not likely that any power or por
21146	tion accrues to souls when they have left the body,
21147	if they did not possess them before; but the souls
21148	always possess them ; only they possess them to
21149	a slight degree while conjoined with the body, some
21150	of them being completely imperceptible and hidden,
21151	others weak and dim, and about as ineffectual and
21152	slowr in operation as persons that try to see in a fog or
21153	to move about in water, and requiring much nursing
21154	and restoring of the functions that properly belong to
21155	them and the removal and clearing away of the cover
21156	ing which hides them.
21157	Just as the sun does not
21158	become bright when it bursts through the clouds,
21159	but is bright always, and yet in a fog appears to us
21160	indistinct and dim, even so the soul does not acquire
21161	the prophetic power when it goes forth from the body
21162	0 W o r k s a n d D a y s , 123.
21163	465
p. 249
21164	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
21165	(432) t o v GWfJLCLTos (oonep ve^ovs, aAA* eyovoa /an vvv
21166	TV(f>AovTCU Sta t t]v irpos t o dvrjTOV dvapeL^LV avrfjs
21167	/cat avyxvoLV.
21168	ov Set Se davpa^eLv ovS’ amaT^lv
21169	opcovTas, el prjhev aXXo, rrjs fa x ^ S rrjv avriorpo^ov
21170	rfj pavTLKjj hvvap.LV, rjv pvrjprjv KaXovpev, tjA lk o v
21171	epyov amohtLKvvTaL t o ocp^eLV tcl Trapcoxypeva Ka'L
21172	(¡>vXdTT€LV, paXXov he ovTam
21173	tc o v yap yeyovoTcov
21174	ovoev eoTiv ovo
21175	ycpeoTTjKev, aAA
21176	apa yiyveTai
21177	Travra /cat cf>delpeTaL, /cat TTpdt;eis /cat Aoyot /cat
21178	B iradrjpaTa, t o v
21179	x P ° v o v Kadarrep pevpaTos eieaoTa
21180	7Tapacf>€povTosm a v t t j he t t} s fa x ^ S rj hvvapcs o v k
21181	otS’
21182	ovTLva
21183	TpoTrov
21184	avTiXapfSavopevr]
21185	t o l s
21186	prj
21187	rrapovoL <j)avTaoLav /cat ovolav TrepLTldrjOLv.
21188	o pev
21189	yap
21190	©erraAots
21191	7repl
21192	VA pvrjs1
21193	hodels
21194	XP7]0^ ^
21195	eKeXeve (fapd^eiv
21196	Kcocfiov t * aKorfv t v </)Aol6 re hep£iv,
21197	rj
21198	he pvrjprj
21199	/cat
21200	KCO(f>d)v rrpaypaTCOv aKorj
21201	/cat
21202	TV<f>Xujv oifjis rjplv eoTtv.
21203	odev, cos ecf>r)v, o v k eoTi
21204	OavpaoTov, el KpaTovoa tcov prjKeT
21205	ovtcov npo-
21206	Aapfiavei rroXXa
21207	tcov pijheTTco yeyovoTcov ra u ra
21208	yap avTjj paXXov rrpoarjKeL /cat to vto ls uvpTradrjS
21209	¿art* /cat yap emjSaAAerat /cat TTpooTideTaL2 rrpos
21210	r a peXXovTa
21211	/cat
21212	tcov3 napcox^jpevcov /cat reAos
21213	¿xovtcov a7T7jXXaKTat rrXrjv t o v pvrjpoveveiv.
21214	C
21215	40. " TavTrjv ovv exovaa i tt)v hvvapiv at i^vyal
21216	crvpcfrvTOV pev apvhpav he /cat hv<j<f>avTaoTOV, opcos
21217	e^avdovcn TroXXaKLs /cat avaXapTrovcnv4 ev re tols
21218	1 "Apvrjs Turnebus: dvvrjs.
21219	2 TTpoariS^Tai F .C .B .: npoTideTCu,
21220	3 t<x)v added by Stegmann.
21221	4
21222	avaXdfxnovaiv one ms. (E) and Emperius: araAa/xjSarouoxv.
21223	4 6 6
21224	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 432
21225	as from a cloud ; it possesses that power even now,
21226	but is blinded by being combined and commingled
21227	with the mortal nature.
21228	We ought not to feel sur
21229	prised or incredulous at this when we see in the
21230	soul, though we see naught else, that faculty which
21231	is the complement of prophecy, and which we call
21232	memory, and how great an achievement is displayed
21233	in preserving and guarding the past, or rather what
21234	has been the present, since nothing of all that has
21235	come to pass has any existence or substantiality,
21236	because the very instant when anything comes to
21237	pass, that is the end of it— of actions, words, experi
21238	ences alike ; for Time like an everflowing stream
21239	bears all things onward. But this faculty of the soul
21240	lays hold upon them, I know not how, and invests with
21241	semblance and being things not now present here.
21242	The oracle given to the Thessalians about Arne a bade
21243	them note
21244	A deaf man’s hearing, a blind man’s sight.
21245	But memory is for us the hearing of deeds to which
21246	we are deaf and the seeing of things to which we are
21247	blind. Hence, as I said, it is no wonder that, if it has
21248	command over things that no longer are, it anticipates
21249	many of those which have not yet come to pass, since
21250	these are more closely related to it, and with these
21251	it has much in common ; for its attachments and
21252	associations are with the future, and it is quit of all
21253	that is past and ended, save only to remember it.
21254	40.
21255	“ Souls therefore, all possessed of this power,
21256	which is innate but dim and hardly manifest, never
21257	theless oftentimes disclose its flower and radiance in
21258	a Cf. Thucydides, i. 12.
21259	467
p. 250
21260	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
21261	(432) ¿vvTTVLOis Kai nepl T as TcAeuràç1 e v ia i, KaOapov
21262	y iy v o p z v o v r o d acüpbaroç rj T iva K p a a w otK ziav
21263	rrpos
21264	tovto X ap fiav ov T os, fj2
21265	to XoyLCFTiKov K al
21266	<f>povTLOTiKov a v U ra t K al aTroX verai3 tojv rrapovTiov
21267	toj*
21268	àX oyoj
21269	K ai
21270	<jjavTaaiaoTiK(į>
21271	tov piXXovTos
21272	€7TlOTp€(Į>Op,€VaiS *
21273	OV y a p , Cos O JLvpiTriSrjÇ (fjrjOt,
21274	p avTis S’8 apiOTOs ootls €LKa£,€i KaXœs,
21275	àXX9 oStoç epcfjpojv1 pèv âvrjp Kai toj vovv eyovn
21276	T7)S ^vyrįs Kal p€T
21277	€LKOTOÇ rjyOVpL€V(p
21278	OOOl'
21279	€7r6pL€VOS' TO §€ paVTLKOV <X)OTT€p ypappaTeîov â-
21280	D ypcL<f>ov Kal àXoyov Kal âopLGTOv8
21281	avTov, 8çktlkov
21282	8è (jjavTaaiüLjv9 rraOeoL Kal rrpoaiodrioeojv, âcrvXXo-
21283	yloTOJS a7TT€Tat tov peXXovTos, orav eKOTrj pàXiOTa
21284	tov 7rapovTos- e^tararat Sè Kpdcret Kai Stadéoei
21285	tov oojpaTos àv pcTafioXfj yiyvopevov,10 rjv11 evdov-
21286	cnaapov KaXovpev.
21287	avro pèv ow cf avTov to ocopa
21288	ToiavTTįV TToXXaKiç toyzi hiàQeoiv r) Se yrį 7JoXXœv
21289	pi€ V âXXüJV S VVap,€ÜJV 7T7)yàç à VLTJOLV àvdpOJTTOLÇ,
21290	Tas pèv eKOTaTLKas Kal voocoSeis Kal 0avaTrj(/)6povs,
21291	Tas Se ^p^crras“ Kai tTpoorjveîs Kal œ(I>eXlpovs, d>$
21292	SrjXai12 yiyvovTai rrelpa
21293	TrpooTvyxâvovcri.
21294	to Sè
21295	pavTiKov pevpa Kal 7rvevpa OecoTaTov èart Kal
21296	oonatTaTov, av re Ka69 iavTO S i
21297	à epos av re peO
21298	1 rcAetrra?] rcAera? in some m s s .
21299	2 fj Wyttenbach: rj.
21300	3 avierai Kal dnoXv€Tat Wyttenbach: dvUaOai Kal aTroXveoOai.
21301	4 tco added by Wyttenbach.
21302	5 ¿7TLaTp€<j>Ofj,4vaLS F.C .B .: imaTpefofjLevas.
21303	6 8* in Euripides, omitted in the m s s . of Plutarch.
21304	7 €pL<f>pa>v Meziriacus: opLO<f>pu)v.
21305	8 aopiorov] aoparov Bliiinner.
21306	9 <j>avTa<na)v Meziriacus: ^avraaTov or <j>avTaarcjv.
21307	10 yiyvopitvov F.C .B .: yiyvopevov.
21308	11 rjv Paton: or.
21309	12 BrjXat Turnebus : 8rjXa.
21310	4 6 8
21311	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 432
21312	dreams, and some in the hour of death,® when the
21313	body becomes cleansed of all impurities and attains
21314	a temperament adapted to this end, a temperament
21315	through which the reasoning and thinking faculty of
21316	the souls is relaxed and released from their present
21317	state as they range amid the irrational and imagina
21318	tive realms of the future.
21319	It is not true, as Euripides 6
21320	says, that
21321	The best of seers is he that guesses well;
21322	no, the best of seers is the intelligent man, following
21323	the guidance of that in his soul which possesses sense
21324	and which, with the help of reasonable probability,
21325	leads him on his way.
21326	But that which foretells the
21327	future, like a tablet without writing, is both irrational
21328	and indeterminate in itself, but receptive of impres
21329	sions and presentiments through what may be done
21330	to it, and inconsequently grasps at the future when
21331	it is farthest withdrawn from the present.
21332	Its with
21333	drawal is brought about by a temperament and dis
21334	position of the body as it is subjected to a change
21335	which we call inspiration.
21336	Often the body of itself
21337	alone attains this disposition.
21338	Moreover the earth
21339	sends forth for men streams of many other potencies,
21340	some of them producing derangements, diseases, or
21341	deaths ; others helpful, benignant, and beneficial, as
21342	is plain from the experience of persons who have
21343	come upon them.
21344	But the prophetic current and
21345	breath is most divine and holy, whether it issue by
21346	itself through the air or come in the company of
21347	a Cf. Plato, Apology, 39 b .
21348	b Cf. Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 674, Euripides, no.
21349	973 ; cf. Moralia, 399 a , supra.
21350	469
p. 251
21351	PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
21352	E vypov vdfiaros a n ep a ra i.1
21353	Karapieiyvvpievov yap
21354	els to ad>fia Kpaoiv epnroiel rats ifivyais arfdr) koll
21355	aro7TOV, rjs rrjv ISiorrjra yaXeitov ehreiv oacfxjjs,
21356	elKacrai s i ttoXXolx&S o Xoyos 8i8u)cn.
21357	Oeppiorrjri
21358	yap Kal Siaxvcrei 7rSpovs rivas avoiyeiv (fravra-
21359	ariKovs rov pieXXovros ¿Ikos ¿crriv, cos olvos ava-
21360	dvfuadels
21361	erepa2
21362	ttoXXcl
21363	Kivfjpiara
21364	Kal
21365	X oyovs
21366	airoKeipievovs Kal XavOdvovras airoKaXonrei•
21367	to yap fiaKxevaifiov
21368	Kal to fxavicvSes pLavriKrjv* ttoXXtjv ex€l
21369	F :<ar
21370	EupimS^v, orav evOeppios rj
21371	yevopievr)
21372	Kal 7rvpu)$r]s d7Ta)or]rai rr)v evXafieiav, rjv rj 6vr)rr)
21373	<f>povr]cns errdyovoa ttoXXolkis anToorpe<f>et Kal K ara-
21374	ofiewvcri rov evdovoiacrpiov.
21375	41. “ "Apia S’ av n s ovk aXoycus Kal £r}porr}ra
21376	<f>air] piera rrjs 6eppiorr]ros eyyiyvopievrjv Xerrrvveiv
21377	to
21378	rrvevpia
21379	Kal
21380	rroielv
21381	al0epa>8es
21382	Kal
21383	Ka0ap6v
21384	a vtt] yap * £y]pvf
21385	Ka^ 'Hpa/eAeiToy.
21386	vyp6-
21387	433 rrjs 8’ ov piovov oifjiv apbfiXvvei Kal ¿ kotjv, dXXa
21388	Kal KaroTTrpojv Biyovoa Kal pieixS^iaa6 7Tpos aepas
21389	a<£aipei rrjv Xapnrporrjra Kal to <f>eyyos.
21390	rovvav-
21391	rlov rraXiv av rrepa/jv^ei n v l Kal rrvKvdxjei rov
21392	7rvevpiaros otov f}(i<j>f} alSrjpov6 to rrpoyvojaTiKov
21393	piopiov
21394	evrelveodat7
21395	Kal
21396	oropiovaOai rrjs
21397	'(jvx'rjs
21398	ovk aSvvarov earn.
21399	Kal piYjv d>s Kaoalrepos piavov
21400	1 a7T€pa.Tai F.C.B. (ava(f>€prjTaL Bernardakis; apTvrr)Tcu S. A.
21401	Naber): a<j>aipy\rai.
21402	2 crepa] cyeipei Wyttenbach; tavei Paton.
21403	3 pLCLVTtKTjv Euripides (Bacch. 298): pLavrevriKrjv in most m s s .
21404	4 grjprj 995 e , Life of Romulus, chap, xxviii., Stobaeus: £rjpa.
21405	5 puyOeloa Emperius: glxos Ka
21406	6 ol&rjpov Michael and Kronenberg: o&ypov.
21407	7 €VT€LV€aOai Wyttenbach: iyyivtudai,.
21408	470
21409	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 432-433
21410	running waters ; for when it is instilled into the body,
21411	it creates in souls an unaccustomed and unusual
21412	temperament, the peculiarity of which it is hard to
21413	describe with exactness, but analogy offers many
21414	comparisons. It is likely that by warmth and diffusion
21415	it opens up certain passages through which impres
21416	sions of the future are transmitted, just as wine,
21417	when its fumes rise to the head, reveals many unusual
21418	movements and also words stored away and un
21419	perceived.
21420	For Bacchic rout
21421	And frenzied mind contain much prophecy,
21422	according to Euripides,a when the soul becomes hot
21423	and fiery, and throws aside the caution that human
21424	intelligence lays upon it, and thus often diverts and
21425	extinguishes the inspiration.
21426	41.
21427	“ At the same time one might assert, not with
21428	out reason, that a dryness engendered with the heat
21429	subtilizes the spirit of prophecy and renders it
21430	ethereal and pure ; for this is ‘ the dry soul/ as
21431	Heracleitus has it.6 Moisture not only dulls sight and
21432	hearing, but when it touches mirrors and combines
21433	with air, it takes away their brightness and sheen.6
21434	But again the very opposite of this may not be
21435	impossible : that by a sort of chilling and compacting
21436	of the spirit of inspiration the prophetic element in
21437	the soul, as when steel is dipped in cold water, is
21438	rendered tense and keen.
21439	And further, just as tin
21440	a Bacchae, 298.
21441	b ‘ A dry soul is best (and/or wisest) * is the dictum of
21442	Heracleitus, which is often quoted ; see Diels, Frag, der
21443	Vorsokratiker, i. p. 100, Heracleitus, no. b 118; c/. also
21444	Moralia, 995 e , and Life of Romulus, chap, xxviii. (36 a).
21445	e Cf. Plutarch, Moralia, 736 a - b.
21446	471
p. 252
21447	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
21448	(433) o v r a /cat iroX viropov tov ^ clXkov €vtclk€ls dpia fiev
21449	€a(/)Ly£e /cat KaTeirvK V C jaev a/xa 8e X ap arp oT tp ov
21450	a77€8€t^€ /cat K adapcx)T€pov, ovtcos ov S ev a irey ^ i
21451	pavT iK rjv d v aO v p iiaaiv o iK eió v t i ra t? i/a^afs* /cat
21452	auyyei/es“ e x o v a a v avalrX rjpovv rd juarà /cat o w -
21453	B c^ett' ivappLOTTOvaav.
21454	aAAa y à p àX X ois ot/ceta /cat
21455	irp oacfrop a, K a d a irep r fjs pièv irop<f>vpas o /aia/xos*
21456	rrjs Se
21457	k o k k o v
21458	to v trp o v So/cet r ìjv fia<f>rjv iir -
21459	d y e tv 1 2 3 4 5 pi€p,€iypL€vov
21460	fìvcrocp 8 e yXavKrjs k o k k o v 8 * /c a r a /x ta y e r a t a /crts1/
21461	cos* 5E/x7re8o/cÀrJs“ €LprjK€.
21462	irepl Se Too KuSvou5 /cat
21463	t^ s* tepas* too ’AiròAXajvog iv Tapacp pbayaipas, co
21464	</>i'Ae A^/it^Tpte, croo XòyovTos rjKovopiev, cos* out’6 *
21465	o K oSj^os' aXXov7 ¿KKadaipzi alSrjpov rj8 ¿KeXvov ovd*
21466	oScop aAAo rrjv pidxcupoiv rj i k z iv o* Kadairep iv
21467	9OXvparia rrjv T€<f>pav irpoGirXaTTovai rei) fico peep
21468	/cat irepar'qyvvovGiv €K t o v ’AA^etoo irapax^ovres
21469	C ¿Scop,
21470	irepcov
21471	Se
21472	ireipcvpievoi
21473	irorapLcov9
21474	ovSevl
21475	Svvavrac ovvayayelv ovSe KoXXijoai rrjv re<f)pav,
21476	42.
