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Attribution: Genesis 8 from Coptic SCRIPTORIUM (https://copticscriptorium.org), corpus sahidic.ot, document 01_Genesis_08, version 6.1.0 (2025-06-30), annotations by Frank Feder, So Miyagawa, Elizabeth Platte, Caroline T. Schroeder, Amir Zeldes; source edition Crosswire, CoptOT. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); this derivative is released under the same licence. CoptOT / Göttingen Digital Edition of the Coptic Old Testament, via Crosswire; English translation Brenton 1851 (ebible.org). Layers L1/L2 are modified: re-spelled (Cairene) / transliterated (Kemetic) by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.
Licence: CC-BY-SA 4.0
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
The text
22 lines · a line number is a link to itselfEnglish: quoted translations are shown as they are, with their credit in the provenance; lines marked draft are language-model drafts made for this project (to be corrected), and alignment unchecked marks a quoted verse whose placement was not cross-checked. Check the Coptic before relying on any English line.
| ref | L0 witness | L1 Cairene | L2 Kemetic | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8:1 | ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲣ̄ⲡⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉ ⲛ̄ⲛⲱϩⲉ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛⲉⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛ̄ⲧ︤ⲃ︥ⲛⲟⲟⲩⲉ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛ̄ϩⲁⲗⲁⲧⲉ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛ̄ϫⲁⲧⲃⲉ ⲉⲛⲉⲩⲛ︤ⲙ︥ⲙⲁϥ ϩ︤ⲛ︥ⲧⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ ⲁⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉⲓⲛⲉ ⲛ̄ⲟⲩⲡ︤ⲛ︦ⲁ︥ ⲉϩⲣⲁⲓ̈ ⲉϫ︤ⲙ︥ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁϥⲥⲃⲟⲕ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ | ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁ ⲫ̀ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲉⲣⲫ̀ⲙⲉⲩⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲱϩⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛ̀ⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛ̀ⲧ̀ⲃⲛⲟⲟⲩⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁⲗⲁϯ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛ̀ϫⲁⲧⲃⲉ ⲉ̀ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧ̀ⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ ⲁ ⲫ̀ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲓ̀ⲛⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲡ̀ⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ ⲉϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ̀ϫⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲥⲃⲟⲕ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲫ̀ⲙⲟⲩ | ouoh a f̀nouti erf̀mevi ǹnōhe nem ǹθyrion tyrou nem ǹt̀vnooue nem ǹhalati nem ǹgatve ènounemaf xen t̀kibōtos a f̀nouti ìni ǹoup̀nevma ehrai èjen p̀kahi ouoh afsvok ǹje f̀mou | And God remembered Noe, and all the wild beasts, and all the cattle, and all the birds, and all the reptiles that creep, as many as were with him in the ark, and God brought a wind upon the earth, and the water stayed. |
| 8:2 | ⲁⲩϩⲱⲃ︤ⲥ︥ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲙ̄ⲡⲩⲅⲏ ⲙ̄ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲛ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛ̄ⲕⲁⲧⲁϩⲣⲁⲕⲧⲏⲥ ⲛ̄ⲧⲡⲉ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁϥϭⲱ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩ︤ⲛ︥ⲧⲡⲉ | ⲁⲩϩⲱⲃⲥ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲛ̀ⲡⲩⲅⲏ ⲛ̀ⲫ̀ⲛⲟⲩⲛ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛ̀ⲕⲁⲧⲁϩⲣⲁⲕⲧⲏⲥ ⲛ̀ⲧ̀ⲫⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϭⲱ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲫ̀ⲙⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧ̀ⲫⲉ | avhōvs ǹje ǹpigy ǹf̀noun nem ǹkatahraktys ǹt̀fe ouoh afċō ǹje f̀mou ǹhōou èvol xen t̀fe | And the fountains of the deep were closed up, and the flood-gates of heaven, and the rain from heaven was withheld. |