21477	“ Oo OavpLaaréov ovv, et 7roAAà ttJs* yij? arco
21478	pevpiara /xe^teta^s“, r a v r a piòva Tag ipvxàg evdov-
21479	CTtaort/ccos* SiaTidrjGL /cat (fyavraaiaariKajs t o v pieX-
21480	Xo v to s,
21481	ap.e'Aet10 8e /cat T a ttJs“ ^ / x^ s* GvvaSei rep
21482	1 /cua/Ltoj] /cuavos Paton and Hatzidakis.
21483	2 c V a y e iv F.C.B. (av^€iv Wyttenbacll) : a y e iv .
21484	3 kokkov Xylander (kokkos Diels): KpoKov, Kpóvov, KpoKov.
21485	4 ¿lktLs not in most m s s . ( ¿ ktt}s Wilamowitz-M ollendorff).
21486	5 KuSvou] KvapLov in all m s s . but one (E).
21487	« ovr’ added by Madvig.
21488	7 aAAov Emperius : /xaAAov.
21489	8 i} added by Emperius.
21490	9 irtpajv . • . irorapLwv Schellens : crepa* . . . norafiip,
21491	10 a/xeAet Wyttenbach : a/xa^el.
21492	472
21493	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 433
21494	when alloyed with copper, which is loose and porous
21495	in texture, binds it together and compacts it,° and
21496	at the same time makes it brighter and cleaner, even
21497	so there is nothing to prevent the prophetic vapour,
21498	which contains some affinity and relationship to souls,
21499	from filling up the vacant spaces and cementing all
21500	together by fitting itself in.
21501	For one thing has
21502	affinity and adaptability for one thing, another for
21503	another, just as the beanb seems to further the
21504	dyeing of purple and sodium carbonate6 that of
21505	scarlet, when mixed with the dye ;
21506	All in the linen is blended the splendour of glorious scarlet,
21507	as Empedocles d has said. But regarding the Cydnus
21508	and the sacred sword of Apollo in Tarsus we used
21509	to hear you say, my dear Demetrius, that the
21510	Cydnus will cleanse no steel but that, and no other
21511	water will cleanse that sword.
21512	There is a similar
21513	phenomenon at Olympia, where they pile the ashes
21514	against the altar and make them adhere all around
21515	by pouring on them water from the Alpheius; but,
21516	although they have tried the waters of other rivers,
21517	there is none with wrhieh they can make the ashes
21518	cohere and stay fixed in their place.
21519	42.
21520	“ It is not, therefore, anything to excite
21521	amazement if, although the earth sends up many
21522	streams, it is only such as these that dispose souls to
21523	inspiration and impressions of the future.
21524	Certainly
21525	the voice of legend also is in accord with my state-
21526	° Cf. Aristotle, De Generatione Animalium, ii. 8 (747 a 34).
21527	6
21528	Cf, H. Blümner, Gewerbe und Künste bei Griechen und
21529	Römern (Leipzig, 1875), i. 236.
21530	c Ibid, 238.
21531	d Cf, Diels, Frag, der Vorsokratiker> i. p. 255, Em
21532	pedocles, no. b 93.
21533	473
p. 253
21534	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
21535	(433) Aoyor Kai yàp evrà€0a rrjv rrepl rov rorrov 8vvapLV
21536	ep<f>avrj yeveadat rrpcorov laropovGLV, vopecvç t l v o s
21537	eprreGovroç Kara Tvyiqv, eîra <f>covàç ava<I>epovroç
21538	ev0ovoLœ8eLç, œv ro pèv rrpœrov ol rrapayevopevoL
21539	Kare<j>povovv, varepov Se yevopevœv œv rTpoeîrrev
21540	0 à v 9pœrToç, e O a v p a o a v .
21541	o i Sè X oyLœ raroL AeX(f>œv
21542	D K al
21543	r o v v o p a
21544	r o v
21545	avOpœrrov
21546	8 L apvrjpovevovreç
21547	JÎopijrav XeyovGLv., èpol 8e Sofceî pàXLara roLavrrjv
21548	7rpoç ro p a vtlko v rrvevpa XapftâveLv ovyKpaoLV
21549	ipvx'T] Kal ovprrrj^Lv, olav rrpoç ro <f>œç rj
21550	oiIjlç
21551	opoLorraOèç yLyvopevov* o(f>0aXpov re yàp eyovroç
21552	rrjv oparLKrjv 8vvap.Lv oiîSèv àvev (f>œroç epyov
21553	earw , ipvxfjs T€ ro pavriKov œorrep oppa 8eîrai rov
21554	Gvve^àrrrovroç
21555	olkclov Kai ovverrLOrjy ovroç.
21556	odev
21557	01 pèv
21558	ttoXXoI rœ v npoyeveGrépœv eva Kal rov
21559	avrov rjyovvro 0eov 9ArroXXœva Kal tjXlov ol 8è
21560	rrjv KaXrjv Kai ao<Į>rjv emorapevoL Kal rLpœvreç
21561	avaXoylav, orrep1 crajpa rrpoç ifjvyrjv oipcç 8e rrpoç
21562	E vovv <f>œç Sè rrpoç àÀrj0eLav èorL, rovro rrjv rjXLov
21563	SvvapLV eÏKaÇov eîvaL rrpoç rrjv 9ArroXXœvoç (I>vglv,
21564	eKyovov €K€lvov Kal roKov ovroç2 3 ael yLyvopevov
21565	àel rovrov àrTo<f>aivovreç 2
21566	eįarrreL yàp Kal rrpo-
21567	d y era L K ai ovveįoppa rrjç aîoOrjaeœç rrjv oparLKrjv
21568	8vvapLV ovroç d)Ç rrjç ÿ v x rjs tyjv pavrLKrjv eKeîvoç.
21569	4 3 .
21570	“ O l pevroL 8 o£ aÇ ov reç ev a K al ro v a v ro v
21571	9eov eïvaL, eLK orœ ç 9ArrdXXœvL K al T fj kolvojç àv -
21572	éd eo a v r o xPr}a r y p LOV> olopevoL rrjv Siadccnv K al
21573	KpâoLV èprroLeîv r fj y fj ro v tjXlov, â<f>9 fjç eK(f)épe-
21574	1 o-TTcp] ôttcoç in most mss.
21575	2 Suros] Suroję in some mss.
21576	3 aTTO<j>aivovT€s] aTro<j>aivovros in most mss.
21577	474
21578	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 433
21579	ment ; for they record that here the power hovering
21580	about this spot was first made manifest when a
21581	certain shepherd fell in by accident and later gave
21582	forth inspired utterances, which those who came into
21583	contact with him at first treated with disdain ; but
21584	later, when what he had foretold came to pass, they
21585	were amazed.
21586	The most learned of the people of
21587	Delphi still preserve the tradition of his name, which
21588	they say was Coretas.
21589	But I incline most to the
21590	opinion that the soul acquires towards the prophetic
21591	spirit a close and intimate connexion of the sort that
21592	vision has towards light, which possesses similar
21593	properties.
21594	For, although the eye has the power of
21595	vision, there is no function for it to perform without
21596	lighta ; and so the prophetic power of the soul, like an
21597	eye, has need of something kindred to help to kindle
21598	it and stimulate it further.
21599	Hence many among
21600	earlier generations regarded Apollo and the Sun as
21601	one and the same god ; but those who understood and
21602	respected fair and wise analogy conjectured that as
21603	body is to soul, vision to intellect, and light to truth,
21604	so is the power of the sun to the nature of Apollo ;
21605	and they would make it appear that the sun is his
21606	offspring and progeny, being for ever born of him that
21607	is for ever.
21608	For the sun kindles and promotes and
21609	helps to keep in activity the power of vision in our
21610	perceptive senses, just as the god does for the power
21611	of prophecy in the soul.
21612	43.
21613	“ Those, however, who had reached the con
21614	clusion that the two are one and the same god very
21615	naturally dedicated the oracle to Apollo and Earth in
21616	common, thinking that the sun creates the disposition
21617	and tem peram ent in the earth from which the prophet-
21618	° See 436 d, infra, and Plato, Republic, 508a-509 b.
21619	475
p. 254
21620	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
21621	aOcu1 ras ¡lavriKas àvaOvpudaetg.
21622	avrrjv p,ev ovv
21623	rrjv yrjv ¿ocnrep 'HcrtoSos’ ivlcov <j>tXoaó<f)ù>v piXrtov
21624	Sta vorjOeìs
21625	navrcov ! 8os àa^aXes
21626	F 7TpOG€L7T€V, OVTCO Kal TjfJL€LS Kal àlSlOV Kal CL(f)0apTOV
21627	vofit£ofJL€v tcov 8è rrepl avrrjv 8vvdji€Oìv rrfj pèv
21628	€K\eii}teis rrrj Se yeyicrzts àXXaxov Se pLeraardaets
21629	Kal pterappolas àXXaxodev zÌkos eart ovptfiaiveiv,
21630	Kal KVKXeiv iv avrfj rà? rotavras iv reo XP°V(P
21631	rravrl 7ToXXaKlS 7T€plÓSoVS, COS €<7TL T€Kp,aÌp€(J0aL
21632	rots (f>atvopL€Vots •
21633	Xtpivcòv re yàp yeyóvacn Kal
21634	TTorajicòv, eri Se rrXeioves vaparcov Oepptcjv ottov
21635	ptèv e/cÀeti/rets* Kal (¡>0opal navrarraaiv, ottov S9 olov
21636	434 àrroSpacreLS Kal KaraSvaets* etra rcaXiv rjKet2 Sta
21637	Xpóvcov ¿7Tt(f>aiv6p,€va3 rot? a vrots tottqis4 rj rrXrjcriov
21638	vrroppiovra* Kal
21639	pLerdXXajv
21640	terpev6 i£apiavpa)(j€is
21641	yeyovivat Katvas* tbs rd>v Trepl rrjv 9A ttlktjv àpyv-
21642	petcov Kal rrj$ iv EójSena ^aAfaVtSo? i£ rjs i 8rj-
21643	puovpyetro rà ifjvxprjXara rtòv £t</)tòv, a>s* A ìoxvXos
21644	€LprjK€
21645	Xafìàyv yàp avró0r)KTov E v/Solkov £l<f)os'
21646	7) 8 9 iv ìia p v a rq ) rrirp a 7 XP°V°S ° v noXvs d,<f)9 ov
21647	TTeTravrat pbrjpvpbara XlOcov paX aK a Kal8 vr)p,ard)8r]
21648	1 ÌK<l)€p€cr9ai Xylander : ÌK<f>cp€Tai.
21649	2 7]K€i Emperius : Ik€Ì.
21650	3 €m<j>aLv6p,€va
21651	Turnebus:
21652	€m<f>aivopL€vr)
21653	or
21654	iirt<f>€popi€va.
21655	(Kronenberg would read eVN^aivo/zey’ lv toi? avrois).
21656	4 tÓttois added by Xylander.
21657	5 ¿a/icv Turnebus: ro pkv.
21658	6 Katyas’] Ktvàs in one ms. (B).
21659	7 fi . . . 7r€Tpa Turnebus : rf}s . . • Treipas*
21660	8 Kal added by Stegmann, and ScLvrjparcóÒTj in one m s . sug
21661	gests that /cat was once there.
21662	476
21663	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 433-434
21664	inspiring vapours are wafted forth. As Hesiod,® then,
21665	with a better understanding than some philosophers,
21666	spoke of the Earth itself as
21667	Of All the unshaken foundation,
21668	so we believe it to be everlasting and imperishable.
21669	But in the case of the powers associated with the earth
21670	it is reasonable that there should come to pass dis
21671	appearances in one place and generation in another
21672	place, and elsewhere shifting of location and, from
21673	some other source, changes in current,6 and that such
21674	cycles should complete many revolutions within it in
21675	the whole course of time, as we may judge from what
21676	happens before our eyes. For in the case of lakes and
21677	rivers, and even more frequently in hot springs, there
21678	have occurred disappearances and complete extinc
21679	tion in some places, and in others a stealing away, as
21680	it were, and sinking under ground c ; later they came
21681	back, appearing after a time in the same places or
21682	flowing out from below somewhere near.
21683	We know
21684	also of the exhaustion of mines, some of which have
21685	given out recently, as for example the silver mines
21686	of Attica and the copper ore in Euboea from which
21687	the cold-forged sword-blades used to be wrought, as
21688	Aeschylus d has said,
21689	Euboean sword, self-sharpened, in his hand.
21690	And it is no long time since the rock in Euboea ceased
21691	to yield, among its other products, soft petrous
21692	a Theogony, 117.
21693	6 Cf. 432 e , supra.
21694	c A not uncommon phenomenon in Greece ; cf. Moralia,
21695	557 e .
21696	d Cf. Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 107, Aeschylus,
21697	no. 356.
21698	The hardness and temper of cold-forged copper is
21699	well attested.
21700	477
p. 255
21701	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
21702	(434) Gvv€K<f>epovua.
21703	/cat
21704	yap
21705	vptcov
21706	etopaKevai
21707	Tivas
21708	oto/xai x €LP°fJLaKTPa Ka'L St/crua /cat K€Kpvcf)dXovs
21709	B €K€L0€V OV rt1 2 7TVpl Kacofievovs2 9 aAA’ oo av pviTavdfj
21710	Xpcofievcov, ipLpaXSvres els <f>X6ya \ap,7rpa /cat Sia-
21711	<f>avrj Kopbl^ovrar vvv S’ rj<f)dviOTai /cat /xoAt? o?oi'
21712	foe? ^ rplxes dpaual htarpexovcnv Iv tols /xeTaA-
21713	Xo is-
21714	44.
21715	“ KatTOt3 TT/XVTCOV TOVTOJU Ol 7T€pl *&pioro-
21716	reXrjv hrjpuovpyov €v rfj yfj tt\v ava0vp,iaoiv airo-
21717	<f>aivov(nv, fj /cat owe/cAetVcty /cat au/x/xe#tcrTaa#ai
21718	/cat ovvei;av0eiv rraXiv ra ? roiavras <f>vo€Ls a ra y -
21719	Kaiov ¿art.
21720	ra t/ra 4 5 87) nepl fiavriKcov Trvevpidrwv
21721	8tavorjreov, ws ovk ¿x ° vtojv d.L8iov ov8J ayrjpcov ttjv
21722	hvvapuv aAA* v7T0K€ip,evr}v pL€Taf3oXdis.
21723	/cat yap
21724	op,j3povs v7T€ppaXXovras elf<6s ¿oti Karaafievvvvai
21725	C /cat Kepavvcbv ¿pLireGovTCUv 8ia</)op€io0aiy /xaAtaTa
21726	Se tt}? y^S vTroadXov yiyvop,€vrjs /cat Xap,fiavovor)s
21727	l^rjpLara /cat auyycoatv’6 cV fiadeL, p,€0ioTao0ai ra s
21728	dva0vpudoeis rj rv</)XovG0ai
21729	to naparcav, a>G7rep
21730	evrav0a </>aai Trapapbeveiv r a 7rcpt toj/ pueyav gci-
21731	opiov, os /cat rrjv ttoXlv averpexfjev.
21732	iv 8’ ’Opyo/xei'a)
21733	XeyOVGL XoLpLOV y€VOp,€VOV TroXXovS /X€I/ ¿V0pcO7TOVS
21734	8ia<f>0apr\vaL to 8e tov T etpealov xPr)aT1ipiov
21735	XittzZv TTavraTTaat, /cat /xeypi T°v v^v apyov Sia-
21736	fieveiv koX avavSov.
21737	€i Sc /cat rots* 7rep2 KtAt/ctai;
21738	O/XOta GVpL^€^TjK€ 7Ta0€lV, COS* GLKOVOpL€Vy Ov8els a v
21739	Tj/JUV, ¿0 Ar)p,rjTpi€, GOV <f>pdo€l€ Oa<f>€GT€pOV ”
21740	1 ov n Bernardakis: ovrc.
21741	2 trvpt K aiofi€ v ov s] iT€piKcuofi€vovs in nearly all mss.
21742	3 Katrot Xylander: *cai ot or icat.
21743	4 ravra Turnebus: Tavra.
21744	5 ov y x tocn v Relske i crvyxvcnv.
21745	478
21746	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 434
21747	filaments like yarn.0 I think some of you have seen
21748	towels, nets, and women’s head-coverings from there,
21749	which cannot be burned by fire ; but if any become
21750	soiled by use, their owners throw them into a blazing
21751	fire and take them out bright and clear. To-day all
21752	this has disappeared, and there are scarcely any
21753	attenuated fibres or hairs, as it were, running through
21754	the mines.
21755	44.
21756	“ And yet the school of Aristotle b would make
21757	it appear that exhalation is the author of all these
21758	changes that have taken place in the earth, and that
21759	things of this nature must of necessity follow with it
21760	in disappearing, changing their locality, and bursting
21761	forth once more in full vigour. Plainly the same sober
21762	opinion is to be held regarding the spirits that inspire
21763	prophecy ; the power that they possess is not ever
21764	lasting and ageless, but is subject to changes.
21765	For
21766	excessive rains most likely extinguish them, and they
21767	probably are dispersed by thunderbolts, and especi
21768	ally, when the earth is shaken beneath by an earth
21769	quake and suffers subsidence and ruinous confusion
21770	in its depths, the exhalations shift their site or find
21771	completely blind outlets, as in this place they say
21772	that there are still traces of that great earthquake
21773	which overthrew the city. And in Orchomenos they
21774	relate that a pestilence raged and many persons died
21775	of it, and the oracle of Teiresias become altogether
21776	obsolescent and even to this day remains idle and
21777	mute. And if a like fate has befallen those in Cilicia,
21778	as we have been told, there is nobody, Demetrius,
21779	who could give us more certain information than you.”
21780	0 An interesting early notice of the use of asbestos.
21781	b C/. Aristotle, Meteorologies i. 3 (340 b 29) ; Cicero, De
21782	Divinatione, i. 19 (38); ii. 57 (117).
21783	479
p. 256
21784	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
21785	(434)
21786	4 5. K a i o Ar¡pr¡Tpios, “ ovk oiS’ eycoye r a yel
21787	D vvv a7To8r}fjLa) yáp, <os ta re, TrapiroXw 77817 XP°V0V'
21788	e n 8’ T¡Kpat,ep ¿pov 7Tap¿vTOs Kai to M óiftov Kai to
21789	*A pb<I)t,Áóxov p a vtçlov.
21790	çxœ 8’ eîireïv tío M óipov
21791	irapayevópevos
21792	irpàypa
21793	OavpaGicoTaTov.
21794	o
21795	yayo
21796	77yepbcjv tt)s KiÀifaas* auros pev ap<Į>i§o£os cop Žti
21797	7Tpos Ta deîa, Si* aoOeveiav a m a ría s oíyaar raAAa
21798	yayo 77^ v/3pc(7T7js K,al (I>avXos* ¿xcop Se 7reyo¿ avTov
21799	>Em/coupeious Tipas hi a ir ¿av KaXrjp Srj Kai (I)vaio-
21800	Xóyop2 evvfipl^ovTas, a>s auroi Xéyovai, tols tolov-
21801	TOCS, €Í<T€7T€fJLlIf€V OLTTeXevdepOP OLOV eis TToXefJLLÍOV
21802	KaTaoKOTTov eVa/ceuáaas, eyoi/ra KaT€G<I>payiop¿pr¡p
21803	8¿Xtop, ¿p fj to ¿píOTTjp,' rjp ¿yyeypappépop, ovhevos
21804	E e ¿Sotos.
21805	¿w vxevoas ovp o dvOpíoiros axnrep eOos
21806	e a n ra) arjKíp, Kai KaTaKotprjOeis dirr^yy^iX^ peQ'
21807	rjpepap evvTTVLOV tolovtop.
21808	dvdpiorrov e8oijev avTCp
21809	KaXóv em ord erá <j>Qéy(;aodai to g o v to * peXapa ’ Kai
21810	nXeop ovSev áAA’ evQvs oiyea& u.
21811	t o v 6’ r^pip pep
21812	oltottov é(I>áv77 /cai 7ToXXrjv airopLav Trap¿ox€V' ó 8’
21813	r¡yepcop eKeivos é^eirXáyy] Kai rrpoo€Kvvr¡oev,
21814	kol
21815	T7]v SeArov a v o ca s eTreheiKPvep ¿pcoTrjpa tolovto
21816	yeypappepop * TrÓTepov gol XevKOP rj peXapa Ovgío
21817	Tavpov; *
21818	<o g t € Kai to u s ’Em/coupeious SiaTpanrį'
21819	F vat,
21820	kolkčivov avTov tt¡p re Qvoíav eiriTeXelp Kai
21821	oépeoOai Sia TeXovs to p MoiĮtovJ*
21822	46. *0 pep ovp Ar¡pr¡Tpios T a v r
21823	ehrcov Í olcüttt]-
21824	G€V eyœ Se fiovXópevos worrep tl Ke<I>áXaiop em -
21825	1 rá y e Wyttenbach : raSc.
21826	2 Si a lr ia v kclXtjv Sti teal <f>vaioXoyov F.C.B. ; t Gív kclXojv S tį kol
21827	</>vaioX ¿yo)v Bernardakis : rrjv KaXrjv Sr¡ K ai </>vaioX6yov.
21828	a Frag. 395 Usener ; Diogenes Laertius, x. 135.
21829	480
21830	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 434
21831	45. “ I do not know,” said Demetrius, “ the state
21832	of affairs there at present ; for as you all know, I have
21833	been out of the country for a long time now.
21834	But,
21835	when I was there, both the oracle of Mopsus and
21836	that of Amphilochus were still flourishing.
21837	I have a
21838	most amazing thing to tell as the result of my visit
21839	to the oracle of Mopsus.
21840	The ruler of Cilicia was
21841	himself still of two minds towards religious matters.
21842	This, I think, was because his scepticism lacked
21843	conviction, for in all else he was an arrogant and
21844	contemptible man. Since he kept about him certain
21845	Epicureans, who, because of their admirable nature-
21846	studies, forsooth, have an arrogant contempt, as they
21847	themselves aver,a for all such things as oracles, he
21848	sent in a freedman, like a spy into the enemy’s
21849	territory, arranging that he should have a sealed
21850	tablet, on the inside of which was written the inquiry
21851	without anyone’s knowing what it was.
21852	The man
21853	accordingly, as is the custom, passed the night in the
21854	sacred precinct and went to sleep, and in the morning
21855	reported a dream in this fashion : it seemed to him
21856	that a handsome man stood beside him who uttered
21857	just one word ‘ Black * and nothing more, and was
21858	gone immediately. The thing seemed passing strange
21859	to us, and raised much inquiry, but the ruler was
21860	astounded and fell down and worshipped ;
21861	then
21862	opening the tablet he showed written there the
21863	question : * Shall I sacrifice to you a white bull or a
21864	black ? ’ The result was that the Epicureans were
21865	put to confusion, and the ruler himself not only duly
21866	performed the sacrifice, but ever after revered
21867	Mopsus.”
21868	46. When Demetrius had told this tale he lapsed
21869	into silence.
21870	But I, wishing to crown, as it were,
21871	481
p. 257
21872	PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
21873	OtZvai rep Xoycp, 77/009 rov QiXnTTrov avdis arrefiXtipa
21874	Kal rov 'Appcbvcov ojjlov Kadrjptvovs»
21875	t 8o£av ovv
21876	fioi fiovXtadal n 8iaXtxQfjvai Kal rraXw trrtaxov.
21877	O S’ 'AppCOVlOS, “ e^€t p€V,” t(f>7], “ Kal $>LXl7T7TOSt
21878	<o A aprrpla, 7T€pl rcov tlprjptvcov threw* oltrai yap
21879	coarrtp ol rroXXol Kal avros oi>x trtpov tlvai rov
21880	435 'ArroXXcova dtov aXXa rep rjXico rov avrov.
21881	rj 8* tprj
21882	ptl^cov airopia Kal irepl pti£ovcov a p n yap ovk
21883	018' orreos rep X6ycp rraptxcoprjaaptv i k rcov detuv
21884	rrjv pavnKrjv ¿s 8alpovas artxvcbs d7To8i07Top7rov-
21885	ptvoi.
21886	vvvl 8t poi 8oKovptv avrovs naXw iKelvovs
21887	t£co0tZv Kal arrtXavvtw tv0tv8t rov xp 71°r'rypi°v *a l
21888	rov rpirroBos,
21889	rrvtupara Kal a rpovs Kal ava-
21890	0vpiaatis rrjv rrjs pavriKTjs dpX7jv paXXov 8t rrjv
21891	ova Lav avrrjv Kal rr\v 8vvapw avaXvovrts.
21892	ai yap
21893	tlprjptvac Kpaatis Kal 0tpporrjrts avrai Kal aropeb-
21894	ates roaco1 paXXov a/rrayovai rrjv 8o£av ano rcov
21895	B 0c<bv Kal rw a rotovrov vnofidXXovaL2 rrjs alrlas
21896	emXoyiapov, otep 7tol€L rov KvKXcoTra ^/oco/xeyov
21897	Evpi7rL8r)s,
21898	rj yrj 8* avayKr], kav OeXrj Kav prj 0eXr/,
21899	rcKrovaa rroiav rapa maivti fiord.
21900	ttXtjv ¿KtZvos pev ov <f>rjai 0vtw rots 0toZs aAA*
21901	eavrep Kal ' rfj ptyiarrj yaarpl 8aipovcov,f rjpeZs 8t
21902	Kal Ovopev Kal rrpoatvxoptOa r i rra06vrts% ¿nl rot?
21903	XP^(TTT]/)tot9> el Svvapw ptv iv tavraZs pavriKrjv ai
21904	i/joycd Kopl^ovaw, rj 8t Kwovaa ravrijv atpos rls
21905	t a n Kpaais fj rrvtvparos;
21906	at 8e rcov Upticov4 K ara-
21907	1 Toco) F.C .B .: oao).
21908	2 wrojSaAAoiiat] impdXXovat in most mss.
21909	3 Ttadovres] p adovres in most MSS.
21910	4 Upelcov] in one m s . only (E); UplBcov in the others.
21911	482
21912	the discussion, glanced again towards Philip and
21913	Ammonius who were sitting side by side.
21914	They
21915	seemed to me to be desirous of saying something to
21916	us, and again I checked myself.
21917	Then Ammonius
21918	said, “ Philip
21919	also has some remarks
21920	to make,
21921	Lamprias, about what has been said ; for he himself
21922	thinks, as most people do, that Apollo is not a different
21923	god, but is the same as the sun.a But my difficulty is
21924	greater and concerns greater m atters.
21925	I do not know
21926	how it happened, but a little time ago wre yielded to
21927	logic in wresting the prophetic art from the gods and
21928	transferring it merely to the demigods.
21929	But now it
21930	seems to me th at we are thrusting out these very
21931	demigods, in their turn, and driving them away from
21932	the oracle and the tripod here, when we resolve the
21933	origin of prophecy, or rather its very being and power,
21934	into winds and vapours and exhalations.
21935	For these
21936	temperings and heatings and hardenings that have
21937	been spoken of serve only the more to withdraw
21938	repute from the gods and suggest in regard to the
21939	final cause some such conclusion as Euripides b makes
21940	his Cyclops employ :
21941	The earth perforce, whether it will or no,
21942	Brings forth the grass to fat my grazing flocks.
21943	But there is one difference : he says that he does not
21944	offer them in sacrifice to the gods, but to himself and
21945	to his ‘ belly, greatest of divinities,' whereas we offer
21946	both sacrifices and prayers as the price for our oracles.
21947	W hat possesses us to do so, if our souls carry within
21948	themselves the prophetic power, and it is some
21949	particular state of the air or its currents which stirs
21950	this to activity ?
21951	And what is the significance of the
21952	0 Cf. 376 b , supra, and 1130 a , for example.
21953	6 Euripides, Cyclops, 332-333.
21954	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 434-435
21955	483
p. 258
21956	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
21957	(435) GireiGeis1 r l [¡ovAovtou, Kal to ¡jlt] OepuGTevetv, eav1
21958	C fJLTj TO lepeLOV SAoV
21959	aKpCOV G(j)Vpd)V V7r6rpop,OV
21960	yevrjrcu Kal KpaSavdfj KaTao7rev86p,evov;
21961	ov yap
21962	apKei
21963	to StaoeicraL
21964	ttjv Ke(f>aArjv uiGirep ev Talg
21965	aAAais Ovcrlais, aAAa
21966	ttolgl Set rots* pcepeGi
21967	tov
21968	Gakov ¿f.Lov Kal to v Trakpov eyyeveaOat /xera ifj6(/)ov
21969	Tpopux)hovs' iav yap prf t o v t o yevrjTat, t o pavTeiov
21970	ov <f>aai xpKjpiaTi^eLV ov S’ eiodyovoi tt]v TlvdLav.
21971	fcatVot dew pev rj dalpovi? aiTtav ttjv TrkeLoTrjV ava-
21972	TidevTas etfco? ¿g tl TauTa Troielv Kal vopbi^eiv- d>s
21973	Se
21974	g v AeyeLs,
21975	o v k
21976	c lk o s- rj yap avadvpLaGLs, av
21977	T6 7TTOTjTat4 t o lepelov dv t € prj, napovGa rroirjoeC*
21978	D to v ivOovGLaop,ov Kal Sta^oet ttjv i/j v x ?)v opoicos ov
21979	Trjs YlvOlas povov, aAAa Kav t o v tw^ovtos di/jrjTai
21980	aw paTos*.
21981	odev evrjdeg eg tl to pua yvvaiKl ttpos tcl
21982	pavTela xpTycrfAu, Kal tavTrj Trapsew rrpaypaTa
21983	</>vAaTTovTas ayvrjv Sta jStou /cat KadapevovGav.
21984	o
21985	ya p Jtopi'jTas €K€lvos, ov Aek(f)ol Aeyovoi rrpwTOV
21986	¿prreGovTa tt]S Trepl to v tottov hw apecos aio07)Oiv
21987	Trapaoxeiv, ov$ev ot/xat Sie<f>epe tcov dkkw v ahrokcvv
21988	K al rroLpevcov t et ye Srj t o v t o prj p v d is ¿g tl pr]Se
21989	rrkaGpa Kevov, <¿9 ey w y rjyovpaL.
21990	/cat koyL^opevos
21991	TrrjAiKcov ayaOcov t o v t I to pLavTelov oXtlov yeyove
21992	Tot? "EAA^crtv eV Te TrokepoLs K al KTiaeot 7Tokecov ev
21993	E Te koLpols /cat Kapncov a^ opiais, Setvov rjyovpaL prj
21994	Beep K a l TTpovola ttjv evpeaiv a v t o v K al dpxrjv aAAa
21995	tco K aTa TV)(rjv K al avropd reos avarideodcu.
21996	npos 1 2 3 4 5
21997	1 KaTao7r<ilaci5 Reiske : KaraoTaoeis.
21998	2 ea^ Stegmann : «.
21999	3 0eo> fxev rj Scif-iovi Turnebus : Oeov /xev tj haifiovos.
22000	4 TnorjTai Xylander, also Mcziriacus: iroirjTai.
22001	5 77-0070*1 in one m s . only (J ); 77-otct or noiij in the others.
22002	484
22003	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 435
22004	libations poured over the victims and the refusal to
22005	give responses unless the whole victim from the hoof-
22006	joints up is seized with a trembling and quivering, as
22007	the libation is poured over it ? Shaking the head is
22008	not enough, as in other sacrifices, but the tossing and
22009	quivering must extend to all parts of the animal alike
22010	accompanied by a tremulous sound ; and unless this
22011	takes place they say that the oracle is not functioning,
22012	and do not even bring in the prophetic priestess.
22013	Yet it is only on the assumption that they ascribe the
22014	cause almost entirely to a god or a demigod that it is
22015	reasonable for them to act and to believe thus ; but
22016	on the basis of what you say it is not reasonable. For
22017	the presence of the exhalation, whether the victim be
22018	excited or not, will produce the inspiration and will
22019	dispose the soul auspiciously, not only the soul of
22020	the priestess, but that of any ordinary person with
22021	whom it may come into contact.
22022	Wherefore it is
22023	silly to employ one woman alone for the purpose
22024	of the oracles and to give her trouble by watching
22025	her to keep her pure and chaste all her life.
22026	As a
22027	matter of fact, this Coretas, who the people of
22028	Delphi say was the first, because he fell in, to
22029	supply any means of knowing about the power
22030	with which the place is endowed, was not, I think,
22031	any different from the rest of the goatherds and
22032	shepherds, if so be that this is not a fable or a
22033	fabrication as I, for one, think it is.
22034	When I take
22035	into account the number of benefactions to the
22036	Greeks for which this oracle has been responsible,
22037	both in wars and in the founding of cities, in cases of
22038	pestilence and failure of crops, I think it is a dreadful
22039	thing to assign its discovery and origin, not to God and
22040	Providence, but to chance and accident.
22041	But regard-
22042	485
p. 259
22043	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
22044	Sr) r a v r
22045	e in e , “ ro v A a p n p ia v 1 fio vX o p ai
22046	8 ia -
22047	X ex6fji’a i * n e p ifiev etę2 8 e ; ”
22048	“ Uavv pev ovv,” o <$>i\(,7T7Tos tyri, “ K a i rrdvres
22049	ovroi• iravras yap fjpas o Xoyoę K€kIvtjk€ ”
22050	47.
22051	i\.ayaj rrpoę avrov,
22052	epe oe,
22053	eirrov,
22054	ov k c k i-
22055	vrjKevy co OtAt7T77€, povov aAAa Kai GvyKeyvKev, ei
22056	iv tooovtols Kai rrjXiKovroię ovaiv vpiv 8 okco rtap*
22057	rjXiKiav rco mOavaj rov Aoyov KaXXcoTTi!Į)o pievos dv-
22058	aipeiv ri Kai Kiveiv rcov aXrj6cos Kai ogicos3 4 rrepl rov
22059	delov vevopiapevcov.
22060	dTroKoyrįaopaL 8e paprvpa Kai
22061	F gvvS ikov opiov TlXarcova TTapaorrįodpevos *
22062	eKeivos
22063	yap o5 dvrjp ’Ava£ayopav pev epepifjaro rov rraXai6v,
22064	ori ra is <j>vaiKais ayav ev8e8e pievos* airiais Kai to
22065	Kar* avayKrjv rolę rcov Gcoparcov a7roreXovpevov
22066	7raOeai pencbv ael Kai 8 icokcov, to oS eveKa Kai v fi
22067	ov, fšeXriovas alrias ovaas Kai apyas, a<į>r\Kev avros
22068	8e npcoros fj paX iara rcov <Į)iXoa6<f>cov dp<Į>orepas
22069	e7Teęr)Au€, rco piev uecp ri]v apyi]v aTrooioovs rcov
22070	Kara X¿yov eyovrcovy ovk diroGrepiov Se rrjv vXk]v
22071	436 rcov avayKaicov 7rpos to yiyvopevov alncov, aAAa
22072	avvopcov, ori rfj8e 7777 Kai to rrav a Ig Otjtov S ta -
22073	K€Koapr)pevov ov Kadapov ov8’ apiiyes iariv, aAAa
22074	rrjs vXrjs Gvp7rXeKopevr]s rcp Xoyco Xapifšavei rrjv
22075	yeveaiv.
22076	opa 8e rrpcorov enl rcov reyyircov olov
22077	evOvs rj 7Tepif}6y)ros evravda rov Kparrjpos eSpa Kai
22078	1 ro v A ap-npiav Wyttenbach : a> A a fin p ia .
22079	2 TT^pLfxcveTs Madvig; the future seems necessary, and so
22080	Prickard translates: n eptficveis (in one ms.) or n cp tfiev ots; cf,
22081	438 c, in fr a.
22082	3 oatws van Herwerden: 0€io>s.
22083	4 7rapaorr)(jdpL€vos] Trapicrdpitvos in all MSS. but one (D).
22084	5 o omitted in all m s s. but one (G).
22085	* evSeS€fi€vos\ €v8e8vpi€vos in all mss. but one.