| 8:3 | ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁϥⲥⲃⲟⲕ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉϥⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓϫ︤ⲙ︥ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲛⲉϥϣⲱⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲃⲟⲕ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϣⲉⲧⲁⲓ̈ⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲟⲩ | ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥⲥⲃⲟⲕ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲫ̀ⲙⲟⲩ ⲉϥⲙⲟϣⲓ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲛⲁϥϣⲱⲱⲧ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲁϥⲥⲃⲟⲕ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁϣⲉⲧⲁⲓⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲉ̀ϩⲟⲟⲩ | ouoh afsvok ǹje f̀mou efmoṡi èvol hijen p̀kahi nafṡōōt ḋe pe ouoh nafsvok menensaṡetaiou ǹèhoou | And the water subsided, and went off the earth, and after an hundred and fifty days the water was diminished, and the ark rested in the seventh month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, on the mountains of Ararat. |
| 8:4 | ⲁⲥϩⲙⲟⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲧⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ ϩ︤ⲙ︥ⲡⲙⲉϩⲥⲁϣ︤ϥ︥ ⲛ̄ⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲩϫⲟⲩⲧⲥⲁϣ︤ϥ︥ ⲛ̄ⲉⲃⲟⲧ ϩⲓϫ︤ⲙ︥ⲡⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ⲁⲣⲁⲣⲁⲧ | ⲁⲥϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲧ̀ⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲙⲉϩⲥⲁϣ̀ϥ ⲛ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲛ̀ⲥⲟⲩϫⲟⲩⲧⲥⲁϣ̀ϥ ⲛ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲧ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲁⲣⲁⲣⲁⲧ | as·hemsi ǹje t̀kibōtos xen p̀mehsaṡ̀f ǹevot ǹsougoutsaṡ̀f ǹevot hijen p̀tōou ǹararat | And the water continued to decrease until the tenth month. |
| 8:5 | ⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲉϥⲥⲃⲟⲕ ϣⲁϩⲣⲁⲓ̈ ⲉⲡⲙⲉϩⲙⲏⲧ ⲛ̄ⲉⲃⲟⲧ ϩⲣⲁⲓ̈ ⲇⲉ ϩ︤ⲙ︥ⲡⲙⲉϩⲙ︤ⲛ︦ⲧ︥ⲟⲩⲉ ⲛ̄ⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲩⲁ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛ︤ϩ︥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲛⲁⲡⲏⲩⲉ ⲛ̄ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ | ⲫ̀ⲙⲟⲩ ⲇⲉ ⲛⲁϥⲥⲃⲟⲕ ϣⲁϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲉ̀ⲡ̀ⲙⲉϩⲙⲏⲧ ⲛ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲧ ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲙⲉϩⲙ̀ⲛⲧⲟⲩⲉ ⲛ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲛ̀ⲥⲟⲩⲁ ⲛ̀ⲡⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲛⲁ̀ⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ̀ ⲛ̀ⲛ̀ⲧⲱⲟⲩ | f̀mou ḋe nafsvok ṡahrai èp̀mehmyt ǹevot hrai ḋe xen p̀mehm̀ntoue ǹevot ǹsoua ǹpevot avouōnh èvol ǹje nàfyouì ǹǹtōou | And in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, the heads of the mountains were seen. |
| 8:6 | ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛ̄ⲥⲁϩⲙⲉ ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ϩⲙⲉ ⲛ̄ⲟⲩϣⲏ ⲁⲛⲱϩⲉ ⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲙ̄ⲡϣⲟⲩϣⲧ ⲛ̄ⲧⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ | ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁϩ̀ⲙⲉ ⲛ̀ⲉ̀ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩ̀ⲙⲉ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩϣⲏ ⲁⲛⲟ̀ϩⲓ ⲟⲩⲱⲛ ⲛ̀ⲡ̀ϣⲟⲩϣⲧ ⲛ̀ⲧ̀ⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ | ouoh asṡōpi menensah̀me ǹèhoou nem h̀me ǹouṡy anòhi ouōn ǹp̀ṡouṡt ǹt̀kibōtos | And it came to pass after forty days Noe opened the window of the ark which he had made. |