22086	486
22087	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 435-436
22088	ing these m atters,” he added, “ I wish that Lamprias
22089	would say something to us.
22090	Will you wait ? ”
22091	“ Certainly I will,” said Philip, “ and so will all
22092	who are here.
22093	For what you have said has set us all
22094	thinking.”
22095	47. Then I, addressing myself to him, said, “ Not
22096	only has it set me thinking, Philip, but it has filled
22097	me with confusion, if, in the presence of so many men
22098	such as you all are, I seem, in contradiction to my
22099	years, to give myself airs over the plausibility of my
22100	argument and to upset or disturb any of the beliefs
22101	regarding the D eity which have been conceived in
22102	truth and in piety.
22103	I shall defend myself by citing
22104	Plato as my witness and advocate in one.
22105	That
22106	philosopher 0 found fault with Anaxagoras, the one of
22107	early times, because he was too much wxapped up in
22108	the physical causes and was always following up and
22109	pursuing the law of necessity as it was worked out in
22110	the behaviour of bodies, and left out of account the
22111	purpose and the agent, which are better causes and
22112	origins. Plato himself was the first of the philosophers,
22113	or the one most prominently engaged in prosecuting
22114	investigations of both sorts, to assign to God, on the
22115	one hand, the origin of all things that are in keeping
22116	with reason, and on the other hand, not to divest
22117	m atter of the causes necessary for whatever comes
22118	into being, but to realize that the perceptible uni
22119	verse, even when arranged in some such orderly way
22120	as this, is not pure and unalloyed, but th at it takes
22121	its origin from m atter when m atter comes into con
22122	junction with reason. Observe first how it is with the
22123	artists.
22124	Take as our first example the far-famed
22125	stand and base for the mixing-bowl here which
22126	0 Plato, PhaedOy 97 b-c.
22127	487
p. 260
22128	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
22129	(436) /Jaoxs*,1 fy 'H poSoros VTroKprjrrjpiStov2 (bvopaaev,
22130	a m a ? ptev ecrx€
22131	vAtKas, irvp Kal aibrjpov Kal
22132	ptaAa^tv Sta 7rvpos Kal Stu t/Saro? ^a^rjv, a>v dvev
22133	yeveodat to epyov ooSc/xta /A^yavTy rrjv Se KvpUD-
22134	repav dpxty Ka'L ra v ra Ktvovaav Kal Sta rovrcov
22135	B €V€pyovaav rj rex^r) Kal o Aoyo? ra/ epycu rrapeax^-
22136	Kal ptrjv tcIjv ye puptrjparcov rovrcov Kal elSwAwv o
22137	m tr]rr]s Kal hrjptovpyos €myeypaTrrat,
22138	ypaifje HoAuyva/To?, ©aerio? yevos, *AyAaoefrcovros
22139	VlO$ 7T€pdopi€VaP TAiou aKporroAtv,
22140	eo? ¿parat ypaifjas* aWu Se (f>apptaKa>v ovvTptfievTtov
22141	Kal ovptcf>dap€vra}v aAArjAots ouSey 77V oiov re rotav-
22142	rrjv htaOeoiv Aafietv Kal oxfjtv.
22143	ap> ovv o ¡3ovA6-
22144	pevos arrreodat rfjs vAtKrjg ¿PXVS» C y™1' Se /cat
22145	SiSacr/cam r a rradrjpiara Kal ra ? pterafioAds, as*
22146	a
22147	C puxOeToa cflvcottIs icr^ei /cat peAavt ptrjAtds, a<^atpet-
22148	Tat rrjv rov rzyvIrov* 8o£av;
22149	o Se rou cnBrjpov rrjv
22150	aropLOJGLv ¿Tretjtdjp Kal rrjv ptaAa^tVj ort ra> ptev nvpl
22151	XaAaaOels eVStScuat6 /cat vtt€lk€i rots ¿Aavvovat Kal
22152	rrAarrovaiv/ eptirtatov Se TraAtv et? v8cop aKpat<f>V€s
22153	Kal rfj ifjvxporrjn Sta rrjv vtto tti)po$ ¿yy€VOpt€V7]V
22154	anaAoTTjra Kal ptavorrjra m A ^ei? Kal Kara7TVKVto-
22155	1 /3aai?] (f>dois or (f>uois in all mss. but one (J).
22156	2 viTOKpiqrrjpihtov Herodotus: eTriKprjTTjpiBiov.
22157	3 ecr^e ras M advig : ¡exovtcls or eyoi'TOS’.
22158	4 St* added by Reiske.
22159	5 reoviro u] aihrjpov in all mss. but one (E ).
22160	6 evBCBtooi Turnebus : cmSi'Scuox.
22161	7 TrXaTTOvoiv] TrX'qTTOvaiv in some MSS.
22162	a The stand, dedicated by Alyattes (king* of Lydia from
22163	617 to 560 b.c.), was of wrought iron and welded together,
22164	488
22165	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 436
22166	Herodotus a has styled the ‘ bowl-holder ’ ; it came to
22167	have as its material causes fire and steel and softening
22168	by means of fire and tempering by means of water,
22169	without which there is no expedient by which this
22170	work could be produced ; but art and reason supplied
22171	for it the more dominant principle which set all these
22172	in motion and operated through them.
22173	And, indeed,
22174	the author and creator of these likenesses and por
22175	traits here stands recorded in the inscription b :
22176	Thasian by race and descent, Aglaophon’s son Polygnotus
22177	Painted the taking of Troy, showing her citadel’s sack;
22178	so that it may be seen that he painted them.
22179	But
22180	without pigments ground together, losing their own
22181	colour in the process, nothing could achieve such a
22182	composition and sight. Does he, then, who is desirous
22183	of getting hold of the material cause, as he investi
22184	gates and explains the behaviour of the red earth of
22185	Sinope and the changes to which it is subject when
22186	mixed with yellow ochre, or of the light-coloured
22187	earth of Melos when mixed with lamp-black, take
22188	away the repute of the artist ? And he that goes into
22189	the details of the hardening and the softening of
22190	steel, how it is relaxed by the fire, and becomes pliant
22191	and yielding for those who forge and fashion it, and
22192	then, plunged anew into clear water, is contracted
22193	and compacted by the coldness because of the soft
22194	ness and looseness of texture previously engendered
22195	not riveted.
22196	Cf, Herodotus, i. 25; Pausanias, x. 16. 1.
22197	Of
22198	interest also in this connexion is the dedication recorded in
22199	the Sigeum inscription, C,T,G. i. 8, or Roberts, Introduction
22200	to Greek Epigraphy, no. 42 (p. 78).
22201	6
22202	Bergk, Poet, Lyr, Graec. iii. p. 502, Simonides, no.
22203	160 ; or Edmonds, Lyra Graeca> ii. p. 399 (L.C.L.).
22204	Cf,
22205	also Pausanias, x. 25. 1.
22206	489
p. 261
22207	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
22208	(436) 0eiç, tVTOviav ïuyzi Kai 7Trį£w, fįv "Oparjpos f oibrĮpov
22209	K pdroę * €i7T€V, rjrrov r L toj T€^ytTTj гг] p e l TTjv a lrla v
22210	rrję tov epyov yevecreœ s;
22211	¿yà> fièv ovk oioįicu' koli
22212	y à p t ū v larpiKcov Svvdfietov evtoi r a s 7tolot7)tcls
22213	¿Xeyxouori, TTjv 8’ larpiKrjv ovk aveupovocv.
22214	инт ер
22215	dpiéXei ка11 ïlX d rœ v opdv /xev rjpidę rfį 7тара2 toüv
22216	D оф0а\рьсои3 a vyrį ovyKepavvvpLevrj 7rpos то tov rjXlov
22217	<f>d>s, aK ovew 8e rfj 7r\r)yfj tov a épos аттофамб-
22218	pievos, ovk dvrfpei то ката A¿yov ка1 Trpdvotav
22219	ôpaTLKovs кас aKovoTLKOvs yey ov ev ai.
22220	48.
22221	“ KafloAou yap, a>s фурм, Svo ттаor]ç yevéoeœs
22222	curias* èyovoqs, ol ¡xèv афоЬра ттаХаш1 веоХбуос
22223	ка1 7TotrįTal Tfį KpeiTTOvi fiovr) tov vovv Trpooé^Lv
22224	eïXovTO, TovTo 8rj то koivov етпфвеуубрьеуос 7тасп
22225	ттраурьасп
22226	Zj€vs OLpxq,
22227	Zj€vç
22228	рьеооа,
22229	¿Alos
22230	о
22231	ек
22232	ттаита
22233	7теХ о vrai*
22234	rats* 8 5 avayK alats Kal <f>voLKais o v k 6 t l 7Tpoorjeoav
22235	a i r i a i j.
22236	ol 8e v€a>T€poi t o v t o jv Kal <f>vaiKol ttpo o -
22237	E ayopevopuevoi Tovvavriov €Keivois Trjs KaArjs Kal
22238	0€ias dTTOTrXaviqOevTts d p x q s , ¿v aai/Aacri Kal 7ra0eat
22239	ocopbaTcvv 7rXr)yaTs re Kal pL€TafioXals Kal K paoeoi
22240	TiOevTai
22241	t o
22242	avpiTrav.
22243	60 ev
22244	api(f>oT€pois
22245	o A ¿yog
22246	¿vSerjs t o v TrpoorjKovTos ¿ g t l , t o l s puev t o Si* ov Kal 1 2 3
22247	1 /cat added in the Aldine ed.
22248	2 7rapa] 7T€pi in almost all m ss.
22249	3 Ttjv 0(f>6aXp,6jv] t o v o(f>daXp,ov most MSS.
22250	490
22251	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 436
22252	by the fire, and acquires a tenseness and firmness
22253	which Homer a has called ‘ the brawn of steel ’—does
22254	such an investigator any the less preserve intact for
22255	the artist the credit for the creation of the work ? I
22256	think not.
22257	In fact there are some who question the
22258	properties of medicinal agents, but they do not do
22259	away with medical science.
22260	And thus when Plato b
22261	declared that we see by the commingling of the
22262	irradiation from our eyes with the light of the sun,
22263	and that we hear by the vibration of the air, he
22264	certainly did not mean by this to abrogate the
22265	fundamental fact that it is according to the design of
22266	Reason and Providence that we have been endowed
22267	with sight and hearing.
22268	48.
22269	“ To sum up, then : while every form of creation
22270	has, as I say, two causes, the very earliest theological
22271	writers and poets chose to heed only the superior one,
22272	uttering over all things that come to pass this common
22273	generality :
22274	Zeus the beginning, .Zeus in the midst, and from Zeus comes
22275	all being e ;
22276	but as yet they made no approach towards the com
22277	pelling and natural causes.
22278	On the other hand the
22279	younger generation which followed them, and are
22280	called physicists or natural philosophers, reverse the
22281	procedure of the older school in their aberration from
22282	the beautiful and divine origin, and ascribe everything
22283	to bodies and their behaviour, to clashes, trans
22284	mutations, and combinations.
22285	Hence the reasoning
22286	of both parties is deficient in what is essential to it,
22287	0 Od. ix. 393.
22288	6 Cf. 433 d, supra, and Plato, Republic, 507 c-d, and 508 d.
22289	c Orphic Frag. vi. 10 (21a, 2) ; cf. Mullach, Frag. Phil.
22290	QraecX p. 169. 11.
22291	49I
p. 262
22292	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
22293	v<p
22294	ov , t o l s o e t o e ç cov K ai o i
22295	cov a y v o o v o iv rj
22296	TTapaXeiiTovow.
22297	o 8e TrpcoTos ¿K(f)avcos aiĮjdp,evos
22298	dpi<Į)oiv K ai ra) K a r a A oyov tto lo v v t l K ai
22299	k l v o v v t l
22300	•npooXaficov d v ay K alcos to1 vnoK eipievov K ai Trdayov,
22301	airoA v erai
22302	K ai
22303	vrrèp
22304	fjpicbv
22305	ir a o a v
22306	vrroijjiav
22307	K ai
22308	S ia / ? oArjv.
22309	ov y à p aO eov iroiovpLev oi)S ’ aX oyov t y jv
22310	P pbavTLKTjv, vXr]v piev a v r fj t y jv ifjvyrįv r ov àvdpüJTrov
22311	t o 8 ’ evO ovoiaoT iK ov rrvevpia K ai t t jv àv ad v p iiaoiv
22312	oîov op y av o v i) TrArjKrpov aTToSiScWes** 7TpcoTov piev
22313	y à p rj y ev v rjo a o a yrį ras* à v a d v p u a o eis 6 r e 2 7r à o a v
22314	cVSiSoùs“ K p a a eœ s rrj yrį K ai pieTafioArįs 8vvapuv
22315	rjXios vopup ira rep œ v ô e o s éoT iv rjpiïv errevra Sai-
22316	piovas e m o r a T a s K ai TrepnroXovs K ai (f>vXaKas oîov
22317	àp p iov ias rrjç K p àoecos r a v r r jç r à puev âv iev T as èv
22318	437 KaLpœ r à S’ ¿T n reivovras K ai t o à y a v e k o t o t i k o v
22319	avT iįę K ai TapaK TiK ov d(f>aipovvTas t o Se k l v t jt l k o v
22320	aXvTTCüç K ai d/SAafitos
22321	t o l s
22322	xpœ p,évoLs
22323	/ e a r a / x e iy -
22324	vvvTaç àrroAeÎTrovTes, ov8ev aX oyov rroieîv o v S ’ a -
22325	8vva t o v 8 o£op,ev.
22326	(4 9 .) ov 8 e y e 'rrpodvopLevoi K ai
22327	KaTaoTe<f>ovTes le p e îa K ai K aT aorrevSovT es evavT ia
22328	tco Xoycp
22329	t o v t c o
22330	irpaTTopiev.
22331	o i y à p
22332	le p e ls K ai
22333	601013 Oveiv <f>aoi t o iep eîov K ai K aT aorrévSeiv K ai
22334	t rjv KLvrjGLV av T ov K ai t o v Tpopcov* arrodecopeiv ¿T€-
22335	p ov t l v o s TOVTO ar]pL€Î.ovs rj t o v depuoT eveiv t o v Oeov
22336	Xap,f}dvovT€s ;
22337	8 eî y à p t o dvoipiov tco t € a e u /x a r i K ai
22338	B Tjj fa x ? ) K ad ap ov eiv a i K ai d o iv es K ai d8ia<Į>6opov.
22339	pĄ vvT pa6 piev ovv
22340	tc o v
22341	irepi
22342	t o
22343	oœ p ia
22344	KaTiSeiv
22345	ov Tîdvv x a Xe7Tov e cm * t t jv 8e i/jvxrjv 8oK ipid^ovoL,
22346	1 à v a y K a lw s r o j t o à v a y K a lœ s P o h l e n z .
22347	2 o t€ Emperius: o Se.
22348	3 oatot Turnebus: 6001.
22349	4 T p o p o v T u r n e b u s : rpoT rov.
22350	5 T ovT o orĮpielov E m p e r i u s :
22351	t o v 6 ’ ■qp.îv.
22352	6 ĮiTĮvvrpa Turnebus : /zerpa.
22353	492
22354	since the one ignores or omits the intermediary and the
22355	agent, the other the source and the means. He who
22356	was the first to comprehend clearly both these points
22357	and to take, as a necessary adjunct to the agent that
22358	creates and actuates, the underlying matter, which
22359	is acted upon, clears us also of all suspicion of wilful
22360	misstatement. The fact is that we do not make the
22361	prophetic art godless or irrational when we assign to
22362	it as its material the soul of a human being, and
22363	assign the spirit of inspiration and the exhalation as an
22364	instrument or plectrum for playing on it. For, in the
22365	first place, the earth, which generates the exhalation,
22366	and the sun, which endows the earth with all its power
22367	of tempering and transmutation, are, by the usage
22368	of our fathers, gods for us.
22369	Secondly, if we leave
22370	demigods as overseers, watchmen, and guardians of
22371	this tempered constitution, as if it were a kind of
22372	harmony, slackening here and tightening there on
22373	occasion, taking from it its too distracting and
22374	disturbing elements and incorporating those that are
22375	painless and harmless to the users, we shall not
22376	appear to be doing anything irrational or impossible.
22377	(4 9 .) Nor again, in offering the preliminary sacrifice
22378	to learn the god’s will and in putting garlands on
22379	victims or pouring libations over them, are we doing
22380	anything to contradict this reasoning. For when the
22381	priests and holy men say that they are offering
22382	sacrifice and pouring the libation over the victim and
22383	observing its movements and its trembling, of what
22384	else do they take this to be a sign save that the god
22385	is in his holy temple ?
22386	For what is to be offered in
22387	sacrifice must, both in body and in soul, be pure,
22388	unblemished, and unmarred.
22389	Indications regarding
22390	the body it is not at all difficult to perceive, but they
22391	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 436-437
22392	493
p. 263
22393	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
22394	(437) tols p ev ra v p o is aX<f>iTa tols 8e K anpots epe/3tv0ovs
22395	irapaTiOevTes* to y a p prj yevoa pevov vyiaiveiv ovk
22396	o iovrai.
22397	ttjv 8’ atya 8teXeyyeiv to ipvxpov vScop*
22398	ov y a p elvai f a x ^ S K a ra cfrvoiv ¿xovcnrjs to n p o s ttjv
22399	KaTaoTreioiv aTrades Kal ¿KivrjTov.
22400	eycb 8 e , Kav fj
22401	fiefiatov otc crr^pecov earTi to v 0epiO Teveiv to o elo a -
22402	(J0ai Kal tov prj 0epiO Teveiv tovvovtlov, ov% opco tl
22403	ovpfialvei Sucr^cpes*
22404	avTov rots* elpiqpevois. rracra
22405	C ya p hvvapus ol nTe<f>VKe ovv Katpco fieXriov fj x& pov
22406	aTTohihoDcn*
22407	to v
22408	8 e
22409	Kacpov
22410	8ta <f>evyovTos
22411	rjp d s,
22412	orjpeta SiSovcu tov deov etKos ecmv.