| 8:7 | ⲁϥϫⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲃⲱⲕ ⲉⲛⲁⲩ ϫⲉⲉⲛⲉⲁϥⲥⲃⲟⲕ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉϥⲉⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉϥⲕⲟⲧϥ ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ ϣⲁⲣⲟϥ ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉϥϣⲟⲟⲩⲉ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉϫ︤ⲙ︥ⲡⲕⲁϩ | ⲁϥϫⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ⲡⲁⲃⲟⲕ ⲉⲛⲁⲩ ϫⲉ ⲉ̀ⲛⲁⲁϥⲥⲃⲟⲕ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲫ̀ⲙⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲉ̀ⲧⲁϥⲓ̀ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥⲕⲟⲧϥ ⲉ̀ϧⲟⲩⲛ ϩⲁⲣⲟϥ ϣⲁⲧⲉϥϣⲱⲟⲩⲓ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲫ̀ⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̀ϫⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ | afgoou èvol ǹpavok enav je ènaafsvok ǹje f̀mou ouoh ètafì èvol m̀pefkotf èxoun harof ṡatefṡōoui ǹje f̀mou èjen p̀kahi | And he sent forth a raven; and it went forth and returned not until the water was dried from off the earth. |
| 8:8 | ⲁϥϫⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉϭⲣⲟⲟⲙⲡⲉ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛ̄ⲥⲱϥ ⲉⲛⲁⲩ ϫⲉⲁϥⲥⲃⲟⲕ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲓϫ︤ⲙ︥ⲡϩⲟ ⲙ̄ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲧⲏⲣ︤ϥ︥ | ⲁϥϫⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ⲧ̀ϭⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱϥ ⲉⲛⲁⲩ ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲥⲃⲟⲕ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲫ̀ⲙⲟⲩ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ϩⲟ ⲛ̀ⲡ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲧⲏⲣϥ | afgoou èvol ǹt̀ċrompi menensōf enav je afsvok ǹje f̀mou hijen p̀ho ǹp̀kahi tyrf | And he sent a dove after it to see if the water had ceased from off the earth. |
| 8:9 | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲥϩⲉ ⲉⲙⲁ ⲛ̄ⲙ̄ⲧⲟⲛ ⲉⲛⲉⲥⲟⲩⲉⲣⲏⲧⲉ ⲁⲥⲕⲟⲧ︤ⲥ︥ ϣⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲧⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ ϫⲉⲛⲉⲣⲉⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲓϫ︤ⲙ︥ⲡϩⲟ ⲙ̄ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲧⲏⲣ︤ϥ︥ ⲁϥⲥⲟⲟⲩⲧ︤ⲛ︥ ⲇⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉϥϭⲓϫ ⲁϥⲁⲙⲁϩⲧⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ⲁϥϫⲓ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ ϣⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲉⲧⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲥϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲉ̀ⲙⲁ ⲛ̀ⲙ̀ⲧⲟⲛ ⲉ̀ⲛⲉⲥⲟⲩⲉⲣⲏⲧⲉ ⲁⲥⲕⲟⲧⲥ ϩⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲉ̀ⲧ̀ⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲣⲉ ⲫ̀ⲙⲟⲩ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ϩⲟ ⲛ̀ⲡ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲧⲏⲣϥ ⲁϥⲥⲟⲩⲧⲉⲛ ⲇⲉ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉϥϫⲓϫ ⲁϥⲁⲙⲁϩⲧⲉ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟⲥ ⲁϥϭⲓ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟⲥ ⲉ̀ϧⲟⲩⲛ ϩⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲉ̀ⲧ̀ⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ | m̀pesjimi èma ǹm̀ton ènesoueryte askots harof èt̀kibōtos je nare f̀mou hijen p̀ho ǹp̀kahi tyrf afsouten ḋe èvol ǹtefjig afamahte m̀mos afċi m̀mos èxoun harof èt̀kibōtos | And the dove not having found rest for her feet, returned to him into the ark, because the water was on all the face of the earth, and he stretched out his hand and took her, and brought her to himself into the ark. |
| 8:10 | ⲁϥϭⲱ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ⲕⲉⲥⲁϣ︤ϥ︥ ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲁϥϫⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉϭⲣⲟⲟⲙⲡⲉ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩ︤ⲛ︥ⲧⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ | ⲁϥϭⲱ ⲇⲉ ⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲕⲉϣⲁϣϥ ⲛ̀ⲉ̀ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲁϥϫⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ⲧ̀ϭⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧ̀ⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ | afċō ḋe on ǹkeṡaṡf ǹèhoou afgoou èvol ǹt̀ċrompi èvol xen t̀kibōtos | And having waited yet seven other days, he again sent forth the dove from the ark. |