22413	50. “ O co p a c
22414	p e v
22415	ov v pLTjT€
22416	ttjv
22417	a v a O v p ia o iv
22418	cb a a v r c o s e^etv a€L 8 t a ttovtos, av e o e is T e2 T iv as
22419	lgx^lv
22420	K a l
22421	ttoXlv
22422	o<f>o8poTr)Tas‘
22423	<p
22424	8 e
22425	TeK prjpicp
22426	X p cop a t, p a p T v p a s €%a>3 K al £ ev o v s
22427	ttoW ovs K al
22428	t o v s depaT T evovT as to lep o v a ir a v T a s .
22429	o y a p olkos,
22430	€V Cp TOVS ^pa>/Ll€VOU9
22431	T O )
22432	0€Cp Ka0it,OVOlV, OVT€
22433	.noXXaKLs o v r e T eT a y p ev co s aAA cos eruxe Sia XP°~
22434	vcov e v c o 8 ia s dvairipTTX aT ai K a l TrvevpaTO s, o la s a v
22435	tcl r(8iO Ta K al TroX vTeX eoTaTa tcov p v p o jv dn ocfropds
22436	<X>a7T€p €K 7TTjyrjs
22437	to v aSVTOV TrpoafidXXoVTOS' e £ -
22438	avO elv y a p etK os vrro 0eppoT T jT os ?} tlvos
22439	aXXris
22440	D iyyiyVOpL€V7)S
22441	8 w a p e (O S .
22442	€L 8e
22443	TOVTO
22444	p7] 8 OKU
22445	7TL0av6v} aXXa y e ttjv U v 0 la v a vttjv ev T rd0eoi K al
22446	8ia<f)opats ¿XXot’ aX X acs ¿KeZvo to p e p o s rrjs
22447	io x ^w , w TrXrjOid^ei to T rv ev p a, K al p rj p ia v d e l
22448	1 o] co in nearly all mss.
22449	* T€ F.C .B .: 8e (Kronenberg would read /¿178c for fx-qre in the
22450	line above).
22451	3 c x ^ ] X€L or X€IV
22452	m o st m ss.
22453	494
22454	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 437
22455	test the soul by setting meal before the bulls and peas
22456	before the boars ; and the animal that does not eat of
22457	this they think is not of sound mind.
22458	In the case of
22459	the goat, they say, cold water gives positive proof;
22460	for indifference and immobility against being suddenly
22461	wet is not characteristic of a soul in a normal state.
22462	But for my part, even if it be firmly established that
22463	the trembling is a sign of the god's being in his holy
22464	temple and the contrary a sign of his not being there,
22465	I cannot see what difficulty in my statements results
22466	therefrom.
22467	For every faculty duly performs its
22468	natural functions better or worse concurrently with
22469	some particular time ; and if that time escapes our
22470	ken, it is only reasonable that the god should give
22471	signs of it.
22472	50.
22473	“ I think, then, that the exhalation is not in
22474	the same state all the time, but that it has recurrent
22475	periods of weakness and strength.
22476	Of the proof on
22477	which I depend I have as witnesses many foreigners
22478	and all the officials and servants at the shrine. It is a
22479	fact that the room in which they seat those who would
22480	consult the god is filled, not frequently or with any
22481	regularity, but as it may chance from time to time,
22482	with a delightful fragrance coming on a current of air
22483	which bears it towards the worshippers, as if its source
22484	were in the holv of holies ; and it is like the odour
22485	which the most exquisite and costly perfumes send
22486	forth.
22487	It is likely that this efflorescence is produced
22488	by warmth or some other force engendered there.
22489	If this does not seem credible, you will at least all
22490	agree that the prophetic priestess herself is subjected
22491	to differing influences, varying from time to time,
22492	which affect that part of her soul with which the spirit
22493	of inspiration comes into association, and that she
22494	495
p. 264
22495	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
22496	(437) Kpaotv œonep dpptovtav àpterdfioXov ev navrl Katpco
22497	8ta<f>vXdrretv,
22498	optoXoyrjoere.
22499	noXXal
22500	ptèv
22501	yàp
22502	atodoptevrjs 77Xetoves 8’ ahrjXoi to re ocopta Kara-
22503	Xaptftavovot Kal rrjv iftvxrjv vnoppéovot 8voyepetat
22504	Kal Kivrjoeis• <5v avant ptnXaptevrjv ovk dpetvov eKet
22505	ftaStÇetv ovSe napeyetv eavrrjv rep 6eœ ptr) navra-
22506	naot KaOapàv ovoav coonep opyavov eįr)prvptėvov
22507	Kal €V7])(€S, aAA* eptnadfį Kal aKardorarov.
22508	ovre
22509	E yap o olvos cboavrcos del rov pteOvortKov ou0’ o
22510	avXoç rov èvOovotaortKov opotcos StartOrjotv, dXXd
22511	vvv ptev fjrrov ot avrol vvv 8e ptdXXov eK^aKyevovrat
22512	Kal napotvovot, rfjs Kpaoecos ev avrots erepas yevo-
22513	ptevrjs. ptaXtora 8e to (f>avraortKOV eotKe riję lĮjvyrjs
22514	vno rov ocoparos dXXotovpevov Kparetodat Kal ovp-
22515	perajüaXXetv, tbs 8rjXov ear tv ano rœv ôveipcov' nore
22516	ptev yàp ev noXXaîs ytyvopeOa Kal navroSanaîs
22517	evvnvtcov oipeot, nore S’ au naXtv nâoa ytyverat
22518	yaXrjvr) Kal rjov^ta rœv rotovrcov.
22519	Kal KXecova
22520	F ptev topev avrol rov ¿k AauÀtas* tovtov ev no?iXots
22521	ereotv ots fiefittüKe <f)doKovra par)Sèv tSeîv nconor
22522	evvnvtov rœv Se npeofivrépcov ravro tovto Xéyerat
22523	nept Qpaovpr)8ovs rov 'Hpatecos.
22524	air ta 8’ rj
22525	Kpdats rov ocoptaros, coonep au naXtv r) rœv
22526	pteXayxoXtKCov noX vovetpos Kal n o X v (f>a vra o ros, fj1
22527	Kal 8o k €Î t o evdvovetpov a v ro îs v n d p )(e tv e n * àXXa
22528	1 į Emperius : eu
22529	496
22530	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 437
22531	does not always keep one temperament, like a perfect
22532	concord, unchanged on every occasion.
22533	For many
22534	annoyances and disturbances of which she is conscious,
22535	and many more unperceived, lay hold upon her body
22536	and filter into her soul ; and whenever she is replete
22537	with these, it is better that she should not go there
22538	and surrender herself to the control of the god, when
22539	she is not completely unhampered (as if she were a
22540	musical instrument, well strung and well tuned), but
22541	is in a state of emotion and instability.
22542	Wine, for
22543	example, does not always produce the same state of
22544	intoxication in the toper,® nor the music of the flute
22545	the same state of exaltation in the votary ; but the
22546	same persons are roused now to less, now to more,
22547	extravagant conduct by the Bacchic revels or stimu
22548	lated by the wine, as the temperament within them
22549	becomes different. But especially does the imagina
22550	tive faculty of the soul seem to be swayed by the
22551	alterations in the body, and to change as the body
22552	changes, a fact which is clearly shown in dreams ; for
22553	at one time we find ourselves beset in our dreams by
22554	a multitude of visions of all sorts, and at another time
22555	again there comes a complete calmness and rest free
22556	from all such fancies.
22557	We ourselves know of Cleon
22558	here from Daulia and that he asserts that in all the
22559	many years he has lived he has never had a dream ;
22560	and among the older men the same thing is told of
22561	Thrasymedes of Heraea.
22562	The cause of this is the
22563	temperament of the body, just as that of persons who
22564	are prone to melancholy, at the other extreme, is
22565	subject to a multitude of dreams and visions ; where
22566	fore they have the repute of possessing the faculty of
22567	dreaming straight ; for since they turn now to this
22568	° Cf. 406 b , supra.
22569	497
p. 265
22570	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
22571	438 yap aXXore ra> <j>avTaoTiKcp TpenopevoL, KaOdrrep
22572	oi rroXXd fiaXXovTes, ¿m rvyxdvovcn noXXdKLs.
22573	51. ** *Orav ovv dppooT&s exjj
22574	rrpos
22575	ttjv
22576	tov
22577	irvevparos wanep (f>appaKov Kpaaiv rj <f>avTaoTLKr)
22578	Kal jJLavTLKrj 8vvapts, iv rois Trpo<f>r)T€vovaiv dvdyKrj
22579	ytyveoOat, tov ivOovataapov* orav Se prj ovrays, prj
22580	ylyveaO at, rj yiyveadai napdijtopov Kal ovk aKepaiov
22581	Kal rapaKTLKov,1 axnrep
22582	tcrpev in i rfjs evayx°S
22583	aTrodavovcrrjs Tlvdias.2
22584	BeorrpoTrcov yap ¿ 7to ^evrjs
22585	rrapayevopevajv, Xeyerai ra s Trpcoras Karaarreiaeis
22586	aKLvrjTOV viTopeivat Kal anaBes to lepetov vnep-
22587	fiaXXopevcov 8e <j>iXoTLpia tcov lepecDv Kal npocr-
22588	B XmapovvTCjv, p6Xts vttopfipov yevopevov Kal Kara-
22589	KXvaOkv iv8ovvat.3
22590	tl ovv aw e fir] rr€pl rrjv YlvBlav4;
22591	Karefirj pev els to pavrelov cu? <f>acnv aKovaa Kal
22592	anpdBvpos, evOvs Se rrepl6 ras“ npcLras dnoKpiaeis
22593	fjv KaTa<f>avrjs rfj TpaxvrrjTi Trjs <f>ajvfjs ovk a ra -
22594	<f)4povaa
22595	8 lkt]v
22596	veai?
22597	irreLyopevrjs,
22598	aXaXov*
22599	Kal
22600	KaKov nvevparos ovaa rrXrjprjs* reXos Se TraVTarraaiv
22601	¿KTapaxB^laa Kal /xera Kpavyrjs aorjpov Kal1 <f>ofi€-
22602	pas <f>€pOjl€V7] 7TpOS TTJV €^o8oV <ZppLlfj€V kaVTTjV,
22603	COCTT€ (f)Vy€LV prj pSvoV TOVS BeOTTpOTTOVS dXXd Kal
22604	tov TTpo^rjTrjv Nt/cavSpov Kal tovs napovTas tojv
22605	oglcov.
22606	avelXovTo pevToi /xera ptKpov avTrjv ela-
22607	C eXBovTes €jJL<f>pova Kal StejStcuaev oXiyas rjpepas.
22608	<( T ovtojv eve/ca Kal uvvovoLas ayvov to creo/xa
22609	Kal tov fiiov oXcos averTtpetKTov aAAo8a7rats‘ opiXtats
22610	1 rapaKTiKOV] irpaKTiKOv in most MSS.
22611	2 Iluflias Bernardakis (but cf. 295 n): irvQia&os.
22612	3 ivSovvai Turnebus : cvSov tfv.
22613	4 UvOtav] irvdiaha in almost all mss.
22614	5 8c Trcpt Turnebus: 8' cm.
22615	6 ¿AaAou] aAA* aAaov Reiske.
22616	7 aorpiov Kal omitted in most mss.
22617	498
22618	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 438
22619	and now to that in their imagery, like persons who
22620	shoot many arrows, they often manage to hit the
22621	mark.
22622	51.
22623	“ Whenever, then, the imaginative and pro
22624	phetic faculty is in a state of proper adjustment for
22625	attempering itself to the spirit as to a drug, inspiration
22626	in those who foretell the future is bound to come ;
22627	and whenever the conditions are not thus, it is bound
22628	not to come, or when it does come to be misleading,
22629	abnormal, and confusing, as we know in the case
22630	of the priestess who died not so long ago.
22631	As it
22632	happened, a deputation from abroad had arri\ed to
22633	consult the oracle.
22634	The victim, it is said, remained
22635	unmoved and unaffected in any way by the first
22636	libations ;
22637	but the priests, in their eagerness to
22638	please, went far beyond their wonted usage, and only
22639	after the victim had been subjected to a deluge and
22640	nearly drowned did it at last give in.
22641	What, then,
22642	was the result touching the priestess ?
22643	She went
22644	down into the oracle unwillingly, they say, and half
22645	heartedly ; and at her first responses it was at once
22646	plain from the harshness of her voice that she was not
22647	responding properly ; she was like a labouring ship
22648	and was filled with a mighty and baleful spirit.
22649	Finally she became hysterical and with a frightful
22650	shriek rushed towards the exit and threw herself
22651	down, with the result that not only the members of
22652	the deputation fled, but also the oracle-interpreter
22653	Nicander and those holy men that were present.
22654	However, after a little, they went in and took her
22655	up, still conscious ;
22656	and she lived on for a few
22657	days.
22658	“ It is for these reasons that they guard the chas
22659	tity of the priestess, and keep her life free from all
22660	499
p. 266
22661	PLUTARCH’S MORALIA
22662	(438) Kai a Blkto v cĮ>vXdrrovcn1 rrjç ïlvôla ç,a Kal npo to u
22663	XprjCTTrjplov rà orjpeîa Xapfidvoucnv, olopevot
22664	tco
22665	déco KaTaSrjXov elvai, rroTe ttjv tTpoocf>opov e^ovaa
22666	Kpdaiv Kal Siddeaiv âfiXafîœs uiropevel to v evBou-
22667	enaopov.
22668	o v t€ y dp TravTas ouïe to u s avTovç àel
22669	hiaTÎdrjcnv cbaavTCos rj t o u nveùpaTOS Suvapės, aÀÀ5
22670	U7T€KKaupa 7rapex^ Kai apyty coenrep etprjTae tols
22671	D Trpos
22672	t o iradelv Kal peTajüaXeîv oueeLcos eyouenv.
22673	€Otl Se Bêla pèv ovtcos Kal Satpovtos, ou prjv âv-
22674	eKXeiiTTOs oùS* â<I)9apTos où S’ a yrjpcos Kal StapKrjs tes
22675	to v àiretpov xpovov u<j> ou irdvTa Kapvei Ta peTaįju
22676	yfjs Kal oeXrjvrjs /carà to v rjpeTepov Xoyov.
22677	elol S*
22678	ol Kal r à erraveo (¡xioKovTes oùx ùrropéveiv, aAA*
22679	anauScovTa rrpos to àlStov Kal aireipov ouvex^cn2
22680	XpfjaBai peTaftoXaîs Kal TraXiyyeveoLais.
22681	52.
22682	la u t,
22683	ecprjv eyco,
22684	TToAAaKis avaoKerrTe-
22685	oBai Kal ùpàs napaKaXco Kai epauTov, cos e^ovra
22686	7ToXXàs àvTiXrufjeis Kal uirovolas npos Toùvavriov,
22687	as o Katpos où rrapéxet Tračias erre^eXdeîv cooTe Kal
22688	E r a €0’ uirepKeLoBco Kal a <ï>LXlttttos Siairopeî irepl
22689	rjXiou Kal 'A 7 toXXcovos ”
22690	3
22691	1 <J>v\aTT0voi
22692	ovv€X€Oî Wytten
22693	<f>v\a.TTOvcrr)s most mss.
22694	nvOiaSos most mss.
22695	Dach ; oįeiais Reiske : ôf/ort.
22696	500
22697	OBSOLESCENCE OF ORACLES, 438
22698	association and contact with strangers, and take the
22699	omens before the oracle, thinking that it is clear to the
22700	god when she has the temperament and disposition
22701	suitable to submit to the inspiration without harm to
22702	herself.
22703	The power of the spirit does not affect all
22704	persons nor the same persons always in the same way,
22705	but it only supplies an enkindling and an inception,
22706	as has been said, for them that are in a proper state
22707	to be affected and to undergo the change. The power
22708	comes from the gods and demigods, but, for all that,
22709	it is not unfailing nor imperishable nor ageless, lasting
22710	into that infinite time by which all things between
22711	earth and moon become wearied out, according to our
22712	reasoning.
22713	And there are some who assert that the
22714	things above the moon also do not abide, but give
22715	out as they confront the everlasting and infinite, and
22716	undergo continual transmutations and rebirths.
22717	52. “ These matters,” I added, “ I urge upon you
22718	for your frequent consideration, as well as my own,
22719	in the belief that they contain much to which
22720	objections might be made, and many suggestions
22721	looking to a contrary conclusion, all of which the
22722	present occasion does not allow us to follow out.
22723	So
22724	let them be postponed until another time, and like
22725	wise the question which Philip raises about the Sun
22726	and Apollo.”
22727	501
p. 267
22728	INDEX
22729	A b d e r a , 25:
22730	a town in Thrace
22731	near the mouth of the river
22732	Nestus.
22733	Abydos, 51: a city on the Nile in
22734	Upper Egypt.
22735	Academy, the, 217, 325, 461 : the
22736	school of philosophy founded by
22737	Plato at Athens, so called from
22738	the place of meeting.
22739	Acanthus (Acanthians), 205, 297 :
22740	a town in eastern ChalcidicS on
22741	the Strymonic Gulf.
22742	Achaeans, 319: a name applied to
22743	all, or to a part of, the Greeks
22744	who fought at Troy.
22745	Achaeus, 297: a name, according
22746	to grammarians, given to Orestes.
22747	Acron,
22748	187:
22749	a physician who
22750	attended the Athenians during
22751	the Great Plague (430-429 b.c.).
22752	Admetus, 393: king of Pherae in
22753	Thessaly, protagonist of Euri
22754	pides’ Alcestis and a character in
22755	a lost play of Sophocles whose
22756	title is unknown.
22757	Aegina, 309: an island off the coast
22758	of Attica in the Saronic Gulf.
22759	Aegon, 269 : an Argive who became
22760	king, when the race of Hera-
22761	cleidae failed.
22762	Aegospotami (battle of), 277.
22763	Aemilianus, 401, 403 : an orator of
22764	the 1st century a .d .