| 8:11 | ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁⲥⲕⲟⲧ︤ⲥ︥ ϣⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲧⲉϭⲣⲟⲟⲙⲡⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲣⲟⲩϩⲉ ⲉⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϭ︤ⲃ︥ϫⲟⲉⲓⲧ ϩ︤ⲛ︥ⲣⲱⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲓⲙⲉ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲛⲱϩⲉ ϫⲉⲁϥⲥⲃⲟⲕ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲓϫ︤ⲙ︥ⲡⲕⲁϩ | ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁⲥⲕⲟⲧⲥ ϩⲁⲣⲟϥ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲧ̀ϭⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲡ̀ⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲩϩⲓ ⲉ̀ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲟⲩϭ̀ⲃϫⲟⲉⲓⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲣⲱⲥ ⲁϥⲉⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲛⲱϩⲉ ϫⲉ ⲁϥⲥⲃⲟⲕ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲫ̀ⲙⲟⲩ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ | ouoh askots harof ǹje t̀ċrompi ǹp̀nav ǹrouhi èouon ouċ̀vgoeit xen rōs afemi ǹje nōhe je afsvok ǹje f̀mou hijen p̀kahi | And the dove returned to him in the evening, and had a leaf of olive, a sprig in her mouth; and Noe knew that the water had ceased from off the earth. |
| 8:12 | ⲁϥϭⲱ ⲟⲛ ⲛ̄ⲕⲉⲥⲁϣ︤ϥ︥ ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲁϥϫⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉϭⲣⲟⲟⲙⲡⲉ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲥⲟⲩⲱϩ ⲉⲧⲟⲟⲧ︤ⲥ︥ ⲉⲕⲟⲧ︤ⲥ︥ ϣⲁⲣⲟϥ | ⲁϥϭⲱ ⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲕⲉϣⲁϣϥ ⲛ̀ⲉ̀ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲁϥϫⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ⲧ̀ϭⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲥⲟⲩⲱϩ ⲉⲧⲟⲧⲥ ⲉ̀ⲕⲟⲧⲥ ϩⲁⲣⲟϥ | afċō on ǹkeṡaṡf ǹèhoou afgoou èvol ǹt̀ċrompi ouoh m̀pesouōh etots èkots harof | And having waited yet seven other days, he again sent forth the dove, and she did not return to him again any more. |
| 8:13 | ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲇⲉ ϩ︤ⲙ︥ⲡⲙⲉϩⲥⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ϣⲉ ⲛ̄ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ ⲙ̄ⲡⲁϩⲉ ⲛ̄ⲛⲱϩⲉ ⲡϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̄ⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲛ̄ⲥⲟⲩⲁ ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲁϥⲱϫ︤ⲛ︥ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩ︤ⲙ︥ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲁⲛⲱϩⲉ ϭⲱⲗ︤ⲡ︥ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̄ⲑⲏ ⲛ̄ⲧⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲧⲁⲙⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ϫⲉⲛⲉⲁϥⲱϫ︤ⲛ︥ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲡⲙⲟⲟⲩ ϩⲓϫ︤ⲙ︥ⲡϩⲟ ⲙ̄ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲧⲏⲣ︤ϥ︥ | ⲁⲥϣⲱⲡⲓ ⲇⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲙⲉϩⲥⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ϣⲟ ⲛ̀ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ ⲛ̀ⲡⲁϩⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲱϩⲉ ⲡⲓϣⲟⲣⲡ ⲛ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲛ̀ⲥⲟⲩⲁ ⲛ̀ⲡⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲁϥⲱϫ̀ⲛ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲫ̀ⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲁⲛⲟ̀ϩⲓ ϭⲱⲗⲡ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ⲧ̀ϩⲏ ⲛ̀ⲧ̀ⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲁϥⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟⲥ ⲁϥⲛⲁⲩ ϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲁϥⲱϫ̀ⲛ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲫ̀ⲙⲟⲩ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ϩⲟ ⲛ̀ⲡ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲧⲏⲣϥ | asṡōpi ḋe xen p̀mehsoou ǹṡo ǹrompi ǹpahi ǹnōhe piṡorp ǹevot ǹsoua ǹpevot afōg̀n ǹje f̀mou èvol xen p̀kahi anòhi ċōlp èvol ǹt̀·hy ǹt̀kibōtos etafθamios afnav je naafōg̀n ǹje f̀mou hijen p̀ho ǹp̀kahi tyrf | And it came to pass in the six hundred and first year of the life of Noe, in the first month, on the first day of the month, the water subsided from off the earth, and Noe opened the covering of the ark which he had made, and he saw that the water had subsided from the face of the earth. |
| 8:14 | ϩⲣⲁⲓ̈ ⲇⲉ ϩ︤ⲙ︥ⲡⲙⲉϩⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̄ⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲁϥϣⲟⲟⲩⲉ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲡⲕⲁϩ | ϩⲣⲁⲓ ⲇⲉ ϧⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲙⲉϩⲥⲛⲁⲩ ⲛ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲁϥϣⲱⲟⲩⲓ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ | hrai ḋe xen p̀mehsnav ǹevot afṡōoui ǹje p̀kahi | And in the second month the earth was dried, on the twenty-seventh day of the month. |
| 8:15 | ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̄ϭⲓⲡϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲛⲱϩⲉ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙⲙⲟⲥ | ⲡⲉϫⲁϥ ⲇⲉ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡ̀ϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲫ̀ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̀ⲛⲱϩⲉ ⲉϥϫⲱ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟⲥ | pegaf ḋe ǹje p̀ċois f̀nouti ǹnōhe efgō m̀mos | And the Lord God spoke to Noe, saying, |
| 8:16 | ϫⲉⲁⲙⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩ︤ⲛ︥ⲧⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲧⲉⲕⲥϩⲓⲙⲉ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲛⲉⲕϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛⲉϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲕϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲛ︤ⲙ︥ⲙⲁⲕ | ϫⲉ ⲁ̀ⲙⲟⲩ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧ̀ⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉⲕⲥ̀ϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲛⲉⲕϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲓⲟⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲕϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ | je àmou èvol xen t̀kibōtos ǹθok nem tek·s̀·himi ouoh nekṡyri nem ǹhiomi ǹnekṡyri nemak | Come out from the ark, thou and thy wife and thy sons, and thy sons' wives with thee. |
| 8:17 | ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛⲉⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲧⲛ︤ⲙ︥ⲙⲁⲕ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲛⲓⲙ ϫⲓⲛⲧ︤ⲃ︥ⲛⲟⲟⲩⲉ ϣⲁⲛ̄ϩⲁⲗⲁⲁⲧⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲡⲉ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ϫⲁⲧⲃⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲉⲧⲕⲓⲙ ϩⲓϫ︤ⲙ︥ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲁⲛⲓⲥⲟⲩ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ︤ⲙ︥ⲙⲁⲕ ⲁϣⲁⲓ̈ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧ︤ⲛ︥ⲁⲓ̈ⲁⲓ̈ ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧ︤ⲛ︥ⲙⲉϩⲡⲕⲁϩ | ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛ̀ⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲉⲧⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ϭⲓⲛ̀ⲧ̀ⲃⲛⲟⲟⲩⲉ ϣⲁ ⲛ̀ϩⲁⲗⲁⲁⲧⲉ ⲛ̀ⲧ̀ⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ϫⲁⲧⲃⲉ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲕⲓⲙ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲁⲛⲓⲥⲟ ⲟⲩ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ ⲁ̀ϣⲁⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲓⲁⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲙⲁϩⲡ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ | nem ǹθyrion etnemak nem sarks niven ċiǹt̀vnooue ṡa ǹhalaate ǹt̀fe nem gatve niven etkim hijen p̀kahi aniso ou èvol nemak àṡai ǹtetennaiai ǹtetenmahp̀kahi | And all the wild beasts as many as are with thee, and all flesh both of birds and beasts, and every reptile moving upon the earth, bring forth with thee: and increase ye and multiply upon the earth. |