22765	Aeolic (dialect), 363.
22766	Aeschylus quoted, 49, 223, 393,
22767	477: Athenian tragic poet; 525-
22768	456 B.C.
22769	Aesop, 295 : a writer of fables of
22770	the 6th century b .c. The fables
22771	later current under his name
22772	can hardly be in anything like
22773	their original form.
22774	Aetolians, 287.
22775	Africa, 319, 337.
22776	Agamemnon, 375: commander-in-
22777	chief of the Greeks in the Trojan
22778	War.
22779	Agesilaii3, 285 : king of Sparta
22780	89S-360 b.c.
22781	Plutarch wrote his
22782	life.
22783	Aglaonicft, 389: learned daughter
22784	of Hegetor of Thessaly.
22785	Aglaoplion, 489: a famous painter
22786	of Thasos in the early 5th
22787	century, father and teacher of
22788	Polygnotus and Aristophon.
22789	Aidoneus, 251: an epithet of Hades.
22790	Alcaeus, 71: according to the
22791	Phrygians, son of Heracles and
22792	father of Typhon.
22793	Alcaeus quoted, 353 : a great poet
22794	of Lesbos, contemporary with
22795	Sappho.
22796	Alexander, 57, 59, 295 : called the
22797	Gieat, king of Maced on; 356-
22798	323 b.c.
22799	Alexandria, 67, 69 : a city in Egypt
22800	founded by Alexander the Great
22801	in 332 b.c.
22802	Alexarchus, 91: a Greek historian.
22803	Alexis, 407 : Athenian comic poet,
22804	uncle of Menander; circa 372-
22805	280 B.c.
22806	Alopecus, 337 : “ Fox-hill,” a name
22807	of the hill Orchalides in Haliartus
22808	in Boeotia.
22809	Alplieius, 473 : a river of Arcadia.
22810	Alyattes, 299: king of Lydia 617(?)-
22811	560 b.c.
22812	Amenthes, 73 : the Egyptian name
22813	for the place to which the souls
22814	of the dead depart.
22815	Ainmon, 25, 99, 353, 861 : the local
22816	god of the Egyptian city of
22817	503
p. 268
22818	INDEX
22819	Thebes, but identified by the
22820	Greeks with Zeus.
22821	Ainmonius, 203-207, 211, 237, 357-
22822	801, 371, 875, 407, 445, 447, 461-
22823	405, 488: of Lamptrae, Peri
22824	patetic philosopher, Plutarch’s
22825	teacher at Athens; a speaker
22826	in
22827	the dialogues
22828	The
22829	E
22830	at
22831	Delphi and The Obsolescence of
22832	Oracles,
22833	Amoun, 25: the Egyptian name
22834	lor Zeus.
22835	Amphiaraüs, 861, 363: oracular
22836	shrine at Oropus.
22837	✓
22838	Amphictyonic (Council), 341: the
22839	council of the Sacred League
22840	which met twice yearly in Ther
22841	mopylae.
22842	Amphictyons, 297.
22843	Amphiloehus, 481: son of Amphi-
22844	araiis and Eriphylé; after his
22845	death he had an oracular shrine
22846	in Mallos.
22847	Amphitrité, 177 : goddess, wife of
22848	Tose id on.
22849	Anaxagoras, 119, 233, 487: philo
22850	sopher from Clazoinenac, frie.id
22851	of
22852	Pericles,
22853	banished
22854	from
22855	Athens he retired toLampsaeus ;
22856	circa 500-428 b .c.
22857	Anticleides,
22858	91:
22859	Athenian his
22860	torian, lived in the Alexandrian
22861	period.
22862	Antigonus, 59: called the “ One-
22863	eyed, ” general of Alexander the
22864	Great; circa 330-301 b.c.
22865	Anubis,
22866	39, 93,
22867	107,
22868	145:
22869	an
22870	Egyptian god bearing the head
22871	of a jackal, which the Greeks
22872	thought was a dog; identified
22873	by the Greeks with Hermes.
22874	Apelles, 59: a famous Greek painter
22875	of the second half of the 4 th
22876	century b .c.
22877	Aphrodité, 33, 75,117, 161, 165,177.
22878	Apis, 15, 17, 29, 51, 71, 77, 83, 85,
22879	105, 107, 137, 171 : the holy calf
22880	of Memphis.
22881	Apollo, 27, 33, 35, 61, 87, 133, 145,
22882	165, 177, 201, 207, 221, 223, 239,
22883	247, 251, 253, 269, 279, 293, 301,
22884	309, 361, 365, 393, 395, 435, 473,
22885	475, 483, 501.
22886	Apollonia, 301: the name of various
22887	504
22888	Greek cities ; which city is indi
22889	cated here is uncertain.
22890	Apollonius, 413: a common Greek
22891	name.
22892	Apollonopolis, 123: a city of Upper
22893	Egypt, now Edfu.
22894	Apopis,
22895	89: according
22896	to the
22897	Egyptians, brother of the Sun.
22898	Arabians, 23.
22899	Aratus quoted, 93 : a Greek astro
22900	nomical poet, author of the
22901	Phaenomena; circa 315-240 b.c.
22902	Archelaiis, 199 : king of Macedon
22903	413-399 B.C.
22904	Arehemachus, 67: of Euboea, a
22905	Greek historian.
22906	Archilochus quoted, 209: of Paros,
22907	wrote elegiac poetry as well as
22908	iambic, of which he was reputed
22909	to be the inventor; circa 650 b.c.
22910	Areimanius, 113, 115 : the Persian
22911	god of darkness, Ahriman.
22912	Arcs, 75, 117.
22913	Argive, 269.
22914	Arrives, 63, 85.
22915	A rgo, 55: the ship of the Argonauts.
22916	Aristagoras, 15 : a writer ou Egypt
22917	of the 4th ceutury.
22918	Aristarchus, 305: of Samos, a great
22919	astronomer ; circa 320-250 b. c.
22920	Ariston, 91: histoiian, author of a
22921	woik on Athenian colonization.
22922	Aristonica,
22923	325 :
22924	the prophetic,
22925	priestess at Delphi \vh > gave the
22926	Athenians baleful oracles in 4S0
22927	b.c. (Herodotus, vii. 140).
22928	Aristotle, 119, 143, 181, 187. 227,
22929	265. 267, 279, 427, 457, 479 : the
22930	philosopher; 384-322 b.c.
22931	Aristyllus, 305: an astronomer.
22932	A r n i , 467: a town in south-western
22933	Thessaly.
22934	Arsalus, 413 : a ruler of the Solymi.
22935	Arsaphes, 91: an Egyptian name
22936	of Osiris, regarded as Dionysus.
22937	Artemis, 27, 165, 435.
22938	Arueris, 33, 35: son of Isis and
22939	Osiris, regarded by the Greeks
22940	as Apollo, or the eider Horus.
22941	Aso, 35 : a queen of Ethiopia.
22942	Assyrians, 57.
22943	AstartG, 41: a name given by some
22944	to the queen of Byblus who
22945	sheltered Isis.
p. 269
22946	INDEX
22947	Asterinm, 289: a place in Tenedos.
22948	Astronomy, 307: a work in verse
22949	attributed by some to Thales
22950	(not extant).
22951	Athena, 25, 27, 79, 147, 165, 177,
22952	277, 307, 319.
22953	Athenaeus, 413: a common Greek
22954	name.
22955	Alheñáis, 41: the Greek equivalent
22956	of Nemanús.
22957	Athenian, 215, 277.
22958	A thenian Colonization, 91: a work
22959	of the historian Aristón.
22960	Athenians. 161, 207, 297, 301, 307.
22961	Athens, 161. 187, 269, 309.
22962	Athyr, 37, 95, 161 : an Egyptian
22963	month, the Attic Pyanepsion
22964	(October to November)!
22965	Athyri, 137: an Egyptian name
22966	for Isis.
22967	Atlas, 215: son of the Titan Iapetos,
22968	bore the heavens on his shoulder.
22969	Attica, 477.
22970	B acchic, 85, 497.
22971	Bacchus, 225.
22972	Bacis, 285 : a legendary seer.
22973	Basilocles, 259, 261 : a speaker in
22974	the
22975	dialogue The
22976	Oracles
22977	at
22978	Delphi.
22979	Battus, 319, 335: the founder of
22980	Cyrene circa 630 b.c.
22981	Bear, the, 53 : the constellation.
22982	Bebón, 121,147: an Egyptian name
22983	for Typhon.
22984	Bias, 205: of Priené, one of the
22985	Seven Wise Men: circa 550 b. c.
22986	Bocohoris, 23: Bekneranef, king
22987	of Egypt circa 718-712 b.c.
22988	Boeotia, 343. 361.
22989	Boeotian, 215.
22990	Boeotians, 161.
22991	Bcethus, 271*275, 279-285, 289, 303,
22992	305: an Epicurean contemporary
22993	of Plutarch’s, a speaker in the
22994	dialogue The Oracles at Delphi,
22995	and in the Symposiac Questions,
22996	v. l.
22997	Brasidas, 295,297: a distinguished
22998	Spartan general in the Pelopon
22999	nesian War.
23000	He was killed at
23001	Amphipolis in 422 b.c,
23002	Briareus, 405: a monster with fifty
23003	heads and an hundred arms.
23004	Britain, 353, 408.
23005	Britons, 403.
23006	Busins, 53, 73: a town In Egypt.
23007	Buto, 45, 93, 153: a town in Lower
23008	Egypt.
23009	Byblus, 39-43: a town and a region
23010	of the Egyptian Delta.
23011	Cadmus, 273 : a Phoenician adven
23012	turer, reputed founder of Thebes.
23013	Caesar (Augustus), 207.
23014	Caesar, Tiberius, 403.
23015	Callias,
23016	297 : a rich
23017	Athenian,
23018	friend and host of Socrates in
23019	Xenophon’s Symposium.
23020	Cailistratus, 351 : an official of the
23021	Amphictyonie Council, speaker
23022	in
23023	the
23024	Symposiac
23025	Questions,
23026	vii. 5.
23027	Cambyses, 107: son of Cyrus the
23028	Great, second king of Persia,
23029	the conqueror of Egypt (died
23030	522 B.C.X
23031	Canopus, 55: pilot of Menelaiis.
23032	who was buried in Egypt, and
23033	became identified with Serapis
23034	or Pluto.
23035	Canopus,
23036	67: a town
23037	in the
23038	Egyptian Delta.
23039	Capitolinus, Jupiter, 165.
23040	Carthaginians, 287.
23041	Castor, 77: of Rhodes, a Greek
23042	historian of the 1st century b . c .
23043	Cerberus, 69: the three - headed
23044	Hound of Hell.
23045	Chaeremon quoted, 325: a Greek
23046	tragic poet of the early 4th
23047	century b.c.
23048	Chaeroneia, 365 : a town in Boeotia,
23049	birthplace of Plutarch.
23050	Chaldean, 207.
23051	Chaldeans, 117.
23052	Chaos, 137: part of the Hesiodio
23053	cosmology.
23054	Cheiron, 215: the Centaur, tutor
23055	of Achilles.
23056	Chemia, 8 3 : an Egyptian name for
23057	Egypt.
23058	Chemmi8, 37: a city of Egypt near
23059	Thebes, the Greek Panopolis.
23060	Chilon, 205 : of Sparta, one of the
23061	Seven Wise Men, circa 590 b.c.
23062	Chonuphis, 25: a priest of Memphis.
23063	Chronos, 77: Father Time.
23064	505
p. 270
23065	INDEX
23066	Chrysippus, 61, 899, 433, 435: a
23067	Stoic philosopher from Soli in
23068	Cilicia ; 280-206 b.c.
23069	Cilicia, 479, 481.
23070	Cinaethon, 331 : of Sparta, a genea
23071	logical poet of the 8th or 7th
23072	century b.c.
23073	Clea, 7, 11, 29, 85: the priestess
23074	at Delphi, contemporary with
23075	Plutarch, to whom he dedicated
23076	the Isis and Osiris and
23077	The
23078	Bravery o f Women.
23079	Cleander, 309 : a man of Aegina,
23080	accomplice of Proclus tff Epi
23081	daurus.
23082	Cleanthes, 155 : of Assos in the
23083	Troad, successor to Zeno in the
23084	Stoic school ; 331/330-232/231 b.c.
23085	Cleobulina, 297 : daughter of Cleo-
23086	bulus of Rhodes, whose real
23087	name was Eumetis ; famed for
23088	her riddles.
23089	Cleobulus, 205, (297) : of Lindus in
23090	Rhodes, one of the Seven Wise
23091	Men, of the early 6th century.
23092	Cleombrotus, 353, 355, 359, 361,
23093	375, 377, 381-385, 395-399, 405,
23094	409, 415: of Sparta, speaker in
23095	the dialogue The Obsolescence of
23096	Oracles.
23097	Cleon, 497 : a native of Daulia.
23098	Cleonae, 295: a town near Hyam
23099	polis in Phocis.
23100	Cleotimus, 309 : brother of Proclus
23101	of Epidaurus.
23102	Clio, 303 :
23103	one
23104	of the Muses,
23105	generally regarded as the Muse
23106	of History.
23107	Cnidian (Clubhouse), 365 : a build
23108	ing at Delphi.
23109	Cnidians, 279.
23110	Colophon, 163.
23111	Conflagration, the, of theWorld, 383.
23112	Copto, see Kopto.
23113	Coretas,
23114	475, 485: a Delphian
23115	shepherd, the first, according
23116	to tradition, to give evidence ol'
23117	the power of prophecy resident
23118	in the place.
23119	Corinth, 205, 263, 289.
23120	Corinthian, 263.
23121	Corinthians, 289, 293*297.
23122	Coronê, 365: “ Crow,” a woman of
23123	Chaeroneia.
23124	Corycian (cave), 259: at Delphi.
23125	Crates, 295, 297: of Thebes, Cynic
23126	philosopher, disciple of Diogenes,
23127	3rd century b.c.
23128	Cratylus, 233: a dialogue of Plato,
23129	concerned principally with ety
23130	mology.
23131	Crete, 177, 393.
23132	Cretines (or -us), 335: of Miletus,
23133	founder of SinopA
23134	Croesus, 299: king of Lydia 560-
23135	546 b.c.
23136	Cronus, 31, 33, 61, 77, 79, 81, 107,
23137	161, 405, 413: a god, son of
23138	Uranus
23139	and
23140	father of Zeus,
23141	Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter,
23142	and Hestia.
23143	Cumae, 283 : a city of Campania.
23144	Cyclops, 483: the one-eyed giant,
23145	Polyphemus, who was blinded by
23146	Odysseus in the Odyssey and in
23147	Euripides’ play.
23148	Cydnus, 473 : a river of Cilicia
23149	which flows through the city of
23150	Tarsus.
23151	Cynic, 367 : a school of philosophy
23152	founded by Antisthenes.
23153	Cynopolis, 169:
23154	a city in the
23155	Egyptian Delta, now Samallut.
23156	cyphi, 127, 187-191 : an Egyptian
23157	medicinal preparation.
23158	Cypselus, 293: tyrant of Corinth,
23159	son of Aeetion and father of
23160	Periander.
23161	Cyrus, 57: the Great, founder of
23162	the Persian Empire, killed in
23163	529 b.c.
23164	Dam atrius,
23165	161 : the Boeotian
23166	name
23167	for
23168	the
23169	Attic
23170	month
23171	Pyanepsion.
23172	Danube, 439.
23173	Daulia, 497 ; a town in Phocis near
23174	Delphi.
23175	Deinomenes, 309: of Gela, father
23176	of the tyrants Gelon, Hiero, and
23177	Thrasybulus.
23178	Deinon, 77: of Colophon, edited
23179	and continued Ctesias’s Persian
23180	History.
23181	Delian, 203, 251, 365.1
23182	Delos, 211, 365.
23183	Delphi, 85, 87, 201, 221, 267, 293,
23184	506
p. 271
23185	INDEX
23186	315, 341, 351, 365, 373, 375, 393,
23187	411, 475, 485.
23188	Delphians, 207.
23189	Demeter, 61, 75, 99, 151, 155, 161.
23190	Demetrius, 353, 355, 361, 367, 381,
23191	385, 403, 417, 421, 427, 461, 473,
23192	479,
23193	481 : of Tarsus, a gram
23194	marian. a speakt r in the dialogue
23195	The Obsolescence of Unteles.
23196	Democritus,
23197	109, 401: a philo
23198	sopher of Abdera,
23199	the great
23200	exponent of the. Atomic Theory ;
23201	circa 460-400 b.c.
23202	Dicaearcheia,
23203	2S3:
23204	a
23205	city
23206	of
23207	Campania, the Latiu
23208	Puteoli
23209	(Pozzuoli).
23210	Dicaearchus, 199: of Messene, a
23211	geographer and historian of the
23212	late 4tli century.
23213	Dictys, 21: nursling of Isis.
23214	Didymus, 367 : a Cynic, surnamed
23215	Planetiades.
23216	Diochites, 51 : a name given the
23217	town containing the tomb of
23218	Osiris.
23219	Diogenianus, 261 -265, 269, 275,
23220	289,
23221	319: of Pergamum,
23222	an
23223	Academic philosopher, a speaker
23224	in the dialogue The Oracles at
23225	Delphi.
23226	Diomedes, 319: son of Tydeus, a
23227	hero of the Trojan War.
23228	Dionysiae, 85.
23229	Dionysius, 69: servant of Ptolemy
23230	Soter.
23231	Dionysius, 165 : the identity of the
23232	person referred to disputed.
23233	Dionysius, 413: a common Greek
23234	name.
23235	Dionysus, 35, 61, 67-71, 75, 83-91,
23236	99, 151, 155, 221-225, 411.
23237	Dins, 413 : a common Greek name.
23238	Dog star, the, 53, 55, 91, 115, 129,
23239	147: Sirius.