| 8:18 | ⲛⲱϩⲉ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲉⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩ︤ⲛ︥ⲧⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲧⲉϥⲥϩⲓⲙⲉ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛⲉϥϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛⲉϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ ⲛ̄ⲛⲉϥϣⲏⲣⲉ ⲛ︤ⲙ︥ⲙⲁϥ | ⲛⲱϩⲉ ⲇⲉ ⲁϥⲓ̀ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧ̀ⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲑⲟϥ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉϥⲥ̀ϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲉϥϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲓⲟⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲛⲉϥϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥ | nōhe ḋe afì èvol xen t̀kibōtos ǹθof nem tefs̀·himi nem nefṡyri nem ǹhiomi ǹnefṡyri nemaf | And Noe came forth, and his wife and his sons, and his sons' wives with him. |
| 8:19 | ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛⲉⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛ̄ⲧ︤ⲃ︥ⲛⲟⲟⲩⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛ̄ϩⲁⲗⲁⲁⲧⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ϫⲁⲧⲃⲉ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲉⲧⲕⲓⲙ ϩⲓϫ︤ⲙ︥ⲡⲕⲁϩ ⲕⲁⲧⲁⲛⲉⲩⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲉⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩ︤ⲛ︥ⲧⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ | ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛ̀ⲑⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛ̀ⲧ̀ⲃⲛⲟⲟⲩⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁⲗⲁϯ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ϫⲁⲧⲃⲉ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲕⲓⲙ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲛⲟⲩⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ ⲁⲩⲓ̀ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧ̀ⲕⲓⲃⲱⲧⲟⲥ | nem ǹθyrion tyrou nem ǹt̀vnooue tyrou nem ǹhalati tyrou nem gatve niven etkim hijen p̀kahi kata nougenos avì èvol xen t̀kibōtos | And all the wild beasts and all the cattle and every bird, and every reptile creeping upon the earth after their kind, came forth out of the ark. |
| 8:20 | ⲁⲛⲱϩⲉ ⲕⲱⲧ ⲛ̄ⲟⲩⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲙ̄ⲡϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲁⲩⲱ ⲁϥϫⲓ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩ︤ⲛ︥ⲛ̄ⲧ︤ⲃ︥ⲛⲟⲟⲩⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲛ̄ϩⲁⲗⲁⲧⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ ⲁϥⲧⲁⲗⲟⲟⲩ ⲉϫ︤ⲙ︥ⲡⲉⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ | ⲁⲛⲟ̀ϩⲓ ⲕⲱⲧ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲡ̀ϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲫ̀ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲁϥϭⲓ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧ̀ⲃⲛⲟⲟⲩⲉ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁⲗⲁϯ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲁϥⲧⲁⲗⲟⲟⲩ ⲉ̀ϫⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲑⲩⲥⲓⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ | anòhi kōt ǹouθisiastyrion ǹte p̀ċois f̀nouti ouoh afċi èvol xen ǹt̀vnooue tyrou eθouab nem ǹhalati tyrou eθouab aftaloou èjen p̀θisiastyrion | And Noe built an altar to the Lord, and took of all clean beasts, and of all clean birds, and offered a whole burnt-offering upon the altar. |
| 8:21 | ⲁⲡϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ϣⲱⲗ︤ⲙ︥ ⲉⲩⲥϯⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ ⲡϩⲏⲧ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲙⲡⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲉϥⲕⲏ ϩ︤ⲛ︥ⲟⲩⲱⲣ︤ϫ︥ ⲉϫ︤ⲙ︥ⲡⲡⲉⲑⲟⲟⲩ ⲛ̄ϫⲓⲛ ⲧⲉϥⲙ︤ⲛ︦ⲧ︥ⲕⲟⲩⲓ̈ ⲛ̄ⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓϣ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲟⲩⲱϩ ϭⲉ ⲉⲧⲟⲟⲧⲉⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛ̄ⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲛⲓⲙ ⲉⲧⲟⲛ︤ϩ︥ ⲕⲁⲧⲁⲑⲉ ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓ̈ⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲙ̄ⲙⲟⲥ | ⲁ ⲡ̀ϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲫ̀ⲛⲟⲩϯ ϣⲱⲗⲉⲙ ⲉⲩⲥϯⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ ⲡ̀ϩⲏⲧ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲛ̀ⲡ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲉϥⲭⲏ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲱⲣϫ ⲉ̀ϫⲉⲛ ⲡ̀ⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ϭⲓⲛ ⲧⲉϥⲙ̀ⲛⲧⲕⲟⲩⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓϣ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲛ̀ⲛⲁⲟⲩⲱϩ ϭⲉ ⲉ̀ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲉⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲛ̀ⲥⲁⲣⲝ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲟⲛϧ ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲫ̀ⲣⲏϯ ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲓ̀ⲣⲓ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟⲥ | a p̀ċois f̀nouti ṡōlem evstinoufe p̀hyt ġar ǹp̀rōmi efky xen ouōrg èjen p̀pet·hōou ǹċin tefm̀ntkoui ǹouoeiṡ niven ǹnaouōh ċe ètootetako ǹsarks niven etonx kata f̀ryti etaiìri m̀mos | And the Lord God smelled a smell of sweetness, and the Lord God having considered, said, I will not any more curse the earth, because of the works of men, because the imagination of man is intently bent upon evil things from his youth, I will not therefore any more smite all living flesh as I have done. |
| 8:22 | ⲡϫⲟ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲡⲱϩ︤ⲥ︥ ⲡⲁⲣⲱϣ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲡⲕⲁⲩⲙⲁ ⲡϣⲱⲙ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲡⲉⲁⲣ ⲡⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲙ︤ⲛ︥ⲧⲉⲩϣⲏ ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲩⲱϫ︤ⲛ︥ | ⲡ̀ϫⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡ̀ⲱⲥϧ ⲡⲁⲣⲱϣ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡ̀ⲕⲁⲩⲙⲁ ⲡ̀ϣⲟⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉⲁⲣ ⲡ̀ⲉ̀ϩⲟⲟⲩ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲧⲉⲩϣⲏ ⲛ̀ⲛⲟⲩⲱϫ̀ⲛ | p̀go nem p̀ōsx parōṡ nem p̀kavma p̀ṡom nem pear p̀èhoou nem tevṡy ǹnouōg̀n | All the days of the earth, seed and harvest, cold and heat, summer and spring, shall not cease by day or night. |
Provenance
- title
- Genesis 8
- dialect
- sahidic
- source
- Coptic SCRIPTORIUM corpus "sahidic.ot", document 01_Genesis_08
- licence
- CC-BY-SA 4.0
- share
- attribution
- attribution
- Genesis 8 from Coptic SCRIPTORIUM (https://copticscriptorium.org), corpus sahidic.ot, document 01_Genesis_08, version 6.1.0 (2025-06-30), annotations by Frank Feder, So Miyagawa, Elizabeth Platte, Caroline T. Schroeder, Amir Zeldes; source edition Crosswire, CoptOT. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); this derivative is released under the same licence. CoptOT / Göttingen Digital Edition of the Coptic Old Testament, via Crosswire; English translation Brenton 1851 (ebible.org). Layers L1/L2 are modified: re-spelled (Cairene) / transliterated (Kemetic) by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.
- annotation
- segmentation automatic · tagging automatic · parsing automatic (SCRIPTORIUM meta.json; document version 6.1.0, 2025-06-30)
- file
- Bible/Old Testament/Genesis/08.sahidic.scriptorium.L0.txt
- title
- Genesis 8 — Cairene
- dialect
- bohairic
- source
- generated from 08.sahidic.scriptorium.L0.txt (Coptic SCRIPTORIUM corpus "sahidic.ot", document 01_Genesis_08)
- licence
- CC BY-SA 4.0
- share
- attribution
- attribution
- Genesis 8 from Coptic SCRIPTORIUM (https://copticscriptorium.org), corpus sahidic.ot, document 01_Genesis_08, version 6.1.0 (2025-06-30), annotations by Frank Feder, So Miyagawa, Elizabeth Platte, Caroline T. Schroeder, Amir Zeldes; source edition Crosswire, CoptOT. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); this derivative is released under the same licence. CoptOT / Göttingen Digital Edition of the Coptic Old Testament, via Crosswire; English translation Brenton 1851 (ebible.org). Layers L1/L2 are modified: re-spelled (Cairene) / transliterated (Kemetic) by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.