23240	Dolon’s Way, 395.
23241	Dorian, 419.
23242	Dor c (dialect), 411.
23243	Dragon’s t* eth, 259.
23244	Dryus, 413 : ruler of the Solymi.
23245	E, th e, AT Delph i, 201, 207, 215,
23246	235, 237, 439.
23247	Earth, the, 65, 89, 137, 303, 305,
23248	355, 475, 477, al.
23249	Echecrates, 365: prophetic priest
23250	at Delphi at the time oi the
23251	Persian wars.
23252	Echinades, 401 : nine small islan : -
23253	in the Ionian Sea at the mouth
23254	of the Acheloiis.
23255	Egypt, 25, 45, 63, 57, 69, 71, 83, 99,
23256	107, 159, 353.
23257	Egyptian, 25, 27, 73, 137, 147, 159,
23258	379, 401, 419.
23259	Egyptians, 15, 19, 23, 25, 29, 31,
23260	35-39, 43-47. 51-55, 69, 73-79, 83,
23261	87-93, 101, 107, 121, 129, 135, 143,
23262	147, 149, 153-157, 161-173, 177,
23263	187, 29!, 4' 5.
23264	Eileithyia, 171 : the goddess of the
23265	rites of childbirth.
23266	Eleans, 293, 295.
23267	Elephantine, 105 : an island in the
23268	Nile opposite Syenê ; to-day
23269	El-Gezire.
23270	Elis, 85, 177, 295.
23271	Empedocles, 117, 305, 399, 407;
23272	quoted, 65, 291,397, 473 : a philo
23273	sopher of Acragas ; circa 494-434.
23274	Epaphus, 91 : son of Zens and lo,
23275	a Greek equivalent of Apis.
23276	Epicureanism, 271.
23277	Epicureans, 405, 407, 481.
23278	Epicurus, 109, 275, 279, 289, 407,
23279	483 : a Greek philosopher 341-
23280	270 b.c.
23281	Epidaurus, 309 : a city on the east
23282	coast of Argolis.
23283	Epimenides quoted, 351 : apropliet
23284	of Crete circa 600 b. c.
23285	Epiphi, 127 : an Egyptian month
23286	(about July).
23287	Epitherses 401 : father of Aemi-
23288	lianus, the orator.
23289	Eresus, 419 : a town of Lesbos.
23290	Eretria, 301 : a city of Em oea.
23291	Erythrae, 297, 3<>7 : a city on the
23292	coast of Asia Minor opposite Chios.
23293	Etesian Winds, 95.
23294	Ethiopia, 35, 95.
23295	Ethiopians, 95.
23296	Euboea, 67, 477.
23297	Euboean, 477.
23298	Eudoxus, 17, 25, 53, 75, 129, 149,
23299	151, 305, 307 : of Cnidos, a mathe-
23300	mitician and astronomer, who
23301	also wrote a book on travel ;
23302	4th century b.c.
23303	507
p. 272
23304	INDEX
23305	Euhemerus, 57: of Messené, author
23306	of a celebrated work on the
23307	mortal lives of the gods; late
23308	4th century b.c.
23309	Eumetis, 297 ; see Cleobulina.
23310	Euripides quoted, 109, 105, 175,
23311	199, 231, 251, 319, 323, 833, 387,
23312	461, 469, 471, 483: Athenian
23313	tragic poet; circa 485-406 b. c.
23314	Eurycleis, 377: ventriloquists, so
23315	called from Eurycles, an Athen
23316	ian of the 5th century.
23317	Eustrophus, 215, 217, 2Г9, 233 : of
23318	Athens, speaker in the di&logue
23319	The E at Delphi.
23320	F ates, the, 203.
23321	Galaxium, 343: a town of Boeotia.
23322	Gelo, 309: son of Deinomenes,
23323	ruler of Gela 491-483 B.C., and of
23324	Syracuse 485-478 B. c.
23325	Giants, 61.
23326	Glaucé, 273: of Chios, a famous
23327	lyre-player.
23328	Gnesiochus, 335 : a llegarían ad
23329	venturer.
23330	Gorgias, 407 : of Leontini, a famous
23331	rhetorician ; circa 483-375 b.c.
23332	Great Mother, 331: Cybebé, the
23333	Anatolian goddess,
23334	Grecian, 281.
23335	Greece, 73, 145, 205, 279, 335, 337,
23336	373, 395.
23337	Greek, 9, 57, 145, 147, 157, 363,
23338	409, 417.
23339	Greeks, 25, 35, 41, 53, 55, 61, 77,
23340	83-87, 91, 107, 1(9, 117, 129, 135,
23341	145, 159, 165, 167, 177, 183, 207,
23342	211, 297, 341, 363, 365, 379, 395,
23343	485.
23344	H ades, 69, 73, 75, 113-117, 183,
23345	253.
23346	Ilaliartus, 337: a town in Boeotia.
23347	Hamadryads, 381.
23348	Hannibal, 287: the great Cartha
23349	ginian general; 247-183 b.c.
23350	Harpocrates, 49, 153, 159: son of
23351	Isis and Osiris, the Egyptian god
23352	of Silence.
23353	Heeataeus, 17, 25: of Abdera, a
23354	philosopher and historian; circa
23355	300 b.c.
23356	Hecaté, 107, 165, 3S7: a chthonic
23357	deity of the Greeks.
23358	Hegetor, 3a9: a Thessalian, fathei
23359	of Aglaonicé.
23360	ll-licon,
23361	281:
23362	a
23363	mountain
23364	of
23365	Boeotia, resort of the Muses.
23366	Heliopolis, 17, 25, 83: a city in
23367	Lower Egypt on the borders of
23368	Arabia.
23369	Hellanicus, 83: of Mityleñé, an
23370	hbtorian of the 5th century.
23371	Hephaestus, 77, 155.
23372	Hera, 75, 77.
23373	Heracleides Ponticus, 67: of Hera-
23374	cleia, pupil of Plato, a philo
23375	sopher and historian oí the 4th
23376	century.
23377	Heracleitus, 109, 117, 315, 383;
23378	quoted, 69, 117, 181, 221, 241,
23379	273, 383, 471 ; of Ephesus, a
23380	philosopher ; circa 560-500 b c.
23381	Heiacleon, 3>7, 369, 397, 399, 415,
23382	419: of Magnesia, Peripatetic
23383	philosopher and speaker in the
23384	dialogue
23385	The
23386	Obsolescence
23387	of
23388	Oracles.
23389	Heracles, 67, 71, 99, 101, 215, 295,
23390	311, 3r,9, 393.
23391	Heraea, 497 : a town of Arcadia.
23392	Hermaeus, 91,103 : an unidentified
23393	writer of (Egyptian?) history.
23394	Reiske would read Hermeas and
23395	identify him with the writer in
23396	Frag. Hi?t Grace, ii. 80, but the
23397	whole matter is very doubtful.
23398	Hermaeus, 415: a common Greek
23399	name.
23400	Hermanubis, 145: son of Osiris
23401	and Nephth\s, symbol of the
23402	search for truth.
23403	Hermes, 11, 29, 31, 33, 49, 55, 101,
23404	131, 133, 145, 167, 403.
23405	Hermodotus, 59: an obscure poet
23406	at the court of Antigonus the
23407	One-Eyed.
23408	Hermon: see 276, note a.
23409	Hermopolis, 11,
23410	123: a city of
23411	Egypt.
23412	Herodotus, 311, 489; quoted, 391:
23413	Greek
23414	historian
23415	of
23416	the 5th
23417	century.
23418	Herophilé, 297: daughter of Theo-
23419	dorus, the Sib> 1 of Ervthrae.
23420	Hesiod, 13, 63, 137, 269-273, 805,
23421	508
p. 273
23422	INDEX
23423	807, 867. 379, 3S3, 3^5'; quoted,
23424	15, 65, 381, 389, 463, 465, 477 : of
23425	Ascra in Boeotia, didactic poet
23426	of the 8th century b.c.
23427	Hestia, 75: the goddess of the
23428	hearth-fire.
23429	Hiero, 277: a Spartan.
23430	Hiero, 277, 309: son of Deino-
23431	menes, ruler of Gela and Syra
23432	cuse; 478-467 b.c.
23433	Hierosolymus, 77 : son of Typhon.
23434	Himera, 419: a city ol Sicily.
23435	Hipparchus, 305 : an astronomer;
23436	circa 190-120 B.C.
23437	Hippys,
23438	419:
23439	of Rhegium,
23440	an
23441	historian of the 5th century*
23442	Homer, 19, 61, 83, 99, 123, 229, 247,
23443	249, 269, 271, 275, 279, 289, 319,
23444	379, 419, 421, 437; quoted, 7, 63
23445	117, 125, 209, 213, 251, 269, 291,
23446	317, 339, 355, 383, 417, 491.
23447	Homoeomeria, 425 : the doctrine of
23448	Anaxagoras.
23449	Hoplites, 337 : a river of Boeotia.
23450	Нога, 93: the “ seasonable temper
23451	ing of the surrounding air.”
23452	Horus, 33, 35, 45 49, 53, 55, 93, 97,
23453	99, 105, 123, 127, 131-139, 145
23454	149: son of Isis and Osiris, the
23455	Egyptian god of Light.
23456	Hyes, 83: a cult name of Dionysus.
23457	Hysiris, 85: Hellanicus's spelling
23458	of Osiris.
23459	I e iu s , 247: a cult name of Apollo.
23460	India, 71.
23461	Indian, 419.
23462	Iseion, 11: the shrine of Isis.
23463	Isis, 9, 11, 21, 25, 33-49 53, 55, 59,
23464	67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89-93, 97, 105,
23465	107, 123, 127-137, 143, 147-153,
23466	169, 181.
23467	Ismenian,
23468	203: an
23469	epithet
23470	of
23471	Apollo.
23472	Isodaetes,
23473	223:
23474	an
23475	epithet of
23476	Apollo.
23477	Ister, 311: of Cyrene, a Greek
23478	historian,
23479	slave of the poet
23480	Callimachus, 3rd century B .C .
23481	Isthmian Games, 293.
23482	Italy, 279, 401.
23483	Ithacans, 19.
23484	I e w i s u , 77.
23485	Judaeus, 77: son of Typhon.
23486	Jupiter, 165.
23487	K n e p h , 55: an Egyptian god.
23488	Kopto (Copto), 37, 73, 133 : a city
23489	of Upper Egypt, north of Thebes.
23490	Kor6, 99, 161: see Persephond.
23491	L a b y a d a e , 395: a clan at Delphi.
23492	Lachares, 165 : tyrant of Athens ;
23493	296-295 b .c.
23494	Lamia, 281 : daughter of Poseidon.
23495	Lamprias, 205, 207, 371, 461, 463,
23496	483, 487: brother of Plutarch,
23497	a speaker in the dialogues The
23498	E at Delphi and The Obsolescence
23499	of Oracles.
23500	Laws, The, 119: a work of Plato.
23501	Lebadeia, 361, 463; a town of
23502	Boeotia, renowned for its oracle
23503	of Trophonius.
23504	Leda, 297: daughter of Thestius
23505	of Aetolia, wife of Tyndareiis,
23506	mother of the Dioscuri, Helen,
23507	and Cly temnestra.
23508	Lemnos, 173.
23509	Leschenorian, 203 : an epithet of
23510	Apollo.
23511	Leto, 93: mother of Apollo and
23512	Artemis.
23513	Leuctra, 277 : a town in Boeotia.
23514	Lindians, 205 : citizens of Lindus
23515	in Rhodes.
23516	Lion (Leo), 91, 93: the constella
23517	tion.
23518	Livia, 207: wife of Caesar Au
23519	gustus.
23520	Love, 137, 139 : element in the
23521	Hesiodic cosmogony.
23522	Lycians, 413.
23523	Lycopolis, 73, 169: a town in
23524	Egypt.
23525	Lycoreia, 259: a town near Delphi.
23526	Lycurgus, 25. 311: the reputed
23527	author of the Spartan constitu
23528	tion.
23529	Plutarch wrote his life.
23530	Lydian, 363.
23531	Lysander, 277, 337 : Spartan com
23532	mander, ended the Peloponnesian
23533	War at the battle of Aegos-
23534	potami (404); killed at the battle
23535	of Haliartus (395).
23536	Plutarch
23537	wrote his life.
23538	509
p. 274
23539	INDEX
23540	Lysippus, 59: a sculptor of the
23541	second half of the 4th century.
23542	M a c e d o n ia n s , 57.
23543	Magnesia, Sul: a city of Asia
23544	Minor.
23545	Malcander, 41: a king of Byblus.
23546	Malians, 281.
23547	Maneros, 43 : son of Malcander.
23548	Manes, 57 : a king of Phrygia.
23549	Manetho, 25, 09, 121, 147, 171: of
23550	Sebennytus, historian of Egypt,
23551	3rd century b. c.
23552	Mardonius, 3r>3 : Persian comman
23553	der, killed at Plataea in 479 b .c.
23554	Masdes, 57: alternative form of
23555	Manes.
23556	Megara, 367.
23557	Megarians, 301, 373.
23558	Meinis, 23 (c/. 22, note a): first
23559	king o f Egypt circa 3500 b .c.
23560	Melilotus, 93.
23561	Melos, 489.
23562	Memphis, 25, 51, 71, 105, 153: a
23563	city of Egypt.
23564	Menander, Lo3: Athenian comic
23565	poet; 342-291 b.c.
23566	Mendes, 105, 171 : a city of Egypt.
23567	Mercury, 455 : the planet.
23568	Meriones. 393 : sou of Molus, hero
23569	in the Trojan War.
23570	Mesore, 159: an Egyptian month
23571	(August?).
23572	Messene, 57.
23573	Metapontum, 279 : a Greek city on
23574	the Gulf of Tarentum in southern
23575	Italy.
23576	Methyer, 137 : a name of Isis.
23577	Metrcdorus, 407: of Lampsacus,
23578	friend and pupil of Epicurus;
23579	died 277 b .c.
23580	Min, 137 : a name of Horus.
23581	Mithras, 113: the Persian god of
23582	Light.
23583	Mnaseas, 91: of Patrae or Patara,
23584	pupil of Eratosthenes, a Euhe-
23585	merist.
23586	MnemosynS, 251: Memory, mother
23587	of the Muses.
23588	Mnesarete, 295: the true name of
23589	Phryne, the courtesan.
23590	Mnesinoe, 297 : a name of Leda.
23591	Mneuis, »3 : the sacred black bull
23592	of lleliopolis.
23593	Molionidae,
23594	295 : Eurytus
23595	and
23596	Cteatus, sons of Molione.
23597	Molus, 393 : father of Meriones.
23598	Moon, the, 105, 107, 127, 129, 233.
23599	Mopsus, 481 : founded Mallos to
23600	gether with Amphilochus.
23601	Muse, 323, 327.
23602	Muses, 11, 251, 269, 281, 303, 305.
23603	Muth, 137 : a name of Isis.
23604	Myrina, 301: a city of Aeolian Asia
23605	Minor between Суше and Gry
23606	nei um.
23607	Мутѣаіё, 295: a name of Olympias,
23608	mother of Alexander the Great.
23609	Mys, 361, 363 : a Catian from
23610	Europus, consulted the oracle of
23611	Trophonius during the Persian
23612	wars.
23613	Mysteries, the, 389, 391.
23614	N a i a d , 381.
23615	Nemanus, 41 : a name of Astarte,
23616	queen of Byblus.
23617	ХеоЬиІё,
23618	209: the
23619	beloved
23620	of
23621	Archilochus.
23622	Neochorus, 337 : of Haliartus, tK.
23623	slayer of Lysander.
23624	Nephthys, 33, 39, 93, 95, 107, 141,
23625	149:
23626	an
23627	Egyptian
23628	goddess,
23629	equated with Aphrodite by the
23630	Greeks.
23631	Nero, 201 : emperor
23632	of
23633	Rome
23634	a . d . 54-68.
23635	Nicander, 207, 209, 237, 499 : priest
23636	of Delphi to whom Plutarch dedi
23637	cated the essay On Listening to
23638	Lectures,
23639	Nile, the, 15, 19, 79, 81, 87, 93-99,
23640	103, 151, 153, 175.
23641	Nyctelius, 223: a name given to
23642	Apollo.
23643	Nymphs, 381, 383.
23644	Oceanus, 83.
23645	Ochus, 29, 77: Artaxerxes III.,
23646	kin g of Persia 359-338 b .0.
23647	Odysseus, 19, 319, 417.
23648	Oechalia, 393: a city of Euboea,
23649	sacked by Heracles.
23650	Oenuphis, 25 : priest of Heliopolis.
23651	Olympia, 293, 473.
23652	Olympian, 63, 117.
23653	Olympias, 295 : wife of Philip and
23654	mother of Alexander the Great.
23655	510
p. 275
23656	INDEX
23657	Olympus, 107, 419.
23658	Omphis, 103 : a name of Osiris.
23659	Onomacritus, 331: an Athenian
23660	collector of oracles in the time
23661	of Peisistratus.
23662	Opuntians, 299, 301: citizens of
23663	Opus in Locris.
23664	Orchalides, 337 : a hill near Hali
23665	artus in Boeotia.
23666	Orchomenos,
23667	479:
23668	a
23669	town in
23670	Boeotia.
23671	Orestes, 297 : son of Agamemnon
23672	and Clytemnestra.
23673	Orion, 53, 55 : the constellation.
23674	Orneatans, 297 : citizens of Orneae
23675	in Argolis.
23676	Oromazes, 113,115 : Ahura Mazda,
23677	the Persian god of Good.
23678	Orpheus, 305, 379, 383.
23679	Orphic, 237; fragment quoted, 491.
23680	Osiris, 19, 21, 27, 33-39, 45-55, 59,
23681	61, 67-73, 77, 81-107, 121-137, 141,
23682	145, 147, 151, 163, 167, 171, 181,
23683	183, 413.
23684	Oxyrhynchus, 19, 169: a town in
23685	Egypt.
23686	PALAESTINU8, 43 i a name of the
23687	son
23688	of Malcander,
23689	king
23690	of
23691	Byblus.
23692	Pallas (Athena), 277.
23693	Palodes, 401, 403: a place in the
23694	neighbourhood of Paxi.
23695	Pamyles, 33: a Priapean god of
23696	the Egyptians.
23697	Pamylia, 33, 89: an Egyptian fes
23698	tival in honour of Pamyles.
23699	Pan, 401, 403; Pans, 37.
23700	Panehoans, 57-
23701	Panchon (or Panchaea), 57 : a fabu
23702	lous island in the Persian Gulf,
23703	described by Euhemerus.
23704	Pandarus, 319 : a Lycian leader in
23705	the Trojan War.
23706	Paphlatronians, 161.
23707	Parmenides, 305: of Elea, pupil
23708	and successor of Xenophanes in
23709	the Eleatic school of philosophy ;
23710	early 5th century.
23711	Pauson, 271 : an Attic painter or
23712	caricaturist of the first half of
23713	the 4th century.
23714	Paxi, 401: two small islands be
23715	tween Corcyra and Leucas, now
23716	Paxo.
23717	Paÿni, 75 : an Egyptian name of a
23718	month.
23719	Peloponnesian War, 365.
23720	Pelusius, 43 : a name of the son of
23721	Malcander, king of Byblus.
23722	Penelopê, 403 : wife of Odysseus.
23723	Periander, 205 : tyrant of Corinth ;
23724	627-5o5 b c.
23725	Persephone, 67,161 : the Daughter
23726	(Korê) of Demeter ; see also Koi ê
23727	and Phersephonê.
23728	Persian, 29, 77; Gulf, 353, 411;
23729	Wars, 301, 361, 365.
23730	Persians, 57, 113.
23731	Petraeus, 343 : L. Cassius Petraeus,
23732	a speaker in the Symposiac Ques
23733	tions, v. 2.
23734	Petron, 419 : of Himera, a philo
23735	sopher.
23736	Phaeacians, 19 : the inhabitants of
23737	Phaeacia (later identified with
23738	Corcyra) in the Odyssey.
23739	Phaedrus, 43 : a river in Egypt.
23740	Phaestus, 351 : a city in Crete.
23741	Phalanthus, 335 : son of Agelaiis,
23742	founder of Phalanthus in Ar
23743	cadia.
23744	Phamenoth,
23745	105 :
23746	an
23747	Egyptian
23748	month.
23749	Phanaean, 203, 251 : epithet of
23750	Apollo.
23751	Phania*, 419 : of Eresus in Lesbos,
23752	Peripatetic philosopher and his
23753	torian ; 4th century.
23754	Pliaophi, 75, 127,153 : an Egyptian
23755	month.
23756	Pharos, 99 : an island off the coast
23757	of Egypt near Alexandria.
23758	Pharsalia, 279 : a town in Thessaly.
23759	Pheidias, 177 : an Athenian sculp
23760	tor of the 5th century.
23761	Phersephonê, 165 : see Persephonê.
23762	Philae, 53 : a sacred island in the
23763	Nile at the southern boundary
23764	of Upper Egypt.
23765	Philebus, 235 : a work of Plato.
23766	Philinus, 259, 261, 323: of Phocia,
23767	a friend of Plutarch’s and speaker
23768	in the dialogue The Oracles at
23769	Delphi.
23770	Philip, 395-399, 403, 439, 483, 487,
23771	501 : an historian, speaker in the
23772	511
p. 276
23773	INDEX
23774	dialogue
23775	The
23776	Obsolescence
23777	of
23778	Oracles.
23779	Philip (V.), 287: king of Macedon,
23780	defeated by Flamininus at Cynos
23781	cephalae in 197 ; 237-179 a c.
23782	Philochorus,
23783	311:
23784	an
23785	eminent
23786	Athenian historian, killed soon
23787	after 261 a a
23788	Philomelus, 279 : tyrant of Phocis
23789	in the 4th century.
23790	Phocians, 279, 297, 299.
23791	Phocis, 311.
23792	Phoebus, 223, 247, 251, 333 : “ The
23793	Radiant One” (see 411V See
23794	also Apollo.
23795	Phoenicia, 123.
23796	Phoenicians, 287.
23797	Phoenix, the, 381.
23798	Phrygian, 71, 379.
23799	Phrygians, 57,161.
23800	Phrynfi, 295, 297 : a famous cour
23801	tesan of Thespiae; 4th century.
23802	Phylarchus, 71:
23803	historian and
23804	opponent of Aratus of Sicyon;
23805	8rd century b . c.
23806	Pindar, 307, 319;
23807	quoted,
23808	87,
23809	191, 251, 273, 323, 327, 369, 381,
23810	891.
23811	Pittacus, 205 *. ruler of MitylenS,
23812	one of the Seven Wise Men.
23813	Planetiades, 367, 369, 371 : nick
23814	name of the cynic Didymus.
23815	Plataeae, 373: a town in Boeotia
23816	near Attica, where the Greeks
23817	defeated the Persians under Mar
23818	donius in 479 a c.
23819	Plato, 25, 29, 63, 65, 73, 119, 129,
23820	135-139, 143, 163, 181, 211, 227,
23821	229, 233, 235, 325, 377, 883, 387,
23822	389, 399, 409, 415, 419, 421, 441,
23823	443, 447, 457, 461, 487, 491;
23824	quoted, 13, 59, 143, 291 : the
23825	philosopher; 427-346 b.c.
23826	Pleiades, 161; the constellation.
23827	Pleistoanax, 307: king of Sparta
23828	circa 458-408 B.c.
23829	Pluto, 67, 69, 161, 183, 251 : see
23830	also Hades.
23831	Polycrates, 343: a magistrate or
23832	priest (?), apparently of Phocis
23833	and Plutarch’s contemporary.
23834	Polygnotus, 4S9 : of Thasos, son of
23835	Aglaophon, the great painter;
23836	circa 600-445.
23837	Polyxena, 295: a name of Olympias,
23838	mother of Alexander the Great.
23839	Poseidon, 27, 101, 177, 281, 435.
23840	Praxiteles, 297: son of Cephiso-
23841	dotus
23842	of Athens,
23843	the great
23844	painter; first half of 4th cen
23845	tury.
23846	Priam, 63 : king of Troy.
23847	Priscus, see Terentius.
23848	Procles, 309: tyrant of Epidaurus
23849	in the 7th century b.c., father-
23850	in-law of Periander.
23851	Prodicus, 331: of Ceos, a sophist;
23852	5th century.
23853	Prometheus, 11,91,215 : the Titan,
23854	benefactor of mankind.
23855	Prytaneum, the, 237: the town
23856	hail at Delphi.
23857	Psammetichus, 17 : king of Egypt
23858	in the 7th century.
23859	Ptolemy Soter, 67, 69 : king of
23860	Egypt 322-2S5 b.c.
23861	Ptoum (Ptoan), 361, 373: a moun
23862	tain in Boeotia on which stood a
23863	famous shrine of Apollo.
23864	Pyanepsion, 161: an Attic month
23865	(October-November).
23866	Pylaea, 341: a suburb of Delphi.
23867	Pythagoras, 25, 59, 75. 81, 119,
23868	369, 441 (?): philosopher ; 6th
23869	century b .c.
23870	Pythagorean, 27.
23871	Pythagoreans, 103, 177, 189, 219.
23872	Pythian, 199, 203, 213, 351, 365,
23873	371.
23874	Python, 61, 411: a fabulous snake,
23875	lord of Delphi before the advent
23876	of Apollo.
23877	Pythones, 377: ventriloquists.
23878	Republic, 135: a dialogue of Plato.
23879	Rhea, 31, 75, 1 '3, 455: goddess,
23880	wife of Cronus and mother of
23881	Zeus.
23882	Rhegium, 419: a city of southern
23883	Italy on the straits opposite
23884	Messana, now Reggio.
23885	Rhodes, 297.
23886	Rhodopis, 295: a famous courtesan
23887	of the 6 th century b . c.
23888	Romans, 169, 287.
23889	Rome, 403.
23890	Rumour (personified), 41.
23891	512
p. 277
23892	INDEX
23893	BaTs , 25, 79: • city of Lower
23894	Egypt.
23895	Baosis, 41: a name of AstartG,
23896	queen of Byblus.
23897	Sappho, 273, 325: of Lesbos, the
23898	great poetess; late 7th and early
23899	6th centuries.
23900	Barapion, 199, 269-275, 281, 285,
23901	293, 801, 305: of Athens, a poet
23902	to whom Plutarch dedicated The
23903	E at Delphi; he is also a speaker
23904	in the dialogue The Oracles at
23905	Delphi.
23906	Satyrs, 37.
23907	Scorpion, the, 87: a sign of the
23908	zodiac.
23909	Scotios, 251: an epithet of Hades.
23910	Scythinus, 301: historian and poet
23911	from Teos.
23912	Sealers, 77: title of certain Egyp
23913	tian priests.
23914	Sebennytus, 25, 69: a city of
23915	Egypt.
23916	Selinus, 289: a city of Sicily.
23917	Semiramis, 57: wife of Ninus of
23918	Nineveh, but often identified
23919	with Herodotus’s (i. 184) Baby
23920	lonian queen (Sammuramat): re
23921	garded as an Assyrian queen by
23922	Plutarch.
23923	Serapis, 67-73,91, 147, 331: a Baby
23924	lonian
23925	god
23926	introduced
23927	into
23928	Egypt by Ptolemy Soter; often
23929	identified with Hades.
23930	Sesostris, 57: mythical king of
23931	Egypt, sometimes identified with
23932	Rameses II.
23933	Seth (Set),
23934	101,
23935	121, 147: the
23936	Egyptian god identified
23937	with
23938	Typlion.
23939	Sibyl, the, 273, 281-285, 297, 825.
23940	Sicily, 277, 307, 309, 419.
23941	Sicyonians, 297.
23942	Simonides quoted, 55. 803, 489:
23943	of Ceos, di>tinguishea lyric poet;
23944	556-467 b .c.
23945	SinopS, 67, 69, 489: Greek city on
23946	the southern shore of the Black
23947	Sea.
23948	Sirius, 129: see also Dog-star.
23949	Smu, 147 : a name of Typhon.
23950	Sociates, 137, 297, 825 : Athenian
23951	philosopher; 468-399 B.c.
23952	Socrates, 85: an historian of Argos.
23953	Soli, 441 : a city of Cilicia.
23954	Solon, 25, 205: the Athenian la
23955	giver ; circa 638-558 b.c.
23956	Solynii, 413 : a Syrian, or Scythian
23957	tribe living in Lycia.
23958	Sonchis, 25 : a priest of Sais.
23959	Sophist, 235 : a work of Plato.
23960	8ophists, 205.
23961	Sophocles quoted, 253, 829, 377,
23962	393: Athenian tragic poet; 495-
23963	406 b .c.
23964	Sophron quoted, 209 : of Syracuse,
23965	writer of mimes; 6th century.
23966	Sosibius, 67:
23967	a much-travelled
23968	man at the court of Ptobmy
23969	Soter, perhaps to be identified
23970	with the Spartan chronographer.
23971	Soteles, 69: a servant of Ptolemy
23972	Soter.
23973	Sothis, 53, 147: Egyptian name of
23974	the Dog-star.
23975	Sparta, 285, 353.
23976	Spartan, 277, 311.
23977	Spartans, 307, 329.
23978	Stesichorus, 251 ; quoted, 253: of
23979	Matanrus or Himera, poet of
23980	choral lyrics ; circa 640-555 B .C .
23981	Stoic, 109, 291, 383.
23982	Stoicism, 291.
23983	Stoics, 99, 101, 291, 405, 435.
23984	8tratonic5, 295: a name of Olym
23985	pias, mother of Alexander the
23986	Great.
23987	Styx, 305: river of the Lower
23988	World.
23989	Sun, the, 31, 33, 89-93, 105, 107,
23990	115, 117, 125-129, 135, 145, 207,
23991	291, 293, 455, 475, 501.
23992	Sword, the, 29: a name given by
23993	the Egyptians to Ochus.
23994	Syen§, 19, 357: a city on the Nile
23995	in Upper Egypt, now Assuan.
23996	Symposium,
23997	137: a dialogue of
23998	Plato.
23999	Syracuse, 277.
24000	T a n it ic Mouth of the Nile, 37.
24001	Taphosiris, 53: “ the
24002	tomb of
24003	Osiris,” a town in Egypt.
24004	Tarsus, 353, 473: a city in Cilicia.
24005	Tartarus, 137 : the Lower World.
24006	Technactis. 23: Tefnakhte, father
24007	of Bekneranef, king of Lower
24008	Egypt circa 725 B .C .
24009	513
p. 278
24010	INDEX
24011	Tegvrae, 363, 865, 373 : a town in
24012	Boeotia.
24013	Teiresias, 479: the blind seer of
24014	Thebes.
24015	Tempe, 395, 411 : the vale in Thes
24016	saly through which the Peneus
24017	flows to the sea.
24018	Tenedos, 289: an island off the
24019	coast of Asia Minor near Troy.
24020	Terentius Priscus, 351: a friend of
24021	Plutarch, to whom he dedicated
24022	the dialogue 7 he Obsolescence of
24023	Oracles.
24024	Tethys,
24025	83:
24026	goddess,
24027	wife of
24028	Oceanus.
24029	Teucer, 335:
24030	son of Telamon,
24031	founded Salarnis in Cyprus.
24032	Thales, 25, 83, 205, 305, 307 : the
24033	first prominent Greek scientist;
24034	circa 636-546 b .c.
24035	Thamii8, 401, 403: an Egyptian
24036	pilot.
24037	Thasian, 489.
24038	Theban, 55.
24039	Thebes, 23,27, 33 : a city of Egypt.
24040	Themis, 413 : goddess of Justice.
24041	Theodorus,
24042	441,
24043	445 :
24044	of Soli,
24045	commentator on Plato’s mathe
24046	matical theories.
24047	Theodorus, 157 : called the Athe
24048	ist.
24049	Theognis, 265.
24050	Theon. 209, 215, 263-267, 273, 277,
24051	297, 299: an Egyptian friend of
24052	Plutarch, a grammarian, speaker
24053	in the dialogues On the Face in
24054	the Moon, The E at Delphi, The
24055	Oracles at Delphi, and others.
24056	Theophrastus,
24057	407: of Lesbos,
24058	born 372 B.C., pupil of Aristotle,
24059	distinguished
24060	philosopher and
24061	scientist.
24062	Theopompus, 115, 161, 311: of
24063	Chios, pupil of Isocrates and a
24064	distinguished
24065	historian,
24066	born
24067	376 b .c.
24068	Theorian,
24069	251:
24070	an epithet of
24071	Apollo.
24072	Thera, 287: an island
24073	in the
24074	southern Cyclades, now 8an-
24075	torin.
24076	Therasia, 287: a small island near
24077	Thera.
24078	Thermopylae 395.
24079	514
24080	Thesmophoria, 161: a festival al
24081	Athens.
24082	Thessalian, 291.
24083	Thessalians, 247, 297, 467.
24084	Thessaly, 173, 389.
24085	Thracian, 379, 439.
24086	Thrasybulus, 3t9 : son of Deino-
24087	menes, tyrant of Syracuse for
24088	eleven months in 466 B.C., suc
24089	ceeding his brother Hiero.
24090	Thrasymedes,
24091	497 :
24092	a
24093	man
24094	of
24095	Heraea.
24096	Thucydides, 307 : Athenian his
24097	torian, born 471 b.c.
24098	Thueris, 47 : concubine of Typhon.
24099	Tiberius Caesar, 403 : emperor of
24100	Rome 14-37 a. d.
24101	Timarchus, 309 : an Athenian slain
24102	by Proeles of EpidauruB.
24103	Timocharis, 305 : an astronomer.
24104	Timothens, 69: expositor of the
24105	sacred law at the court of
24106	Ptolemy Soter.
24107	Titans, 61, 87, 413.
24108	TriphyIlians, 57 : a mythical people
24109	described by Euhemerus.
24110	Tritons, 177.
24111	Troglodytes, 353 : Cave - dwellers
24112	on the west shore of the Red
24113	Sea.
24114	Trojan War, 113.
24115	Trojans, 287, 319.
24116	Trosobius, 413: a ruler of the
24117	Sol y mi.
24118	Troy, 437, 489.
24119	Tybi, 123; an Egyptian month
24120	(•January).
24121	Tyndareiis, 437 : husband of Leda
24122	father or foster-father of the
24123	Dioscuri,
24124	Helen,
24125	and
24126	Clyte-
24127	mnestra.
24128	Typhon, 9, 19, 21, 33, 35, 39, 45-
24129	49. 53, 55, 59, 61, 65, 67, 71-81,
24130	89, 93-101, 105-109, 121-125, 129,
24131	137, 141, 143, 147-151, 167-171-
24132	413 : Greek came of the Egyptiat
24133	god Set.
24134	Typhonian, 149.
24135	Typlionians, 171.
24136	Typhous, 413.
24137	Uranus, 413.
24138	Venus, 455 : the planet.
p. 279
24139	INDEX
24140	World T r a vels, 17: a work of
24141	Eudoxus.
24142	X e n o c k a t e s , 61, 63, 387, 399: of
24143	Chaicedon, pupil of Plato, suc
24144	ceeded Speu'ippus as head of the
24145	Academy; 339-314 B.c.
24146	Xenophanes, 163, 305: of Colo
24147	phon, founder of the Eleatic
24148	school of philosophy; second
24149	half of the Oth century b .c .
24150	Xenophon, 321:
24151	Athenian his
24152	torian ; 430-350 (?) B .C .
24153	Xois, 105 : an island-city of Lower
24154	Egypt.
24155	Z aoreus, 2*23: a cult name oi
24156	Dionysus and Apollo.
24157	Zen, 435 : a name of Zeus.
24158	Zens, 7, 25, 33, 75, 89, 91, 117,
24159	1*25, 149, 177, 301, 381, 435-439,
24160	491.
24161	Zoroaster, 113, 379: Zarathustra.
24162	the
24163	reputed
24164	founder of
24165	the
24166	Persian religion.

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