- annotation
- segmentation automatic · tagging automatic · parsing automatic (SCRIPTORIUM meta.json; document version 6.1.0, 2025-06-30)
- generated by
- tools/sahidic_to_cairene.py (route D, C3a 2026-09-24; tier b, ROUTE-2 2026-09-26) then tools/cairene.py from_witness dialect=bohairic on the intermediate (L1 = Cairene(N_B(D(N_S(L0)))), RI-038; word division church); Sahidic N stage counts: abbrev=1 lexeme_open=1 stroke_kept=160 stroke_unified=281 th_resolved=3 tokens=299
- file
- Bible/Old Testament/Genesis/08.sahidic.scriptorium.L1.txt
- title
- Genesis 8 — Kemetic
- dialect
- bohairic
- source
- generated from 08.sahidic.scriptorium.L1.txt
- licence
- CC BY-SA 4.0
- share
- attribution
- attribution
- Genesis 8 from Coptic SCRIPTORIUM (https://copticscriptorium.org), corpus sahidic.ot, document 01_Genesis_08, version 6.1.0 (2025-06-30), annotations by Frank Feder, So Miyagawa, Elizabeth Platte, Caroline T. Schroeder, Amir Zeldes; source edition Crosswire, CoptOT. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); this derivative is released under the same licence. CoptOT / Göttingen Digital Edition of the Coptic Old Testament, via Crosswire; English translation Brenton 1851 (ebible.org). Layers L1/L2 are modified: re-spelled (Cairene) / transliterated (Kemetic) by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.
- annotation
- segmentation automatic · tagging automatic · parsing automatic (SCRIPTORIUM meta.json; document version 6.1.0, 2025-06-30)
- generated by
- tools/coptic_to_kemetic.py convert() on the L1 text (letter rules of DECISIONS.md 2026-09-08)
- file
- Bible/Old Testament/Genesis/08.sahidic.scriptorium.L2.txt
- what it is
- DRAFT English. Not a published translation: `existing` rows quote an aligned translation named in `basis`; `llm` rows are a language-model best guess from the dictionary gloss and context (Yousef asked for them, 2026-09-27; to be corrected later); check the source text before relying on any of it.
- lines
- 22 quoted · 0 quoted with the alignment not cross-checked · 0 model drafts (marked “draft”)
- quoted from
- Brenton's Septuagint (1851) — aligned in Coptic SCRIPTORIUM sahidic.ot, 01_Genesis_08 (22 lines)
L0 witness
L1 Cairene
L2 Kemetic
English
Cite as:
Genesis 8. Coptic SCRIPTORIUM corpus "sahidic.ot", document 01_Genesis_08. Layers as published by the Kemetic project (Yousef Hanna), 2026: Coptic · Cairene · Kemetic, /doc/bible/old-testament/genesis/08.sahidic.scriptorium/. Genesis 8 from Coptic SCRIPTORIUM (https://copticscriptorium.org), corpus sahidic.ot, document 01_Genesis_08, version 6.1.0 (2025-06-30), annotations by Frank Feder, So Miyagawa, Elizabeth Platte, Caroline T. Schroeder, Amir Zeldes; source edition Crosswire, CoptOT. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); this derivative is released under the same licence. CoptOT / Göttingen Digital Edition of the Coptic Old Testament, via Crosswire; English translation Brenton 1851 (ebible.org). Layers L1/L2 are modified: re-spelled (Cairene) / transliterated (Kemetic) by the Kemetic project, Yousef Hanna 2026.
What the layers are
The text as its witness or edition has it, original spelling; its dialect is a description and is never standardized.
For Egyptian texts: the transliteration with the editors' marks turned into the symbols ° * < > _ ^ (ruled 2026-09-10). For papyri: the edition's Leiden marks as the same symbols, and the editors' readings beside the scribe's as ‹scribe→editors› (ruled PAP-3).
Standardized Greco-Bohairic spelling and grammar, generated by code from the layer above under the rulings of the project.
The Kemetic alphabet, generated by code from L1.
Quoted translations where they exist, credited; otherwise model drafts, marked as drafts.